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Goglia I, Węglarz-Tomczak E, Gioia C, Liu Y, Virtuoso A, Bonanomi M, Gaglio D, Salmistraro N, De Luca C, Papa M, Alberghina L, Westerhoff HV, Colangelo AM. Fusion-fission-mitophagy cycling and metabolic reprogramming coordinate nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent neuronal differentiation. FEBS J 2024; 291:2811-2835. [PMID: 38362803 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation is regulated by nerve growth factor (NGF) and other neurotrophins. We explored the impact of NGF on mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism through time-lapse imaging, metabolomics profiling, and computer modeling studies. We show that NGF may direct differentiation by stimulating fission, thereby causing selective mitochondrial network fragmentation and mitophagy, ultimately leading to increased mitochondrial quality and respiration. Then, we reconstructed the dynamic fusion-fission-mitophagy cycling of mitochondria in a computer model, integrating these processes into a single network mechanism. Both the computational model and the simulations are able to reproduce the proposed mechanism in terms of mitochondrial dynamics, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitophagy, and mitochondrial quality, thus providing a computational tool for the interpretation of the experimental data and for future studies aiming to detail further the action of NGF on mitochondrial processes. We also show that changes in these mitochondrial processes are intertwined with a metabolic function of NGF in differentiation: NGF directs a profound metabolic rearrangement involving glycolysis, TCA cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway, altering the redox balance. This metabolic rewiring may ensure: (a) supply of both energy and building blocks for the anabolic processes needed for morphological reorganization, as well as (b) redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Goglia
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Ewelina Węglarz-Tomczak
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudio Gioia
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Yanhua Liu
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Marcella Bonanomi
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Daniela Gaglio
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Segrate, Italy
| | - Noemi Salmistraro
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE.ITALY, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Morphology of Neuronal Network, Department of Public Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli, Italy
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE.ITALY, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE.ITALY, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
- Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe (ISBE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans V Westerhoff
- Synthetic Systems Biology and Nuclear Organization, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe (ISBE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Molecular Cell Physiology, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE.ITALY, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
- Infrastructure for Systems Biology Europe (ISBE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
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2
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Liu Q, Yan X, Yuan Y, Li R, Zhao Y, Fu J, Wang J, Su J. HTRA2/OMI-Mediated Mitochondrial Quality Control Alters Macrophage Polarization Affecting Systemic Chronic Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1577. [PMID: 38338855 PMCID: PMC10855076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic chronic inflammation (SCI) due to intrinsic immune over-activation is an important factor in the development of many noninfectious chronic diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes mellitus. Among these immune responses, macrophages are extensively involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses by virtue of their polarization plasticity; thus, dysregulation of macrophage polarization direction is one of the potential causes of the generation and maintenance of SCI. High-temperature demand protein A2 (HtrA2/Omi) is an important regulator of mitochondrial quality control, not only participating in the degradation of mis-accumulated proteins in the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) to maintain normal mitochondrial function through its enzymatic activity, but also participating in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics-related protein interactions to maintain mitochondrial morphology. Recent studies have also reported the involvement of HtrA2/Omi as a novel inflammatory mediator in the regulation of the inflammatory response. HtrA2/Omi regulates the inflammatory response in BMDM by controlling TRAF2 stabilization in a collagen-induced arthritis mouse model; the lack of HtrA2 ameliorates pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which HtrA2/Omi proteins are involved in macrophage polarization remodeling by influencing macrophage energy metabolism reprogramming through the regulation of inflammatory signaling pathways and mitochondrial quality control, elucidating the roles played by HtrA2/Omi proteins in inflammatory responses. In conclusion, interfering with HtrA2/Omi may become an important entry point for regulating macrophage polarization, providing new research space for developing HtrA2/Omi-based therapies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jing Su
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Department of Pathophysiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basical Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China
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3
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Weiß J, Heib M, Korn T, Hoyer J, Fuchslocher Chico J, Voigt S, Koudelka T, Tholey A, Adam D. Protease-independent control of parthanatos by HtrA2/Omi. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:258. [PMID: 37594630 PMCID: PMC10439076 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
HtrA2/Omi is a mitochondrial serine protease with ascribed pro-apoptotic as well as pro-necroptotic functions. Here, we establish that HtrA2/Omi also controls parthanatos, a third modality of regulated cell death. Deletion of HtrA2/Omi protects cells from parthanatos while reconstitution with the protease restores the parthanatic death response. The effects of HtrA2/Omi on parthanatos are specific and cannot be recapitulated by manipulating other mitochondrial proteases such as PARL, LONP1 or PMPCA. HtrA2/Omi controls parthanatos in a manner mechanistically distinct from its action in apoptosis or necroptosis, i.e., not by cleaving cytosolic IAP proteins but rather exerting its effects without exiting mitochondria, and downstream of PARP-1, the first component of the parthanatic signaling cascade. Also, previously identified or candidate substrates of HtrA2/Omi such as PDXDC1, VPS4B or moesin are not cleaved and dispensable for parthanatos, whereas DBC-1 and stathmin are cleaved, and thus represent potential parthanatic downstream mediators of HtrA2/Omi. Moreover, mass-spectrometric screening for novel parthanatic substrates of HtrA2/Omi revealed that the induction of parthanatos does not cause a substantial proteolytic cleavage or major alterations in the abundance of mitochondrial proteins. Resolving these findings, reconstitution of HtrA2/Omi-deficient cells with a catalytically inactive HtrA2/Omi mutant restored their sensitivity against parthanatos to the same level as the protease-active HtrA2/Omi protein. Additionally, an inhibitor of HtrA2/Omi's protease activity did not confer protection against parthanatic cell death. Our results demonstrate that HtrA2/Omi controls parthanatos in a protease-independent manner, likely via novel, unanticipated functions as a scaffolding protein and an interaction with so far unknown mitochondrial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Weiß
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michelle Heib
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thiemo Korn
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Justus Hoyer
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Johaiber Fuchslocher Chico
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susann Voigt
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tomas Koudelka
- Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institut für Experimentelle Medizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dieter Adam
- Institut für Immunologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Michaelisstr. 5, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
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Ratan Y, Rajput A, Maleysm S, Pareek A, Jain V, Pareek A, Kaur R, Singh G. An Insight into Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Pathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051398. [PMID: 37239068 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prominent neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. It is characterized by cognitive decline, gradual neurodegeneration, and the development of amyloid-β (Aβ)-plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which constitute hyperphosphorylated tau. The early stages of neurodegeneration in AD include the loss of neurons, followed by synaptic impairment. Since the discovery of AD, substantial factual research has surfaced that outlines the disease's causes, molecular mechanisms, and prospective therapeutics, but a successful cure for the disease has not yet been discovered. This may be attributed to the complicated pathogenesis of AD, the absence of a well-defined molecular mechanism, and the constrained diagnostic resources and treatment options. To address the aforementioned challenges, extensive disease modeling is essential to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms of AD, making it easier to design and develop effective treatment strategies. Emerging evidence over the past few decades supports the critical role of Aβ and tau in AD pathogenesis and the participation of glial cells in different molecular and cellular pathways. This review extensively discusses the current understanding concerning Aβ- and tau-associated molecular mechanisms and glial dysfunction in AD. Moreover, the critical risk factors associated with AD including genetics, aging, environmental variables, lifestyle habits, medical conditions, viral/bacterial infections, and psychiatric factors have been summarized. The present study will entice researchers to more thoroughly comprehend and explore the current status of the molecular mechanism of AD, which may assist in AD drug development in the forthcoming era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aishwarya Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sushmita Maleysm
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151101, Punjab, India
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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5
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Ali MZ, Dholaniya PS. Oxidative phosphorylation mediated pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and its implication via Akt signaling. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105344. [PMID: 35483538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Substantia Nigra Pars-compacta (SNpc), in the basal ganglion region, is a primary source of dopamine release. These dopaminergic neurons require more energy than other neurons, as they are highly arborized and redundant. Neurons meet most of their energy demand (∼90%) from mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) is the primary pathway for energy production. Many genes involved in Parkinson's disease (PD) have been associated with OxPhos, especially complex I. Abrogation in complex I leads to reduced ATP formation in these neurons, succumbing to death by inducing apoptosis. This review discusses the interconnection between complex I-associated PD genes and specific mitochondrial metabolic factors (MMFs) of OxPhos. Interestingly, all the complex I-associated PD genes discussed here have been linked to the Akt signaling pathway; thus, neuron survival is promoted and smooth mitochondrial function is ensured. Any changes in these genes disrupt the Akt pathway, which hampers the opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP) via GSK3β dephosphorylation; promotes destabilization of OxPhos; and triggers the release of pro-apoptotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Zainul Ali
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India
| | - Pankaj Singh Dholaniya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India.
