1
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Najar M, Alsabri SG, Guedi GG, Merimi M, Lavoie F, Grabs D, Pelletier JP, Martel-Pelletier J, Benderdour M, Fahmi H. Role of epigenetics and the transcription factor Sp1 in the expression of the D prostanoid receptor 1 in human cartilage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1256998. [PMID: 38099292 PMCID: PMC10720455 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1256998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
D prostanoid receptor 1 (DP1), a prostaglandin D2 receptor, plays a central role in the modulation of inflammation and cartilage metabolism. We have previously shown that activation of DP1 signaling downregulated catabolic responses in cultured chondrocytes and was protective in mouse osteoarthritis (OA). However, the mechanisms underlying its transcriptional regulation in cartilage remained poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the human DP1 promoter and the role of DNA methylation in DP1 expression in chondrocytes. In addition, we analyzed the expression level and methylation status of the DP1 gene promoter in normal and OA cartilage. Deletion and site-directed mutagenesis analyses identified a minimal promoter region (-250/-120) containing three binding sites for specificity protein 1 (Sp1). Binding of Sp1 to the DP1 promoter was confirmed using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Treatment with the Sp1 inhibitor mithramycin A reduced DP1 promoter activity and DP1 mRNA expression. Inhibition of DNA methylation by 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine upregulated DP1 expression, and in vitro methylation reduced the DP1 promoter activity. Neither the methylation status of the DP1 promoter nor the DP1 expression level were different between normal and OA cartilage. In conclusion, our results suggest that the transcription factor Sp1 and DNA methylation are important determinants of DP1 transcription regulation. They also suggest that the methylation status and expression level of DP1 are not altered in OA cartilage. These findings will improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of DP1 transcription and may facilitate the development of intervention strategies involving DP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Najar
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sami G. Alsabri
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gadid G. Guedi
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Makram Merimi
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lavoie
- Departement of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Detlev Grabs
- Research Unit in Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Johanne Martel-Pelletier
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mohamed Benderdour
- Orthopedics Research Laboratory, Research Center, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Hassan Fahmi
- Osteoarthritis Research Unit, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
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2
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Diawara M, Arsenault A, Charette SA, Martin LJ. The transcription factors Creb1 and Cebpb regulate Sox9 promoter activity in TM4 Sertoli cells. Gene 2023; 873:147477. [PMID: 37172798 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In Sertoli cells, the Sox9 gene is essential for testicular development and normal spermatogenesis. SOX9 is critical for postnatal Sertoli cells differentiation and proliferation in the testis. However, the molecular mechanisms that specifically regulate its expression are not entirely understood. Sox9 expression is regulated by CREB1 and CEBPB in other biological contexts such as during chondrogenesis and in rat thyroid follicular cells. We hypothesized that Sox9 promoter activity is regulated by CREB1 and CEBPB in Sertoli cells. Our results show that Sox9 expression is dependent on the activation of these transcription factors by the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway in TM4 Sertoli cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and promoter/reporter luciferase assays with 5' promoter deletions and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that CREB1 is being recruited to a DNA regulatory element at -141 bp of the Sox9 promoter region. Such regulation is dependent on the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway, resulting in phosphorylation of CREB1. Activation of Sox9 expression by CEBPB may involve its recruitment to the proximal promoter region by protein-protein interaction with CREB1. Thus, we have shown that the Sox9 promoter is being regulated by the transcription factors CREB1 and CEBPB in TM4 Sertoli cells and involve their recruitment to the proximal promoter region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariama Diawara
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Aurélie Arsenault
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Sabrina Ayoub Charette
- Department of Nutritional Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8; Toronto 3D Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5C 2T2, Canada
| | - Luc J Martin
- Biology Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada.
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3
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Carmon I, Zecharyahu L, Elayyan J, Meka SRK, Reich E, Kandel L, Bilkei-Gorzo A, Zimmer A, Mechoulam R, Kravchenko-Balasha N, Dvir-Ginzberg M. HU308 Mitigates Osteoarthritis by Stimulating Sox9-Related Networks of Carbohydrate Metabolism. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:154-170. [PMID: 36350089 PMCID: PMC10098743 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive, irreversible erosion of articular cartilage accompanied by severe pain and immobility. This study aimed to assess the effect and mechanism of action of HU308, a selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) agonist, in preventing OA-related joint damage. To test the assumption that HU308 could prevent OA-related joint damage, Cnr2 null mice and wild type (WT) mice were aged to reach 20 months and analyzed for joint structural features. OA was induced in WT mice via a post-traumatic procedure or aging, followed by HU308 local (intra-articular) or systemic (intraperitoneal) administration, respectively. Additional analyses of time and dose courses for HU308 were carried out in human primary chondrocytes, analyzed by RNA sequencing, RT-PCR, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting. Our results showed that Cnr2 null mice exhibited enhanced age-related OA severity and synovitis compared to age-matched WT mice. Systemic administration of HU308 to 16-month-old mice improved pain sensitivity and maintained joint integrity, which was consistent with the intra-articular administration of HU308 in post-traumatic OA mice. When assessing human chondrocytes treated with HU308, we uncovered a dose- and time-related increase in ACAN and COL2A1 expression, which was preceded by increased SOX9 expression due to pCREB transcriptional activity. Finally, transcriptomic analysis of patient-derived human chondrocytes identified patient subpopulations exhibiting HU308-responsive trends as judged by enhanced SOX9 expression, accompanied by enriched gene networks related to carbohydrate metabolism. Collectively, the results showed that HU308 reduced trauma and age-induced OA via CB2-pCREB dependent activation of SOX9, contributing to augmented gene networks related to carbohydrate metabolism. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Carmon
- Multidisciplinary Center for Cannabinoid Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of BioMedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lital Zecharyahu
- Institute of BioMedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jinan Elayyan
- Institute of BioMedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sai R K Meka
- Multidisciplinary Center for Cannabinoid Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of BioMedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eli Reich
- Institute of BioMedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Leonid Kandel
- Orthopedic Complex. Hebrew University- Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Multidisciplinary Center for Cannabinoid Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nataly Kravchenko-Balasha
- Institute of BioMedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mona Dvir-Ginzberg
- Multidisciplinary Center for Cannabinoid Research, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Institute of BioMedical and Oral Research, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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4
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Ming Z, Vining B, Bagheri-Fam S, Harley V. SOX9 in organogenesis: shared and unique transcriptional functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:522. [PMID: 36114905 PMCID: PMC9482574 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor SOX9 is essential for the development of multiple organs including bone, testis, heart, lung, pancreas, intestine and nervous system. Mutations in the human SOX9 gene led to campomelic dysplasia, a haploinsufficiency disorder with several skeletal malformations frequently accompanied by 46, XY sex reversal. The mechanisms underlying the diverse SOX9 functions during organ development including its post-translational modifications, the availability of binding partners, and tissue-specific accessibility to target gene chromatin. Here we summarize the expression, activities, and downstream target genes of SOX9 in molecular genetic pathways essential for organ development, maintenance, and function. We also provide an insight into understanding the mechanisms that regulate the versatile roles of SOX9 in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Ming
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Brittany Vining
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Stefan Bagheri-Fam
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Vincent Harley
- Sex Development Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 5152, Melbourne, VIC, 3168, Australia.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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5
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López-Jiménez C, Chiu LL, Waldman SD, Guilak F, Koch TG. TRPV4 activation enhances compressive properties and glycosaminoglycan deposition of equine neocartilage sheets. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2022; 4:100263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2022.100263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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6
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Jin Y, Liu Q, Chen P, Zhao S, Jiang W, Wang F, Li P, Zhang Y, Lu W, Zhong TP, Ma X, Wang X, Gartland A, Wang N, Shah KM, Zhang H, Cao X, Yang L, Liu M, Luo J. A novel prostaglandin E receptor 4 (EP4) small molecule antagonist induces articular cartilage regeneration. Cell Discov 2022; 8:24. [PMID: 35256606 PMCID: PMC8901748 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage repair and regeneration is an unmet clinical need because of the poor self-regeneration capacity of the tissue. In this study, we found that the expression of prostaglandin E receptor 4 (PTGER4 or EP4) was largely increased in the injured articular cartilage in both humans and mice. In microfracture (MF) surgery-induced cartilage defect (CD) and destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery-induced CD mouse models, cartilage-specific deletion of EP4 remarkably promoted tissue regeneration by enhancing chondrogenesis and cartilage anabolism, and suppressing cartilage catabolism and hypertrophy. Importantly, knocking out EP4 in cartilage enhanced stable mature articular cartilage formation instead of fibrocartilage, and reduced joint pain. In addition, we identified a novel selective EP4 antagonist HL-43 for promoting chondrocyte differentiation and anabolism with low toxicity and desirable bioavailability. HL-43 enhanced cartilage anabolism, suppressed catabolism, prevented fibrocartilage formation, and reduced joint pain in multiple pre-clinical animal models including the MF surgery-induced CD rat model, the DMM surgery-induced CD mouse model, and an aging-induced CD mouse model. Furthermore, HL-43 promoted chondrocyte differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) generation, and inhibited matrix degradation in human articular cartilage explants. At the molecular level, we found that HL-43/EP4 regulated cartilage anabolism through the cAMP/PKA/CREB/Sox9 signaling. Together, our findings demonstrate that EP4 can act as a promising therapeutic target for cartilage regeneration and the novel EP4 antagonist HL-43 has the clinical potential to be used for cartilage repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Sunshine Rehabilitation Centre), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanhua Wang
- Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Sunshine Rehabilitation Centre), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Li
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao P Zhong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinran Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alison Gartland
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Karan Mehul Shah
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Hankun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Cao
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lei Yang
- Orthopedic Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Center for Health Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Sunshine Rehabilitation Centre), Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Sox9 is involved in the thyroid differentiation program and is regulated by crosstalk between TSH, TGFβ and thyroid transcription factors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2144. [PMID: 35140269 PMCID: PMC8828901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While the signaling pathways and transcription factors involved in the differentiation of thyroid follicular cells, both in embryonic and adult life, are increasingly well understood, the underlying mechanisms and potential crosstalk between the thyroid transcription factors Nkx2.1, Foxe1 and Pax8 and inductive signals remain unclear. Here, we focused on the transcription factor Sox9, which is expressed in Nkx2.1-positive embryonic thyroid precursor cells and is maintained from embryonic development to adulthood, but its function and control are unknown. We show that two of the main signals regulating thyroid differentiation, TSH and TGFβ, modulate Sox9 expression. Specifically, TSH stimulates the cAMP/PKA pathway to transcriptionally upregulate Sox9 mRNA and protein expression, a mechanism that is mediated by the binding of CREB to a CRE site within the Sox9 promoter. Contrastingly, TGFβ signals through Smad proteins to inhibit TSH-induced Sox9 transcription. Our data also reveal that Sox9 transcription is regulated by the thyroid transcription factors, particularly Pax8. Interestingly, Sox9 significantly increased the transcriptional activation of Pax8 and Foxe1 promoters and, consequently, their expression, but had no effect on Nkx2.1. Our study establishes the involvement of Sox9 in thyroid follicular cell differentiation and broadens our understanding of transcription factor regulation of thyroid function.
