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Yu Q, Ding J, Li S, Li Y. Autophagy in cancer immunotherapy: Perspective on immune evasion and cell death interactions. Cancer Lett 2024; 590:216856. [PMID: 38583651 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Both the innate and adaptive immune systems work together to produce immunity. Cancer immunotherapy is a novel approach to tumor suppression that has arisen in response to the ineffectiveness of traditional treatments like radiation and chemotherapy. On the other hand, immune evasion can diminish immunotherapy's efficacy. There has been a lot of focus in recent years on autophagy and other underlying mechanisms that impact the possibility of cancer immunotherapy. The primary feature of autophagy is the synthesis of autophagosomes, which engulf cytoplasmic components and destroy them by lysosomal degradation. The planned cell death mechanism known as autophagy can have opposite effects on carcinogenesis, either increasing or decreasing it. It is autophagy's job to maintain the balance and proper functioning of immune cells like B cells, T cells, and others. In addition, autophagy controls whether macrophages adopt the immunomodulatory M1 or M2 phenotype. The ability of autophagy to control the innate and adaptive immune systems is noteworthy. Interleukins and chemokines are immunological checkpoint chemicals that autophagy regulates. Reducing antigen presentation to induce immunological tolerance is another mechanism by which autophagy promotes cancer survival. Therefore, targeting autophagy is of importance for enhancing potential of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiajun Ding
- Department of Thyroid, Breast and Vascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shisen Li
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yunlong Li
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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2
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Lv M, Wang Y, Yu J, Kong Y, Zhou H, Zhang A, Wang X. Grass carp Il-2 promotes neutrophil extracellular traps formation via inducing ROS production and autophagy in vitro. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 144:109261. [PMID: 38040137 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 has been reported to regulate neutrophil functions in humans, mice, pigs and chicken although it is a key regulator of T cells. Consistently, we found that grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) interleukin-2 (gcIl-2) is capable of modulating the antimicrobial activities of neutrophils via regulating granzyme B- and perforin-like gene expression in our previous study. In the present study, stimulation of gcIl-2 on neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation in grass carp neutrophils was demonstrated by detecting free DNA release, histone H3 citrullination and morphological changes of the cells. Further investigation revealed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from NADPH oxidase but not mitochondria was involved in NETosis induced by gcIl-2. Aside from ROS, autophagy was disclosed to be indispensable for NETosis induced by gcIl-2. These converging lines of evidence suggested that fish Il-2 could induce NETs formation via NADPH oxidase-derived ROS- and autophagy-dependent pathways in fish species which is evolutionarily conserved with that in mammals. It is noteworthy that these two pathways did not interplay with each other in Il-2-stimulated NETosis. The mechanisms governing autophagy induced by Il-2 were also explored in the present study, showing that Il-2 modulated the action of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein to stimulate autophagy, leading to NETs formation in fish neutrophils. These results provided a new insight to the function of Il-2 in fish neutrophils, and a clue about the regulation of NETosis in the lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Lv
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhi Yu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyun Kong
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Anying Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Learmonth M, Corker A, Dasgupta S, DeLeon-Pennell KY. Regulation of cardiac fibroblasts by lymphocytes after a myocardial infarction: playing in the major league. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H553-H561. [PMID: 37450290 PMCID: PMC10538980 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00250.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a pathological condition characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components within the myocardium, which can lead to impaired cardiac function and heart failure. Studies have shown that lymphocytes including B and T cells play important roles in the development and progression of cardiac fibrosis after a myocardial infarction. In this review, we focus on the regulation of cardiac fibrosis by lymphocyte subsets, with a particular emphasis on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and their effects on fibroblasts and cardiac remodeling. We also highlight areas for further exploration of the interactions between T cells and fibroblasts necessary for understanding and treating cardiac fibrosis and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Learmonth
- College of Graduate Studies, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Alexa Corker
- College of Graduate Studies, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Shaoni Dasgupta
- College of Graduate Studies, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