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6
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Eroglu B, Jin X, Deane S, Öztürk B, Ross OA, Moskophidis D, Mivechi NF. Dusp26 phosphatase regulates mitochondrial respiration and oxidative stress and protects neuronal cell death. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:198. [PMID: 35313355 PMCID: PMC10601927 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The dual specificity protein phosphatases (Dusps) control dephosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as well as other substrates. Here, we report that Dusp26, which is highly expressed in neuroblastoma cells and primary neurons is targeted to the mitochondrial outer membrane via its NH2-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence. Loss of Dusp26 has a significant impact on mitochondrial function that is associated with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduction in ATP generation, reduction in mitochondria motility and release of mitochondrial HtrA2 protease into the cytoplasm. The mitochondrial dysregulation in dusp26-deficient neuroblastoma cells leads to the inhibition of cell proliferation and cell death. In vivo, Dusp26 is highly expressed in neurons in different brain regions, including cortex and midbrain (MB). Ablation of Dusp26 in mouse model leads to dopaminergic (DA) neuronal cell loss in the substantia nigra par compacta (SNpc), inflammatory response in MB and striatum, and phenotypes that are normally associated with Neurodegenerative diseases. Consistent with the data from our mouse model, Dusp26 expressing cells are significantly reduced in the SNpc of Parkinson's Disease patients. The underlying mechanism of DA neuronal death is that loss of Dusp26 in neurons increases mitochondrial ROS and concurrent activation of MAPK/p38 signaling pathway and inflammatory response. Our results suggest that regulation of mitochondrial-associated protein phosphorylation is essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and dysregulation of this process may contribute to the initiation and development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binnur Eroglu
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th St., CN3153, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xiongjie Jin
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th St., CN3153, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Sadiki Deane
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th St., CN3153, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Bahadır Öztürk
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th St., CN3153, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Selcuk University Medical Faculty, Konya, Turkey
| | - Owen A Ross
- Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd., Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Demetrius Moskophidis
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th St., CN3153, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th St., CN3153, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Nahid F Mivechi
- Molecular Chaperone Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th St., CN3153, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1120 15th St., CN3153, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VAMC, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA.
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Jha NK, Chen WC, Kumar S, Dubey R, Tsai LW, Kar R, Jha SK, Gupta PK, Sharma A, Gundamaraju R, Pant K, Mani S, Singh SK, Maccioni RB, Datta T, Singh SK, Gupta G, Prasher P, Dua K, Dey A, Sharma C, Mughal YH, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK, Ojha S. Molecular mechanisms of developmental pathways in neurological disorders: a pharmacological and therapeutic review. Open Biol 2022; 12:210289. [PMID: 35291879 PMCID: PMC8924757 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental signalling pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch and Sonic hedgehog play a central role in nearly all the stages of neuronal development. The term 'embryonic' might appear to be a misnomer to several people because these pathways are functional during the early stages of embryonic development and adulthood, albeit to a certain degree. Therefore, any aberration in these pathways or their associated components may contribute towards a detrimental outcome in the form of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and stroke. In the last decade, researchers have extensively studied these pathways to decipher disease-related interactions, which can be used as therapeutic targets to improve outcomes in patients with neurological abnormalities. However, a lot remains to be understood in this domain. Nevertheless, there is strong evidence supporting the fact that embryonic signalling is indeed a crucial mechanism as is manifested by its role in driving memory loss, motor impairments and many other processes after brain trauma. In this review, we explore the key roles of three embryonic pathways in modulating a range of homeostatic processes such as maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity, mitochondrial dynamics and neuroinflammation. In addition, we extensively investigated the effect of these pathways in driving the pathophysiology of a range of disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and diabetic neuropathy. The concluding section of the review is dedicated to neurotherapeutics, wherein we identify and list a range of biological molecules and compounds that have shown enormous potential in improving prognosis in patients with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Wei-Chih Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Rajni Dubey
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan,Department of Information Technology Office, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan,Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Rohan Kar
- Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA), Gujarat 380015, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER Stress and Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7248, Australia
| | - Kumud Pant
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era deemed to be University Dehradun Uttarakhand, 248002 Dehradun, India
| | - Shalini Mani
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow 226002, India
| | - Ricardo B. Maccioni
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Functional Medicine, International Center for Biomedicine (ICC) and Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Tirtharaj Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, 302017 Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Parteek Prasher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, India,Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, and
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Hayat Mughal
- Department of Health Administration, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, and,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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You H, Jin Y, Kang J, Mao Y, Su J, Sun L, Wang L, Meng H. Mitochondrial serine protease Omi/HtrA2 accentuates brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats and oxidative stress injury in vitro by modulating mitochondrial stress proteins CHOP and ClpP and physically interacting with mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1. Bioengineered 2020; 11:1058-1070. [PMID: 33016225 PMCID: PMC8291814 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1822105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine protease Omi/HtrA2, a member of the HtrA family, is closely related to the maintenance of mitochondrial integrity and participates in apoptosis but its role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and cellular oxidative stress response remains unclear. In this study, we found that I/R injury resulted in a time-dependent increase in Omi/HtrA2 expression in rat brain tissue. Inhibition of Omi/HtrA2 significantly inhibited XIAP cleavage in H2O2-induced PC12 cells. In addition, inhibition of Omi/HtrA2 significantly inhibited the up-regulation of mitochondrial stress proteins CHOP and ClpP, significantly reduced mitochondrial aggregation, and attenuated the decline of mitochondrial ΔΨm in PC12 cells. Studies show that there is a physical interaction between Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1. We found that Omi/HtrA2 and OPA1 are closely related to the oxidative stress mitochondrial response in PC12 cells. The current study has demonstrated that Omi/HtrA2 is upregulated in brain I/R injury in vivo and is implicated in mitochondrial response to oxidative stress in vitro by regulating mitochondrial stress proteins CHOP and CLpP and by interacting with mitochondrial cristae remodeling protein OPA1. These findings suggest that Omi/HtrA2 could be a candidate molecular target in diseases that involve oxidative stress such as in I/R injury. Abbreviation: ATP: Adenosine tripHospHate; Bax: BCL2-Associated X; Bcl-2: B-cell lympHoma-2; BSA: Albumin from bovine serum; DMEM: Dulbecco’s Minimum Essential Medium; DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; HSP60: Heat shock protein60, 70; L-OPA1: Long forms of OPA1; Omi/HtrA2: high-temperature-regulated A2; MCAO: Middle cerebral artery occlusion; OPA1: Optic AtropHy; PBS: PHospHate buffered saline; PMSF: pHenylmethyl sulfonylfluoride; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SDS: Sodium dodecyl sulfate; S-OPA1: Short forms of OPA1; TTC: TripHenyltetrazalium chloride; XIAP: X-linked inhibitor apoptosis protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong You
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Yao Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Jinsong Kang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathogenobiology, Jilin University Mycology Research Center, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University , Changchun, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University , Changchun, China
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9
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Botham A, Coyaud E, Nirmalanandhan VS, Gronda M, Hurren R, Maclean N, St-Germain J, Mirali S, Laurent E, Raught B, Schimmer A. Global Interactome Mapping of Mitochondrial Intermembrane Space Proteases Identifies a Novel Function for HTRA2. Proteomics 2020; 19:e1900139. [PMID: 31617661 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of unique proteases localize to specific sub-compartments of the mitochondria, but the functions of these enzymes are poorly defined. Here, in vivo proximity-dependent biotinylation (BioID) is used to map the interactomes of seven proteases localized to the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). In total, 802 high confidence proximity interactions with 342 unique proteins are identified. While all seven proteases co-localized with the IMS markers OPA1 and CLPB, 230 of the interacting partners are unique to just one or two protease bait proteins, highlighting the ability of BioID to differentiate unique interactomes within the confined space of the IMS. Notably, high-temperature requirement peptidase 2 (HTRA2) interacts with eight of 13 components of the mitochondrial intermembrane space bridging (MIB) complex, a multiprotein assembly essential for the maintenance of mitochondrial cristae structure. Knockdown of HTRA2 disrupts cristae in HEK 293 and OCI-AML2 cells, and leads to increased intracellular levels of the MIB subunit IMMT. Using a cell-free assay it is demonstrated that HTRA2 can degrade recombinant IMMT but not two other core MIB complex subunits, SAMM50 and CHCHD3. The IMS protease interactome thus represents a rich dataset that can be mined to uncover novel IMS protease biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Botham
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marcela Gronda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Rose Hurren
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Neil Maclean
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan St-Germain
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Sara Mirali
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Estelle Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, ON, Canada
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10