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8
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Sun X, Gu X, Li K, Li M, Peng J, Zhang X, Yang L, Xiong J. Melatonin Promotes Antler Growth by Accelerating MT1-Mediated Mesenchymal Cell Differentiation and Inhibiting VEGF-Induced Degeneration of Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020759. [PMID: 35054949 PMCID: PMC8776005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The sika deer is one type of seasonal breeding animal, and the growth of its antler is affected by light signals. Melatonin (MLT) is a neuroendocrine hormone synthesized by the pineal gland and plays an important role in controlling the circadian rhythm. Although the MLT/MT1 (melatonin 1A receptor) signal has been identified during antler development, its physiological function remains almost unknown. The role of MLT on antler growth in vivo and in vitro is discussed in this paper. In vivo, MLT implantation was found to significantly increase the weight of antlers. The relative growth rate of antlers showed a remarkable increased trend as well. In vitro, the experiment showed MLT accelerated antler mesenchymal cell differentiation. Further, results revealed that MLT regulated the expression of Collage type II (Col2a) through the MT1 binding mediated transcription of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) in antler mesenchymal cells. In addition, treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoted chondrocytes degeneration by downregulating the expression of Col2a and Sox9 (SRY-Box Transcription Factor 9). MLT effectively inhibited VEGF-induced degeneration of antler chondrocytes by inhibiting the Signal transducers and activators of transcription 5/Interleukin-6 (STAT5/IL-6) pathway and activating the AKT/CREB (Cyclin AMP response-element binding protein) pathway dependent on Sox9 expression. Together, our results indicate that MLT plays a vital role in the development of antler cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Liguo Yang
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-027-8728-1813 (L.Y.); +86-027-8728-0020 (J.X.)
| | - Jiajun Xiong
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-027-8728-1813 (L.Y.); +86-027-8728-0020 (J.X.)
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9
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Han J, Hu Y, Qi Y, Yuan C, Naeem S, Huang D. High temperature induced masculinization of zebrafish by down-regulation of sox9b and esr1 via DNA methylation. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 107:160-170. [PMID: 34412779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Elevated temperature could influence the sex differentiation by altering the expression of sex-related genes in fish. However, the underlying mechanisms by which the gene expression is altered remain poorly understood. Here, we aimed to explore the role of DNA methylation in sex differentiation of zebrafish (Danio rerio) in response to elevated temperature. The results showed that high temperature (33°C) exposure of fish from 20 to 30 days post fertilization (dpf), compared to normal temperature (28°C), resulted in male-biased sex ratio and decreased expression of female-related genes including cyp19a1a, sox9b and esr1. Meanwhile, the expressions of DNA methyltransferases dnmt3a1 and dnmt3a2, and the DNA methylation levels in sox9b and esr1 promoter were significantly increased by high temperature, strongly implying that DNA methylation is involved in high temperature-induced masculinization of zebrafish. Co-treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (a DNA methylation inhibitor) attenuated the high temperature-induced masculinizing effect, recovered the expression of esr1 and sox9b, suppressed the transcription of dnmt3a1 and dnmt3a2, and decreased the methylation of esr1 and sox9b promoter, further confirming that DNA methylation plays an important role in high temperature-induced masculinization of zebrafish. Furthermore, the methylation of sox9b promoter decreased the enrichment of transcription factor CREB (cAMP-responsive element binding proteins). Overall, these findings suggest that high temperature induce masculinization of zebrafish by down-regulation of female-related genes via DNA methylation, providing a new insight in understanding the epigenetic mechanism of thermal-mediated sex differentiation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyuan Han
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongmei Qi
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cong Yuan
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Sajid Naeem
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dejun Huang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China..
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10
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Liu Z, Hussien AA, Wang Y, Heckmann T, Gonzalez R, Karner CM, Snedeker JG, Gray RS. An adhesion G protein-coupled receptor is required in cartilaginous and dense connective tissues to maintain spine alignment. eLife 2021; 10:67781. [PMID: 34318745 PMCID: PMC8328515 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common spine disorder affecting children worldwide, yet little is known about the pathogenesis of this disorder. Here, we demonstrate that genetic regulation of structural components of the axial skeleton, the intervertebral discs, and dense connective tissues (i.e., ligaments and tendons) is essential for the maintenance of spinal alignment. We show that the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor ADGRG6, previously implicated in human AIS association studies, is required in these tissues to maintain typical spine alignment in mice. Furthermore, we show that ADGRG6 regulates biomechanical properties of tendon and stimulates CREB signaling governing gene expression in cartilaginous tissues of the spine. Treatment with a cAMP agonist could mirror aspects of receptor function in culture, thus defining core pathways for regulating these axial cartilaginous and connective tissues. As ADGRG6 is a key gene involved in human AIS, these findings open up novel therapeutic opportunities for human scoliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - Amro A Hussien
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yunjia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, United States.,Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Terry Heckmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, United States
| | - Roberto Gonzalez
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, United States
| | - Courtney M Karner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jess G Snedeker
- Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ryan S Gray
- Department of Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, United States.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
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11
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Benáková Š, Holendová B, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Redox Homeostasis in Pancreatic β-Cells: From Development to Failure. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040526. [PMID: 33801681 PMCID: PMC8065646 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox status is a key determinant in the fate of β-cell. These cells are not primarily detoxifying and thus do not possess extensive antioxidant defense machinery. However, they show a wide range of redox regulating proteins, such as peroxiredoxins, thioredoxins or thioredoxin reductases, etc., being functionally compartmentalized within the cells. They keep fragile redox homeostasis and serve as messengers and amplifiers of redox signaling. β-cells require proper redox signaling already in cell ontogenesis during the development of mature β-cells from their progenitors. We bring details about redox-regulated signaling pathways and transcription factors being essential for proper differentiation and maturation of functional β-cells and their proliferation and insulin expression/maturation. We briefly highlight the targets of redox signaling in the insulin secretory pathway and focus more on possible targets of extracellular redox signaling through secreted thioredoxin1 and thioredoxin reductase1. Tuned redox homeostasis can switch upon chronic pathological insults towards the dysfunction of β-cells and to glucose intolerance. These are characteristics of type 2 diabetes, which is often linked to chronic nutritional overload being nowadays a pandemic feature of lifestyle. Overcharged β-cell metabolism causes pressure on proteostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum, mainly due to increased demand on insulin synthesis, which establishes unfolded protein response and insulin misfolding along with excessive hydrogen peroxide production. This together with redox dysbalance in cytoplasm and mitochondria due to enhanced nutritional pressure impact β-cell redox homeostasis and establish prooxidative metabolism. This can further affect β-cell communication in pancreatic islets through gap junctions. In parallel, peripheral tissues losing insulin sensitivity and overall impairment of glucose tolerance and gut microbiota establish local proinflammatory signaling and later systemic metainflammation, i.e., low chronic inflammation prooxidative properties, which target β-cells leading to their dedifferentiation, dysfunction and eventually cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štěpánka Benáková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660/32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic; (Š.B.); (B.H.)