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Vasalou V, Kotidis E, Tatsis D, Boulogeorgou K, Grivas I, Koliakos G, Cheva A, Ioannidis O, Tsingotjidou A, Angelopoulos S. The Effects of Tissue Healing Factors in Wound Repair Involving Absorbable Meshes: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5683. [PMID: 37685753 PMCID: PMC10488606 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and meticulously orchestrated process involving multiple phases and cellular interactions. This narrative review explores the intricate mechanisms behind wound healing, emphasizing the significance of cellular processes and molecular factors. The phases of wound healing are discussed, focusing on the roles of immune cells, growth factors, and extracellular matrix components. Cellular shape alterations driven by cytoskeletal modulation and the influence of the 'Formin' protein family are highlighted for their impact on wound healing processes. This review delves into the use of absorbable meshes in wound repair, discussing their categories and applications in different surgical scenarios. Interleukins (IL-2 and IL-6), CD31, CD34, platelet rich plasma (PRP), and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are discussed in their respective roles in wound healing. The interactions between these factors and their potential synergies with absorbable meshes are explored, shedding light on how these combinations might enhance the healing process. Recent advances and challenges in the field are also presented, including insights into mesh integration, biocompatibility, infection prevention, and postoperative complications. This review underscores the importance of patient-specific factors and surgical techniques in optimizing mesh placement and healing outcomes. As wound healing remains a dynamic field, this narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding and potential avenues for future research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Vasalou
- Fourth Surgical Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Andreas Syggros Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios Kotidis
- Fourth Surgical Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tatsis
- Fourth Surgical Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, School of Dentistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Kassiani Boulogeorgou
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.B.)
| | - Ioannis Grivas
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Koliakos
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angeliki Cheva
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (K.B.)
| | - Orestis Ioannidis
- Fourth Surgical Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatis Angelopoulos
- Fourth Surgical Department, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Sengupta S, Pattanaik KP, Mishra S, Sonawane A. Epigenetic orchestration of host immune defences by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Res 2023; 273:127400. [PMID: 37196490 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Being among the top 10 causes of adult deaths, tuberculosis (TB) disease is considered a major global public health concern to address. The human tuberculosis pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an extremely competent and well-versed pathogen that promotes pathogenesis by evading the host immune systems through numerous tactics. Investigations revealed that Mtb could evade the host defense mechanisms by reconfiguring the host gene transcription and causing epigenetic changes. Although results indicate the link between epigenetics and disease manifestation in other bacterial infections, little is known regarding the kinetics of the epigenetic alterations in mycobacterial infection. This literature review discusses the studies in Mtb-induced epigenetic alterations inside the host and its contribution in the host immune evasion strategies. It also discusses how the Mtb-induced alterations could be used as 'epibiomarkers' to diagnose TB. Additionally, this review also discusses therapeutic interventions to be enhanced through remodification by 'epidrugs'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabasti Sengupta
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Kali Prasad Pattanaik
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Snehasish Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Campus-11, KIIT Deemed to be University, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - Avinash Sonawane
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institutes of Technology Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore 453552, India.
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Chaudhary N, Srivastava S, Gupta S, Menon MB, Patel AK. Dengue virus induced autophagy is mediated by HMGB1 and promotes viral propagation. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:624-635. [PMID: 36587643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) exploits various cellular pathways including autophagy to assure enhanced virus propagation. The mechanisms of DENV mediated control of autophagy pathway are largely unknown. Our investigations have revealed a novel role for high-mobility group box1 protein (HMGB1) in regulation of cellular autophagy process in DENV-2 infected A549 cell line. While induction of autophagy by rapamycin treatment resulted in enhanced DENV-2 propagation, the blockade of autophagy flux with bafilomycin A1 suppressed viral replication. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated silencing of HMGB1 significantly abrogated dengue induced autophagy, while LPS induced HMGB1 expression counteracted these effects. Interestingly, silencing of HMGB1 showed reduction of BECN1 and stabilization of BCL-2 protein. On the contrary, LPS induction of HMGB1 resulted in enhanced BECN1 and reduction in BCL-2 levels. This study shows that the modulation of autophagy by DENV-2 is HMGB1/BECN1 dependent. In addition, glycyrrhizic acid (GA), a potent HMGB1 inhibitor suppressed autophagy as well as DENV-2 replication. Altogether, our data suggests that HMGB1 induces BECN1 dependent autophagy to promote DENV-2 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Chaudhary
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Shikha Srivastava
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunny Gupta
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Manoj B Menon
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Ashok Kumar Patel
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi 110016, India.