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Zhou H, Yuan D, Gao W, Tian J, Sun H, Yu S, Wang J, Sun L. Loss of high-temperature requirement protein A2 protease activity induces mitonuclear imbalance via differential regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in sarcopenia. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:1659-1679. [PMID: 32353215 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis requires tight coordination between nucleus and mitochondria, organelles that each possesses their own genomes. Disrupted mitonuclear communication has been found to be implicated in many aging processes. However, little is known about mitonuclear signaling regulator in sarcopenia which is a major contributor to the risk of poor health-related quality of life, disability, and premature death in older people. High-temperature requirement protein A2 (HtrA2/Omi) is a mitochondrial protease and plays an important role in mitochondrial proteostasis. HtrA2mnd2(-/-) mice harboring protease-deficient HtrA2/Omi Ser276Cys missense mutants exhibit premature aging phenotype. Additionally, HtrA2/Omi has been established as a signaling regulator in nervous system and tumors. We therefore asked whether HtrA2/Omi participates in mitonuclear signaling regulation in muscle degeneration. Using motor functional, histological, and molecular biological methods, we characterized the phenotype of HtrA2mnd2(-/-) muscle. Furthermore, we isolated the gastrocnemius muscle of HtrA2mnd2(-/-) mice and determined expression of genes in mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt ), mitohormesis, electron transport chain (ETC), and mitochondrial biogenesis. Here, we showed that HtrA2/Omi protease deficiency induced denervation-independent skeletal muscle degeneration with sarcopenia phenotypes. Despite mitochondrial hypofunction, upregulation of UPRmt and mitohormesis-related genes and elevated total reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were not observed in HtrA2mnd2(-/-) mice, contrary to previous assumptions that loss of protease activity of HtrA2/Omi would lead to mitochondrial dysfunction as a result of proteostasis disturbance and ROS burst. Instead, we showed that HtrA2/Omi protease deficiency results in different changes between the expression of nuclear DNA- and mitochondrial DNA-encoded ETC subunits, which is in consistent with their transcription factors, nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2, and coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α. These results reveal that loss of HtrA2/Omi protease activity induces mitonuclear imbalance via differential regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis in sarcopenia. The novel mechanistic insights may be of importance in developing new therapeutic strategies for sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Danni Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weinan Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiayi Tian
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liankun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Napolitano F, Terracciano C, Bruno G, Nesti C, Barillari MR, Barillari U, Santorelli FM, Melone MAB, Esposito T, Sampaolo S. Intrafamilial "DOA-plus" phenotype variability related to different OMI/HTRA2 expression. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 182:176-182. [PMID: 31609081 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dominant Optic Atrophy and Deafness (DOAD) may be associated with one or more of the following disorders such as myopathy, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, peripheral neuropathy, and cerebellar atrophy ("DOA-plus"). Intra- and interfamilial variability of the "DOA-plus" phenotype is frequently observed in the majority of the patients carrying the same mutation in the OPA1 gene. We are describing two familial cases of "DOA-plus" carrying the same c.1334G>A (p.Arg445His) mutation in OPA1 and disclosing different clinical, pathological and biochemical features. The two patients showed different expression levels of the mitochondrial OMI/HTRA2 molecule, which acts as a mitochondrial stress sensor and has been described to interplay with OPA1 in in vitro studies. Our data offer the cue to inquire the role of OMI/HTRA2 as a modifier gene in determining the "DOAplus" phenotype variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Napolitano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and Inter University Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Terracciano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bruno
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and Inter University Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Nesti
- Molecular Medicine Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria R Barillari
- Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto Barillari
- Division of Phoniatrics and Audiology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Mariarosa A B Melone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and Inter University Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Teresa Esposito
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,IRCCS INM Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Simone Sampaolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and Inter University Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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12
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Su XJ, Huang L, Qu Y, Mu D. Progress in research on the role of Omi/HtrA2 in neurological diseases. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:279-287. [PMID: 30205651 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Omi/HtrA2 is a serine protease present in the mitochondrial space. When stimulated by external signals, HtrA2 is released into the mitochondrial matrix where it regulates cell death through its interaction with apoptotic and autophagic signaling pathways. Omi/HtrA2 is closely related to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, such as neurodegeneration and hypoxic ischemic brain damage. Here, we summarize the biological characteristics of Omi/HtrA2 and its role in neurological diseases, which will provide new hints in developing Omi/HtrA2 as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Juan Su
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lingyi Huang
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610041, China
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13
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Lin KL, Lin KJ, Wang PW, Chuang JH, Lin HY, Chen SD, Chuang YC, Huang ST, Tiao MM, Chen JB, Huang PH, Liou CW, Lin TK. Resveratrol provides neuroprotective effects through modulation of mitochondrial dynamics and ERK1/2 regulated autophagy. Free Radic Res 2019; 52:1371-1386. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1489128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lieh Lin
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jung Lin
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yu Lin
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Der Chen
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Teng Huang
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Meng Tiao
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Bor Chen
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Huang
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Mitochondrial Research Unit, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung UniversityCollege of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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14
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Karimi-Moghadam A, Charsouei S, Bell B, Jabalameli MR. Parkinson Disease from Mendelian Forms to Genetic Susceptibility: New Molecular Insights into the Neurodegeneration Process. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1153-1178. [PMID: 29700661 PMCID: PMC6061130 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is known as a common progressive neurodegenerative disease which is clinically diagnosed by the manifestation of numerous motor and nonmotor symptoms. PD is a genetically heterogeneous disorder with both familial and sporadic forms. To date, researches in the field of Parkinsonism have identified 23 genes or loci linked to rare monogenic familial forms of PD with Mendelian inheritance. Biochemical studies revealed that the products of these genes usually play key roles in the proper protein and mitochondrial quality control processes, as well as synaptic transmission and vesicular recycling pathways within neurons. Despite this, large number of patients affected with PD typically tends to show sporadic forms of disease with lack of a clear family history. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analyses on the large sporadic PD case-control samples from European populations have identified over 12 genetic risk factors. However, the genetic etiology that underlies pathogenesis of PD is also discussed, since it remains unidentified in 40% of all PD-affected cases. Nowadays, with the emergence of new genetic techniques, international PD genomics consortiums and public online resources such as PDGene, there are many hopes that future large-scale genetics projects provide further insights into the genetic etiology of PD and improve diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic clinical trial designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Karimi-Moghadam
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saeid Charsouei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Benjamin Bell
- Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Mohammad Reza Jabalameli
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
- Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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15
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Li X, Zhang Y, Yu J, Mu R, Wu L, Shi J, Gong L, Liu D. Activation of protein kinase C-α/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway improves mitochondrial dynamics in lipopolysaccharide-activated NR8383 cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:1529-1537. [PMID: 30112072 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function and morphology are dynamically regulated by fusion and fission. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which may be upregulated by protein kinase C-α (PKC-α), improves mitochondrial dynamics by controlling the balance between fusion and fission in vivo and in vitro. However, whether the PKC-α/HO-1 signaling pathway is one of the underlying mechanisms in adjusting mitochondrial dynamics in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages has remained elusive. To explore this, NR8383 cells were pre-treated with PKC-α inhibitor Go6976 or PKC-α activator phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate for 30 min and then stimulated with LPS for 24 h. Next, the expression of PKC-α, HO-1, mitofusin 1 (Mfn1) and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) and fission 1 (Fis1) was detected to evaluate the possible implication of the PKC-α/HO-1 signaling pathway in the LPS-induced NR8383 cells. The results indicated that activation of the PKC-α/HO-1 signaling pathway increased superoxide dismutase activities and the respiratory control ratio (RCR), decreased the levels of malondialdehyde, reactive oxygen species (ROS), Drp1 and Fis1, and simultaneously enhanced the levels of Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1. In contrast, the PKC-α inhibitor decreased the expression of RCR, Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1, and increased the expression of MDA and ROS in NR8383 cells. The results suggest that activation of the PKC-α/HO-1 signaling pathway is necessary for the balance of mitochondrial dynamics and oxidative stress in macrophages, which provides clues for probing novel strategies against the detrimental effects of sepsis and other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Rui Mu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Lili Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Jia Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Lirong Gong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
| | - Daquan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Tianjin 300100, P.R. China
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16
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OPA1: How much do we know to approach therapy? Pharmacol Res 2018; 131:199-210. [PMID: 29454676 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OPA1 is a GTPase that controls several functions, such as mitochondrial dynamics and energetics, mtDNA maintenance and cristae integrity. In the last years, there have been described other cellular pathways and mechanisms involving OPA1 directly or through its interaction. All this new information, by implementing our knowledge on OPA1 is instrumental to elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of OPA1 mutations. Indeed, these are associated with dominant optic atrophy (DOA), one of the most common inherited optic neuropathies, and with an increasing number of heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we overview all recent findings on OPA1 protein functions, on its dysfunction and related clinical phenotypes, focusing on the current therapeutic options and future perspectives to treat DOA and the other associated neurological disorders due to OPA1 mutations.