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-296-442-285
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Wang L, Mi B, Zhang Y, Yan H, Zhu H. Alendronate promotes the gene expression of extracellular matrix mediated by SP-1/SOX-9. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1173-1182. [PMID: 33522294 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120988875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease with significant degenerative changes of articular cartilage, which is reported to be closely related to the integrity of chondrocytes extracellular matrix (ECM). Alendronate belongs to the family of bisphosphonates with promising cartilage repair function. In the present study, the effects of Alendronate on the gene expression of chondrocytes ECM and the potential mechanism will be investigated to explore the potential therapeutic property of Alendronate on OA. METHODS Human SW1353 chondrocytes were stimulated with 1 and 2 μM Alendronate for 12 h. The gene expression of Col2α1, COL9α2, and Acan in the treated chondrocytes was determined by qRT-PCR. QRT-PCR and western blot analysis were used to evaluate the expression level of SOX-9 in the treated chondrocytes. The expression level of SP-1 was checked by qRT-PCR and immunostaining. SiRNA against SP-1 was transfected into chondrocytes to knockdown the expression of SP-1. The levels of p-ERK1/2 and total ERK1/2 were examined using western blot analysis. TNF-α was used to induce an OA-like in vitro model in the chondrocytes for therapeutic evaluations. RESULTS Treatment with Alendronate increased the levels of ECM related genes (Col2α1, COL9α2, and Acan) in a dose-dependent manner through increasing the expression of SOX-9, a central regulator of ECM genes. Additionally, our findings demonstrate that the effects of Alendronate in the expression of SOX-9 are mediated by SP-1 as silencing of SP-1 abolished these effects. Notably, Alendronate increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and inhibition of ERK1/2 using its specific inhibitor U0126 blocked the expression of SP-1. Finally, we found that treatment with Alendronate could rescue TNF-α-induced reduction of Col2α1, COL9α2, Acan and SOX-9. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that Alendronate might promote the gene expression of extracellular matrix through SOX-9 mediated by the ERK1/2/SP1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wang
- Department of Surgery, 481863Shandong Medical College, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - B Mi
- Department of Trauma Surgery, 529858Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Oncology, 529858Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - H Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, 481863Shandong Medical College, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - H Zhu
- Department of Femoral Head Specialist, 529858Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
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Mahmoodazdeh A, Shafiee SM, Sisakht M, Khoshdel Z, Takhshid MA. Adrenomedullin protects rat dorsal root ganglion neurons against doxorubicin-induced toxicity by ameliorating oxidative stress. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:1197-1206. [PMID: 32963742 PMCID: PMC7491506 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.45134.10514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite effective anticancer effects, the use of doxorubicin (DOX) is hindered due to its cardio and neurotoxicity. The neuroprotective effect of adrenomedullin (AM) was shown in several studies. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible protective effects of AM against DOX-induced toxicity in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) neurons. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat embryonic DRG neurons were isolated and cultured. The effect of various concentrations of DOX (0.0 to 100 µM) in the absence or presence of AM (3.125 -100 nM) on cell death, apoptosis, oxidative stress, expression of tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α), interleukin1- β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 3 and 13, and SRY-related protein 9 (SOX9) were examined. RESULTS Based on MTT assay data, DOX decreased the viability of DRG neurons in a dose and time-dependent manner (IC50=6.88 µm) while dose-dependently, AM protected DRG neurons against DOX-induced cell death. Furthermore, results of annexin V apoptosis assay revealed the protective effects of AM (25 nm) against DOX (6.88 µM)-induced apoptosis and necrosis of DRG neurons. Also, AM significantly ameliorated DOX-induced oxidative stress in DRG neurons. Real-time PCR results showed a significant increase in the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, MMP 3, and MMP 13, and a decrease in the expression of SOX9 following treatment with DOX. Treatment with AM (25 nM) significantly reversed the effects of DOX on the above-mentioned genes expression. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that AM can be considered a novel ameliorating drug against DOX-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mahmoodazdeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sayed Mohammad Shafiee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Autophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sisakht
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Khoshdel
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Takhshid
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Xu Z, Ke T, Zhang Y, Fu C, He W. Agonism of GPR120 prevented IL-1β-induced reduction of extracellular matrix through SOX-9. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12074-12085. [PMID: 32580167 PMCID: PMC7343462 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole-joint disease with extremely high prevalence. In all treatment approaches of OA, blocking the degradation of the cartilage extracellular matrix is an important treatment. In OA, overexpression of derivative enzymes leads to excessive catabolism and reduced synthesis of cartilage including type II collagen and aggrecan, which results in irreversible destruction of the joint. SOX9 is a transcription factor that regulates the synthesis of type II collagen and aggrecan and is significantly downregulated in OA. GPR120 has been reported to affect the pathophysiology of OA. In this study, we used the GPR120 agonist GW9508 and TUG891 in ATDC5 chondrocytes exposed to interleukin (IL)-1β to investigate the involvement of GPR120 in SOX9-mediated expression of type II collagen and aggrecan. Our findings show that agonism of GPR120 can reduce inflammation by inhibiting the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 induced by IL-1β. We also show that GW9508 and TUG891 rescue the expression of type II collagen and aggrecan by preventing the reduction of SOX9 expression. Additionally, we demonstrate that the effects of GW9508 on SOX9 expression are mediated through CREB and that GPR120 is indeed required for this effect. Thus, agonism of GPR120 by GW9508 might be a potential therapeutic strategy to halt or prevent cartilage degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixian Xu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Tie Ke
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Yongfa Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Chaofeng Fu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Wubing He
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, P.R. China
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Lauretta G, Ravalli S, Szychlinska MA, Castorina A, Maugeri G, D'Amico AG, D'Agata V, Musumeci G. Current knowledge of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in articular cartilage. Histol Histopathol 2020; 35:1251-1262. [PMID: 32542641 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an evolutionally well conserved neuropeptide, mainly expressed by neuronal and peripheral cells. It proves to be an interesting object of study both for its trophic functions during the development of several tissues and for its protective effects against oxidative stress, hypoxia, inflammation and apoptosis in different degenerative diseases. This brief review summarises the recent findings concerning the role of PACAP in the articular cartilage. PACAP and its receptors are expressed during chondrogenesis and are shown to activate the pathways involved in regulating cartilage development. Moreover, this neuropeptide proves to be chondroprotective against those stressors that determine cartilage degeneration and contribute to the onset of osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of degenerative joint disease. Indeed, the degenerated cartilage exhibits low levels of PACAP, suggesting that its endogenous levels in adult cartilage may play an essential role in maintaining physiological properties. Thanks to its peculiar characteristics, exogenous administration of PACAP could be suggested as a potential tool to slow down the progression of OA and for cartilage regeneration approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lauretta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravalli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Human Science and Promotion of Quality of Life, San Raffaele Open University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Velia D'Agata
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. .,Research Center on Motor Activities (CRAM), University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Biology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Martínez-Juárez A, Moreno-Mendoza N. Mechanisms related to sexual determination by temperature in reptiles. J Therm Biol 2019; 85:102400. [PMID: 31657741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of strategies have emerged that appear to relate to the evolution of mechanisms for sexual determination in vertebrates, among which are genetic sex determination caused by sex chromosomes and environmental sex determination, where environmental factors influence the phenotype of the sex of an individual. Within the reptile group, some orders such as: Chelonia, Crocodylia, Squamata and Rhynchocephalia, manifest one of the most intriguing and exciting environmental sexual determination mechanisms that exists, comprising temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), where the temperature of incubation that the embryo experiences during its development is fundamental to establishing the sex of the individual. This makes them an excellent model for the study of sexual determination at the molecular, cellular and physiological level, as well as in terms of their implications at an evolutionary and ecological level. There are different hypotheses concerning how this process is triggered and this review aims to describe any new contributions to particular TSD hypotheses, analyzing them from the "eco-evo-devo" perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Martínez-Juárez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228 México, D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Norma Moreno-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228 México, D.F. 04510, Mexico.
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17
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Chen M, Wang J, Liu N, Cui W, Dong W, Xing B, Pan C. Pig SOX9: Expression profiles of Sertoli cell (SCs) and a functional 18 bp indel affecting testis weight. Theriogenology 2019; 138:94-101. [PMID: 31319268 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9), an important member of the SRY- type HMGbox (SOX) gene family, plays an important role in the regulation of mammalian reproduction, including sex differentiation during the embryonic development stage and spermatogenesis after birth. To explore the roles of polymorphism and expression of the SOX9 gene in the development of testes, we analyzed the indel of SOX9 in pigs and the corresponding expression level of the SOX9 gene in 7-day and 5-month-old porcine Sertoli cells. Results revealed that the DD haplotype of SOX9 gene as well as the ID genotype were significantly associated with larger testicular weight, while the II haplotype was closely related to the smaller testicular weight. More importantly, the SOX9 gene expression of ID genotyped group was significantly higher than that in II genotyped group. Our results first revealed that the indel polymorphism and expression of SOX9 were significantly associated with pig reproduction traits indicating the critical roles of SOX9 gene in testes development. The study provides a new clue for understanding the regulation of animal reproductive activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.116 Huayuan road, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Nuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Wenbo Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Wuzi Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Baosong Xing
- Henan Key Laboratory of Farm Animal Breeding and Nutritional Regulation, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.116 Huayuan road, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuanying Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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Dmrt1 directly regulates the transcription of the testis-biased Sox9b gene in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Gene 2019; 687:109-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Abstract
SOX transcription factors participate in the specification, differentiation and activities of many cell types in development and beyond. The 20 mammalian family members are distributed into eight groups based on sequence identity, and while co-expressed same-group proteins often have redundant functions, different-group proteins typically have distinct functions. More than a handful of SOX proteins have pivotal roles in skeletogenesis. Heterozygous mutations in their genes cause human diseases, in which skeletal dysmorphism is a major feature, such as campomelic dysplasia (SOX9), or a minor feature, such as LAMSHF syndrome (SOX5) and Coffin-Siris-like syndromes (SOX4 and SOX11). Loss- and gain-of-function experiments in animal models have revealed that SOX4 and SOX11 (SOXC group) promote skeletal progenitor survival and control skeleton patterning and growth; SOX8 (SOXE group) delays the differentiation of osteoblast progenitors; SOX9 (SOXE group) is essential for chondrocyte fate maintenance and differentiation, and works in cooperation with SOX5 and SOX6 (SOXD group) and other types of transcription factors. These and other SOX proteins have also been proposed, mainly through in vitro experiments, to have key roles in other aspects of skeletogenesis, such as SOX2 in osteoblast stem cell self-renewal. We here review current knowledge of well-established and proposed skeletogenic roles of SOX proteins, their transcriptional and non-transcriptional actions, and their modes of regulation at the gene, RNA and protein levels. We also discuss gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to further decipher mechanisms underlying skeletogenesis in health and diseases and identify treatment options for skeletal malformation and degeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lefebvre
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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20
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Mochizuki Y, Chiba T, Kataoka K, Yamashita S, Sato T, Kato T, Takahashi K, Miyamoto T, Kitazawa M, Hatta T, Natsume T, Takai S, Asahara H. Combinatorial CRISPR/Cas9 Approach to Elucidate a Far-Upstream Enhancer Complex for Tissue-Specific Sox9 Expression. Dev Cell 2018; 46:794-806.e6. [PMID: 30146478 PMCID: PMC6324936 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SRY-box 9 (SOX9) is a master transcription factor that regulates cartilage development. SOX9 haploinsufficiency resulting from breakpoints in a ∼1-Mb region upstream of SOX9 was reported in acampomelic campomelic dysplasia (ACD) patients, suggesting that essential enhancer regions of SOX9 for cartilage development are located in this long non-coding sequence. However, the cis-acting enhancer region regulating cartilage-specific SOX9 expression remains to be identified. To identify distant cartilage Sox9 enhancers, we utilized the combination of multiple CRISPR/Cas9 technologies including enrichment of the promoter-enhancer complex followed by next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry (MS), SIN3A-dCas9-mediated epigenetic silencing, and generation of enhancer deletion mice. As a result, we could identify a critical far-upstream cis-element and Stat3 as a trans-acting factor, regulating cartilage-specific Sox9 expression and subsequent skeletal development. Our strategy could facilitate definitive ACD diagnosis and should be useful to reveal the detailed chromatin conformation and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mochizuki
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Tomoki Chiba
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kensuke Kataoka
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamashita
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tempei Sato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hatta
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Shinro Takai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-0022, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92037, USA.