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Autophagy in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192996. [PMID: 36230955 PMCID: PMC9564118 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a stress-induced process that eliminates damaged organelles and dysfunctional cargos in cytoplasm, including unfolded proteins. Autophagy is involved in constructing the immunosuppressive microenvironment during tumor initiation and progression. It appears to be one of the most common processes involved in cancer immunotherapy, playing bidirectional roles in immunotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that inducing or inhibiting autophagy contributes to immunotherapy efficacy. Hence, exploring autophagy targets and their modifiers to control autophagy in the tumor microenvironment is an emerging strategy to facilitate cancer immunotherapy. This review summarizes recent studies on the role of autophagy in cancer immunotherapy, as well as the molecular targets of autophagy that could wake up the immune response in the tumor microenvironment, aiming to shed light on its immense potential as a therapeutic target to improve immunotherapy.
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Prerna K, Dubey VK. Beclin1-mediated interplay between autophagy and apoptosis: New understanding. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 204:258-273. [PMID: 35143849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The definition for autophagy holds a 'single' meaning as a conserved cellular process that constitutes a recycling pathway for damaged organelles and long-lived proteins to maintain nutrient homeostasis and mediate quality control within the cell. But this process of autophagy may behave ambiguously depending on the physiological stress as the stress progresses in the cellular microenvironment; the 'single' meaning of the autophagy changes from the 'cytoplasmic turnover process' to 'tumor suppressive' and a farther extent, 'tumor promoter' process. In a tumorigenic state, the chemotherapy-mediated resistance and intolerance due to upregulated autophagy in cancer cells have become a significant concern. This concern has provided insight to the scientific community to enter into the arena of cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis. Recent findings and ongoing research have provided insights on some of the key regulators of this cross-talk; one of them is Beclin1 and their involvement in the physiological and the pathophysiological processes; however, reconciliation of these two forms of death remains an arena to be explored extensively. This review sheds light on the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis, emphasizing one of the key players, Beclin1, and its importance in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Prerna
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, UP-221005, India
| | - Vikash Kumar Dubey
- School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, UP-221005, India.
