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Rose-John S, Jenkins BJ, Garbers C, Moll JM, Scheller J. Targeting IL-6 trans-signalling: past, present and future prospects. Nat Rev Immunol 2023; 23:666-681. [PMID: 37069261 PMCID: PMC10108826 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-023-00856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a key immunomodulatory cytokine that affects the pathogenesis of diverse diseases, including autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions and cancer. Classical IL-6 signalling involves the binding of IL-6 to the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor α-subunit (hereafter termed 'mIL-6R') and glycoprotein 130 (gp130) signal-transducing subunit. By contrast, in IL-6 trans-signalling, complexes of IL-6 and the soluble form of IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) signal via membrane-bound gp130. A third mode of IL-6 signalling - known as cluster signalling - involves preformed complexes of membrane-bound IL-6-mIL-6R on one cell activating gp130 subunits on target cells. Antibodies and small molecules have been developed that block all three forms of IL-6 signalling, but in the past decade, IL-6 trans-signalling has emerged as the predominant pathway by which IL-6 promotes disease pathogenesis. The first selective inhibitor of IL-6 trans-signalling, sgp130, has shown therapeutic potential in various preclinical models of disease and olamkicept, a sgp130Fc variant, had promising results in phase II clinical studies for inflammatory bowel disease. Technological developments have already led to next-generation sgp130 variants with increased affinity and selectivity towards IL-6 trans-signalling, along with indirect strategies to block IL-6 trans-signalling. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the biological outcomes of IL-6-mediated signalling and the potential for targeting this pathway in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rose-John
- Biochemical Institute, Medical Faculty, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Brendan J Jenkins
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GC:I3), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Health and Medical Prevention (CHaMP), Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jens M Moll
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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2
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McFarlane A, Pohler E, Moraga I. Molecular and cellular factors determining the functional pleiotropy of cytokines. FEBS J 2023; 290:2525-2552. [PMID: 35246947 PMCID: PMC10952290 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble factors vital for mammalian physiology. Cytokines elicit highly pleiotropic activities, characterized by their ability to induce a wide spectrum of functional responses in a diverse range of cell subsets, which makes their study very challenging. Cytokines activate signalling via receptor dimerization/oligomerization, triggering activation of the JAK (Janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signalling pathway. Given the strong crosstalk and shared usage of key components of cytokine signalling pathways, a long-standing question in the field pertains to how functional diversity is achieved by cytokines. Here, we discuss how biophysical - for example, ligand-receptor binding affinity and topology - and cellular - for example, receptor, JAK and STAT protein levels, endosomal compartment - parameters contribute to the modulation and diversification of cytokine responses. We review how these parameters ultimately converge into a common mechanism to fine-tune cytokine signalling that involves the control of the number of Tyr residues phosphorylated in the receptor intracellular domain upon cytokine stimulation. This results in different kinetics of STAT activation, and induction of specific gene expression programs, ensuring the generation of functional diversity by cytokines using a limited set of signalling intermediaries. We describe how these first principles of cytokine signalling have been exploited using protein engineering to design cytokine variants with more specific and less toxic responses for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison McFarlane
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
| | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
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3
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Lai YT, Sasamura T, Kuroda J, Maeda R, Nakamura M, Hatori R, Ishibashi T, Taniguchi K, Ooike M, Taguchi T, Nakazawa N, Hozumi S, Okumura T, Aigaki T, Inaki M, Matsuno K. The Drosophila AWP1 ortholog Doctor No regulates JAK/STAT signaling for left-right asymmetry in the gut by promoting receptor endocytosis. Development 2023; 150:293490. [PMID: 36861793 PMCID: PMC10112927 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Many organs of Drosophila show stereotypical left-right (LR) asymmetry; however, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we have identified an evolutionarily conserved ubiquitin-binding protein, AWP1/Doctor No (Drn), as a factor required for LR asymmetry in the embryonic anterior gut. We found that drn is essential in the circular visceral muscle cells of the midgut for JAK/STAT signaling, which contributes to the first known cue for anterior gut lateralization via LR asymmetric nuclear rearrangement. Embryos homozygous for drn and lacking its maternal contribution showed phenotypes similar to those with depleted JAK/STAT signaling, suggesting that Drn is a general component of JAK/STAT signaling. Absence of Drn resulted in specific accumulation of Domeless (Dome), the receptor for ligands in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, in intracellular compartments, including ubiquitylated cargos. Dome colocalized with Drn in wild-type Drosophila. These results suggest that Drn is required for the endocytic trafficking of Dome, which is a crucial step for activation of JAK/STAT signaling and the subsequent degradation of Dome. The roles of AWP1/Drn in activating JAK/STAT signaling and in LR asymmetric development may be conserved in various organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Junpei Kuroda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Reo Maeda
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ryo Hatori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ishibashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Taniguchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Masashi Ooike
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Taguchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Naotaka Nakazawa
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shunya Hozumi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Okumura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Toshiro Aigaki
- Department of Biological Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 1-1 Minami-osawa, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Mikiko Inaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsuno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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4