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21
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Yu Q, Li W, Xie D, Zheng X, Huang T, Xue P, Guo B, Gao Y, Zhang C, Sun P, Li M, Wang G, Cheng X, Zheng Q, Song Z. PI3Kγ promotes vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation and transplant arteriosclerosis via a SOX9-dependent mechanism. EBioMedicine 2018; 36:39-53. [PMID: 30241919 PMCID: PMC6197754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transplant arteriosclerosis (TA) remains the major cause of chronic graft failure in solid organ transplantation. The phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is a key event for the initiation and progression of neointimal formation and TA. This study aims to explore the role and underlying mechanism of phosphoinositide 3-kinases γ (PI3Kγ) in VSMC phenotypic modulation and TA. Methods The rat model of aortic transplantation was established to detect PI3Kγ expression and its role in neointimal formation and vascular remodeling in vivo. PI3Kγ shRNA transfection was employed to knockdown PI3Kγ gene. Aortic VSMCs was cultured and treated with TNF-α to explore the role and molecular mechanism of PI3Kγ in VSMC phenotypic modulation. Findings Activated PI3Kγ/p-Akt signaling was observed in aortic allografts and in TNF-α-treated VSMCs. Lentivirus-mediated shRNA transfection effectively inhibited PI3Kγ expression in medial VSMCs while restoring the expression of VSMC contractile genes, associated with impaired neointimal formation in aortic allografts. In cultured VSMCs, PI3Kγ blockade with pharmacological inhibitor or genetic knockdown markedly abrogated TNF-α-induced downregulation of VSMC contractile genes and increase in cellular proliferation and migration. Moreover, SOX9 located in nucleus competitively inhibited the interaction of Myocardin and SRF, while PI3Kγ inhibition robustly reduced SOX9 expression and its nuclear translocation and repaired the Myocardin/SRF association. Interpretation These results suggest that PI3Kγ plays a critical role in VSMC phenotypic modulation via a SOX9-dependent mechanism. Therefore, PI3Kγ in VSMCs may represent a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of TA. Fund National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Li
- Departments of Gerontology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dawei Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xichuan Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tong Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Xue
- Departments of Gerontology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Guo
- Department of Hepatology and Oncology, Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qichang Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Zifang Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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22
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Wu TJ, Fong YC, Lin CY, Huang YL, Tang CH. Glucose enhances aggrecan expression in chondrocytes via the PKCα/p38-miR141-3p signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6878-6887. [PMID: 29319178 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Aggrecan is a high molecular weight proteoglycan that plays a critical role in cartilage structure and the function of joints, providing intervertebral disc and cartilage with the ability to resist compressive loads. Aggrecan degradation in articular cartilage is a significant event in early-stage osteoarthritis (OA). Currently, no effective treatment exists for OA other than pain relief. Dextrose (D-glucose) prolotherapy has shown promising activity in the treatment of different musculoskeletal disorders, including OA. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of the glucose effect in OA and on the regulation of chondrogenesis. We show for the first time that glucose upregulates aggrecan expression and subsequent chondrogenesis in ATDC5 cells. Moreover, we found that glucose-induced aggrecan expression is mediated through the protein kinase Cα (PKCα)- and p38-dependent pathway. As demonstrated by microRNA (miR) and luciferase analyses, the glucose-induced PKCα/p38 signaling axis is responsible for downregulating miR141-3p which targets to the 3'untranslated region of aggrecan. In summary, we show that glucose enhances chondrogenesis by upregulating aggrecan expression via the PKCα-p38-miR141-3p signaling pathway. This result provides new insights into the mechanism of glucose on chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Ju Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chin Fong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yun-Lin County, Taiwan.,Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Li Huang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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23
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MIF Plays a Key Role in Regulating Tissue-Specific Chondro-Osteogenic Differentiation Fate of Human Cartilage Endplate Stem Cells under Hypoxia. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 7:249-62. [PMID: 27509135 PMCID: PMC4982989 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cartilage endplate (CEP) shows decreased chondrification and increased ossification. Cartilage endplate stem cells (CESCs), with the capacity for chondro-osteogenic differentiation, are responsible for CEP restoration. CEP is avascular and hypoxic, while the physiological hypoxia is disrupted in the degenerated CEP. Hypoxia promoted chondrogenesis but inhibited osteogenesis in CESCs. This tissue-specific differentiation fate of CESCs in response to hypoxia was physiologically significant with regard to CEP maintaining chondrification and refusing ossification. MIF, a downstream target of HIF1A, is involved in cartilage and bone metabolisms, although little is known about its regulatory role in differentiation. In CESCs, MIF was identified as a key point through which HIF1A regulated the chondro-osteogenic differentiation. Unexpectedly, unlike the traditionally recognized mode, increased nuclear-expressed MIF under hypoxia was identified to act as a transcriptional regulator by interacting with the promoter of SOX9 and RUNX2. This mode of HIF1A/MIF function may represent a target for CEP degeneration therapy. The hypoxic microenvironment is disrupted in degenerative CEP Hypoxia promotes chondrogenesis but inhibits osteogenesis in CESCs Hypoxia regulates chondro-osteogenesis through HIF1A/MIF pathway MIF acts as a transcriptional regulator under hypoxia
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24
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Olmsted-Davis EA, Salisbury EA, Hoang D, Davis EL, Lazard Z, Sonnet C, Davis TA, Forsberg JA, Davis AR. Progenitors in Peripheral Nerves Launch Heterotopic Ossification. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1109-1119. [PMID: 28198109 PMCID: PMC5442844 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies presented here, using a murine model of bone morphogenetic protein type 2 (BMP2)-induced heterotopic ossification (HO) show that the protein initiates HO by signaling through progenitors in the endoneurium of peripheral nerves. In the mouse, these cells were identified in the endoneurium one day after BMP2 induction using antibody against phosphoSMAD (PS) 1, 5, and 8. Studies conducted in a tracking mouse that contains a tamoxifen-regulated Wnt1-Cre recombinase crossed with a td Tomato red (TR) reporter (Wnt1CreErt :Ai9Tm) confirmed their neural origin. In this model both BMP2 induction and tamoxifen are absolutely required to induce TR. SP7+ (osterix+ )TR+ cells were found in the endoneurium on day 1 and associated with bone on day 7. Quantification of TR+ and TR- cells isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting showed that all SP7+ cells were found in the TR+ population, whereas only about 80% of the TR+ cells expressed SP7. Pre-chondrocytes (Sox 9+ ) and transient brown fat (tBAT, UCP1+ ) also coexpressed TR, suggesting that the progenitor in nerves is multi-potential. The endoneurium of human nerves near the site of HO contained many PS+ cells, and SP7+ cells were found in nerves and on bone in tissue from patients with HO. Control tissues and nerves did not contain these PS+ and SP7+ cells. Some osteoblasts on bone from patients with HO were positive for PS, suggesting the continued presence of BMP during bone formation. The data suggests that the progenitors for HO are derived from the endoneurium in both the mouse model of HO and in humans with HO. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1109-1119.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Olmsted-Davis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy.,Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas A Davis
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences & the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Regenerative Medicine Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan A Forsberg
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences & the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Regenerative Medicine Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan R Davis
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy.,Departments of Pediatrics and Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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25
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Abstract
SOX9 is a pivotal transcription factor in developing and adult cartilage. Its gene is expressed from the multipotent skeletal progenitor stage and is active throughout chondrocyte differentiation. While it is repressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes in cartilage growth plates, it remains expressed throughout life in permanent chondrocytes of healthy articular cartilage. SOX9 is required for chondrogenesis: it secures chondrocyte lineage commitment, promotes cell survival, and transcriptionally activates the genes for many cartilage-specific structural components and regulatory factors. Since heterozygous mutations within and around SOX9 were shown to cause the severe skeletal malformation syndrome called campomelic dysplasia, researchers around the world have worked assiduously to decipher the many facets of SOX9 actions and regulation in chondrogenesis. The more we learn, the more we realize the complexity of the molecular networks in which SOX9 fulfills its functions and is regulated at the levels of its gene, RNA, and protein, and the more we measure the many gaps remaining in knowledge. At the same time, new technologies keep giving us more means to push further the frontiers of knowledge. Research efforts must be pursued to fill these gaps and to better understand and treat many types of cartilage diseases in which SOX9 has or could have a critical role. These diseases include chondrodysplasias and cartilage degeneration diseases, namely osteoarthritis, a prevalent and still incurable joint disease. We here review the current state of knowledge of SOX9 actions and regulation in the chondrocyte lineage, and propose new directions for future fundamental and translational research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mona Dvir-Ginzberg
