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Yao Y, Liu Y, Xu Q, Mao L. Short Chain Fatty Acids: Essential Weapons of Traditional Medicine in Treating Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Molecules 2024; 29:379. [PMID: 38257292 PMCID: PMC10818876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent intestinal inflammatory disease, mainly including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In recent years, the incidence and prevalence of IBD have been on the rise worldwide and have become a significant concern of health and a huge economic burden on patients. The occurrence and development of IBD involve a variety of pathogenic factors. The changes in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are considered to be an important pathogenic mechanism of this disease. SCFAs are important metabolites in the intestinal microbial environment, which are closely involved in regulating immune, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory activities. Changes in metabolite levels can reflect the homeostasis of the intestinal microflora. Recent studies have shown that SCFAs provide energy for host cells and intestinal microflora, shape the intestinal environment, and regulate the immune system, thereby regulating intestinal physiology. SCFAs can effectively reduce the incidence of enteritis, cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, obesity, and diabetes, and also play an important role in maintaining the balance of energy metabolism (mainly glucose metabolism) and improving insulin tolerance. In recent years, many studies have shown that numerous decoctions and natural compounds of traditional Chinese medicine have shown promising therapeutic activities in multiple animal models of colitis and thus attracted increasing attention from scientists in the study of IBD treatment. Some of these traditional Chinese medicines or compounds can effectively alleviate colonic inflammation and clinical symptoms by regulating the generation of SCFAs. This study reviews the effects of various traditional Chinese medicines or bioactive substances on the production of SCFAs and their potential impacts on the severity of colonic inflammation. On this basis, we discussed the mechanism of SCFAs in regulating IBD-associated inflammation, as well as the related regulatory factors and signaling pathways. In addition, we provide our understanding of the limitations of current research and the prospects for future studies on the development of new IBD therapies by targeting SCFAs. This review may widen our understanding of the effect of traditional medicine from the view of SCFAs and their role in alleviating IBD animal models, thus contributing to the studies of IBD researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongchao Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiuyun Xu
- Basic Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Liming Mao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong 226001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.L.)
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Huang C, Deng W, Xu HZ, Zhou C, Zhang F, Chen J, Bao Q, Zhou X, Liu M, Li J, Liu C. Short-chain fatty acids reprogram metabolic profiles with the induction of reactive oxygen species production in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1606-1620. [PMID: 36874158 PMCID: PMC9975252 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) exhibit anticancer activity in cellular and animal models of colon cancer. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate are the three major SCFAs produced from dietary fiber by gut microbiota fermentation and have beneficial effects on human health. Most previous studies on the antitumor mechanisms of SCFAs have focused on specific metabolites or genes involved in antitumor pathways, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) biosynthesis. In this study, we performed a systematic and unbiased analysis of the effects of acetate, propionate, and butyrate on ROS levels and metabolic and transcriptomic signatures at physiological concentrations in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. We observed significantly elevated levels of ROS in the treated cells. Furthermore, significantly regulated signatures were involved in overlapping pathways at metabolic and transcriptomic levels, including ROS response and metabolism, fatty acid transport and metabolism, glucose response and metabolism, mitochondrial transport and respiratory chain complex, one-carbon metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, and glutaminolysis, which are directly or indirectly linked to ROS production. Additionally, metabolic and transcriptomic regulation occurred in a SCFAs types-dependent manner, with an increasing degree from acetate to propionate and then to butyrate. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of how SCFAs induce ROS production and modulate metabolic and transcriptomic levels in colon cancer cells, which is vital for understanding the mechanisms of the effects of SCFAs on antitumor activity in colon cancer.
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Key Words
- 1H–13C HMBC, 1H–13C Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation Spectroscopy
- 1H–13C HSQC, 1H–13C Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence Spectroscopy
- 1H–1H COSY, 1H–1H Correlation Spectroscopy
- 1H–1H TOCSY, 1H–1H Total Correlation Spectroscopy
- ADP, Adenosine diphosphate
- AMP, Adenosine monophosphate
- ATP, Adenosine triphosphate
- Ace, Acetate
- Ach, Acetylcholine
- Ala, Alanine
- CRC, Colorectal Cancer
- Caco-2, Human Colon Adenocarcinoma
- Cho, Choline
- CoA, Coenzyme A
- Cre, Creatine
- DCFH-DA, Dichloro-Dihydro-Fluorescein Diacetate
- DEGs, Differentially Expressed Genes
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium
- DMG, Dimethylglycine
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid
- EP, Eppendorf
- FA, Formate
- FDR, False Discovery Rate
- Fru, Fructose
- Fum, Fumaric acid
- GLS, Glutaminase
- GSEA, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis
- GSH, Glutathione