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Schmidt-Arras D, Rose-John S. Endosomes as Signaling Platforms for IL-6 Family Cytokine Receptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:688314. [PMID: 34141712 PMCID: PMC8204807 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.688314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the name-giving cytokine of a family of eleven members, including IL-6, CNTF, LIF, and IL-27. IL-6 was first recognized as a B-cell stimulating factor but we now know that the cytokine plays a pivotal role in the orchestration of inflammatory processes as well as in inflammation associated cancer. Moreover, IL-6 is involved in metabolic regulation and it has been shown to be involved in major neural activities such as neuroprotection, which can help to repair and to reduce brain damage. Receptor complexes of all members formed at the plasma membrane contain one or two molecules of the signaling receptor subunit GP130 and the mechanisms of signal transduction are well understood. IL-6 type cytokines can also signal from endomembranes, in particular the endosome, and situations have been reported in which endocytosis of receptor complexes are a prerequisite of intracellular signaling. Moreover, pathogenic GP130 variants were shown to interfere with spatial activation of downstream signals. We here summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying spatial regulation of IL-6 family cytokine signaling and discuss its relevance for pathogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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5
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Lu J, Xu S, Huo Y, Sun D, Hu Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang P, Li Z, Liang M, Wu Z, Liu P. Sorting nexin 3 induces heart failure via promoting retromer-dependent nuclear trafficking of STAT3. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:2871-2887. [PMID: 33947971 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexins (SNXs), the retromer-associated cargo binding proteins, have emerged as critical regulators of the trafficking of proteins involved in the pathogenesis of diverse diseases. However, studies of SNXs in the development of cardiovascular diseases, especially cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, are lacking. Here, we ask whether SNX3, the simplest structured isoform in the SNXs family, may act as a key inducer of myocardial injury. An increased level of SNX3 was observed in failing hearts from human patients and mice. Cardiac-specific Snx3 knockout (Snx3-cKO) mice and Snx3 transgenic (Snx3-cTg) mice were generated to evaluate the role of Snx3 in myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and heart function by morphology, echocardiography, histological staining, and hypertrophic biomarkers. We report that Snx3-cKO in mice significantly protected against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy at 12 weeks. Conversely, Snx3-cTg mice were more susceptible to ISO-induced cardiac hypertrophy at 12 weeks and showed aggravated cardiac injury even heart failure at 24 weeks. Immunoprecipitation-based mass spectrometry, immunofluorescent staining, co-immunoprecipitation, localized surface plasmon resonance, and proximity ligation assay were performed to examine the direct interaction of SNX3-retromer with signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). We discovered that STAT3 was a new interacting partner of SNX3-retromer, and SNX3-retromer served as an essential platform for assembling gp130/JAK2/STAT3 complexes and subsequent phosphorylation of STAT3 by direct combination at EE. SNX3-retromer and STAT3 complexes were transiently imported into the nucleus after hypertrophic stimuli. The pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of STAT3 reversed SNX3 overexpression-induced myocardial injury. STAT3 overexpression blunts the beneficial function of SNX3 knockdown on hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. We show that SNX3-retromer promoted importin α3-mediated STAT3 nuclear trafficking and ultimately leading to cardiac injury. Taken together, our study reveals that SNX3 plays a key role in cardiac function and implicates SNX3 as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Duanping Sun
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuehuai Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Junjian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Panxia Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhuoming Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Mengya Liang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhongkai Wu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Peiqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P. R. China.
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6
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Moore R, Vogt K, Acosta-Martin AE, Shire P, Zeidler M, Smythe E. Integration of JAK/STAT receptor-ligand trafficking, signalling and gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster cells. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs246199. [PMID: 32917740 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The JAK/STAT pathway is an essential signalling cascade required for multiple processes during development and for adult homeostasis. A key question in understanding this pathway is how it is regulated in different cell contexts. Here, we have examined how endocytic processing contributes to signalling by the single cytokine receptor in Drosophila melanogaster cells, Domeless. We identify an evolutionarily conserved di-leucine (di-Leu) motif that is required for Domeless internalisation and show that endocytosis is required for activation of a subset of Domeless targets. Our data indicate that endocytosis both qualitatively and quantitatively regulates Domeless signalling. STAT92E, the single STAT transcription factor in Drosophila, appears to be the target of endocytic regulation, and our studies show that phosphorylation of STAT92E on Tyr704, although necessary, is not always sufficient for target transcription. Finally, we identify a conserved residue, Thr702, which is essential for Tyr704 phosphorylation. Taken together, our findings identify previously unknown aspects of JAK/STAT pathway regulation likely to play key roles in the spatial and temporal regulation of signalling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Moore
- Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Katja Vogt
- Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Adelina E Acosta-Martin
- biOMICS Facility, Faculty of Science Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Patrick Shire
- Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Martin Zeidler
- Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Elizabeth Smythe
- Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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7