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Stewart T, Zea A, Aviles D. Expression of the IL-2R in Human Podocytes and the Effect of Activation on Autophagy and Apoptosis. Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2021; 40:369-377. [PMID: 31971468 DOI: 10.1080/15513815.2019.1710793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 (IL-2) treatment is associated with proteinuria. Materials and Methods: A conditionally immortalized human podocyte cell line was used to investigate expression of the podocyte specific marker podocin, IL-2R alpha (IL-2Rα), apoptosis marker Bax, and autophagy markers LC3I AND LC3II, determined by quantitative immunoblotting, following 24, 48, and 72 hours of IL-2 stimulation, comparing them to unstimulated cells. Results: Podocin was expressed at all time points. IL-2Rα expression was increased after 24 and 72 hrs (p = 0.0014, p = 0.0139) and decreased after 48 hours (p = 0.0445). Bax, LC3I, and LC3II were increased after 24 hrs (p = 0.0094, p = 0.0016, p = 0.0004) and 48 hrs (p = 0.0072, p = 0.0024, p = 0.0087). Conclusion: Human podocytes express the IL-2R and activation results in increased autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrus Stewart
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Department of Pediatrics, New Orleans, USA
| | - Arnold Zea
- LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, New Orleans, USA
| | - Diego Aviles
- LSU Health Sciences Center, Department of Pediatrics, New Orleans, USA
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Bravo MP, Soares GP, Daniele de Oliveira P, Szezerbaty SK, Frederico RCP, Maia LP. Microcurrent stimulates cell proliferation and modulates cytokine release in fibroblast cells. J Wound Care 2021; 30:IIIi-IIIix. [PMID: 34597164 DOI: 10.12968/jowc.2021.30.sup9a.iii] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyse the effects of microcurrent on L929 fibroblast cell culture. METHODS Cells were cultivated in six-well plates at densities of 5×104, 1×105, 3×105 and 5×105 cells/well to determine the best plating density. Subsequently, two methods of current application were tested: with a paper cone coupled to the electrode (M1) and with the electrode directly inside the well (M2). Then, streams of 60µA (G60), 100µA (G100), 500µA (G500) and 900µA (G900) were applied to the cells (n=3) once a day for three minutes, for a period of one (T1), two (T2) and three days (T3). The MTT assay method was used to evaluate cell proliferation. For the quantification of the inflammatory markers by flow cytometry, the group and time that presented the best results were selected. RESULTS The ideal plating density was established as 1x105 cells/well and M2 as the best application method. An increase in cell viability was observed at all intensities from T1 to T2, but with no significant differences. From T2 to T3, there was a decrease in viability in all groups, with a significant difference only in G500 (p<0.05). Flow cytometry was performed in the GC and G900 groups at T2. It was possible to observe an increase of 0.56pg/ml in Interleukin (IL)-17 and a decrease of 5.45pg/ml in IL-2. CONCLUSION This study showed that two applications of microcurrent increases cell proliferation and modulates the inflammatory response, aiding tissue regeneration and playing a key role in rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Prado Bravo
- Laboratory of Cell Culture, Graduate Program (Master and PhDs Degree) in Rehabilitation Sciences, UEL/UNOPAR, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Glaciane Pozza Soares
- Laboratory of Cell Culture, Graduate Program (Master and PhDs Degree) in Rehabilitation Sciences, UEL/UNOPAR, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Priscila Daniele de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate Program (Master and PhDs Degree) in Rehabilitation Sciences, UEL/UNOPAR, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Stheacy Kelly Szezerbaty
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate Program (Master and PhDs Degree) in Rehabilitation Sciences, UEL/UNOPAR, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Regina Celia Poli Frederico
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate Program (Master and PhDs Degree) in Rehabilitation Sciences, UEL/UNOPAR, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Luciana Prado Maia
- Laboratory of Cell Culture, Graduate Program (Master and PhDs Degree) in Rehabilitation Sciences, UEL/UNOPAR, Londrina, Brazil.,Graduate Program (Master and PhDs Degree) in Dentistry, University of North Parana (UNOPAR), Londrina, Brazil
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Theofani E, Xanthou G. Autophagy: A Friend or Foe in Allergic Asthma? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126314. [PMID: 34204710 PMCID: PMC8231495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a major self-degradative process through which cytoplasmic material, including damaged organelles and proteins, are delivered and degraded in the lysosome. Autophagy represents a dynamic recycling system that produces new building blocks and energy, essential for cellular renovation, physiology, and homeostasis. Principal autophagy triggers include starvation, pathogens, and stress. Autophagy plays also a pivotal role in immune response regulation, including immune cell differentiation, antigen presentation and the generation of T effector responses, the development of protective immunity against pathogens, and the coordination of immunometabolic signals. A plethora of studies propose that both impaired and overactive autophagic processes contribute to the pathogenesis of human disorders, including infections, cancer, atherosclerosis, autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy has been also implicated in the development and progression of allergen-driven airway inflammation and remodeling. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies pertinent to the biology of autophagy and molecular pathways controlling its activation, we discuss autophagy-mediated beneficial and detrimental effects in animal models of allergic diseases and illuminate new advances on the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of human asthma. We conclude contemplating the potential of targeting autophagy as a novel therapeutic approach for the management of allergic responses and linked asthmatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Theofani