- Gal-1-P, Galactose-1-phosphate
- Glc, Glucose
- Gln, Glutamine
- Glu, Glutamate
- Gly, Glycine
- HCT116, Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Line
- HEK, Human Embryonic Kidney cells
- HT29, Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cell Line with Epithelial Morphology
- His, Histidine
- Ile, Isoleucine
- J-Res, J-resolved Spectroscopy
- LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase
- Lac, Lactate
- Leu, Leucine
- Lys, Lysine
- MCF-7, Human Breast Cancer Cell Line with Estrogen
- MCT, Monocarboxylate Transporters
- Met, Methionine
- MetS, Metabolic Syndrome
- Mitochondrial function
- NAD+, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NAG, N-Acetyl-L-Glutamine
- NMR, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- NMR-based Metabolomics
- NOESY, Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy
- O-PLS-DA, Orthogonal Projection to the Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis
- PA, Pantothenate
- PC, Phosphocholine
- PCA, Principal Component Analysis
- PDC, Pyruvate Decarboxylase
- PDK, Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase
- PKC, Protein Kinase C
- PPP, Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Phe, Phenylalanine
- Pyr, Pyruvate
- RNA, Ribonucleic Acid
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- RPKM, Reads per Kilobase of Transcript per Million Reads Mapped
- Reactive oxygen species
- SCFAs, Short Chain Fatty Acids
- SLC, Solute-Carrier Genes
- Short-chain fatty acids
- Suc, Succinate
- T2DM, Type 2 Diabetes
- TCA, Tricarboxylic Acid
- Tau, Taurine
- Thr, Threonine
- Transcriptomics
- Tyr, Tyrosine
- UDP, Uridine 5′-diphosphate
- UDP-GLC, UDP Glucose
- UDPG, UDP Glucuronate
- UDPGs, UDP Glucose and UDP Glucuronate
- UMP, Uridine 5′-monophosphate
- Val, Valine
- WST-1, Water-Soluble Tetrazolium salts
- dDNP, dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
- qRT-PCR, Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
- α-KIV, α-Keto-isovalerate
- α-KMV, α-keto-β-methyl-valerate
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjun Deng
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huan-Zhou Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chen Zhou
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinjia Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Maili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jing Li
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Optics Valley Laboratory, Hubei 430074, China
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Wang F, Xiaole L, Ma R, Zhao D, Liu S. Dual Oxidase System Genes Defects in Children With Congenital Hypothyroidism. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6149935. [PMID: 33631011 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of this study were to analyze the distribution of dual oxidase (DUOX) system genes (containing DUOX2, DUOX1, DUOXA2, and DUOXA1) variants in children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and their phenotypes. METHODS Target region sequencing technology was performed on DUOX system genes among 606 CH subjects covering all the exon and intron regions. Detailed clinical data were collected for statistical analysis. RESULTS A total of 95 suspected pathogenic variants were detected in the DUOX system genes, showing a 39.11% rate in variant carrying (237/606). DUOX2 had the highest rate in this study. There were statistical differences in maximum adjusted dose and current dose of levothyroxine between the DUOX system genes nonmutated group with the mutated group (both Ps < 0.001). The cases in the DUOX system genes mutated group were more likely to develop into transient CH (χ 2 = 23.155, P < 0.001) and more likely to manifested as goiter or gland-in-situ (χ 2 = 66.139, P < 0.001). In addition, there was no significant difference in clinical characteristics between DUOX system genes monoallelic and non-monoallelic. Although 20% of the variants affected the functional domain regions (EF hand, flavin adenine dinucleotide and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide binding sites), there was no significant effect on the phenotype severity whether the variation is located in the functional domain regions. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed the high variation rate of DUOX2 in the DUOX system genes among Chinese CH patients. The complex genotype-phenotype relationship of DUOX system genes broadened the understanding of CH phenotype spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqi Wang
- Department of Medical Genetic, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Xiaole
- Neonatal Screening Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruixin Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dehua Zhao
- Neonatal Screening Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiguo Liu
- Department of Medical Genetic, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Structures of human dual oxidase 1 complex in low-calcium and high-calcium states. Nat Commun 2021; 12:155. [PMID: 33420071 PMCID: PMC7794343 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20466-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual oxidases (DUOXs) produce hydrogen peroxide by transferring electrons from intracellular NADPH to extracellular oxygen. They are involved in many crucial biological processes and human diseases, especially in thyroid diseases. DUOXs are protein complexes co-assembled from the catalytic DUOX subunits and the auxiliary DUOXA subunits and their activities are regulated by intracellular calcium concentrations. Here, we report the cryo-EM structures of human DUOX1-DUOXA1 complex in both high-calcium and low-calcium states. These structures reveal the DUOX1 complex is a symmetric 2:2 hetero-tetramer stabilized by extensive inter-subunit interactions. Substrate NADPH and cofactor FAD are sandwiched between transmembrane domain and the cytosolic dehydrogenase domain of DUOX. In the presence of calcium ions, intracellular EF-hand modules might enhance the catalytic activity of DUOX by stabilizing the dehydrogenase domain in a conformation that allows electron transfer.