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Schmidt-Arras D, Böhmer FD. Mislocalisation of Activated Receptor Tyrosine Kinases - Challenges for Cancer Therapy. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:833-847. [PMID: 32593582 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Activating mutations in genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) mediate proliferation, cell migration, and cell survival, and are therefore important drivers of oncogenesis. Numerous targeted cancer therapies are directed against activated RTKs, including small compound inhibitors, and immunotherapies. It has recently been discovered that not only certain RTK fusion proteins, but also many full-length RTKs harbouring activating mutations, notably RTKs of the class III family, are to a large extent mislocalised in intracellular membranes. Active kinases in these locations cause aberrant activation of signalling pathways. Moreover, low levels of activated RTKs at the cell surface present an obstacle for immunotherapy. We outline here why understanding of the mechanisms underlying mislocalisation will help in improving existing and developing novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Institute of Biochemistry, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Frank-D Böhmer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, CMB, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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8
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Martinez-Fabregas J, Wilmes S, Wang L, Hafer M, Pohler E, Lokau J, Garbers C, Cozzani A, Fyfe PK, Piehler J, Kazemian M, Mitra S, Moraga I. Kinetics of cytokine receptor trafficking determine signaling and functional selectivity. eLife 2019; 8:e49314. [PMID: 31774398 PMCID: PMC6914340 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines activate signaling via assembly of cell surface receptors, but it is unclear whether modulation of cytokine-receptor binding parameters can modify biological outcomes. We have engineered IL-6 variants with different affinities to gp130 to investigate how cytokine receptor binding dwell-times influence functional selectivity. Engineered IL-6 variants showed a range of signaling amplitudes and induced biased signaling, with changes in receptor binding dwell-times affecting more profoundly STAT1 than STAT3 phosphorylation. We show that this differential signaling arises from defective translocation of ligand-gp130 complexes to the endosomal compartment and competitive STAT1/STAT3 binding to phospho-tyrosines in gp130, and results in unique patterns of STAT3 binding to chromatin. This leads to a graded gene expression response and differences in ex vivo differentiation of Th17, Th1 and Treg cells. These results provide a molecular understanding of signaling biased by cytokine receptors, and demonstrate that manipulation of signaling thresholds is a useful strategy to decouple cytokine functional pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Luopin Wang
- Department Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | | | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Medical FacultyOtto-von-Guericke-University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical FacultyOtto-von-Guericke-University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Adeline Cozzani
- INSERM UMR-S-11721, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert (JPARC), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Paul K Fyfe
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Suman Mitra
- INSERM UMR-S-11721, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert (JPARC), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
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9
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Verboogen DRJ, Revelo NH, ter Beest M, van den Bogaart G. Interleukin-6 secretion is limited by self-signaling in endosomes. J Mol Cell Biol 2019; 11:144-157. [PMID: 30016456 PMCID: PMC6392102 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells producing cytokines often express the receptor for the same cytokine, which makes them prone to autocrine signaling. How cytokine release and signaling are regulated in the same cell is not understood. In this study, we demonstrate that signaling by exogenous and self-synthesized inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) within endosomal compartments acts as a cellular brake that limits the synthesis of IL-6. Our data show that IL-6 is internalized by dendritic cells and signals from endosomal compartments containing the IL-6 receptor. Newly synthesized IL-6 also traffics via these endosomal compartments and signals in transit to the plasma membrane. This allows activation of STAT3 which in turn limits toll-like receptor 4 stimulant lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggered transcription of IL-6. Long-term exposure to LPS removes this brake via inhibition of STAT3 by increased expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 and results in fully fledged IL-6 production. This transient regulation could prevent excessive IL-6 production during early infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniëlle R J Verboogen
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia H Revelo
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin ter Beest
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert van den Bogaart
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Lamertz L, Rummel F, Polz R, Baran P, Hansen S, Waetzig GH, Moll JM, Floss DM, Scheller J. Soluble gp130 prevents interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 cluster signaling but not intracellular autocrine responses. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/550/eaar7388. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar7388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a proinflammatory cytokine of the IL-6 family, members of which signal through a complex of a cytokine-specific receptor and the signal-transducing subunit gp130. The interaction of IL-6 with the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) and gp130 stimulates “classic signaling,” whereas the binding of IL-6 and a soluble version of the IL-6R to gp130 stimulates “trans-signaling.” Alternatively, “cluster signaling” occurs when membrane-bound IL-6:IL-6R complexes on transmitter cells activate gp130 receptors on neighboring receiver cells. The soluble form of gp130 (sgp130) is a selective trans-signaling inhibitor, but it does not affect classic signaling. We demonstrated that the interaction of soluble gp130 with natural and synthetic membrane-bound IL-6:IL-6R complexes inhibited IL-6 cluster signaling. Similarly, IL-11 cluster signaling through the IL-11R to gp130 was also inhibited by soluble gp130. However, autocrine classic and trans-signaling was not inhibited by extracellular inhibitors such as sgp130 or gp130 antibodies. Together, our results suggest that autocrine IL-6 signaling may occur intracellularly.