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11547 Athens, Greece;
- 1st Department of Respiratory Medicine, “Sotiria” Regional Chest Diseases Hospital, Medical School, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11547 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgina Xanthou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11547 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-65-97-336
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Ubieta K, Thomas MJ, Wollin L. The Effect of Nintedanib on T-Cell Activation, Subsets and Functions. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:997-1011. [PMID: 33727792 PMCID: PMC7954282 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s288369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background T cells are important regulators of inflammation and, via release of mediators, can contribute to pulmonary fibrosis. Nintedanib is approved for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (ILD) and chronic fibrosing ILDs with a progressive phenotype. However, how nintedanib targets T cells has not been elucidated. Materials and Methods We investigated the immunomodulatory effects of nintedanib on T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from healthy donors. Cells were pre-incubated with different concentrations of nintedanib and then stimulated for 24 hours with anti-CD3 with or without anti-CD28 and with or without different cytokines. Levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-13 were quantitated. Western blotting with primary antibodies against phospho-Lck-Y394, phospho-Lck-Y505, Lck-total and Cofilin examined the phosphorylation level of the Lck protein. In vitro T-cell proliferation, T-cell clustering and different T-cell populations were also assessed. Results Nintedanib blocked T-cell activation through inhibiting Lck-Y394 phosphorylation. Pretreatment of T cells with nintedanib reduced cluster formation as a marker of activation and inhibited the release of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-13 at clinically relevant concentrations ranging from 5–77 nmol/L. Nintedanib did not alter T-cell proliferation or numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but did increase stimulated Th17-like cells without increasing IL-17A levels. Conclusion These immunomodulatory effects may further explain how nintedanib slows the progression of pulmonary fibrosis in various ILDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Ubieta
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Matthew James Thomas
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Lutz Wollin
- Immunology & Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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Bustos SO, Antunes F, Rangel MC, Chammas R. Emerging Autophagy Functions Shape the Tumor Microenvironment and Play a Role in Cancer Progression - Implications for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:606436. [PMID: 33324568 PMCID: PMC7724038 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.606436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex environment where cancer cells reside and interact with different types of cells, secreted factors, and the extracellular matrix. Additionally, TME is shaped by several processes, such as autophagy. Autophagy has emerged as a conserved intracellular degradation pathway for clearance of damaged organelles or aberrant proteins. With its central role, autophagy maintains the cellular homeostasis and orchestrates stress responses, playing opposite roles in tumorigenesis. During tumor development, autophagy also mediates autophagy-independent functions associated with several hallmarks of cancer, and therefore exerting several effects on tumor suppression and/or tumor promotion mechanisms. Beyond the concept of degradation, new different forms of autophagy have been described as modulators of cancer progression, such as secretory autophagy enabling intercellular communication in the TME by cargo release. In this context, the synthesis of senescence-associated secretory proteins by autophagy lead to a senescent phenotype. Besides disturbing tumor treatment responses, autophagy also participates in innate and adaptive immune signaling. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated intricate crosstalk between autophagy and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), by which cancer cells obtain an invasive phenotype and metastatic potential. Thus, autophagy in the cancer context is far broader and complex than just a cell energy sensing mechanism. In this scenario, we will discuss the key roles of autophagy in the TME and surrounding cells, contributing to cancer development and progression/EMT. Finally, the potential intervention in autophagy processes as a strategy for cancer therapy will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Odete Bustos
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Golbabapour S, Bagheri-Lankarani K, Ghavami S, Geramizadeh B. Autoimmune Hepatitis and Stellate Cells: An Insight into the Role of Autophagy. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:6073-6095. [PMID: 30947648 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190402120231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis is a necroinflammatory process of liver, featuring interface hepatitis
by T cells, macrophages and plasma cells that invade to periportal parenchyma. In this process, a
variety of cytokines are secreted and liver tissues undergo fibrogenesis, resulting in the apoptosis of
hepatocytes. Autophagy is a complementary mechanism for restraining intracellular pathogens to
which the innate immune system does not provide efficient endocytosis. Hepatocytes with their
particular regenerative features are normally in a quiescent state, and, autophagy controls the accumulation
of excess products, therefore the liver serves as a basic model for the study of autophagy.