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5
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Giusti N, Gillotay P, Trubiroha A, Opitz R, Dumont JE, Costagliola S, De Deken X. Inhibition of the thyroid hormonogenic H 2O 2 production by Duox/DuoxA in zebrafish reveals VAS2870 as a new goitrogenic compound. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 500:110635. [PMID: 31678421 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis requires extracellular hydrogen peroxide generated by the NADPH oxidases, DUOX1 and DUOX2, with maturation factors, DUOXA1 and DUOXA2. In zebrafish, only one duox and one duoxa gene are present. Using a thyroid-specific reporter line, we investigated the role of Duox and Duoxa for TH biosynthesis in zebrafish larvae. Analysis of several zebrafish duox and duoxa mutant models consistently recovered hypothyroid phenotypes with hyperplastic goiter caused by impaired TH synthesis. Mutant larvae developed enlarged thyroids and showed increased expression of the EGFP reporter and thyroid functional markers including wild-type and mutated duox and duoxa transcripts. Treatment of zebrafish larvae with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor VAS2870 phenocopied the thyroid effects observed in duox or duoxa mutants. Additional functional in vitro assays corroborated the pharmacological inhibition of Duox activity by VAS2870. These data support the utility of this new experimental model to characterize endocrine disruptors of the thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Giusti
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pierre Gillotay
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Achim Trubiroha
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Present Address: German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department Chemicals and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robert Opitz
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Experimental Pediatric Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jacques-Emile Dumont
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sabine Costagliola
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Xavier De Deken
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
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Henríquez-Olguín C, Boronat S, Cabello-Verrugio C, Jaimovich E, Hidalgo E, Jensen TE. The Emerging Roles of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 2 in Skeletal Muscle Redox Signaling and Metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1371-1410. [PMID: 31588777 PMCID: PMC6859696 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Skeletal muscle is a crucial tissue to whole-body locomotion and metabolic health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as intracellular messengers participating in both physiological and pathological adaptations in skeletal muscle. A complex interplay between ROS-producing enzymes and antioxidant networks exists in different subcellular compartments of mature skeletal muscle. Recent evidence suggests that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are a major source of contraction- and insulin-stimulated oxidants production, but they may paradoxically also contribute to muscle insulin resistance and atrophy. Recent Advances: Pharmacological and molecular biological tools, including redox-sensitive probes and transgenic mouse models, have generated novel insights into compartmentalized redox signaling and suggested that NOX2 contributes to redox control of skeletal muscle metabolism. Critical Issues: Major outstanding questions in skeletal muscle include where NOX2 activation occurs under different conditions in health and disease, how NOX2 activation is regulated, how superoxide/hydrogen peroxide generated by NOX2 reaches the cytosol, what the signaling mediators are downstream of NOX2, and the role of NOX2 for different physiological and pathophysiological processes. Future Directions: Future research should utilize and expand the current redox-signaling toolbox to clarify the NOX2-dependent mechanisms in skeletal muscle and determine whether the proposed functions of NOX2 in cells and animal models are conserved into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henríquez-Olguín
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Rocco-Machado N, Cosentino-Gomes D, Nascimento MT, Paes-Vieira L, Khan YA, Mittra B, Andrews NW, Meyer-Fernandes JR. Leishmania amazonensis ferric iron reductase (LFR1) is a bifunctional enzyme: Unveiling a NADPH oxidase activity. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:341-353. [PMID: 31446054 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis is one of leishmaniasis' causative agents, a disease that has no cure and leads to the appearance of cutaneous lesions. Recently, our group showed that heme activates a Na+/K+ ATPase in these parasites through a signaling cascade involving hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation. Heme has a pro-oxidant activity and signaling capacity, but the mechanism by which this molecule increases H2O2 levels in L. amazonensis has not been elucidated. Here we investigated the source of H2O2 stimulated by heme, ruling out the participation of mitochondria and raising the possibility of a role for a NADPH oxidase (Nox) activity. Despite the absence of a classical Nox sequence in trypanosomatid genomes, L. amazonensis expresses a surface ferric iron reductase (LFR1). Interestingly, Nox enzymes are thought to have evolved from ferric iron reductases because they share same core domain and are very similar in structure. The main difference is that Nox catalyses electron flow from NADPH to oxygen, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), while ferric iron reductase promotes electron flow to ferric iron, generating ferrous iron. Using L. amazonensis overexpressing or knockout for LFR1 and heterologous expression of LFR1 in mammalian embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells, we show that this enzyme is bifunctional, being able to generate both ferrous iron and H2O2. It was previously described that protozoans knockout for LFR1 have their differentiation to virulent forms (amastigote and metacyclic promastigote) impaired. In this work, we observed that LFR1 overexpression stimulates protozoan differentiation to amastigote forms, reinforcing the importance of this enzyme in L. amazonensis life cycle regulation. Thus, we not only identified a new source of ROS production in Leishmania, but also described, for the first time, an enzyme with both ferric iron reductase and Nox activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rocco-Machado
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D Cosentino-Gomes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - M T Nascimento
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - L Paes-Vieira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Y A Khan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, United States
| | - B Mittra
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, United States
| | - N W Andrews
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 20742, College Park, MD, United States
| | - J R Meyer-Fernandes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, 21941-590, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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The Dual Oxidase Duox2 stabilized with DuoxA2 in an enzymatic complex at the surface of the cell produces extracellular H 2O 2 able to induce DNA damage in an inducible cellular model. Exp Cell Res 2019; 384:111620. [PMID: 31513783 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.111620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone synthesis requires H2O2, produced by two NADPH oxidases, Duox1 and Duox2. To be fully active at the apical pole of the thyrocytes, these enzymes need additional maturation factors DuoxA1 and DuoxA2. The proteins have been shown to be localized at the cell surface, suggesting that they could form a complex with Duox counterparts. We have generated multiple HEK293 Tet-On3G cell lines that express various combinations of DuoxA upon doxycycline induction, in association with a constitutive expression of the Duox enzyme. We compared Duox specific activity, Duox/DuoxA cell surface interactions and the cellular consequences of sustained H2O2 generation. By normalizing H2O2 extracellular production by Duox or DuoxA membrane expression, we have demonstrated that the most active enzymatic complex is Duox2/DuoxA2, compared to Duox1/DuoxA1. A direct cell surface interaction was shown between Duox1/2 and both DuoxA1 and DuoxA2 using the Duolink® technology, Duox1/DuoxA1 and Duox2/DuoxA2 membrane complexes being more stable than the unpaired ones. A significant increase in DNA damage was observed in the nuclei of Duox2/DuoxA2 expressing cells after doxycycline induction and stimulation of Duox catalytic activity. The maturation and activity of Duox2 were drastically impaired when expressed with the glycosylation-defective maturation factor DuoxA2, while the impact of the unglycosylated DuoxA1 mutant on Duox1 membrane expression and activity was rather limited. The present data demonstrate for the first time that H2O2 produced by the Duox2/DuoxA2 cell surface enzymatic complex could provoke potential mutagenic DNA damage in an inducible cellular model, and highlight the importance of the co-expressed partner in the activity and stability of Duox/DuoxA complexes.