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11
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Gorby C, Martinez-Fabregas J, Wilmes S, Moraga I. Mapping Determinants of Cytokine Signaling via Protein Engineering. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2143. [PMID: 30319612 PMCID: PMC6170656 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines comprise a large family of secreted ligands that are critical for the regulation of immune homeostasis. Cytokines initiate signaling via dimerization or oligomerization of the cognate receptor subunits, triggering the activation of the Janus Kinases (JAKs)/ signal transducer and activator of transcription (STATs) pathway and the induction of specific gene expression programs and bioactivities. Deregulation of cytokines or their downstream signaling pathways are at the root of many human disorders including autoimmunity and cancer. Identifying and understanding the mechanistic principles that govern cytokine signaling will, therefore, be highly important in order to harness the therapeutic potential of cytokines. In this review, we will analyze how biophysical (ligand-receptor binding geometry and affinity) and cellular (receptor trafficking and intracellular abundance of signaling molecules) parameters shape the cytokine signalosome and cytokine functional pleiotropy; from the initial cytokine binding to its receptor to the degradation of the cytokine receptor complex in the proteasome and/or lysosome. We will also discuss how combining advanced protein engineering with detailed signaling and functional studies has opened promising avenues to tackle complex questions in the cytokine signaling field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gorby
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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12
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Zhang HX, Xu ZS, Lin H, Li M, Xia T, Cui K, Wang SY, Li Y, Shu HB, Wang YY. TRIM27 mediates STAT3 activation at retromer-positive structures to promote colitis and colitis-associated carcinogenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3441. [PMID: 30143645 PMCID: PMC6109048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05796-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT3 is a transcription factor that plays central roles in various physiological processes and its deregulation results in serious diseases including cancer. The mechanisms on how STAT3 activity is regulated remains enigmatic. Here we identify TRIM27 as a positive regulator of II-6-induced STAT3 activation and downstream gene expression. TRIM27 localizes to retromer-positive punctate structures and serves as a critical link for recruiting gp130, JAK1, and STAT3 to and subsequent phosphorylation of STAT3 at the retromer-positive structures. Overexpression of TRIM27 promotes cancer cell growth in vitro and tumor growth in nude mice, whereas knockdown of TRIM27 has opposite effects. Deficiency of TRIM27 significantly impairs dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced STAT3 activation, inflammatory cytokine expression and colitis as well as azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS-induced colitis-associated cancer in mice. These findings reveal a retromer-dependent mechanism for regulation of STAT3 activation, inflammation, and inflammation-associated cancer development. Aberrant and persistent activation of the transcription factor STAT3 has been found in various types of cancers. Here the authors identify TRIM27 as a positive regulator of IL-6-induced STAT3 activation through the formation of JAK1-STAT3 complex, thus impacting inflammation-induced colon cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- The Joint Center of Translational Precision Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, 510623, Guangzhou, China.,Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Hen Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Mi Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Xia
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaisa Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Su-Yun Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China
| | - Youjun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, 430072, Wuhan, China. .,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 430071, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yan-Yi Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 430071, Wuhan, China.
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13
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Bilateral activation of STAT3 by phosphorylation at the tyrosine-705 (Y705) and serine-727 (S727) positions and its nuclear translocation in primary sensory neurons following unilateral sciatic nerve injury. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:37-47. [PMID: 29488000 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1656-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Unilateral sciatic nerve compression (SNC) or complete sciatic nerve transection (CSNT), both varying degrees of nerve injury, induced activation of STAT3 bilaterally in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons of lumbar (L4-L5) as well as cervical (C6-C8) spinal cord segments. STAT3 activation was by phosphorylation at the tyrosine-705 (Y705) and serine-727 (S727) positions and was followed by their nuclear translocation. This is the first evidence of STAT3(S727) activation together with the well-known activation of STAT3(Y705) in primary sensory neurons upon peripheral nerve injury. Bilateral activation of STAT3 in DRG neurons of spinal segments anatomically both associated as well as non-associated with the injured nerve indicates diffusion of STAT3 activation inducers along the spinal cord. Increased levels of IL-6 protein in the CSF following nerve injury as well as activation and nuclear translocation of STAT3 in DRG after intrathecal injection of IL-6 shows that this cytokine, released into the subarachnoid space can penetrate the DRG to activate STAT3. Previous results on increased bilateral IL-6 synthesis and the present manifestation of STAT3 activation in remote DRG following unilateral sciatic nerve injury may reflect a systemic reaction of the DRG neurons to nerve injury.
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14
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Taute S, Pfister HJ, Steger G. Induction of Tyrosine Phosphorylation of UV-Activated EGFR by the Beta-Human Papillomavirus Type 8 E6 Leads to Papillomatosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2197. [PMID: 29176966 PMCID: PMC5686093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence is accumulating that beta-human papillomaviruses (HPV) synergize with UV-light in the development of precancerous actinic keratosis, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC), one of the most common cancers in the Caucasian population. We previously demonstrated the tumorigenic activity of beta-HPV type 8 (HPV8) in the skin of transgenic mice and its cooperation with UV-light. Analysis of underlying mechanisms now showed that in keratinocytes expressing the HPV8E6 protein a transient increase of tyrosine phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in response to UV-irradiation occurred, while EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, i.e., receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-activity was hardly affected in empty vector control cells. FACS and