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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26
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Liu CF, Samsa WE, Zhou G, Lefebvre V. Transcriptional control of chondrocyte specification and differentiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:34-49. [PMID: 27771362 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A milestone in the evolutionary emergence of vertebrates was the invention of cartilage, a tissue that has key roles in modeling, protecting and complementing the bony skeleton. Cartilage is elaborated and maintained by chondrocytes. These cells derive from multipotent skeletal progenitors and they perform highly specialized functions as they proceed through sequential lineage commitment and differentiation steps. They form cartilage primordia, the primary skeleton of the embryo. They then transform these primordia either into cartilage growth plates, temporary drivers of skeletal elongation and endochondral ossification, or into permanent tissues, namely articular cartilage. Chondrocyte fate decisions and differentiated activities are controlled by numerous extrinsic and intrinsic cues, and they are implemented at the gene expression level by transcription factors. The latter are the focus of this review. Meritorious efforts from many research groups have led over the last two decades to the identification of dozens of key chondrogenic transcription factors. These regulators belong to all types of transcription factor families. Some have master roles at one or several differentiation steps. They include SOX9 and RUNX2/3. Others decisively assist or antagonize the activities of these masters. They include TWIST1, SOX5/6, and MEF2C/D. Many more have tissue-patterning roles and regulate cell survival, proliferation and the pace of cell differentiation. They include, but are not limited to, homeodomain-containing proteins and growth factor signaling mediators. We here review current knowledge of all these factors, one superclass, class, and family at a time. We then compile all knowledge into transcriptional networks. We also identify remaining gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to fill these gaps and thereby provide novel insights into cartilage disease mechanisms and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Feng Liu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - William E Samsa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Guang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Véronique Lefebvre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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27
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Kerkhofs J, Leijten J, Bolander J, Luyten FP, Post JN, Geris L. A Qualitative Model of the Differentiation Network in Chondrocyte Maturation: A Holistic View of Chondrocyte Hypertrophy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162052. [PMID: 27579819 PMCID: PMC5007039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of chondrocytes towards hypertrophy is a natural process whose control is essential in endochondral bone formation. It is additionally thought to play a role in several pathophysiological processes, with osteoarthritis being a prominent example. We perform a dynamic analysis of a qualitative mathematical model of the regulatory network that directs this phenotypic switch to investigate the influence of the individual factors holistically. To estimate the stability of a SOX9 positive state (associated with resting/proliferation chondrocytes) versus a RUNX2 positive one (associated with hypertrophy) we employ two measures. The robustness of the state in canalisation (size of the attractor basin) is assessed by a Monte Carlo analysis and the sensitivity to perturbations is assessed by a perturbational analysis of the attractor. Through qualitative predictions, these measures allow for an in silico screening of the effect of the modelled factors on chondrocyte maintenance and hypertrophy. We show how discrepancies between experimental data and the model’s results can be resolved by evaluating the dynamic plausibility of alternative network topologies. The findings are further supported by a literature study of proposed therapeutic targets in the case of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kerkhofs
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johanna Bolander
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P. Luyten
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Janine N. Post
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for biomedical technology and technical medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Biomechanics section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Prometheus, the Leuven R&D division of skeletal tissue engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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28
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Kawai T, Yasuchika K, Ishii T, Miyauchi Y, Kojima H, Yamaoka R, Katayama H, Yoshitoshi EY, Ogiso S, Kita S, Yasuda K, Fukumitsu K, Komori J, Hatano E, Kawaguchi Y, Uemoto S. SOX9 is a novel cancer stem cell marker surrogated by osteopontin in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30489. [PMID: 27457505 PMCID: PMC4960550 DOI: 10.1038/srep30489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The current lack of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers that are easily evaluated by blood samples prevents the establishment of new therapeutic strategies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, we examined whether sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) represents a new CSC marker, and whether osteopontin (OPN) can be used as a surrogate marker of SOX9 in HCC. In HCC cell lines transfected with a SOX9 promoter-driven enhanced green fluorescence protein gene, FACS-isolated SOX9+ cells were capable of self-renewal and differentiation into SOX9− cells, and displayed high proliferation capacity in vitro. Xenotransplantation experiments revealed that SOX9+ cells reproduced, differentiated into SOX9− cells, and generated tumors at a high frequency in vivo. Moreover, SOX9+ cells were found to be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and activation of TGFb/Smad signaling. Gain/loss of function experiments showed that SOX9 regulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, including cyclin D1 and OPN. Immunohistochemistry of 166 HCC surgical specimens and serum OPN measurements showed that compared to SOX9− patients, SOX9+ patients had significantly poorer recurrence-free survival, stronger venous invasion, and higher serum OPN levels. In conclusion, SOX9 is a novel HCC-CSC marker regulating the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and its downstream target, OPN. OPN is a useful surrogate marker of SOX9 in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yasuchika
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Miyauchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryoya Yamaoka
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hokahiro Katayama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elena Yukie Yoshitoshi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sadahiko Kita
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsutaro Yasuda
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Komori
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Kawaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shinji Uemoto
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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29
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McDermott B, Ellis S, Bou-Gharios G, Clegg P, Tew S. RNA binding proteins regulate anabolic and catabolic gene expression in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:1263-73. [PMID: 26853752 PMCID: PMC4917896 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.01.988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Regulation of anabolic and catabolic factors is considered essential in maintaining the homoeostasis of healthy articular cartilage. In this study we investigated the influence of RNA binding proteins (RNABPs) in this process. DESIGN Using small interfering RNA (siRNA), RNABP expression was knocked down in SW1353 chondrosarcoma cells and human articular chondrocytes. Gene expression and messenger RNA (mRNA) decay of anabolic (SOX9, Aggrecan) and catabolic (matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)13) factors were analysed using reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RNA-electromobility shift assays (EMSAs) were used to investigate RNABP interactions with the SOX9 mRNA 3' untranslated region (UTR). Immunohistochemical localisation of MMP13 and the RNABP human antigen R (HuR) was performed in E13.5 and E16.5 mouse embryo sections. RESULTS SOX9 mRNA, mRNA half-life and protein expression were increased with siRNA targeting the RNABP tristetraprolin (TTP) in both HACs and SW1353s. TTP knockdown also stimulated aggrecan mRNA expression but did not affect its stability. RNA-EMSAs demonstrated that adenine uracil (AU)-rich elements in the SOX9 mRNA 3'UTR interacted with chondrocyte proteins with three specific elements interacting with TTP. HuR knockdown significantly increased MMP13 expression and also regulated the expression of a number of known transcriptional repressors of MMP13. HuR was ubiquitously expressed within mouse embryos yet displayed regional down-regulation within developing skeletal structures. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates for the first time how RNABPs are able to affect the balance of anabolic and catabolic gene expression in human chondrocytes. The post-transcriptional mechanisms controlled by RNABPs present novel avenues of regulation and potential points of intervention for controlling the expression of SOX9 and MMP13 in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - S.R. Tew
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to: S.R. Tew, Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK. Tel: 44-(0)-151-7956235; Fax: 44-(0)-151-7946034.