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9
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Purification and Characterization of DUOX Peroxidase Homology Domains (PHDs). Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31172466 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9424-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The dual oxidase (DUOX) enzymes (DUOX1 and DUOX2) are unique hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-producing members of the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family, structurally distinguished from their related NOX isoforms by the presence of an additional N-terminal extracellular domain. This region has significant sequence and predicted structural homology to mammalian peroxidases, including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and lactoperoxidase (LPO), therefore justifying the nomenclature of the peroxidase homology domain (PHD). Obtaining detailed structural information and defining a function for this appended region are both critical for elucidation of the uncharacterized mechanism of H2O2 production by DUOX proteins. Purification strategies focused on isolated sections of each DUOX enzyme are a logical means to further characterization, particularly as isolation of the complete membrane-bound enzyme in significant quantities remains unachievable. In this chapter, a reproducible method for production of the homology domain applicable to both human DUOX isoforms is described. The approach utilizes a baculovirus expression vector in insect cell culture to produce secreted recombinant PHD; an appended C-terminal His6 affinity tag was found to be crucial for structural stability. Finally, initial characterization of the activity of the purified PHDs is also described.
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Peters C, Nicholas AK, Schoenmakers E, Lyons G, Langham S, Serra EG, Sebire NJ, Muzza M, Fugazzola L, Schoenmakers N. DUOX2/ DUOXA2 Mutations Frequently Cause Congenital Hypothyroidism that Evades Detection on Newborn Screening in the United Kingdom. Thyroid 2019; 29:790-801. [PMID: 31044655 PMCID: PMC6588112 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Background: The etiology, course, and most appropriate management of borderline congenital hypothyroidism (CH) are poorly defined, such that the optimal threshold for diagnosis with bloodspot screening thyrotropin (bsTSH) measurement remains controversial. Dual oxidase 2 (DUOX2) mutations may initially cause borderline elevation of bsTSH, which later evolves into significant hypothyroidism on venous blood measurement. It was hypothesized that mutations in both DUOX2 and its accessory protein DUOXA2 may occur frequently, even in patients with borderline bsTSH elevation, such that higher diagnostic thresholds in bsTSH screening may fail to detect such cases, with consequent risk of undiagnosed neonatal hypothyroidism of sufficient magnitude to require thyroxine therapy. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and characteristics of DUOX2 and DUOXA2 mutations in a borderline CH cohort. Methods: A cross-sectional study of patients with borderline CH was undertaken at Great Ormond Street Hospital, a tertiary British pediatric center. DUOX2 was sequenced in 52 patients with a bsTSH of 6-19.9 mIU/L, venous TSH of >25 mIU/L, and eutopic thyroid gland in situ. DUOXA2 was sequenced in DUOX2 mutation-negative cases, and novel DUOXA2 mutations were functionally characterized. Results: A total of 26 (50%) patients harbored likely pathogenic mutations in DUOX2 (n = 20; 38%) or DUOXA2 (n = 6; 12%), including novel gene variants (DUOX2, n = 3; DUOXA2, n = 7). Two recurrent DUOX2 mutations (p.Q570L, p.F966Sfs*29) occurred frequently in population databases (MAF ≥0.01). Despite bsTSH being <10 mIU/L in 46% of DUOX2 and DUOXA2 mutation-positive cases, venous free thyroxine levels in these patients were in the moderate CH range (M = 9.3 pmol/L, range <3.9-15.8 pmol/L), Conclusions: Targeted DUOX2 and DUOXA2 sequencing in a borderline CH cohort has a high diagnostic yield. These findings might argue for a lowering of bsTSH thresholds, but follow-up studies are required to assess whether cases with borderline bsTSH harboring DUOX2/DUOXA2 mutations will benefit from an early diagnosis and subsequent levothyroxine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Peters
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adeline K. Nicholas
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greta Lyons
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley Langham
- Department of Endocrinology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva G. Serra
- Department of Human Genetics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Sebire
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Muzza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Fugazzola
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Schoenmakers