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17
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Fitzgerald JC, Zimprich A, Carvajal Berrio DA, Schindler KM, Maurer B, Schulte C, Bus C, Hauser AK, Kübler M, Lewin R, Bobbili DR, Schwarz LM, Vartholomaiou E, Brockmann K, Wüst R, Madlung J, Nordheim A, Riess O, Martins LM, Glaab E, May P, Schenke-Layland K, Picard D, Sharma M, Gasser T, Krüger R. Metformin reverses TRAP1 mutation-associated alterations in mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2017; 140:2444-2459. [PMID: 29050400 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial proteins TRAP1 and HTRA2 have previously been shown to be phosphorylated in the presence of the Parkinson's disease kinase PINK1 but the downstream signalling is unknown. HTRA2 and PINK1 loss of function causes parkinsonism in humans and animals. Here, we identified TRAP1 as an interactor of HTRA2 using an unbiased mass spectrometry approach. In our human cell models, TRAP1 overexpression is protective, rescuing HTRA2 and PINK1-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and suggesting that TRAP1 acts downstream of HTRA2 and PINK1. HTRA2 regulates TRAP1 protein levels, but TRAP1 is not a direct target of HTRA2 protease activity. Following genetic screening of Parkinson's disease patients and healthy controls, we also report the first TRAP1 mutation leading to complete loss of functional protein in a patient with late onset Parkinson's disease. Analysis of fibroblasts derived from the patient reveal that oxygen consumption, ATP output and reactive oxygen species are increased compared to healthy individuals. This is coupled with an increased pool of free NADH, increased mitochondrial biogenesis, triggering of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and sensitivity to mitochondrial removal and apoptosis. These data highlight the role of TRAP1 in the regulation of energy metabolism and mitochondrial quality control. Interestingly, the diabetes drug metformin reverses mutation-associated alterations on energy metabolism, mitochondrial biogenesis and restores mitochondrial membrane potential. In summary, our data show that TRAP1 acts downstream of PINK1 and HTRA2 for mitochondrial fine tuning, whereas TRAP1 loss of function leads to reduced control of energy metabolism, ultimately impacting mitochondrial membrane potential. These findings offer new insight into mitochondrial pathologies in Parkinson's disease and provide new prospects for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Fitzgerald
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Daniel A Carvajal Berrio
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kevin M Schindler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Brigitte Maurer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulte
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Bus
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anne-Kathrin Hauser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Kübler
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rahel Lewin
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dheeraj Reddy Bobbili
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lisa M Schwarz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin Brockmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard Wüst
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapie, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Madlung
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, Proteome Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Nordheim
- University of Tübingen, Interfaculty Institute of Cell Biology, Unit of Molecular Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Riess
- University of Tübingen, Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Patrick May
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Medicine/ Cardiology, CVRL, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Didier Picard
- University of Geneva, Department of Cell Biology, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manu Sharma
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen and German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany.,Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Parkinson Research Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL), Luxembourg
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18
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Wenta T, Jarzab M, Skorko-Glonek J, Glaza P, Gieldon A, Ciarkowski J, Lipinska B. Structural insights into the activation mechanisms of human HtrA serine proteases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 621:6-23. [PMID: 28396256 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human HtrA1-4 proteins belong to the HtrA family of evolutionarily conserved serine proteases and function as important modulators of many physiological processes, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, cell signaling and apoptosis. Disturbances in their action are linked to severe diseases, including oncogenesis and neurodegeneration. The HtrA1-4 proteins share structural and functional features of other members of the HtrA protein family, however there are several significant differences in structural architecture and mechanisms of action which makes each of them unique. Our goal is to present recent studies regarding human HtrAs. We focus on their physiological functions, structure and regulation, and describe current models of activation mechanisms. Knowledge of molecular basis of the human HtrAs' action is a subject of great interest; it is crucial for understanding their relevance in cellular physiology and pathogenesis as well as for using them as targets in future therapies of diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Wenta
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Jarzab
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Skorko-Glonek
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Glaza
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Gieldon
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ciarkowski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Barbara Lipinska
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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19
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Giannoccaro MP, La Morgia C, Rizzo G, Carelli V. Mitochondrial DNA and primary mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2017; 32:346-363. [PMID: 28251677 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1979, it was observed that parkinsonism could be induced by a toxin inhibiting mitochondrial respiratory complex I. This initiated the long-standing hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). This hypothesis evolved, with accumulating evidence pointing to complex I dysfunction, which could be caused by environmental or genetic factors. Attention was focused on the mitochondrial DNA, considering the occurrence of mutations, polymorphic haplogroup-specific variants, and defective mitochondrial DNA maintenance with the accumulation of multiple deletions and a reduction of copy number. Genetically determined diseases of mitochondrial DNA maintenance frequently manifest with parkinsonism, but the age-related accumulation of somatic mitochondrial DNA errors also represents a major driving mechanism for PD. Recently, the discovery of the genetic cause of rare inherited forms of PD highlighted an extremely complex homeostatic control over mitochondria, involving their dynamic fission/fusion cycle, the balancing of mitobiogenesis and mitophagy, and consequently the quality control surveillance that corrects faulty mitochondrial DNA maintenance. Many genes came into play, including the PINK1/parkin axis, but also OPA1, as pieces of the same puzzle, together with mitochondrial DNA damage, complex I deficiency and increased oxidative stress. The search for answers will drive future research to reach the understanding necessary to provide therapeutic options directed not only at limiting the clinical evolution of symptoms but also finally addressing the pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegeneration in PD. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Giannoccaro
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Rizzo
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Sun Y, Chao JR, Xu W, Pourpak A, Boyd K, Moshiach S, Qi GY, Fu A, Shao HR, Pounds S, Morris SW. MLF1 is a proapoptotic antagonist of HOP complex-mediated survival. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:719-727. [PMID: 28137643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the HAX1/HtrA2-OMI/PARL (HOP) mitochondrial protein complex, anti-apoptotic signals are generated by cleavage and activation of the serine protease HtrA2/OMI by the rhomboid protease PARL upon recruitment of both proteases to inner mitochondrial membrane protein HAX1 (HS1-associated protein X-1). Here we report the negative regulation of the HOP complex by human leukemia-associated myeloid leukemia factor 1 (MLF1). We demonstrate that MLF1 physically and functionally associates with HAX1 and HtrA2. Increased interaction of MLF1 with HAX1 and HtrA2 displaces HtrA2 from the HOP complex and inhibits HtrA2 cleavage and activation, resulting in the apoptotic cell death. Conversely, over-expressed HAX1 neutralizes MLF1's effect and inhibits MLF1-induced apoptosis. Importantly, Mlf1 deletion reverses B- and T-cell lymphopenia and significantly ameliorates the progressive striatal and cerebellar neurodegeneration observed in Hax1-/- mice, with a doubling of the lifespan of Mlf1-/-/Hax1-/- animals compared to Hax1-/- animals. Collectively, these data indicate that MLF1 serves as a proapoptotic antagonist that interacts with the HOP mitochondrial complex to modulate cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Oncology, ShiJiaZhuangShi First Hospital, 36 FanXiLu, ShiJiaZhuangShi, Hebei 050011, PR China; Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA.