Impairment of autophagy in the liver causes the accumulation of damaged organelles, misfolded
proteins and exceeded lipids in hepatocytes as seen in metabolic diseases. In this review, we introduce
autoimmune hepatitis in association with autophagy signaling. We also discuss some genes and
proteins of autophagy, their regulatory roles in the activation of hepatic stellate cells and the importance
of lipophagy and tyrosine kinase in hepatic fibrogenesis. In order to provide a comprehensive
overview of the regulatory role of autophagy in autoimmune hepatitis, the pathway analysis of autophagy
in autoimmune hepatitis is also included in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Golbabapour
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2WB, United Kingdom
| | - Kamran Bagheri-Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bita Geramizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Medical school of Shiraz University, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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16
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Wu Y, Li W, Hu Y, Liu Y, Sun X. Suppression of sirtuin 1 alleviates airway inflammation through mTOR‑mediated autophagy. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:2219-2226. [PMID: 32705226 PMCID: PMC7411491 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. This study aimed to investigate whether EX-527, a specific SIRT1 inhibitor, exerted suppressive effects on allergic airway inflammation in mice submitted to ovalbumin (OVA) inhalation. In addition, this study assessed whether such a protective role was mediated by autophagy suppression though mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation. Female C57BL/6 mice were sensitized to OVA and EX-527 (10 mg/kg) was administered prior to OVA challenge. The study found that EX-527 reversed OVA-induced airway inflammation, and reduced OVA-induced increases in inflammatory cytokine expression, and total cell and eosinophil counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. In addition, EX-527 enhanced mTOR activation, thereby suppressing autophagy in allergic mice. To assess whether EX-527 inhibited airway inflammation in asthma through the mTOR-mediated autophagy pathway, rapamycin was administered to mice treated with EX-527 after OVA sensitization. All effects induced by EX-527, including increased phosphorylated-mTOR and decreased autophagy, were abrogated by rapamycin treatment. Taken together, the present findings indicated that EX-527 may inhibit allergic airway inflammation by suppressing autophagy, an effect mediated by mTOR activation in allergic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Xiuzhen Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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17
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Li B, Zhang Q, Sun J, Lai D. Human amniotic epithelial cells improve fertility in an intrauterine adhesion mouse model. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:257. [PMID: 31412924 PMCID: PMC6694540 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1368-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is an adhesion of the uterine cavity or cervical canal resulting from damage to the basal layer of the endometrium; this condition is usually accompanied by fibrosis of the endometrium. Previous studies have demonstrated that human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) have stem cell characteristics; however, it is unclear whether hAECs have the therapeutic potential to restore fertility after IUA. METHODS A murine IUA model was established by mechanical injury to the uterus. Then, 106 hAECs were transplanted by intraperitoneal injection. The endometrium thickness, number of glands, and fibrosis area were measured by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and Masson staining. Molecules (including vWF, VEGF, PCNA, ER, PR, LC3, and p62) related to endometrial angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and autophagy were assayed by IHC staining. Pregnancy outcomes were also evaluated. Finally, hAECs were cocultured with human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (hEnSCs) damaged by H2O2 to verify the paracrine effect on endometrial stromal cells in vitro. RESULTS The IUA uterine cavity presented with adhesion and even atresia, accompanied by a thinner endometrium, fewer glands, increased fibrosis area, and fewer microvessels. However, hAECs significantly improved the uterine structure after IUA. After hAEC treatment, the endometrium was thicker, the number of endometrial glands was increased, fibrosis was reduced, and more microvessels were generated. The expression levels of VEGF, PCNA, and ER were increased in the hAEC-treated endometrium, indicating improvements in angiogenesis and stromal cell proliferation. hAECs also increased pregnancy outcomes in IUA mice, and the pregnancy rate and fetus number increased. Furthermore, we observed altered autophagy in the IUA uterine model, and hAEC transplantation upregulated autophagy. An in vitro study showed that hAECs activated autophagy in (hEnSCs) treated with H2O2 in a paracrine manner. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that hAECs have the potential to repair the uterus after injury, providing a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of Asherman syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boning Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qiuwan Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Junyan Sun
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Dongmei Lai
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Speciality, Shanghai, 20030, China.