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Address correspondence to: Nadia Schoenmakers, PhD, University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Box 289, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Ueyama T. Rho-Family Small GTPases: From Highly Polarized Sensory Neurons to Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020092. [PMID: 30696065 PMCID: PMC6406560 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPases of the Rho-family (Rho-family GTPases) have various physiological functions, including cytoskeletal regulation, cell polarity establishment, cell proliferation and motility, transcription, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and tumorigenesis. A relatively large number of downstream targets of Rho-family GTPases have been reported for in vitro studies. However, only a small number of signal pathways have been established at the in vivo level. Cumulative evidence for the functions of Rho-family GTPases has been reported for in vivo studies using genetically engineered mouse models. It was based on different cell- and tissue-specific conditional genes targeting mice. In this review, we introduce recent advances in in vivo studies, including human patient trials on Rho-family GTPases, focusing on highly polarized sensory organs, such as the cochlea, which is the primary hearing organ, host defenses involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and tumorigenesis (especially associated with RAC, novel RAC1-GSPT1 signaling, RHOA, and RHOBTB2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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12
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Abstract
Extracellular hydrogen peroxide is required for thyroperoxidase-mediated thyroid hormone synthesis in the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland. Among the NADPH oxidases, dual oxidases, DUOX1 and DUOX2, constitute a distinct subfamily initially identified as thyroid oxidases, based on their level of expression in the thyroid. Despite their high sequence similarity, the two isoforms present distinct regulations, tissue expression, and catalytic functions. Inactivating mutations in many of the genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis cause thyroid dyshormonogenesis associated with iodide organification defect. This chapter provides an overview of the genetic alterations in DUOX2 and its maturation factor, DUOXA2, causing inherited severe hypothyroidism that clearly demonstrate the physiological implication of this oxidase in thyroid hormonogenesis. Mutations in the DUOX2 gene have been described in permanent but also in transient forms of congenital hypothyroidism. Moreover, accumulating evidence demonstrates that the high phenotypic variability associated with altered DUOX2 function is not directly related to the number of inactivated DUOX2 alleles, suggesting the existence of other pathophysiological factors. The presence of two DUOX isoforms and their corresponding maturation factors in the same organ could certainly constitute an efficient redundant mechanism to maintain sufficient H2O2 supply for iodide organification. Many of the reported DUOX2 missense variants have not been functionally characterized, their clinical impact in the observed phenotype remaining unresolved, especially in mild transient congenital hypothyroidism. DUOX2 function should be carefully evaluated using an in vitro assay wherein (1) DUOXA2 is co-expressed, (2) H2O2 production is activated, (3) and DUOX2 membrane expression is precisely analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier De Deken
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Françoise Miot
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Antimicrobial actions of dual oxidases and lactoperoxidase. J Microbiol 2018; 56:373-386. [PMID: 29858825 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-7545-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The NOX/DUOX family of NADPH oxidases are transmembrane proteins generating reactive oxygen species as their primary enzymatic products. NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1-5 and Dual oxidase (DUOX) 1 and 2 are members of this family. These enzymes have several biological functions including immune defense, hormone biosynthesis, fertilization, cell proliferation and differentiation, extracellular matrix formation and vascular regulation. They are found in a variety of tissues such as the airways, salivary glands, colon, thyroid gland and lymphoid organs. The discovery of NADPH oxidases has drastically transformed our view of the biology of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress. Roles of several isoforms including DUOX1 and DUOX2 in host innate immune defense have been implicated and are still being uncovered. DUOX enzymes highly expressed in the respiratory and salivary gland epithelium have been proposed as the major sources of hydrogen peroxide supporting mucosal oxidative antimicrobial defenses. In this review, we shortly present data on DUOX discovery, structure and function, and provide a detailed, up-to-date summary of discoveries regarding antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic functions of DUOX enzymes. We also present all the literature describing the immune functions of lactoperoxidase, an enzyme working in partnership with DUOX to produce antimicrobial substances.