| | - Jyh-Rong Chao
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Wu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Alan Pourpak
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Kelli Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Simon Moshiach
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Guo-Yan Qi
- Department of Oncology, ShiJiaZhuangShi First Hospital, 36 FanXiLu, ShiJiaZhuangShi, Hebei 050011, PR China
| | - Amina Fu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Hua-Rong Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, ShiJiaZhuangShi First Hospital, 36 FanXiLu, ShiJiaZhuangShi, Hebei 050011, PR China
| | - Stanley Pounds
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
| | - Stephan W Morris
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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21
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Oláhová M, Thompson K, Hardy SA, Barbosa IA, Besse A, Anagnostou ME, White K, Davey T, Simpson MA, Champion M, Enns G, Schelley S, Lightowlers RN, Chrzanowska-Lightowlers ZMA, McFarland R, Deshpande C, Bonnen PE, Taylor RW. Pathogenic variants in HTRA2 cause an early-onset mitochondrial syndrome associated with 3-methylglutaconic aciduria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:121-130. [PMID: 27696117 PMCID: PMC5203855 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9977-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases collectively represent one of the most heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders. Symptoms can manifest at any age, presenting with isolated or multiple-organ involvement. Advances in next-generation sequencing strategies have greatly enhanced the diagnosis of patients with mitochondrial disease, particularly where a mitochondrial aetiology is strongly suspected yet OXPHOS activities in biopsied tissue samples appear normal. We used whole exome sequencing (WES) to identify the molecular basis of an early-onset mitochondrial syndrome-pathogenic biallelic variants in the HTRA2 gene, encoding a mitochondria-localised serine protease-in five subjects from two unrelated families characterised by seizures, neutropenia, hypotonia and cardio-respiratory problems. A unifying feature in all affected children was 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGA-uria), a common biochemical marker observed in some patients with mitochondrial dysfunction. Although functional studies of HTRA2 subjects' fibroblasts and skeletal muscle homogenates showed severely decreased levels of mutant HTRA2 protein, the structural subunits and complexes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain appeared normal. We did detect a profound defect in OPA1 processing in HTRA2-deficient fibroblasts, suggesting a role for HTRA2 in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and OPA1 proteolysis. In addition, investigated subject fibroblasts were more susceptible to apoptotic insults. Our data support recent studies that described important functions for HTRA2 in programmed cell death and confirm that patients with genetically-unresolved 3-MGA-uria should be screened by WES with pathogenic variants in the HTRA2 gene prioritised for further analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Oláhová
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kyle Thompson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Steven A Hardy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Inês A Barbosa
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Arnaud Besse
- Dept of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria-Eleni Anagnostou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kathryn White
- Electron Microscopy Research Services, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tracey Davey
- Electron Microscopy Research Services, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael A Simpson
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michael Champion
- Department of Inherited Metabolic Disease, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trusts, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Greg Enns
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford and Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Susan Schelley
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Stanford and Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Robert N Lightowlers
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Zofia M A Chrzanowska-Lightowlers
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Robert McFarland
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Charu Deshpande
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Guys and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Penelope E Bonnen
- Dept of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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22
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Cardiac Specific Overexpression of Mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 Induces Myocardial Apoptosis and Cardiac Dysfunction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37927. [PMID: 27924873 PMCID: PMC5141441 DOI: 10.1038/srep37927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial apoptosis is a significant problem underlying ischemic heart disease. We previously reported significantly elevated expression of cytoplasmic Omi/HtrA2, triggers cardiomyocytes apoptosis. However, whether increased Omi/HtrA2 within mitochondria itself influences myocardial survival in vivo is unknown. We aim to observe the effects of mitochondria-specific, not cytoplasmic, Omi/HtrA2 on myocardial apoptosis and cardiac function. Transgenic mice overexpressing cardiac-specific mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 were generated and they had increased myocardial apoptosis, decreased systolic and diastolic function, and decreased left ventricular remodeling. Transiently or stably overexpression of mitochondria Omi/HtrA2 in H9C2 cells enhance apoptosis as evidenced by elevated caspase-3, -9 activity and TUNEL staining, which was completely blocked by Ucf-101, a specific Omi/HtrA2 inhibitor. Mechanistic studies revealed mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 overexpression degraded the mitochondrial anti-apoptotic protein HAX-1, an effect attenuated by Ucf-101. Additionally, transfected cells overexpressing mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 were more sensitive to hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) induced apoptosis. Cyclosporine A (CsA), a mitochondrial permeability transition inhibitor, blocked translocation of Omi/HtrA2 from mitochondrial to cytoplasm, and protected transfected cells incompletely against H/R-induced caspase-3 activation. We report in vitro and in vivo overexpression of mitochondrial Omi/HtrA2 induces cardiac apoptosis and dysfunction. Thus, strategies to directly inhibit Omi/HtrA2 or its cytosolic translocation from mitochondria may protect against heart injury.
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23
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Spinazzi M, De Strooper B. PARL: The mitochondrial rhomboid protease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:19-28. [PMID: 27502471 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The rhomboid family comprises evolutionary conserved intramembrane proteases involved in a wide spectrum of biologically relevant activities. A mitochondrion-localized rhomboid, called PARL in mammals, and conserved in yeast and Drosophila as RBD1/PCP1 and rho-7, respectively, plays an indispensable role in cell homeostasis as illustrated by the severe phenotypes caused by its genetic ablation in the various investigated species. Although several substrates of PARL have been proposed to explain these phenotypes, there remains a lot of controversy in this important area of research. We review here the putative functions and substrates of PARL and its orthologues in different species, highlighting areas of uncertainty, and discuss its potential involvement in some prevalent diseases such as type II diabetes and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Spinazzi
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, O&N4 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, O&N4 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, O&N4 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, O&N4 Herestraat 49 box 602, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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24
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Cherry C, Thompson B, Saptarshi N, Wu J, Hoh J. 2016: A 'Mitochondria' Odyssey. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:391-403. [PMID: 27151392 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The integration of the many roles of mitochondria in cellular function and the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to disease are major areas of research. Within this realm, the roles of mitochondria in immune defense, epigenetics, and stem cell (SC) development have recently come into the spotlight. With new understanding, mitochondria may bring together these seemingly unrelated fields, a crucial process in treatment and prevention for various diseases. In this review we describe novel findings in these three arenas, discussing the significance of the interplay between mitochondria and the cell nucleus in response to environmental cues. While we optimistically anticipate that further research in these areas can have a profound impact on disease management, we also bring forth some of the key questions and challenges that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Cherry
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Science and Ophthalmology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brian Thompson
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Science and Ophthalmology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Neil Saptarshi
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Science and Ophthalmology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jianyu Wu
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Science and Ophthalmology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Josephine Hoh
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Science and Ophthalmology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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25
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Ma Q, Hu QS, Xu RJ, Zhen XC, Wang GH. Protease Omi facilitates neurite outgrowth in mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells by cleaving transcription factor E2F1. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:966-75. [PMID: 26238290 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Omi is an ATP-independent serine protease that is necessary for neuronal function and survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of protease Omi in regulating differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma cells and to identify the substrate of Omi involved in this process. METHODS Mouse neuroblastoma N2a cells and Omi protease-deficient mnd2 mice were used in this study. To modulate Omi and E2F1 expression, N2a cells were transfected with expression plasmids, shRNA plasmids or siRNA. Protein levels were detected using immunoblot assays. The interaction between Omi and E2F1 was studied using immunoprecipitation, GST pulldown and in vitro cleavage assays. N2a cells were treated with 20 μmol/L retinoic acid (RA) and 1% fetal bovine serum to induce neurite outgrowth, which was measured using Image J software. RESULTS E2F1 was significantly increased in Omi knockdown cells and in brain lysates of mnd2 mice, and was decreased in cells overexpressing wild-type Omi, but not inactive Omi S276C. In brain lysates of mnd2 mice, endogenous E2F1 was co-immunoprecipitated with endogenous Omi. In vitro cleavage assay demonstrated that Omi directly cleaved E2F1. Treatment of N2a cells with RA induced marked differentiation and neurite outgrowth accompanied by significantly increased Omi and decreased E2F1 levels, which were suppressed by pretreatment with the specific Omi inhibitor UCF-101. Knockdown of Omi in N2a cells suppressed RA-induced neurite outgrowth, which was partially restored by knockdown of E2F1. CONCLUSION Protease Omi facilitates neurite outgrowth by cleaving the transcription factor E2F1 in differentiated neuroblastoma cells; E2F1 is a substrate of Omi.
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26
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Abstract
Mitochondrial function is key for maintaining cellular health, while mitochondrial failure is associated with various pathologies, including inherited metabolic disorders and age-related diseases. In order to maintain mitochondrial quality, several pathways of mitochondrial quality control have evolved. These systems monitor mitochondrial integrity through antioxidants, DNA repair systems, and chaperones and proteases involved in the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Additional regulation of mitochondrial function involves dynamic exchange of components through mitochondrial fusion and fission. Sustained stress induces a selective autophagy - termed mitophagy - and ultimately leads to apoptosis. Together, these systems form a network that acts on the molecular, organellar, and cellular level. In this review, we highlight how these systems are regulated in an integrated context- and time-dependent network of mitochondrial quality control that is implicated in healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntsiki M Held
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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27
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Neural-specific deletion of Htra2 causes cerebellar neurodegeneration and defective processing of mitochondrial OPA1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115789. [PMID: 25531304 PMCID: PMC4274161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HTRA2, a serine protease in the intermembrane space, has important functions in mitochondrial stress signaling while its abnormal activity may contribute to the development of Parkinson’s disease. Mice with a missense or null mutation of Htra2 fail to thrive, suffer striatal neuronal loss, and a parkinsonian phenotype that leads to death at 30–40 days of age. While informative, these mouse models cannot separate neural contributions from systemic effects due to the complex phenotypes of HTRA2 deficiency. Hence, we developed mice carrying a Htra2-floxed allele to query the consequences of tissue-specific HTRA2 deficiency. We found that mice with neural-specific deletion of Htra2 exhibited atrophy of the thymus and spleen, cessation to gain weight past postnatal (P) day 18, neurological symptoms including ataxia and complete penetrance of premature death by P40. Histologically, increased apoptosis was detected in the cerebellum, and to a lesser degree in the striatum and the entorhinal cortex, from P25. Even earlier at P20, mitochondria in the cerebella already exhibited abnormal morphology, including swelling, vesiculation, and fragmentation of the cristae. Furthermore, the onset of these structural anomalies was accompanied by defective processing of OPA1, a key molecule for mitochondrial fusion and cristae remodeling, leading to depletion of the L-isoform. Together, these findings suggest that HTRA2 is essential for maintenance of the mitochondrial integrity in neurons. Without functional HTRA2, a lifespan as short as 40 days accumulates a large quantity of dysfunctional mitochondria that contributes to the demise of mutant mice.