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18
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Jiang GM, Tan Y, Wang H, Peng L, Chen HT, Meng XJ, Li LL, Liu Y, Li WF, Shan H. The relationship between autophagy and the immune system and its applications for tumor immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:17. [PMID: 30678689 PMCID: PMC6345046 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a genetically well-controlled cellular process that is tightly controlled by a set of core genes, including the family of autophagy-related genes (ATG). Autophagy is a “double-edged sword” in tumors. It can promote or suppress tumor development, which depends on the cell and tissue types and the stages of tumor. At present, tumor immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy against tumors. Recent studies have shown that autophagy significantly controls immune responses by modulating the functions of immune cells and the production of cytokines. Conversely, some cytokines and immune cells have a great effect on the function of autophagy. Therapies aiming at autophagy to enhance the immune responses and anti-tumor effects of immunotherapy have become the prospective strategy, with enhanced antigen presentation and higher sensitivity to CTLs. However, the induction of autophagy may also benefit tumor cells escape from immune surveillance and result in intrinsic resistance against anti-tumor immunotherapy. Increasing studies have proven the optimal use of either ATG inducers or inhibitors can restrain tumor growth and progression by enhancing anti-tumor immune responses and overcoming the anti-tumor immune resistance in combination with several immunotherapeutic strategies, indicating that induction or inhibition of autophagy might show us a prospective therapeutic strategy when combined with immunotherapy. In this article, the possible mechanisms of autophagy regulating immune system, and the potential applications of autophagy in tumor immunotherapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Min Jiang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China. .,Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuan Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong-Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling-Ling Li
- Central Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Fang Li
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Molecular Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China.
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19
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Abstract
Autophagy is one of the key degradation systems in organisms. Starvation and nutrient deprivation induce autophagy activation, providing energy and anabolic substances to maintain energy homeostasis. A variety of signals participate in the induction of autophagy, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and activation of immune signals. Autophagy is closely related to immunity and inflammation. Autophagy-related gene mutations increase the risk of infectious diseases and malignancies. Autophagy can be regarded as an effector of the immune system to eliminate invading pathogens and is also involved in the immune system recognizing the invasion of pathogens. Autophagy plays important roles in regulating innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In terms of innate immunity, autophagy not only participates in the clearance of pathogens and cell debris after apoptosis but also plays a protective role against toxins, regulates cytokine production, and activates the inflammasome. In the adaptive immune response, autophagy plays an important regulatory role in thymic selection, T cell maturation, T cell polarization, T cell and B cell homeostasis, antigen processing, antigen presentation, and antibody response. On the other hand, autophagy is regulated by immunological and stress signals. The crosstalk between these signaling pathways helps maintain homeostasis and physiological functions. Dysfunction of these regulatory networks is the cause of several kinds of diseases.