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14
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Zhang WY, Niu CJ, Chen BJ, Storey KB. Digital Gene Expression Profiling reveals transcriptional responses to acute cold stress in Chinese soft-shelled turtle Pelodiscus sinensis juveniles. Cryobiology 2018; 81:43-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Forte M, Palmerio S, Yee D, Frati G, Sciarretta S. Functional Role of Nox4 in Autophagy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 982:307-326. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55330-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Chiamolera MI, Pazos-Moura CC, Wondisford FE. Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:1387-428. [PMID: 27347897 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis determines the set point of thyroid hormone (TH) production. Hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates the synthesis and secretion of pituitary thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH), which acts at the thyroid to stimulate all steps of TH biosynthesis and secretion. The THs thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) control the secretion of TRH and TSH by negative feedback to maintain physiological levels of the main hormones of the HPT axis. Reduction of circulating TH levels due to primary thyroid failure results in increased TRH and TSH production, whereas the opposite occurs when circulating THs are in excess. Other neural, humoral, and local factors modulate the HPT axis and, in specific situations, determine alterations in the physiological function of the axis. The roles of THs are vital to nervous system development, linear growth, energetic metabolism, and thermogenesis. THs also regulate the hepatic metabolism of nutrients, fluid balance and the cardiovascular system. In cells, TH actions are mediated mainly by nuclear TH receptors (210), which modify gene expression. T3 is the preferred ligand of THR, whereas T4, the serum concentration of which is 100-fold higher than that of T3, undergoes extra-thyroidal conversion to T3. This conversion is catalyzed by 5'-deiodinases (D1 and D2), which are TH-activating enzymes. T4 can also be inactivated by conversion to reverse T3, which has very low affinity for THR, by 5-deiodinase (D3). The regulation of deiodinases, particularly D2, and TH transporters at the cell membrane control T3 availability, which is fundamental for TH action. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1387-1428, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania M Ortiga-Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria I Chiamolera
- Department of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmen C Pazos-Moura
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fredic E Wondisford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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O'Neill S, Brault J, Stasia MJ, Knaus UG. Genetic disorders coupled to ROS deficiency. Redox Biol 2015; 6:135-156. [PMID: 26210446 PMCID: PMC4550764 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the redox balance between generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for health. Disturbances such as continuously elevated ROS levels will result in oxidative stress and development of disease, but likewise, insufficient ROS production will be detrimental to health. Reduced or even complete loss of ROS generation originates mainly from inactivating variants in genes encoding for NADPH oxidase complexes. In particular, deficiency in phagocyte Nox2 oxidase function due to genetic variants (CYBB, CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4) has been recognized as a direct cause of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited immune disorder. More recently, additional diseases have been linked to functionally altered variants in genes encoding for other NADPH oxidases, such as for DUOX2/DUOXA2 in congenital hypothyroidism, or for the Nox2 complex, NOX1 and DUOX2 as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. A comprehensive overview of novel developments in terms of Nox/Duox-deficiency disorders is presented, combined with insights gained from structure-function studies that will aid in predicting functional defects of clinical variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O'Neill
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Brault
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Jose Stasia
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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18
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Altenhöfer S, Radermacher KA, Kleikers PWM, Wingler K, Schmidt HHHW. Evolution of NADPH Oxidase Inhibitors: Selectivity and Mechanisms for Target Engagement. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:406-27. [PMID: 24383718 PMCID: PMC4543484 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidative stress, an excess of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production versus consumption, may be involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases. The only known enzymes solely dedicated to ROS generation are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases with their catalytic subunits (NOX). After the clinical failure of most antioxidant trials, NOX inhibitors are the most promising therapeutic option for diseases associated with oxidative stress. RECENT ADVANCES Historical NADPH oxidase inhibitors, apocynin and diphenylene iodonium, are un-specific and not isoform selective. Novel NOX inhibitors stemming from rational drug discovery approaches, for example, GKT137831, ML171, and VAS2870, show improved specificity for NADPH oxidases and moderate NOX isoform selectivity. Along with NOX2 docking sequence (NOX2ds)-tat, a peptide-based inhibitor, the use of these novel small molecules in animal models has provided preliminary in vivo evidence for a pathophysiological role of specific NOX isoforms. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we discuss whether novel NOX inhibitors enable reliable validation of NOX isoforms' pathological roles and whether this knowledge supports translation into pharmacological applications. Modern NOX inhibitors have increased the evidence for pathophysiological roles of NADPH oxidases. However, in comparison to knockout mouse models, NOX inhibitors have limited isoform selectivity. Thus, their use does not enable clear statements on the involvement of individual NOX isoforms in a given disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The development of isoform-selective NOX inhibitors and biologicals will enable reliable validation of specific NOX isoforms in disease models other than the mouse. Finally, GKT137831, the first NOX inhibitor in clinical development, is poised to provide proof of principle for the clinical potential of NOX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Altenhöfer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim A Radermacher
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pamela W M Kleikers
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kirstin Wingler
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University , Maastricht, the Netherlands
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19