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28
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Wang X, Li H, Zheng A, Yang L, Liu J, Chen C, Tang Y, Zou X, Li Y, Long J, Liu J, Zhang Y, Feng Z. Mitochondrial dysfunction-associated OPA1 cleavage contributes to muscle degeneration: preventative effect of hydroxytyrosol acetate. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1521. [PMID: 25393477 PMCID: PMC4260731 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the development of muscle disorders, including muscle wasting, muscle atrophy and degeneration. Despite the knowledge that oxidative stress closely interacts with mitochondrial dysfunction, the detailed mechanisms remain obscure. In this study, tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) was used to induce oxidative stress on differentiated C2C12 myotubes. t-BHP induced significant mitochondrial dysfunction in a time-dependent manner, accompanied by decreased myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. Consistently, endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction triggered by carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), a mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor, was accompanied by decreased membrane potential and decreased MyHC protein content. However, the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) efficiently reduced the ROS level and restored MyHC content, suggesting a close association between ROS and MyHC expression. Meanwhile, we found that both t-BHP and FCCP promoted the cleavage of optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) from the long form into short form during the early stages. In addition, the ATPase family gene 3-like 2, a mitochondrial inner membrane protease, was also markedly increased. Moreover, OPA1 knockdown in myotubes was accompanied by decreased MyHC content, whereas NAC failed to prevent FCCP-induced MyHC decrease with OPA1 knockdown, suggesting that ROS might affect MyHC content by modulating OPA1 cleavage. In addition, hydroxytyrosol acetate (HT-AC), an important compound in virgin olive oil, could significantly prevent t-BHP-induced mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability loss in myotubes. Specifically, HT-AC inhibited t-BHP-induced OPA1 cleavage and mitochondrial morphology changes, accompanied by improvement on mitochondrial oxygen consumption capacity, ATP productive potential and activities of mitochondrial complex I, II and V. Moreover, both t-BHP- and FCCP-induced MyHC decrease was sufficiently inhibited by HT-AC. Taken together, our data provide evidence indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction-associated OPA1 cleavage may contribute to muscle degeneration, and olive oil compounds could be effective nutrients for preventing the development of muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - H Li
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - A Zheng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - L Yang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - J Liu
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - C Chen
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Tang
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - X Zou
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Y Li
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - J Long
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - J Liu
- 1] Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China [2] Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology & Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Z Feng
- Center for Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology and Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Stress Conditions Increase Vimentin Cleavage by Omi/HtrA2 Protease in Human Primary Neurons and Differentiated Neuroblastoma Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1077-1092. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Kumar P. Role of Oxidative Stress, ER Stress and Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Neurodegeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.15406/mojcsr.2014.01.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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31
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Banerjee S, Chinthapalli B. A proteomic screen with Drosophila Opa1-like identifies Hsc70-5/Mortalin as a regulator of mitochondrial morphology and cellular homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 54:36-48. [PMID: 24998521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial morphology is regulated by conserved proteins involved in fusion and fission processes. The mammalian Optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) that functions in mitochondrial fusion is associated with Optic Atrophy and has been implicated in inner membrane cristae remodeling during cell death. Here, we show Drosophila Optic atrophy 1-like (Opa1-like) influences mitochondrial morphology through interaction with 'mitochondria-shaping' proteins like Mitochondrial assembly regulatory factor (Marf) and Drosophila Mitofilin (dMitofilin). To gain an insight into Opa1-like's network, we delineated bonafide interactors like dMitofilin, Marf, Serine protease High temperature requirement protein A2 (HTRA2), Rhomboid-7 (Rho-7) along with novel interactors such as Mortalin ortholog (Hsc70-5) from Drosophila mitochondrial extract. Interestingly, RNAi mediated down-regulation of hsc70-5 in Drosophila wing imaginal disc's peripodial cells resulted in fragmented mitochondria with reduced membrane potential leading to proteolysis of Opa1-like. Increased ecdysone activity induced dysfunctional fragmented mitochondria for clearance through lysosomes, an effect enhanced in hsc70-5 RNAi leading to increased cell death. Over-expression of Opa1-like rescues mitochondrial morphology and cell death in prepupal tissues expressing hsc70-5 RNAi. Taken together, we have identified a novel interaction between Hsc70-5/Mortalin and Opa1-like that influences cellular homeostasis through mitochondrial fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamik Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India; National Center for Biological Sciences, TIFR, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560065, India; SASTRA University, Tirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur 613402, India.
| | - Balaji Chinthapalli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
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32
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Mitochondrial proteolytic stress induced by loss of mortalin function is rescued by Parkin and PINK1. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1180. [PMID: 24743735 PMCID: PMC4001296 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial chaperone mortalin was implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD) because of its reduced levels in the brains of PD patients and disease-associated rare genetic variants that failed to rescue impaired mitochondrial integrity in cellular knockdown models. To uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying mortalin-related neurodegeneration, we dissected the cellular surveillance mechanisms related to mitochondrial quality control, defined the effects of reduced mortalin function at the molecular and cellular levels and investigated the functional interaction of mortalin with Parkin and PINK1, two PD-related proteins involved in mitochondrial homeostasis. We found that reduced mortalin function leads to: (1) activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR(mt)), (2) increased susceptibility towards intramitochondrial proteolytic stress, (3) increased autophagic degradation of fragmented mitochondria and (4) reduced mitochondrial mass in human cells in vitro and ex vivo. These alterations caused increased vulnerability toward apoptotic cell death. Proteotoxic perturbations induced by either partial loss of mortalin or chemical induction were rescued by complementation with native mortalin, but not disease-associated mortalin variants, and were independent of the integrity of autophagic pathways. However, Parkin and PINK1 rescued loss of mortalin phenotypes via increased lysosomal-mediated mitochondrial clearance and required intact autophagic machinery. Our results on loss of mortalin function reveal a direct link between impaired mitochondrial proteostasis, UPR(mt) and PD and show that effective removal of dysfunctional mitochondria via either genetic (PINK1 and Parkin overexpression) or pharmacological intervention (rapamycin) may compensate mitochondrial phenotypes.
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Cilenti L, Ambivero CT, Ward N, Alnemri ES, Germain D, Zervos AS. Inactivation of Omi/HtrA2 protease leads to the deregulation of mitochondrial Mulan E3 ubiquitin ligase and increased mitophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1295-307. [PMID: 24709290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Omi/HtrA2 is a nuclear encoded mitochondrial serine protease with dual and opposite functions that depend entirely on its subcellular localization. During apoptosis, Omi/HtrA2 is released into the cytoplasm where it participates in cell death. While confined in the inter-membrane space of the mitochondria, Omi/HtrA2 has a pro-survival function that may involve the regulation of protein quality control (PQC) and mitochondrial homeostasis. Loss of Omi/HtrA2's protease activity causes the neuromuscular disorder of the mnd2 (motor neuron degeneration 2) mutant mice. These mice develop multiple defects including neurodegeneration with parkinsonian features. Loss of Omi/HtrA2 in non-neuronal tissues has also been shown to cause premature aging. The normal function of Omi/HtrA2 in the mitochondria and how its deregulation causes neurodegeneration or premature aging are unknown. Here we report that the mitochondrial Mulan E3 ubiquitin ligase is a specific substrate of Omi/HtrA2. During exposure to H(2)O(2), Omi/HtrA2 degrades Mulan, and this regulation is lost in cells that carry the inactive protease. Furthermore, we show accumulation of Mulan protein in various tissues of mnd2 mice as well as in Omi/HtrA2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). This causes a significant decrease of mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) protein, and increased mitophagy. Our work describes a new stress-signaling pathway that is initiated in the mitochondria and involves the regulation of Mulan by Omi/HtrA2 protease. Deregulation of this pathway, as it occurs in mnd2 mutant mice, causes mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy, and could be responsible for the motor neuron disease and the premature aging phenotype observed in these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cilenti
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32826, USA
| | - Camilla T Ambivero
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32826, USA
| | - Nathan Ward
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32826, USA
| | - Emad S Alnemri
- Center for Apoptosis Research, Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA19107, USA
| | - Doris Germain
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10129, USA
| | - Antonis S Zervos
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL32826, USA.