immunofluorescences revealed that the EGFR was internalized into early endosomes in response to UV-exposure in both, HPV8E6 positive and in control cells, yet with a higher rate in the presence of HPV8E6. Moreover, only in HPV8E6 expressing keratinocytes the EGFR was further sorted into CD63+ intraluminal vesicles, indicative for trafficking to late endosomes. The latter requires the ubiquitination of the EGFR, and in correlation, we could show that only in HPV8E6 positive keratinocytes the EGFR was ubiquitinated upon UV-exposure. HPV8E6 and tyrosine phosphorylated EGFR directly interacted which was enhanced by UV-irradiation. The treatment of K14-HPV8E6 transgenic mice with Canertinib, an inhibitor of the RTK-activity of the EGFR, suppressed skin papilloma growth in response to UV-irradiation. This confirms the crucial role of the RTK-activity of the EGFR in HPV8E6 and UV-mediated papillomatosis in transgenic mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate that HPV8E6 alters the signaling of the UV-activated EGFR and this is a critical step in papilloma formation in response to UV-light in transgenic mice. Our results provide a molecular basis how a beta-HPV type may support early steps of skin tumor formation in cooperation with UV-light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Taute
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Gertrud Steger
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Lokau J, Agthe M, Flynn CM, Garbers C. Proteolytic control of Interleukin-11 and Interleukin-6 biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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16
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Shen Y, Alvarez MJ, Bisikirska B, Lachmann A, Realubit R, Pampou S, Coku J, Karan C, Califano A. Systematic, network-based characterization of therapeutic target inhibitors. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005599. [PMID: 29023443 PMCID: PMC5638208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A large fraction of the proteins that are being identified as key tumor dependencies represent poor pharmacological targets or lack clinically-relevant small-molecule inhibitors. Availability of fully generalizable approaches for the systematic and efficient prioritization of tumor-context specific protein activity inhibitors would thus have significant translational value. Unfortunately, inhibitor effects on protein activity cannot be directly measured in systematic and proteome-wide fashion by conventional biochemical assays. We introduce OncoLead, a novel network based approach for the systematic prioritization of candidate inhibitors for arbitrary targets of therapeutic interest. In vitro and in vivo validation confirmed that OncoLead analysis can recapitulate known inhibitors as well as prioritize novel, context-specific inhibitors of difficult targets, such as MYC and STAT3. We used OncoLead to generate the first unbiased drug/regulator interaction map, representing compounds modulating the activity of cancer-relevant transcription factors, with potential in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- DarwinHealth Inc, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mariano J. Alvarez
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- DarwinHealth Inc, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brygida Bisikirska
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Alexander Lachmann
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ronald Realubit
- JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sergey Pampou
- JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jorida Coku
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles Karan
- JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- DarwinHealth Inc, New York, New York, United States of America
- JP Sulzberger Columbia Genome Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Motor Neuron Center and Columbia Initiative in Stem Cells, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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17
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Bridgewater RE, Streuli CH, Caswell PT. Extracellular matrix promotes clathrin-dependent endocytosis of prolactin and STAT5 activation in differentiating mammary epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4572. [PMID: 28676702 PMCID: PMC5496899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone prolactin promotes lactational differentiation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) via its cognate receptor and the downstream JAK2-STAT5a signalling pathway. In turn this regulates transcription of milk protein genes. Prolactin signalling depends on a cross-talk with basement membrane extracellular matrix (ECM) via β1 integrins which activate both ILK and Rac1 and are required for STAT5a activation and lactational differentiation. Endocytosis is an important regulator of signalling. It can both enhance and suppress cytokine signalling, although the role of endocytosis for prolactin signalling is not known. Here we show that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is required for ECM-dependent STAT5 activation. In the presence of ECM, prolactin is internalised via a clathrin-dependent, but caveolin-independent, route. This occurs independently from JAK2 and Rac signalling, but is required for full phosphorylation and activation of STAT5. Prolactin is internalised into early endosomes, where the master early endosome regulator Rab5b promotes STAT5 phosphorylation. These data reveal a novel role for ECM-driven endocytosis in the positive regulation of cytokine signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Bridgewater
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Patrick T Caswell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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18
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Pu CM, Liu CW, Liang CJ, Yen YH, Chen SH, Jiang-Shieh YF, Chien CL, Chen YC, Chen YL. Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Protect Skin Flaps against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via IL-6 Expression. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1353-1362. [PMID: 28163069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Flap necrosis is the most frequent postoperative complication encountered in reconstructive surgery. We elucidated whether adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and their derivatives might induce neovascularization and protect skin flaps during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Flaps were subjected to 3 hours of ischemia by ligating long thoracic vessels and then to blood reperfusion. Qtracker-labeled ADSCs, ADSCs in conditioned medium (ADSC-CM), or ADSC exosomes (ADSC-Exo) were injected into the flaps. These treatments led to significantly increased flap survival and capillary density compared with I/R on postoperative day 5. IL-6 levels in the cell lysates or in conditioned medium were significantly higher in ADSCs than in Hs68 fibroblasts. ADSC-CM and ADSC-Exo increased tube formation. This result was corroborated by a strong decrease in skin repair after adding IL-6-neutralizing antibodies or small interfering RNA for IL-6 ADSCs. ADSC transplantation also increased flap recovery in I/R injury of IL-6-knockout mice. IL-6 was secreted from ADSCs through signal transducer and activator of transcription phosphorylation, and then IL-6 stimulated angiogenesis and enhanced recovery after I/R injury by the classic signaling pathway. The mechanism of skin recovery includes the direct differentiation of ADSCs into endothelial cells and the indirect effect of IL-6 released from ADSCs. ADSC-CM and ADSC-Exo could be used as off-the-shelf products for this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ming Pu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Jung Liang