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Ueyama T, Sakuma M, Ninoyu Y, Hamada T, Dupuy C, Geiszt M, Leto TL, Saito N. The extracellular A-loop of dual oxidases affects the specificity of reactive oxygen species release. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:6495-506. [PMID: 25586178 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.592717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (Nox) family proteins produce superoxide (O2 (⨪)) directly by transferring an electron to molecular oxygen. Dual oxidases (Duoxes) also produce an O2 (⨪) intermediate, although the final species secreted by mature Duoxes is H2O2, suggesting that intramolecular O2 (⨪) dismutation or other mechanisms contribute to H2O2 release. We explored the structural determinants affecting reactive oxygen species formation by Duox enzymes. Duox2 showed O2 (⨪) leakage when mismatched with Duox activator 1 (DuoxA1). Duox2 released O2 (⨪) even in correctly matched combinations, including Duox2 + DuoxA2 and Duox2 + N-terminally tagged DuoxA2 regardless of the type or number of tags. Conversely, Duox1 did not release O2 (⨪) in any combination. Chimeric Duox2 possessing the A-loop of Duox1 showed no O2 (⨪) leakage; chimeric Duox1 possessing the A-loop of Duox2 released O2 (⨪). Moreover, Duox2 proteins possessing the A-loops of Nox1 or Nox5 co-expressed with DuoxA2 showed enhanced O2 (⨪) release, and Duox1 proteins possessing the A-loops of Nox1 or Nox5 co-expressed with DuoxA1 acquired O2 (⨪) leakage. Although we identified Duox1 A-loop residues (His(1071), His(1072), and Gly(1074)) important for reducing O2 (⨪) release, mutations of these residues to those of Duox2 failed to convert Duox1 to an O2 (⨪)-releasing enzyme. Using immunoprecipitation and endoglycosidase H sensitivity assays, we found that the A-loop of Duoxes binds to DuoxA N termini, creating more stable, mature Duox-DuoxA complexes. In conclusion, the A-loops of both Duoxes support H2O2 production through interaction with corresponding activators, but complex formation between the Duox1 A-loop and DuoxA1 results in tighter control of H2O2 release by the enzyme complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Ueyama
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan,
| | - Megumi Sakuma
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuzuru Ninoyu
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hamada
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Corinne Dupuy
- CNRS UMR8200 Laboratoire Stabilité Génétique et Oncogenèse, Université Paris-Sud, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif 94805, France
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary, "Lendület" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1444 Budapest, Hungary, and
| | - Thomas L Leto
- Molecular Defenses Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852
| | - Naoaki Saito
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan,
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De Deken X, Corvilain B, Dumont JE, Miot F. Roles of DUOX-mediated hydrogen peroxide in metabolism, host defense, and signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2776-93. [PMID: 24161126 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Among the NADPH oxidases, the dual oxidases, DUOX1 and DUOX2, constitute a distinct subfamily initially called thyroid oxidases, based on their high level of expression in thyroid tissue. Genetic alterations causing inherited hypothyroidism clearly demonstrate their physiological implication in thyroid hormonogenesis. However, a growing list of biological functions triggered by DUOX-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) in highly differentiated mucosae have recently emerged. RECENT ADVANCES A role of DUOX enzymes as ROS providers for lactoperoxidase-mediated killing of invading pathogens has been well established and a role in bacteria chemorepulsion has been proposed. Control of DUOX expression and activity by inflammatory molecules and immune receptor activation consolidates their contributions to innate immune defense of mucosal surfaces. Recent studies conducted in ancestral organisms have identified effectors of DUOX redox signaling involved in wound healing including epithelium regeneration and leukocyte recruitment. Moreover, local generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by DUOX has also been suggested to constitute a positive feedback loop to promote receptor signaling activation. CRITICAL ISSUES A correct balance between H2O2 generation and detoxification mechanisms must be properly maintained to avoid oxidative damages. Overexpression of DUOX genes has been associated with an increasing number of chronic inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, H2O2-mediated DNA damage supports a mutagenic function promoting tumor development. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite the high sequence similarity shared between DUOX1 and DUOX2, the two isoforms present distinct regulations, tissue expression and catalytic functions. The phenotypic characterization of novel DUOX/DUOXA invalidated animal models will be very useful for defining their medical importance in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier De Deken
- Faculté de Médecine, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Brussels, Belgium
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DUOX2 and DUOXA2 form the predominant enzyme system capable of producing the reactive oxygen species H2O2 in active ulcerative colitis and are modulated by 5-aminosalicylic acid. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014; 20:514-24. [PMID: 24492313 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000442012.45038.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species, such as H2O2, are part of the intestinal innate immune system but may drive carcinogenesis through DNA damage. We sought to identify the predominant enzyme system capable of producing H2O2 in active ulcerative colitis and assess whether it is affected by 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA). METHODS We studied human mucosal biopsies by expression arrays, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for NADPH oxidase family members, in situ hybridization (DUOX2 and DUOXA2) and immunofluorescence for DUOX, 8-OHdG (DNA damage), and γH2AX (DNA damage response) and sought effects of 5-ASA on ex vivo cultured biopsies and cultured rectal cancer cells. RESULTS DUOX2 with maturation partner DUOXA2 forms the predominant system for H2O2 production in human colon and is upregulated in active colitis. DUOX2 in situ is exclusively epithelial, varies between and within individual crypts, and increases near inflammation. 8-OHdG and γH2AX were observed in damaged crypt epithelium. 5-ASA upregulated DUOX2 and DUOXA2 levels in the setting of active versus quiescent disease and altered DUOX2 expression in cultured biopsies. Ingenuity pathway analysis confirmed that inflammation status and 5-ASA increase expression of DUOX2 and DUOXA2. An epithelial cell model confirmed that cultured cancer cells expressed DUOX protein and produced H2O2 in response to hypoxia and 5-ASA exposure. CONCLUSIONS Both DUOX2 and DUOXA2 expression are involved specifically in inflammation and are regulated on a crypt-by-crypt basis in ulcerative colitis tissues. Synergy between inflammation, hypoxia, and 5-ASA to increase H2O2 production could explain how 5-ASA supports innate defense, although potentially increasing the burden of DNA damage.