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Chai C, Lim KL. Genetic insights into sporadic Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:486-501. [PMID: 24532982 PMCID: PMC3924245 DOI: 10.2174/1389202914666131210195808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive research over the last 15 years has led to the identification of several autosomal recessive and dominant
genes that cause familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). Importantly, the functional characterization of these genes has
shed considerable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology and pathogenesis of PD. Collectively;
these studies implicate aberrant protein and mitochondrial homeostasis as key contributors to the development of PD, with
oxidative stress likely acting as an important nexus between the two pathogenic events. Interestingly, recent genome-wide
association studies (GWAS) have revealed variations in at least two of the identified familial PD genes (i.e. α-synuclein
and LRRK2) as significant risk factors for the development of sporadic PD. At the same time, the studies also uncovered
variability in novel alleles that is associated with increased risk for the disease. Additionally, in-silico meta-analyses of
GWAS data have allowed major steps into the investigation of the roles of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions
in sporadic PD. The emergent picture from the progress made thus far is that the etiology of sporadic PD is multi-factorial
and presumably involves a complex interplay between a multitude of gene networks and the environment. Nonetheless,
the biochemical pathways underlying familial and sporadic forms of PD are likely to be shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou Chai
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore ; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore ; Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
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Mizrahi K, Kagan S, Stein J, Yaniv I, Zipori D, Askenasy N. Resistance of hematopoietic progenitors to Fas-mediated apoptosis is actively sustained by NFκB with a characteristic transcriptional signature. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:676-86. [PMID: 24200242 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a good source of hematopoietic progenitors with increasing implementation in the clinical transplant setting. This study evaluates the molecular mechanisms of progenitor resistance to apoptosis triggered by Fas cross-linking. CD34(+) and lineage-negative progenitors survive short-term ex vivo incubation and are not induced into apoptosis by Fas cross-linking. Furthermore, brief exposure of UCB cells to Fas-ligand for 24-48 h does not impair quantitative severe combine immune deficiency (SCID) reconstitution activity and appears to foster myelomonocyte reconstitution. The transcriptome of Fas receptor-positive CD34(+) cells that survived an apoptotic challenge showed significant transcriptional upregulation of caspase-8, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation gene-1 (MALT1), HtrA2, and GSK3β in addition to higher levels of c-FLICE inhibitory protein (FLIP), Bcl-2, and cytosolic inhibitor of apoptosis protein (cIAP) in all Fas-positive cells. Most prominent is the transcriptional upregulation of several key components the NFκB1 pathway including the membrane receptors TGF-β, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and TCR, the associated factor TNF receptor-associated factor-6 (TRAF6), and the converting enzymes TGF-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), and α-catalytic subunit of IκB kinase (IKKα), that promote activation and nuclear translocation of this transcription factor. These data indicate that hematopoietic progenitors are not insensitive to apoptosis but are actively shielded from the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. This may occur through inherent transcriptional upregulation of the entire NFκB pathway in the presence of competent apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Mizrahi
- 1 Frankel Laboratory, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel , Petach Tikva, Israel
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36
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Chaturvedi RK, Flint Beal M. Mitochondrial diseases of the brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 63:1-29. [PMID: 23567191 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are debilitating diseases of the brain, characterized by behavioral, motor and cognitive impairments. Ample evidence underpins mitochondrial dysfunction as a central causal factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In this review, we discuss the role of mitochondrial dysfunction such as bioenergetics defects, mitochondrial DNA mutations, gene mutations, altered mitochondrial dynamics (mitochondrial fusion/fission, morphology, size, transport/trafficking, and movement), impaired transcription and the association of mutated proteins with mitochondria in these diseases. We highlight the therapeutic role of mitochondrial bioenergetic agents in toxin and in cellular and genetic animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. We also discuss clinical trials of bioenergetics agents in neurodegenerative disorders. Lastly, we shed light on PGC-1α, TORC-1, AMP kinase, Nrf2-ARE, and Sirtuins as novel therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish K Chaturvedi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, 80 MG Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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37
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Goo HG, Jung MK, Han SS, Rhim H, Kang S. HtrA2/Omi deficiency causes damage and mutation of mitochondrial DNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1866-75. [PMID: 23542127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High-temperature requirement protein A2 (HtrA2), a serine protease, localizes in the mitochondria and has diverse roles, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis and regulation of cellular apoptosis. HtrA2 (also known as Omi) is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease. By employing agarose gel electrophoresis, a fluorescent dye, PicoGreen, intercalation into mtDNA, and long-range PCR (LR-PCR), we showed that mitochondrial DNA conformational stability is related to HtrA2. Nicked forms of mtDNA were produced through reactive oxygen species generated by loss of HtrA2 protease activity, and mtDNA mutations frequently occurred in HtrA2(-/-) cells, but not in HtrA2(+/+) cells. We found conformational changes in mtDNA from the brain tissue of mnd2 mutant mice that lack the serine protease activity of HtrA2. Overexpression of HtrA2 with protease activity targeted to mitochondria only was able to restore mtDNA conformational stability in HtrA2(-/-) MEF cells. Nuclear-encoded mtDNA repair genes, including POLG2, Twinkle, and APTX1, were significantly upregulated in HtrA2(-/-) cells. Electron microscopy showed that mitochondrial morphology itself was not affected, even in HtrA2(-/-) cells. Our results demonstrate that HtrA2 deficiency causes mtDNA damage through ROS generation and mutation, which may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent triggering of cell death in aging cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Gwan Goo
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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38
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Burbulla LF, Krüger R. The use of primary human fibroblasts for monitoring mitochondrial phenotypes in the field of Parkinson's disease. J Vis Exp 2012:4228. [PMID: 23070237 DOI: 10.3791/4228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common movement disorder and affects 1% of people over the age of 60 (1). Because ageing is the most important risk factor, cases of PD will increase during the next decades (2). Next to pathological protein folding and impaired protein degradation pathways, alterations of mitochondrial function and morphology were pointed out as further hallmark of neurodegeneration in PD (3-11). After years of research in murine and human cancer cells as in vitro models to dissect molecular pathways of Parkinsonism, the use of human fibroblasts from patients and appropriate controls as ex vivo models has become a valuable research tool, if potential caveats are considered. Other than immortalized, rather artificial cell models, primary fibroblasts from patients carrying disease-associated mutations apparently reflect important pathological features of the human disease. Here we delineate the procedure of taking skin biopsies, culturing human fibroblasts and using detailed protocols for essential microscopic techniques to define mitochondrial phenotypes. These were used to investigate different features associated with PD that are relevant to mitochondrial function and dynamics. Ex vivo, mitochondria can be analyzed in terms of their function, morphology, colocalization with lysosomes (the organelles degrading dysfunctional mitochondria) and degradation via the lysosomal pathway. These phenotypes are highly relevant for the identification of early signs of PD and may precede clinical motor symptoms in human disease-gene carriers. Hence, the assays presented here can be utilized as valuable tools to identify pathological features of neurodegeneration and help to define new therapeutic strategies in PD.