- Lipid Science and Aging Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Yen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Hua Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fen Jiang-Shieh
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Liang Chien
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chun Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lien Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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19
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Endocytic regulation of cytokine receptor signaling. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 32:63-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Cathepsin S attenuates endosomal EGFR signalling: A mechanical rationale for the combination of cathepsin S and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29256. [PMID: 27387133 PMCID: PMC4937378 DOI: 10.1038/srep29256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
EGF-mediated EGFR endocytosis plays a crucial role in the attenuation of EGFR activation by sorting from early endosomes to late endosomes and transporting them into lysosomes for the final proteolytic degradation. We previously observed that cathepsin S (CTSS) inhibition induces tumour cell autophagy through the EGFR-mediated signalling pathway. In this study, we further clarified the relationship between CTSS activities and EGFR signalling regulation. Our results revealed that CTSS can regulate EGFR signalling by facilitating EGF-mediated EGFR degradation. CTSS inhibition delayed the EGFR degradation process and caused EGFR accumulation in the late endosomes at the perinuclear region, which provides spatial compartments for prolonged EGFR and sustained downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and AKT signalling. Notably, cellular apoptosis was markedly enhanced by combining treatment with the EGFR inhibitor Iressa and CTSS inhibitor 6r. The data not only reveal a biological role of CTSS in EGFR signalling regulation but also evidence a rationale for its clinical evaluation in the combination of CTSS and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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21
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Jastrzębski K, Zdżalik-Bielecka D, Mamińska A, Kalaidzidis Y, Hellberg C, Miaczynska M. Multiple routes of endocytic internalization of PDGFRβ contribute to PDGF-induced STAT3 signaling. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:577-589. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.191213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) is a receptor tyrosine kinase which upon activation by PDGF-BB stimulates cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Ligand binding induces intracellular signaling cascades but also internalization of the receptor, eventually resulting in its lysosomal degradation. However, endocytic trafficking of receptors often modulates their downstream signaling. We previously reported that internalization of PDGFRβ occurs via dynamin-dependent and -independent pathways but their further molecular determinants remained unknown. Here we show that in human fibroblasts expressing endogenous PDGFRβ and stimulated with 50 ng/ml PDGF-BB, ligand-receptor uptake proceeds via parallel routes of clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) and clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE). CME involves the canonical AP2 complex as a clathrin adaptor, while CIE requires RhoA-ROCK, Cdc42 and galectin-3, the latter indicating lectin-mediated internalization via clathrin-independent carriers (CLICs). Although different uptake routes appear to be partly interdependent, they cannot fully substitute for each other. Strikingly, inhibition of any internalization mechanism impaired activation of STAT3 but not of other downstream effectors of PDGFRβ. Our data indicate that multiple routes of internalization of PDGFRβ contribute to a transcriptional and mitogenic response of cells to PDGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Jastrzębski
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daria Zdżalik-Bielecka
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Mamińska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carina Hellberg
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Miaczynska
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Becerril JLM, Benítez JGS, Juárez JJT, Bañales JMG, Zerón HM, Navarro MDH. Evaluation of the Effect of 1,3-Bis(4-Phenyl)-1H-1,2,3-Triazolyl-2-Propanolol on Gene Expression Levels of JAK2–STAT3, NF-κB, and SOCS3 in Cells Cultured from Biopsies of Mammary Lesions. Biochem Genet 2015; 53:291-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s10528-015-9691-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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23
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Yang P, Qin Y, Bian C, Zhao Y, Zhang W. Intrathecal delivery of IL-6 reactivates the intrinsic growth capacity of pyramidal cells in the sensorimotor cortex after spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127772. [PMID: 25992975 PMCID: PMC4437647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the growth-promoting effect of intrathecal delivery of recombinant rat IL-6 immediately after corticospinal tract (CST) injury. Our present study aims to further clarify whether intrathecal delivery of IL-6 after CST injury could reactivate the intrinsic growth capacity of pyramidal cells in the sensorimotor cortex which project long axons to the spinal cord. We examined, by ELISA, levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), adenylyl cyclase (AC, which synthesizes cAMP), phosphodiesterases (PDE, which degrades cAMP), and, by RT-PCR, the expression of regeneration-associated genes in the rat sensorimotor cortex after intrathecal delivery of IL-6 for 7 days, started immediately after CST injury. Furthermore, we injected retrograde neuronal tracer Fluorogold (FG) to the spinal cord to label pyramidal cells in the sensorimotor cortex, layers V and VI, combined with βIII-tubulin immunostaining, then we analyzed by immunohistochemisty and western blot the expression of the co-receptor gp-130 of IL-6 family, and pSTAT3 and mTOR, downstream IL-6/JAK/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways respectively. We showed that intrathecal delivery of IL-6 elevated cAMP level and upregulated the expression of regeneration-associated genes including GAP-43, SPRR1A, CAP-23 and JUN-B, and the expression of pSTAT3 and mTOR in pyramidal cells of the sensorimotor cortex. In contrast, AG490, an inhibitor of JAK, partially blocked these effects of IL-6. All these results indicate that intrathecal delivery of IL-6 immediately after spinal cord injury can reactivate the intrinsic growth capacity of pyramidal cells in the sensorimotor cortex and these effects of IL-6 were partially JAK/STAT3-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu Qin
- Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R China
| | - Chen Bian
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R China