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Wrzaczek M, Brosché M, Kangasjärvi J. ROS signaling loops - production, perception, regulation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:575-82. [PMID: 23876676 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are recognized as important signaling components in a wide range of processes in plants and most other organisms. Reactive oxygen species are produced in different subcellular compartments in response to specific stimuli and the production is under tight control in order to avoid detrimental side-effects. Calcium signaling, protein phosphorylation and other signaling pathways are intimately involved in the control and coordination of reactive oxygen production. Any signal that should result in a specific response must eventually be perceived. Direct redox modification of transcription factors and other proteins are critical for the perception of intracellular reactive oxygen species; however, sensing of their extracellular counterparts awaits elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wrzaczek
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Nauseef WM. Detection of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide production by cellular NADPH oxidases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:757-67. [PMID: 23660153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recent recognition that isoforms of the cellular NADPH-dependent oxidases, collectively known as the NOX protein family, participate in a wide range of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes in both the animal and plant kingdoms has stimulated interest in the identification, localization, and quantitation of their products in biological settings. Although several tools for measuring oxidants released extracellularly are available, the specificity and selectivity of the methods for reliable analysis of intracellular oxidants have not matched the enthusiasm for studying NOX proteins. SCOPE OF REVIEW Focusing exclusively on superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide produced by NOX proteins, this review describes the ideal probe for analysis of O2(-) and H2O2 generated extracellularly and intracellularly by NOX proteins. An overview of the components, organization, and topology of NOX proteins provides a rationale for applying specific probes for use and a context in which to interpret results and thereby construct plausible models linking NOX-derived oxidants to biological responses. The merits and shortcomings of methods currently in use to assess NOX activity are highlighted, and those assays that provide quantitation of superoxide or H2O2 are contrasted with those intended to examine spatial and temporal aspects of NOX activity. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Although interest in measuring the extracellular and intracellular products of the NOX protein family is great, robust analytical probes are limited. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The widespread involvement of NOX proteins in many biological processes requires rigorous approaches to the detection, localization, and quantitation of the oxidants produced. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Current methods to study reactive oxygen species - pros and cons and biophysics of membrane proteins. Guest Editor: Christine Winterbourn.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program and Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA.
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Colin IM, Denef JF, Lengelé B, Many MC, Gérard AC. Recent insights into the cell biology of thyroid angiofollicular units. Endocr Rev 2013; 34:209-38. [PMID: 23349248 PMCID: PMC3610675 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In thyrocytes, cell polarity is of crucial importance for proper thyroid function. Many intrinsic mechanisms of self-regulation control how the key players involved in thyroid hormone (TH) biosynthesis interact in apical microvilli, so that hazardous biochemical processes may occur without detriment to the cell. In some pathological conditions, this enzymatic complex is disrupted, with some components abnormally activated into the cytoplasm, which can lead to further morphological and functional breakdown. When iodine intake is altered, autoregulatory mechanisms outside the thyrocytes are activated. They involve adjacent capillaries that, together with thyrocytes, form the angiofollicular units (AFUs) that can be considered as the functional and morphological units of the thyroid. In response to iodine shortage, a rapid expansion of the microvasculature occurs, which, in addition to nutrients and oxygen, optimizes iodide supply. These changes are triggered by angiogenic signals released from thyrocytes via a reactive oxygen species/hypoxia-inducible factor/vascular endothelial growth factor pathway. When intra- and extrathyrocyte autoregulation fails, other forms of adaptation arise, such as euthyroid goiters. From onset, goiters are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous due to the polyclonal nature of the cells, with nodules distributed around areas of quiescent AFUs containing globules of compact thyroglobulin (Tg) and surrounded by a hypotrophic microvasculature. Upon TSH stimulation, quiescent AFUs are activated with Tg globules undergoing fragmentation into soluble Tg, proteins involved in TH biosynthesis being expressed and the local microvascular network extending. Over time and depending on physiological needs, AFUs may undergo repetitive phases of high, moderate, or low cell and tissue activity, which may ultimately culminate in multinodular goiters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ides M Colin
- Pôle de Morphologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Secteur des Sciences de la Santé, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), UCL-5251, 52 Avenue E. Mounier, B-1200, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Paletta-Silva R, Rocco-Machado N, Meyer-Fernandes JR. NADPH oxidase biology and the regulation of tyrosine kinase receptor signaling and cancer drug cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:3683-704. [PMID: 23434665 PMCID: PMC3588065 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14023683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The outdated idea that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are only dangerous products of cellular metabolism, causing toxic and mutagenic effects on cellular components, is being replaced by the view that ROS have several important functions in cell signaling. In aerobic organisms, ROS can be generated from different sources, including the mitochondrial electron transport chain, xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase, and lipoxygenase, but the only enzyme family that produces ROS as its main product is the NADPH oxidase family (NOX enzymes). These transfer electrons from NADPH (converting it to NADP-) to oxygen to make O(2)•-. Due to their stability, the products of NADPH oxidase, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide are considered the most favorable ROS to act as signaling molecules. Transcription factors that regulate gene expression involved in carcinogenesis are modulated by NADPH oxidase, and it has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapies. The present review discusses the mechanisms by which NADPH oxidase regulates signal transduction pathways in view of tyrosine kinase receptors, which are pivotal to regulating the hallmarks of cancer, and how ROS mediate the cytotoxicity of several cancer drugs employed in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Paletta-Silva
- Clinical Research Coordination, Nacional Institute of Cancer (INCA), André Cavalcanti Street, 37, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20231-050, Brazil
| | - Nathália Rocco-Machado
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, University City, Fundão Island, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
- Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Bloco H, University City, Fundão Island, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
| | - José Roberto Meyer-Fernandes
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Bloco H, University City, Fundão Island, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
- Institute of National Science and Technology of Structural Biology and Bioimage (INCTBEB), CCS, Bloco H, University City, Fundão Island, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil
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