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39
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Kang S, Louboutin JP, Datta P, Landel CP, Martinez D, Zervos AS, Strayer DS, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES. Loss of HtrA2/Omi activity in non-neuronal tissues of adult mice causes premature aging. Cell Death Differ 2012; 20:259-69. [PMID: 22976834 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
mnd2 mice die prematurely as a result of neurodegeneration 30-40 days after birth due to loss of the enzymatic activity of the mitochondrial quality control protease HtrA2/Omi. Here, we show that transgenic expression of human HtrA2/Omi in the central nervous system of mnd2 mice rescues them from neurodegeneration and prevents their premature death. Interestingly, adult transgenic mnd2 mice develop accelerated aging phenotypes, such as premature weight loss, hair loss, reduced fertility, curvature of the spine, heart enlargement, increased autophagy, and death by 12-17 months of age. These mice also have elevated levels of clonally expanded mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions in their tissues. Our results provide direct genetic evidence linking mitochondrial protein quality control to mtDNA deletions and aging in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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40
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Ferree A, Shirihai O. Mitochondrial dynamics: the intersection of form and function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 748:13-40. [PMID: 22729853 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3573-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria within a cell exist as a population in a dynamic -morphological continuum. The balance of mitochondrial fusion and fission dictates a spectrum of shapes from interconnected networks to fragmented individual units. This plasticity bestows the adaptive flexibility needed to adjust to changing cellular stresses and metabolic demands. The mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial dynamics, their importance in normal cell biology, and the roles they play in disease conditions are only beginning to be understood. Dysfunction of mitochondrial dynamics has been identified as a possible disease mechanism in Parkinson's disease. This chapter will introduce the budding field of mitochondrial dynamics and explore unique characteristics of affected neurons in Parkinson's disease that increase susceptibility to disruptions in mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ferree
- Department of Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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41
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Irobi J, Holmgren A, Winter VD, Asselbergh B, Gettemans J, Adriaensen D, Groote CCD, Coster RV, Jonghe PD, Timmerman V. Mutant HSPB8 causes protein aggregates and a reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in dermal fibroblasts from distal hereditary motor neuropathy patients. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 22:699-711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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42
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Mitochondrial quality control: an integrated network of pathways. Trends Biochem Sci 2012; 37:284-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Plun-Favreau H, Burchell VS, Holmström KM, Yao Z, Deas E, Cain K, Fedele V, Moisoi N, Campanella M, Miguel Martins L, Wood NW, Gourine AV, Abramov AY. HtrA2 deficiency causes mitochondrial uncoupling through the F₁F₀-ATP synthase and consequent ATP depletion. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e335. [PMID: 22739987 PMCID: PMC3388244 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of the mitochondrial protease HtrA2 (Omi) in mice leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration and premature death, but the mechanism underlying this pathology remains unclear. Using primary cultures from wild-type and HtrA2-knockout mice, we find that HtrA2 deficiency significantly reduces mitochondrial membrane potential in a range of cell types. This depolarisation was found to result from mitochondrial uncoupling, as mitochondrial respiration was increased in HtrA2-deficient cells and respiratory control ratio was dramatically reduced. HtrA2-knockout cells exhibit increased proton translocation through the ATP synthase, in combination with decreased ATP production and truncation of the F1 α-subunit, suggesting the ATP synthase as the source of the proton leak. Uncoupling in the HtrA2-deficient mice is accompanied by altered breathing pattern and, on a cellular level, ATP depletion and vulnerability to chemical ischaemia. We propose that this vulnerability may ultimately cause the neurodegeneration observed in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Plun-Favreau
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
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44
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Lim KL, Ng XH, Grace LGY, Yao TP. Mitochondrial dynamics and Parkinson's disease: focus on parkin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:935-49. [PMID: 21668405 PMCID: PMC3292756 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Despite intensive efforts devoted to drug discovery, the disease remains incurable. To provide more effective medical therapy for PD, better understanding of the underlying causes of the disease is clearly necessary. RECENT ADVANCES A broad range of studies conducted over the past few decades have collectively implicated aberrant mitochondrial homeostasis as a key contributor to the development of PD. Supporting this, mutations in several PD-linked genes are directly or indirectly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. In particular, recent discoveries have identified parkin, whose mutations are causative of recessive parkinsonism, as a key regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis. CRITICAL ISSUES Parkin appears to be involved in the entire spectrum of mitochondrial dynamics, including organelle biogenesis, fusion/fission, and clearance via mitophagy. How a single protein can regulate such diverse mitochondrial events is as intriguing as it is amazing; the mechanism underlying this is currently under intense research. Here, we provide an overview of mitochondrial dynamics and its relationship with neurodegenerative diseases and discuss current evidence and controversies surrounding the role of parkin in mitochondrial quality control and its relevance to PD pathogenesis. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Although the emerging field of parkin-mediated mitochondrial quality control has proven to be exciting, it is important to recognize that PD pathogenesis is likely to involve an intricate network of interacting pathways. Elucidating the reciprocity of pathways, particularly how other PD-related pathways potentially influence mitochondrial homeostasis, may hold the key to therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah-Leong Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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45
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Williams PA, Piechota M, von Ruhland C, Taylor E, Morgan JE, Votruba M. Opa1 is essential for retinal ganglion cell synaptic architecture and connectivity. Brain 2012; 135:493-505. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awr330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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46
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Idebenone and resveratrol extend lifespan and improve motor function of HtrA2 knockout mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28855. [PMID: 22205977 PMCID: PMC3242749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutation of the human gene for the mitochondrial protease HtrA2 has been associated with increased risk to develop mitochondrial dysfunction, a process known to contribute to neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease (HD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Knockout of HtrA2 in mice also leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and to phenotypes that resemble those found in neurodegenerative disorders and, ultimately, lead to death of animals around postnatal day 30. Here, we show that Idebenone, a synthetic antioxidant of the coenzyme Q family, and Resveratrol, a bioactive compound extracted from grapes, are both able to ameliorate this phenotype. Feeding HtrA2 knockout mice with either compound extends lifespan and delays worsening of the motor phenotype. Experiments conducted in cell culture and on brain tissue of mice revealed that each compound has a different mechanism of action. While Idebenone acts by downregulating the integrated stress response, Resveratrol acts by attenuating apoptosis at the level of Bax. These activities can account for the delay in neuronal degeneration in the striata of these mice and illustrate the potential of these compounds as effective therapeutic approaches against neurodegenerative disorders such as HD or PD.
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47
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Fitzgerald JC, Camprubi MD, Dunn L, Wu HC, Ip NY, Kruger R, Martins LM, Wood NW, Plun-Favreau H. Phosphorylation of HtrA2 by cyclin-dependent kinase-5 is important for mitochondrial function. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:257-66. [PMID: 21701498 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the serine protease HtrA2 in neuroprotection was initially identified by the demonstration of neurodegeneration in mice lacking HtrA2 expression or function, and the interesting finding that mutations adjacent to two putative phosphorylation sites (S142 and S400) have been found in Parkinson's disease patients. However, the mechanism of this neuroprotection and the signalling pathways associated with it remain mostly unknown. Here we report that cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (Cdk5), a kinase implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases, is responsible for phosphorylating HtrA2 at S400. HtrA2 and Cdk5 interact in human and mouse cell lines and brain, and Cdk5 phosphorylates S400 on HtrA2 in a p38-dependent manner. Phosphorylation of HtrA2 at S400 is involved in maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential under stress conditions and is important for mitochondrial function, conferring cells protection against cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fitzgerald
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Mitochondrial protein quality control during biogenesis and aging. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 36:254-61. [PMID: 21353780 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been associated with the aging process and the onset of numerous diseases. Regulation of the complex protein-folding environment within the organelle is essential for maintaining efficient metabolic output. Over time, dysregulation of protein homeostasis arises through stress induced by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and mutations in the mitochondrial genome introduced during replication. To preserve organelle function during biogenesis, remodeling and stress, quality control of mitochondrial proteins must be monitored by molecular chaperones and proteases stationed in the four compartments of the organelle. Here, we review mitochondrial protein quality control with a focus on organelle biogenesis and aging.
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Westerlund M, Behbahani H, Gellhaar S, Forsell C, Belin AC, Anvret A, Zettergren A, Nissbrandt H, Lind C, Sydow O, Graff C, Olson L, Ankarcrona M, Galter D. Altered enzymatic activity and allele frequency of OMI/HTRA2 in Alzheimer's disease. FASEB J 2010; 25:1345-52. [PMID: 21163861 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-163402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The serine-protease OMI/HTRA2, required for several cellular processes, including mitochondrial function, autophagy, chaperone activity, and apoptosis, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Western blot quantification of OMI/HTRA2 in frontal cortex of patients with AD (n=10) and control subjects (n=10) in two separate materials indicated reduced processed (active, 35 kDa) OMI/HTRA2 levels, whereas unprocessed (50 kDa) enzyme levels were not significantly different between the groups. Interestingly, the specific protease activity of OMI/HTRA2 was found to be significantly increased in patients with AD (n=10) compared to matched control subjects (n=10) in frontal cortex in two separate materials. Comparison of OMI/HTRA2 mRNA levels in frontal cortex and hippocampus, two brain areas particularly affected by AD, indicated similar levels in patients with AD (n=10) and matched control subjects (n=10). In addition, we analyzed the occurrence of the OMI/HTRA2 variants A141S and G399S in Swedish case-control materials for AD and PD and found a weak association of A141S with AD, but not with PD. In conclusion, our genetic, histological, and biochemical findings give further support to an involvement of OMI/HTRA2 in the pathology of AD; however, further studies are needed to clarify the role of this gene in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Westerlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Burbulla LF, Krebiehl G, Krüger R. Balance is the challenge--the impact of mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson's disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40:1048-60. [PMID: 20735469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function has been implicated in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) based on biochemical and pathoanatomical studies in brains of PD patients. This observation was further substantiated by the identification of exogenic toxins, i.e. complex I inhibitors that directly affect mitochondrial energy metabolism and cause Parkinsonism in humans and various animal models. Recently, insights into the underlying molecular signalling pathways leading to alterations in mitochondrial homeostasis were gained based on the functional characterization of mitoprotective genes identified in rare forms of inherited PD. Using in vitro and in vivo loss of function models of the Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 and Omi/HtrA2 gene, the emerging field of mitochondrial dynamics in PD was established as being critical for the maintenance of mitochondrial function in neurons. This underscored the concept that mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles, which are tightly regulated to continuously adapt shape to functional and anatomical requirements during axonal transport, synaptic signalling, organelle degradation and cellular energy supply. The dissection of pathways involved in mitochondrial quality control clearly established the PINK1/Parkin-pathway in the clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria by autophagy and hints to a complex interplay between PD-associated proteins acting at the mitochondrial interface. The elucidation of this mitoprotective signalling network may help to define novel therapeutic targets for PD via molecular modelling of mitochondria and/or pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena F Burbulla
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany DZNE, German
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