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30
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Orriols M, Varona S, Martí-Pàmies I, Galán M, Guadall A, Escudero JR, Martín-Ventura JL, Camacho M, Vila L, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. Down-regulation of Fibulin-5 is associated with aortic dilation: role of inflammation and epigenetics. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:431-42. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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31
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Rosa J, Tiago DM, Marques CL, Vijayakumar P, Fonseca L, Cancela ML, Laizé V. Central role of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase 3 in chondral ossification and evidence for sub-functionalization in neoteleost fish. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:1373-87. [PMID: 27036080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To better understand the complex mechanisms of bone formation it is fundamental that genes central to signaling/regulatory pathways and matrix formation are identified. Cell systems were used to analyze genes differentially expressed during extracellular matrix mineralization and bhmt3, coding for a betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase, was shown to be down-regulated in mineralizing gilthead seabream cells. METHODS Levels and sites of bhmt3 expression were determined by qPCR and in situ hybridization throughout seabream development and in adult tissues. Transcriptional regulation of bhmt3 was assessed from the activity of promoter constructs controlling luciferase gene expression. Molecular phylogeny of vertebrate BHMT was determined from maximum likelihood analysis of available sequences. RESULTS bhmt3 transcript is abundant in calcified tissues and localized in cartilaginous structures undergoing endo/perichondral ossification. Promoter activity is regulated by transcription factors involved in bone and cartilage development, further demonstrating the central role of Bhmt3 in chondrogenesis and/or osteogenesis. Molecular phylogeny revealed the explosive diversity of bhmt genes in neoteleost fish, while tissue distribution of bhmt genes in seabream suggested that neoteleostean Bhmt may have undergone several steps of sub-functionalization. CONCLUSIONS Data on bhmt3 gene expression and promoter activity evidences a novel function for betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase in bone and cartilage development, while phylogenetic analysis provides new insights into the evolution of vertebrate BHMTs and suggests that multiple gene duplication events occurred in neoteleost fish lineage. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE High and specific expression of Bhmt3 in gilthead seabream calcified tissues suggests that bone-specific betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferases could represent a suitable marker of chondral ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rosa
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Daniel M Tiago
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Cátia L Marques
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Luis Fonseca
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine (DCBM), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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32
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Brenig B, Duan Y, Xing Y, Ding N, Huang L, Schütz E. Porcine SOX9 Gene Expression Is Influenced by an 18 bp Indel in the 5'-Untranslated Region. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139583. [PMID: 26430891 PMCID: PMC4592210 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determining region Y-box 9 (SOX9) is an important regulator of sex and skeletal development and is expressed in a variety of embryonal and adult tissues. Loss or gain of function resulting from mutations within the coding region or chromosomal aberrations of the SOX9 locus lead to a plethora of detrimental phenotypes in humans and animals. One of these phenotypes is the so-called male-to-female or female-to-male sex-reversal which has been observed in several mammals including pig, dog, cat, goat, horse, and deer. In 38,XX sex-reversal French Large White pigs, a genome-wide association study suggested SOX9 as the causal gene, although no functional mutations were identified in affected animals. However, besides others an 18bp indel had been detected in the 5′-untranslated region of the SOX9 gene by comparing affected animals and controls. We have identified the same indel (Δ18) between position +247bp and +266bp downstream the transcription start site of the porcine SOX9 gene in four other pig breeds; i.e., German Large White, Laiwu Black, Bamei, and Erhualian. These animals have been genotyped in an attempt to identify candidate genes for porcine inguinal and/or scrotal hernia. Because the 18bp segment in the wild type 5′-UTR harbours a highly conserved cAMP-response element (CRE) half-site, we analysed its role in SOX9 expression in vitro. Competition and immunodepletion electromobility shift assays demonstrate that the CRE half-site is specifically recognized by CREB. Both binding of CREB to the wild type as well as the absence of the CRE half-site in Δ18 reduced expression efficiency in HEK293T, PK–15, and ATDC5 cells significantly. Transfection experiments of wild type and Δ18 SOX9 promoter luciferase constructs show a significant reduction of RNA and protein levels depending on the presence or absence of the 18bp segment. Hence, the data presented here demonstrate that the 18bp indel in the porcine SOX9 5′-UTR is of functional importance and may therefore indeed be a causative variation in SOX9 associated traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August-University, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Yanyu Duan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuyun Xing
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China
| | - Nengshui Ding
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China
| | - Lusheng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Biotechnology of Jiangxi Province and the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, 330045, Nanchang, China
| | - Ekkehard Schütz
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Georg-August-University, Burckhardtweg 2, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
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33
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Juhász T, Helgadottir SL, Tamás A, Reglődi D, Zákány R. PACAP and VIP signaling in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Peptides 2015; 66:51-7. [PMID: 25701761 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal development is a complex process regulated by multifactorial signaling cascades that govern proper tissue specific cell differentiation and matrix production. The influence of certain regulatory peptides on cartilage or bone development can be predicted but are not widely studied. In this review, we aimed to assemble and overview those signaling pathways which are modulated by PACAP and VIP neuropeptides and are involved in cartilage and bone formation. We discuss recent experimental data suggesting broad spectrum functions of these neuropeptides in osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation, including the canonical downstream targets of PACAP and VIP receptors, PKA or MAPK pathways, which are key regulators of chondro- and osteogenesis. Recent experimental data support the hypothesis that PACAP is a positive regulator of chondrogenesis, while VIP has been reported playing an important role in the inflammatory reactions of surrounding joint tissues. Regulatory function of PACAP and VIP in bone development has also been proved, although the source of the peptides is not obvious. Crosstalk and collateral connections of the discussed signaling mechanisms make the system complicated and may obscure the pure effects of VIP and PACAP. Chondro-protective properties of PACAP during oxidative stress observed in our experiments indicate a possible therapeutic application of this neuropeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Solveig Lind Helgadottir
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamás
- Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Kovacevic-Grujicic N, Mojsin M, Popovic J, Petrovic I, Topalovic V, Stevanovic M. Cyclic AMP response element binding (CREB) protein acts as a positive regulator of SOX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells. BMB Rep 2015; 47:197-202. [PMID: 24257117 PMCID: PMC4163894 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.4.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX3 is one of the earliest neural markers in vertebrates, playing the role in specifying neuronal fate. In this study we have established first functional link between CREB and human SOX3 gene which both have important roles in the nervous system throughout development and in the adulthood. Here we demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that CREB binds to CRE half-site located -195 to -191 within the human SOX3 promoter. Overexpression studies with CREB or its dominant-negative inhibitor A-CREB indicate that this transcription factor acts as a positive regulator of basal SOX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells. This is further confirmed by mutational analysis where mutation of CREB binding site results in reduction of SOX3 promoter activity. Our results point at CREB as a positive regulator of SOX3 gene transcription in NT2/D1 cells, while its contribution to RA induction of SOX3 promoter is not prominent. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(4): 197-202]
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Kovacevic-Grujicic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojsin
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Popovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isidora Petrovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladanka Topalovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Stevanovic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 444a, PO BOX 23, 11010 Belgrade, Serbia
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Fu M, Huang G, Zhang Z, Liu J, Zhang Z, Huang Z, Yu B, Meng F. Expression profile of long noncoding RNAs in cartilage from knee osteoarthritis patients. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:423-32. [PMID: 25524778 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as a novel class of regulatory molecules involved in various biological processes, but their role in osteoarthritis (OA) remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to reveal lncRNAs expression profile in human osteoarthritic cartilage and explore the potential functions of lncRNAs in OA. METHODS The expression profiles of lncRNAs and mRNAs in OA cartilage were obtained using microarray and verified by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Bioinformatics analyses including lncRNA classification and subgroup analysis, gene ontology (GO) analysis, pathway analysis, network analysis and target prediction were performed. RESULTS There were 3007 upregulated lncRNAs and 1707 downregulated lncRNAs in OA cartilage compared with normal samples (Fold change ≥ 2.0). In addition, 2136 mRNAs were upregulated and 2,241 mRNAs were downregulated in OA cartilage (Fold change ≥ 2.0). The qRT-PCR results of six dysregulated lncRNAs were consistent with the microarray data. 106 lncRNAs and 291 mRNAs composed the coding-non-coding gene co-expression network (CNC network). In the 600 top differentially expressed lncRNAs, 48 lncRNAs were predicted to have more than five cis-regulated target genes and up to 530 lncRNAs might regulate their trans target genes through collaboration with transcriptional factor (TF) SP1. The positive correlation between lncRNA uc.343 and predicted target homeobox gene C8 (HOXC8) expression in SW1353 cells treating with interleukin-1 beta confirmed the target prediction to some extent. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the expression pattern of lncRNAs in OA cartilage and predicted the potential function and targets, which indicated that lncRNAs may be new biomarkers for diagnosis or novel therapeutic targets of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - G Huang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - J Liu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Disease, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Z Huang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - B Yu
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - F Meng
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Kanazawa T, Furumatsu T, Matsumoto-Ogawa E, Maehara A, Ozaki T. Role of Rho small GTPases in meniscus cells. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1479-86. [PMID: 25130858 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that mechanical stretch regulates Sry-type HMG box (SOX) 9-dependent α1(II) collagen (COL2A1) expression in inner meniscus cells. This study examined the role of the small Rho guanosine 5' triphosphatase Rac1 and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) in the regulation of stretch-induced SOX9 gene expression in cultured human inner meniscus cells. COL2A1 and SOX9 gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR after application of uni-axial cyclic tensile strain (CTS) in the presence or absence of ROCK and Rac1 inhibitors. The subcellular localization of SOX9 and the Rac1 effector cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), the phosphorylation state of SOX9, Rac1 activation, and the binding of CREB to the SOX9 promoter were assessed. CTS increased the expression of COL2A1 and SOX9, which was suppressed by inhibition of Rac1. ROCK inhibition enhanced COL2A1 and SOX9 gene expression in the absence of CTS. CTS stimulated the nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of SOX9, and increased Rac1 activation. CTS also increased the binding of CREB to the SOX9 promoter. The results suggest that mechanical stretch-dependent upregulation of SOX9 by CREB in inner meniscus cells depends on the antagonistic activities of ROCK and Rac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kanazawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Science of Functional Recovery and Reconstruction, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikatacho, Kitaku, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
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Nam KW, Seo DY, Kim MH. Pulsed and Continuous Ultrasound Increase Chondrogenesis through the Increase of Heat Shock Protein 70 Expression in Rat Articular Cartilage. J Phys Ther Sci 2014; 26:647-50. [PMID: 24926124 PMCID: PMC4047224 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.26.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of pulsed and
continuous ultrasound (US) irradiation on heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and mRNA levels of
chondrogenesis-related gene expression in rat tibial articular cartilage. [Subjects and
Methods] Forty-eight rats with body weights of 200−250 g were randomly divided into three
groups. In the control (CON) group, three rats were treated with sham sonication. The
pulsed US irradiation group was irradiated with a pulse rate of 20%, a frequency of 1 MHz,
and an intensity of 1.5 W/cm2 for 10 minutes. The continuous US irradiation
group was continuously with a frequency of 1 MHz and an intensity of 1.5 W/cm2
for 10 minutes. Immunohistochemistry for evaluation of HSP 70 and RT-PCR for expression of
the chondrogenesis-related mRNA were used. [Results] The expression of HSP70 protein was
increased in the pulsed and continuous US groups. The increase in the continuous US group
was more prominent than in the pulsed US group. In addition, pulsed and continuous US
irradiation increased the expression of Mustn1 and Sox9. [Conclusion] The results of this
study show that US increases chondrogenesis via the increase of HSP 70 and
chondrogenesis-related mRNA expressions in rat articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Won Nam
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare, Dongshin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yel Seo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School of Dongshin University, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hee Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Republic of Korea
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Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel is required for the NFAT-dependent Sox9 expression in tracheal cartilage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E1990-8. [PMID: 24778262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1323112111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca(2+) transient is crucial in initiating the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into chondrocytes, but whether voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels are involved remains uncertain. Here, we show that the T-type voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel Cav3.2 is essential for tracheal chondrogenesis. Mice lacking this channel (Cav3.2(-/-)) show congenital tracheal stenosis because of incomplete formation of cartilaginous tracheal support. Conversely, Cav3.2 overexpression in ATDC5 cells enhances chondrogenesis, which could be blunted by both blocking T-type Ca(2+) channels and inhibiting calcineurin and suggests that Cav3.2 is responsible for Ca(2+) influx during chondrogenesis. Finally, the expression of sex determination region of Y chromosome (SRY)-related high-mobility group-Box gene 9 (Sox9), one of the earliest markers of committed chondrogenic cells, is reduced in Cav3.2(-/-) tracheas. Mechanistically, Ca(2+) influx via Cav3.2 activates the calcineurin/nuclear factor of the activated T-cell (NFAT) signaling pathway, and a previously unidentified NFAT binding site is identified within the mouse Sox9 promoter using a luciferase reporter assay and gel shift and ChIP studies. Our findings define a previously unidentified mechanism that Ca(2+) influx via the Cav3.2 T-type Ca(2+) channel regulates Sox9 expression through the calcineurin/NFAT signaling pathway during tracheal chondrogenesis.