| | - Yandong Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, P.R China
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24
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The molecular basis for functional plasticity in type I interferon signaling. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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25
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Ge W, Li D, Gao Y, Cao X. The Roles of Lysosomes in Inflammation and Autoimmune Diseases. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 34:415-31. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2014.936587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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26
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Shravah J, Wang B, Pavlovic M, Kumar U, Chen DD, Luo H, Ansley DM. Propofol mediates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and crosstalk with phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT. JAKSTAT 2014; 3:e29554. [PMID: 25105067 PMCID: PMC4124059 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.29554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that propofol, an intravenous anesthetic with anti-oxidative properties, activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway to increase the expression of B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 and, therefore the anti-apoptotic potential on cardiomyocytes. Here, we wanted to determine if propofol can also activate the Janus kinase (JAK) 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 pathway, another branch of cardioprotective signaling. The cellular response of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and STAT3 was also evaluated. Cardiac H9c2 cells were treated by propofol alone or in combination with pretreatment by inhibitors for JAK2/STAT3 or PI3K/AKT pathway. STAT3 and AKT phosphorylation, and STAT3 translocation were measured by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Propofol treatment significantly increased STAT3 phosphorylation at both tyrosine 705 and serine 727 residues. Sustained early phosphorylation of STAT3 was observed with 25~75 μM propofol at 10 and 30 min. Nuclear translocation of STAT3 was seen at 4 h after treatment with 50 μM propofol. In cultured H9c2 cells, we further demonstrated that propofol-induced STAT3 phosphorylation was reduced by pretreatment with PI3K/AKT pathway inhibitors wortmannin or API-2. Conversely, pretreatment with JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibitor AG490 or stattic inhibited propofol-induced AKT phosphorylation. In addition, propofol induced NFκB p65 subunit perinuclear translocation. Inhibition or knockdown of STAT3 was associated with increased levels of the NFκB p65 subunit. Our results suggest that propofol induces an adaptive response by dual activation and crosstalk of cytoprotective PI3K/AKT and JAK2/STAT3 pathways. Rationale to apply propofol clinically as a preemptive cardioprotectant during cardiac surgery is supported by our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Shravah
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Baohua Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Marijana Pavlovic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Ujendra Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - David Dy Chen
- Department of Chemistry; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Honglin Luo
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation/Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - David M Ansley
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics; The University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
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27
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Moraga I, Spangler J, Mendoza JL, Garcia KC. Multifarious determinants of cytokine receptor signaling specificity. Adv Immunol 2014; 121:1-39. [PMID: 24388212 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800100-4.00001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines play crucial roles in regulating immune homeostasis. Two important characteristics of most cytokines are pleiotropy, defined as the ability of one cytokine to exhibit diverse functionalities, and redundancy, defined as the ability of multiple cytokines to exert overlapping activities. Identifying the determinants for unique cellular responses to cytokines in the face of shared receptor usage, pleiotropy, and redundancy will be essential in order to harness the potential of cytokines as therapeutics. Here, we discuss the biophysical (ligand-receptor geometry and affinity) and cellular (receptor trafficking and intracellular abundance of signaling molecules) parameters that contribute to the specificity of cytokine bioactivities. Whereas the role of extracellular ternary complex geometry in cytokine-induced signaling is still not completely elucidated, cytokine-receptor affinity is known to impact signaling through modulation of the stability and kinetics of ternary complex formation. Receptor trafficking also plays an important and likely underappreciated role in the diversification of cytokine bioactivities but it has been challenging to experimentally probe trafficking effects. We also review recent efforts to quantify levels of intracellular signaling components, as second messenger abundance can affect cytokine-induced bioactivities both quantitatively and qualitatively. We conclude by discussing the application of protein engineering to develop therapeutically relevant cytokines with reduced pleiotropy and redirected biological functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Moraga
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jamie Spangler
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Juan L Mendoza
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - K Christopher Garcia
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
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Sehgal PB. Non-genomic STAT5-dependent effects at the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and STAT6-GFP in mitochondria. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e24860. [PMID: 24470974 PMCID: PMC3894245 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.24860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STAT protein species are well-known as transcription factors that regulate nuclear gene expression. Recent novel lines of research suggest new non-genomic functions of STAT5A/B and STAT6. It was discovered in human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells that STAT5A, including STAT5A-GFP, constitutively associated with the Golgi apparatus, and both STAT5A and B with the endoplasmic reticulum. Acute siRNA-mediated knockdown of STAT5A/B led to the rapid development of a dramatic cystic change in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) characterized by deposition of the ER structural protein reticulon-4 (RTN4; also called Nogo-B) and the ER-resident GTPase atlastin-3 (ATL3) along cyst membranes and cyst-zone boundaries, accompanied by Golgi fragmentation. Functional consequences included reduced anterograde trafficking, an ER stress response (increased GRP78/BiP) and eventual mitochondrial fragmentation. This phenotype was "non-genomic" in that it was elicited in enucleated cytoplasts. In cross-immunopanning assays STAT5A and B species associated with ATL3, and the ER-lumen spacer CLIMP63 (also called cytoskeleton-associated protein 4, CKAP4) but not RTN4. From a disease significance perspective we posit that STAT5, which is known to be affected by estradiol-17β and prolactin, represents the gender-sensitive determinant in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (IPAH), a disease which includes ER/Golgi dysfunctions but with a 2- to 4-fold higher prevalence in postpubertal women. A separate line of recent research produced evidence for the association of STAT6-GFP, but not STAT3-GFP, STAT3-DsRed, or STAT3-Flag, with mitochondria in live-cell, immunofluorescence, and immunoelectron microscopy. An N-terminal truncation of STAT6-GFP (1-459), which lacked the SH2 domain and Tyr-phosphorylation site, constitutively associated with mitochondria. Thus, the emergent new of biology STAT proteins includes non-genomic roles-structurally and functionally-in the three closely related membrane organelles consisting of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin B Sehgal