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Nosrati N, Kapoor NR, Kumar V. Combinatorial action of transcription factors orchestrates cell cycle-dependent expression of the ribosomal protein genes and ribosome biogenesis. FEBS J 2014; 281:2339-52. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Nosrati
- Virology Group; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; New Delhi India
| | - Neetu R. Kapoor
- Virology Group; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; New Delhi India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Virology Group; International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; New Delhi India
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Gonzalez S, Binato R, Guida L, Mencalha AL, Abdelhay E. Conserved transcription factor binding sites suggest an activator basal promoter and a distal inhibitor in the galanin gene promoter in mouse ES cells. Gene 2014; 538:228-34. [PMID: 24487089 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Galanin and its receptors have been shown to be expressed in undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells through transcriptome and proteomic analyses. Although transcriptional regulation of galanin has been extensively studied, the regulatory proteins that mediate galanin expression in mouse ES cells have not yet been determined. Through sequence alignments, we have found a high degree of similarity between mouse and human galanin upstream sequences at -146 bp/+69 bp (proximal region) and -2,408 bp/-2,186 bp (distal region). These regions could be recognized by ES cell nuclear proteins, and EMSA analysis suggests a specific functionality. Analysis of the proximal region (PR) using EMSA and ChIP assays showed that the CREB protein interacts with the galanin promoter both in vitro and in vivo. Additional EMSA analysis revealed that an SP1 consensus site mediated protein-DNA complex formation. Reporter assays showed that CREB is an activator of galanin expression and works cooperatively with SP1. Furthermore, analysis of the distal region (DR) using EMSA assays demonstrated that both HOX-F and PAX 4/6 consensus sites mediated protein-DNA complex formation, and both sites inhibited luciferase activity in reporter assays. These data together suggest that CRE and SP1 act as activators at the basal promoter, while HOX-F and PAX 4/6 act as silencers of transcription. The interplay of these transcription factors (TF) may drive regulated galanin expression in mouse ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayonara Gonzalez
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, RJ, Brazil; Departamento de Genética Médica, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Renata Binato
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Guida
- Departamento de Genética Médica, Instituto Fernandes Figueira, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Mencalha
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Centro de Transplante de Medula Óssea, RJ, Brazil
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Matta C, Mobasheri A. Regulation of chondrogenesis by protein kinase C: Emerging new roles in calcium signalling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:979-1000. [PMID: 24440668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During chondrogenesis, complex intracellular signalling pathways regulate an intricate series of events including condensation of chondroprogenitor cells and nodule formation followed by chondrogenic differentiation. Reversible phosphorylation of key target proteins is of particular importance during this process. Among protein kinases known to be involved in these pathways, protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes play pivotal roles. However, the precise function of PKC isoenzymes during chondrogenesis and in mature articular chondrocytes is still largely unclear. In this review, we provide a historical overview of how the concept of PKC-mediated chondrogenesis has evolved, starting from the first discoveries of PKC isoform expression and activity. Signalling components upstream and downstream of PKC, leading to the stimulation of chondrogenic differentiation, are also discussed. Although it is evident that we are only at the beginning to understand what roles are assigned to PKC subtypes during chondrogenesis and how they are regulated, there are many yet unexplored aspects in this area. There is evidence that calcium signalling is a central regulator in differentiating chondroprogenitors; still, clear links between intracellular calcium signalling and prototypical calcium-dependent PKC subtypes such as PKCalpha have not been established. Exploiting putative connections and shedding more light on how exactly PKC signalling pathways influence cartilage formation should open new perspectives for a better understanding of healthy as well as pathological differentiation processes of chondrocytes, and may also lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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42
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Juhász T, Matta C, Somogyi C, Katona É, Takács R, Soha RF, Szabó IA, Cserháti C, Sződy R, Karácsonyi Z, Bakó E, Gergely P, Zákány R. Mechanical loading stimulates chondrogenesis via the PKA/CREB-Sox9 and PP2A pathways in chicken micromass cultures. Cell Signal 2013; 26:468-82. [PMID: 24333667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biomechanical stimuli play important roles in the formation of articular cartilage during early foetal life, and optimal mechanical load is a crucial regulatory factor of adult chondrocyte metabolism and function. In this study, we undertook to analyse mechanotransduction pathways during in vitro chondrogenesis. Chondroprogenitor cells isolated from limb buds of 4-day-old chicken embryos were cultivated as high density cell cultures for 6 days. Mechanical stimulation was carried out by a self-designed bioreactor that exerted uniaxial intermittent cyclic load transmitted by the culture medium as hydrostatic pressure and fluid shear to differentiating cells. The loading scheme (0.05 Hz, 600 Pa; for 30 min) was applied on culturing days 2 and 3, when final commitment and differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells occurred in this model. The applied mechanical load significantly augmented cartilage matrix production and elevated mRNA expression of several cartilage matrix constituents, including collagen type II and aggrecan core protein, as well as matrix-producing hyaluronan synthases through enhanced expression, phosphorylation and nuclear signals of the main chondrogenic transcription factor Sox9. Along with increased cAMP levels, a significantly enhanced protein kinase A (PKA) activity was also detected and CREB, the archetypal downstream transcription factor of PKA signalling, exhibited elevated phosphorylation levels and stronger nuclear signals in response to mechanical stimuli. All the above effects were diminished by the PKA-inhibitor H89. Inhibition of the PKA-independent cAMP-mediators Epac1 and Epac2 with HJC0197 resulted in enhanced cartilage formation, which was additive to that of the mechanical stimulation, implying that the chondrogenesis-promoting effect of mechanical load was independent of Epac. At the same time, PP2A activity was reduced following mechanical load and treatments with the PP2A-inhibitor okadaic acid were able to mimic the effects of the intervention. Our results indicate that proper mechanical stimuli augment in vitro cartilage formation via promoting both differentiation and matrix production of chondrogenic cells, and the opposing regulation of the PKA/CREB-Sox9 and the PP2A signalling pathways is crucial in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Juhász
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csilla Somogyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Roland Takács
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Ferenc Soha
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István A Szabó
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserháti
- Department of Solid State Physics, University of Debrecen, Bem tér 18/b, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róbert Sződy
- Péterfy Hospital Trauma Centre, Péterfy Sándor utca 8-20, H-1076 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Karácsonyi
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eva Bakó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Pál Gergely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róza Zákány
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Perturbation of Hoxb5 signaling in vagal and trunk neural crest cells causes apoptosis and neurocristopathies in mice. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:278-89. [PMID: 24141719 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) migrate from different regions along the anterior-posterior axis of the neural tube (NT) to form different structures. Defective NCC development causes congenital neurocristopathies affecting multiple NCC-derived tissues in human. Perturbed Hoxb5 signaling in vagal NCC causes enteric nervous system (ENS) defects. This study aims to further investigate if perturbed Hoxb5 signaling in trunk NCC contributes to defects of other NCC-derived tissues besides the ENS. We perturbed Hoxb5 signaling in NCC from the entire NT, and investigated its impact in the development of tissues derived from these cells in mice. Perturbation of Hoxb5 signaling in these NCC resulted in Sox9 downregulation, NCC apoptosis, hypoplastic sympathetic and dorsal root ganglia, hypopigmentation and ENS defects. Mutant mice with NCC-specific Sox9 deletion also displayed some of these phenotypes. In vitro and in vivo assays indicated that the Sox9 promoter was bound and trans-activated by Hoxb5. In ovo studies further revealed that Sox9 alleviated apoptosis induced by perturbed Hoxb5 signaling, and Hoxb5 induced ectopic Sox9 expression in chick NT. This study demonstrates that Hoxb5 regulates Sox9 expression in NCC and disruption of this signaling causes Sox9 downregulation, NCC apoptosis and multiple NCC-developmental defects. Phenotypes such as ENS deficiency, hypopigmentation and some of the neurological defects are reported in patients with Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). Whether dysregulation of Hoxb5 signaling and early depletion of NCC contribute to ENS defect and other neurocristopathies in HSCR patients deserves further investigation.