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, and Medicine; New York Medical College; Valhalla, NY USA
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Berge T, Sørum Leikfoss I, Harbo HF. From Identification to Characterization of the Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility Gene CLEC16A. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4476-97. [PMID: 23439554 PMCID: PMC3634488 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14034476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system that develops in genetically susceptible individuals, probably triggered by common environmental factors. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci were early shown to confer the strongest genetic associations in MS. Now, more than 50 non-HLA MS susceptibility loci are identified, of which the majority are located in immune-regulatory genes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the C-type lectin-like domain family 16A (CLEC16A) gene were among the first non-HLA genetic variants that were confirmed to be associated with MS. Fine-mapping has indicated a primary association in MS and also other autoimmune diseases to intronic CLEC16A SNPs. Here, we review the identification of MS susceptibility variants in the CLEC16A gene region, functional studies of the CLEC16A molecule and the recent progress in understanding the implications thereof for MS development. This may serve as an example of the importance for further molecular investigation of the loci identified in genetic studies, with the aim to translate this knowledge into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Berge
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo 0407, Norway; E-Mails: (I.S.L.); (H.F.H.)
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0317, Norway
| | - Ingvild Sørum Leikfoss
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo 0407, Norway; E-Mails: (I.S.L.); (H.F.H.)
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0317, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0450, Norway
| | - Hanne F. Harbo
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo 0407, Norway; E-Mails: (I.S.L.); (H.F.H.)
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0450, Norway
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Adipose stromal cells primed with hypoxia and inflammation enhance cardiomyocyte proliferation rate in vitro through STAT3 and Erk1/2. J Transl Med 2013; 11:39. [PMID: 23406316 PMCID: PMC3586350 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental clinical stem cell therapy has been used for more than a decade to alleviate the adverse aftermath of acute myocardial infarction (aMI). The post-infarcted myocardial microenvironment is characterized by cardiomyocyte death, caused by ischemia and inflammation. These conditions may negatively affect administered stem cells. As postnatal cardiomyocytes have a poor proliferation rate, while induction of proliferation seems even more rare. Thus stimulation of their proliferation rate is essential after aMI. In metaplastic disease, the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been identified as potent mediators of the proliferation rate. We hypothesized that IL-6 could augment the proliferation rate of (slow-)dividing cardiomyocytes. Methods To mimic the behavior of therapeutic cells in the post-infarct cardiac microenvironment, human Adipose Derived Stromal Cells (ADSC) were cultured under hypoxic (2% O2) and pro-inflammatory conditions (IL-1β) for 24h. Serum-free conditioned medium from ADSC primed with hypoxia and/or IL-1β was added to rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and adult cardiomyocytes (HL-1) to assess paracrine-driven changes in cardiomyocyte proliferation rate and induction of myogenic signaling pathways. Results We demonstrate that ADSC enhance the proliferation rate of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and adult HL-1 cardiomyocytes in a paracrine fashion. ADSC under hypoxia and inflammation in vitro had increased the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene and protein expression. Similar to conditioned medium of ADSC, treatment of rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and HL-1 with recombinant IL-6 alone also stimulated their proliferation rate. This was corroborated by a strong decrease of cardiomyocyte proliferation after addition of IL-6 neutralizing antibody to conditioned medium of ADSC. The stimulatory effect of ADSC conditioned media or IL-6 was accomplished through activation of both Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) and Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) kinases (MAPK) mitogenic signaling pathways. Conclusion ADSC are promising therapeutic cells for cardiac stem cell therapy. The inflammatory and hypoxic host post-MI microenvironment enhances the regenerative potential of ADSC to promote the proliferation rate of cardiomyocytes. This was achieved in paracrine manner, which warrants the development of ADSC conditioned medium as an “of-the-shelf” product for treatment of post-myocardial infarction complications.
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Pálfy M, Reményi A, Korcsmáros T. Endosomal crosstalk: meeting points for signaling pathways. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 22:447-56. [PMID: 22796207 PMCID: PMC3430897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endocytosis participates in downregulating incoming signals, but 'signaling endosomes' may also serve as physical platforms for crosstalk between signaling pathways. Here, we briefly review the role of endosomes in signaling crosstalk and suggest that endosome-associated scaffold proteins mediate this crosstalk. In addition, using a proteome-wide in silico approach - in which we analyze endosome-binding properties and the capacity of candidates to recruit signaling proteins from more than one distinct pathway - we extend the list of putative crosstalk-mediating endosomal scaffolds. Because endosomal crosstalk may be an important systems-level regulator of pathway communication, scaffold proteins that mediate this crosstalk could be potential targets for pharmacological intervention and synthetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Pálfy
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Attila Reményi
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Tamás Korcsmáros
- Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 37-47, Budapest, H-1094, Hungary
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