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Baugé C, Duval E, Ollitrault D, Girard N, Leclercq S, Galéra P, Boumédiene K. Type II TGFβ receptor modulates chondrocyte phenotype. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:1105-1116. [PMID: 22653295 PMCID: PMC3705098 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aging is one of the major risk factors of osteoarthritis. This pathology during which chondrocytes undergo modifications of their phenotype may result from alteration of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling. This study investigates the role of TGFβ response in the process of chondrocyte dedifferentiation/redifferentiation. Dedifferentiation was induced by successive passages of human articular chondrocytes, whereas their redifferentiation was performed by three-dimensional culture in alginate. Human mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from bone marrow and differentiated into chondrocyte-like phenotype by three-dimensional culture, embedded in the same scaffold. Protein and mRNA levels were analyzed by Western blot and real-time reverse transcription PCR. Regulatory mechanism was investigated using specific inhibitors (mithramycin), mRNA silencing or decoy oligonucleotides, and expression vectors. Chondrocyte dedifferentiation interfered with TGFβ signaling by decreasing TβRII mRNA and protein levels and subsequent TGFβ response. TβRII ectopic expression in passaged chondrocytes permitted to increase the expression of several matrix genes, such as aggrecan or type II collagen. Redifferentiation of passaged chondrocytes permitted to restore, at least in part, TβRII expression and was related to differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells toward chondrocytes, where both specific protein 1 (Sp1) and TβRII mRNA levels were increased. Moreover, Sp1 manipulation by silencing or ectopic expression and pharmacologic inhibition revealed a link between expression levels of this transcriptional factor, which is crucial for constitutive expression of TβRII in cartilage, and TGFβ response. Therefore, these data permit us to suggest an important role of TβRII expression in the maintenance of chondrocyte phenotype, which is altered with age, and bring new insights in our understanding of chondrogenesis process.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging/genetics
- Aging/metabolism
- Aging/pathology
- Blotting, Western
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Chondrocytes/metabolism
- Chondrocytes/pathology
- Disease Progression
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/genetics
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/pathology
- Phenotype
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2/biosynthesis
- Transforming Growth Factor beta2/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Baugé
- EA4652 Microenvironnement Cellulaire et Pathologies (MILPAT), Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, 14032, Caen cedex, France.
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Syddall CM, Reynard LN, Young DA, Loughlin J. The identification of trans-acting factors that regulate the expression of GDF5 via the osteoarthritis susceptibility SNP rs143383. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003557. [PMID: 23825960 PMCID: PMC3694828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
rs143383 is a C to T transition SNP located in the 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) of the growth differentiation factor 5 gene GDF5. The T allele of the SNP is associated with increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA) in Europeans and in Asians. This susceptibility is mediated by the T allele producing less GDF5 transcript relative to the C allele, a phenomenon known as differential allelic expression (DAE). The aim of this study was to identify trans-acting factors that bind to rs143383 and which regulate this GDF5 DAE. Protein binding to the gene was investigated by two experimental approaches: 1) competition and supershift electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and 2) an oligonucleotide pull down assay followed by quantitative mass spectrometry. Binding was then confirmed in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and the functional effects of candidate proteins investigated by RNA interference (RNAi) and over expression. Using these approaches the trans-acting factors Sp1, Sp3, P15, and DEAF-1 were identified as interacting with the GDF5 5′UTR. Knockdown and over expression of the factors demonstrated that Sp1, Sp3, and DEAF-1 are repressors of GDF5 expression. Depletion of DEAF-1 modulated the DAE of GDF5 and this differential allelic effect was confirmed following over expression, with the rs143383 T allele being repressed to a significantly greater extent than the rs143383 C allele. In combination, Sp1 and DEAF-1 had the greatest repressive activity. In conclusion, we have identified four trans-acting factors that are binding to GDF5, three of which are modulating GDF5 expression via the OA susceptibility locus rs143383. GDF5 is an important growth factor that plays a vital role in the development and repair of articulating joints. rs143383 is a polymorphism within the regulatory region of the GDF5 gene and has two allelic forms, C and T. Genetic studies have demonstrated that the T allele is associated with an increased risk of osteoarthritis in a range of ethnic populations whilst previous functional studies revealed that this allele mediates its effect by producing less GDF5 transcript than the C allele. In this study, we sought to identify transcription factors that are binding to rs143383 and that are responsible for mediating this differential level of expression. Using two different approaches we have identified four factors and our functional studies have revealed that three of these factors repress GDF5 expression and that DEAF-1 modulates the differential expression of the two rs143383 alleles. The factors that we have identified could serve as novel therapeutic targets, with their depletion restoring the expression levels of GDF5 in patients with the osteoarthritis susceptibility T allele. The relevance of our results extends beyond osteoarthritis, since the T allele of rs143383 is also a risk factor for a number of other musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Syddall
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Louise N. Reynard
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Young
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John Loughlin
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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46
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Song S, Maru DM, Ajani JA, Chan CH, Honjo S, Lin HK, Correa A, Hofstetter WL, Davila M, Stroehlein J, Mishra L. Loss of TGF-β adaptor β2SP activates notch signaling and SOX9 expression in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2159-69. [PMID: 23536563 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β and Notch signaling pathways play important roles in regulating self-renewal of stem cells and gastrointestinal carcinogenesis. Loss of TGF-β signaling components activates Notch signaling in esophageal adenocarcinoma, but the basis for this effect has been unclear. Here we report that loss of TGF-β adapter β2SP (SPNB2) activates Notch signaling and its target SOX9 in primary fibroblasts or esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Expression of the stem cell marker SOX9 was markedly higher in esophageal adenocarcinoma tumor tissues than normal tissues, and its higher nuclear staining in tumors correlated with poorer survival and lymph node invasion in esophageal adenocarcinoma patients. Downregulation of β2SP by lentivirus short hairpin RNA increased SOX9 transcription and expression, enhancing nuclear localization for both active Notch1 (intracellular Notch1, ICN1) and SOX9. In contrast, reintroduction into esophageal adenocarcinoma cells of β2SP and a dominant-negative mutant of the Notch coactivator mastermind-like (dnMAN) decreased SOX9 promoter activity. Tumor sphere formation and invasive capacity in vitro and tumor growth in vivo were increased in β2SP-silenced esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Conversely, SOX9 silencing rescued the phenotype of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells with loss of β2SP. Interaction between Smad3 and ICN1 via Smad3 MH1 domain was also observed, with loss of β2SP increasing the binding between these proteins, inducing expression of Notch targets SOX9 and C-MYC, and decreasing expression of TGF-β targets p21(CDKN1A), p27 (CDKN1B), and E-cadherin. Taken together, our findings suggest that loss of β2SP switches TGF-β signaling from tumor suppression to tumor promotion by engaging Notch signaling and activating SOX9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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47
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Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts and chondrocytes: a focus on adenosine receptors. Expert Rev Mol Med 2013; 15:e1. [PMID: 23406574 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2013.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Skeletogenesis, either during development, post-injury or for maintenance, is a carefully coordinated process reliant on the appropriate differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Some well described, as well as a new regulator of this process (adenosine receptors), are alike in that they signal via cyclic-AMP (cAMP). This review highlights the known contribution of cAMP signalling to mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to osteoblasts and to chondrocytes. Focus has been given to how these regulators influence the commitment of the osteochondroprogenitor to these separate lineages.
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48
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cAMP-binding site of PKA as a molecular target of bisabolangelone against melanocyte-specific hyperpigmented disorder. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 133:1072-9. [PMID: 23254773 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is inducible in response to cAMP and has a pivotal role in the melanocyte-specific expression of tyrosinase for skin pigmentation. Here we suggest that the cAMP-binding site of protein kinase A (PKA) is a target in the inhibition of the melanogenic process in melanocytes, as evidenced from the molecular mechanism of small molecules such as bisabolangelone (BISA) and Rp-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Rp-cAMPS). BISA is a sesquiterpene constituent of Angelica koreana, a plant of the Umbelliferae family, whose roots are used as an alternative medicine. BISA competitively inhibited cAMP binding to the regulatory subunit of PKA and fitted into the cAMP-binding site on the crystal structure of PKA under the most energetically favorable simulation. In α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-activated melanocytes, BISA and Rp-cAMPS nullified cAMP-dependent PKA activation, dissociating catalytic subunits from an inactive holoenzyme complex. They resultantly inhibited cellular phosphorylation of the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) or another transcription factor SOX9, thus downregulating the expression of MITF or the tyrosinase gene with decreased melanin production. Taken together, this study defined the antimelanogenic mechanism of BISA or Rp-cAMPS with a notable implication of the cAMP-binding site of PKA as a putative target ameliorating melanocyte-specific hyperpigmented disorder.
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Tsend-Ayush E, Kortschak RD, Bernard P, Lim SL, Ryan J, Rosenkranz R, Borodina T, Dohm JC, Himmelbauer H, Harley VR, Grützner F. Identification of mediator complex 26 (Crsp7) gametologs on platypus X1 and Y5 sex chromosomes: a candidate testis-determining gene in monotremes? Chromosome Res 2012; 20:127-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-011-9270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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50
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Sox9/Sox6 and Sp1 are involved in the insulin-like growth factor-I-mediated upregulation of human type II collagen gene expression in articular chondrocytes. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:649-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0842-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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