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20
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The role of autophagy in colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:31. [PMID: 30510778 PMCID: PMC6265276 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process that eliminates harmful components through lysosomal degradation. In addition to its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, autophagy is critical to pathological processes, such as inflammation and cancer. Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) is a specific type of colorectal cancer that develops from long-standing colitis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy of microenvironmental cells plays different but vital roles during tumorigenesis and CAC development. Herein, after summarizing the recent advances in understanding the role of autophagy in regulating the tumor microenvironment during different CAC stages, we draw the following conclusions: autophagy in intestinal epithelial cells inhibits colitis and CAC initiation but promotes CAC progression; autophagy in macrophages inhibits colitis, but its function on CAC is currently unclear; autophagy in neutrophils and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promotes both colitis and CAC; autophagy in dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells represses both colitis and CAC; autophagy in natural killer cells (NKs) inhibits colitis, but promotes CAC; and autophagy in endothelial cells plays a controversial role in colitis and CAC. Understanding the role of autophagy in specific compartments of the tumor microenvironment during different stages of CAC may provide insight into malignant transformation, tumor progression, and combination therapy strategies for CAC.
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21
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High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Regulates Autophagy in LO2 Cells Following Anoxia-Reoxygenation Injury. Transplant Proc 2018; 50:1532-1537. [PMID: 29880383 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of autophagy during liver ischemia-reperfusion injury are not completely understood. This study aimed to assess the role of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in autophagy in LO2 cells following anoxia-reoxygenation injury. LO2 cells were pretreated with the HMGB1 inhibitor ammonium glycyrrhizinate (1000 μmol/L) or the HMGB1 agonist recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1, 10 ng/mL) at proper concentrations before induction of anoxia-reoxygenation injury. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and cell viability were evaluated. Then, the expression levels of LC3 and Beclin-1, which are classical autophagy markers, were assessed by Western blot. Autophagosomes were detected by electron microscopy. Our results showed that rHMGB1-treated cells had increased AST and ALT levels in the culture medium, aggravated cell injury, enhanced expression of beclin-1 and LC3 proteins, and increased number of autophagosomes. However, glycyrrhizinate treatment alleviated ALT and AST levels in culture medium, relieved cell injury, reduced beclin-1 and LC3 protein expression levels, and decreased autophagosome number. These findings indicated that HMGB1 likely regulates autophagy in LO2 cells exposed to anoxia-reoxygenation injury.
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22
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Wang L, Ye X, Zhao T. The physiological roles of autophagy in the mammalian life cycle. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 94:503-516. [PMID: 30239126 PMCID: PMC7379196 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is primarily an efficient intracellular catabolic pathway used for degradation of abnormal cellular protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Although autophagy was initially proposed to be a cellular stress responder, increasing evidence suggests that it carries out normal physiological roles in multiple biological processes. To date, autophagy has been identified in most organs and at many different developmental stages, indicating that it is not only essential for cellular homeostasis and renovation, but is also important for organ development. Herein, we summarize our current understanding of the functions of autophagy (which here refers to macroautophagy) in the mammalian life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xiongjun Ye
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China
| | - Tongbiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
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23
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Abstract
Recent extensive research on interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) biology has revealed its critical role in the regulation of immune tolerance by influencing regulatory T (Treg) cell functions and survival. Since in vivo low-dose IL-2 administration in humans has been confirmed to be safe and effective in expanding Treg, it is likely that it may be considered for the treatment of several autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematousus (SLE). A recent clinical trial demonstrated the safety and efficacy of low-dose IL-2 treatment on SLE. In SLE, T cells show aberrant function such as deficient IL-2 production and abnormal signaling events. Expansion of Treg by IL-2 represents a specific strategy to control self-tolerance; however, restoration of abnormal immune function and responses should be addressed more carefully in patients with SLE considering the complexity of disease etiology and pathogenesis.
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24
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Sachdev U, Lotze MT. Perpetual change: autophagy, the endothelium, and response to vascular injury. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:221-235. [PMID: 28626046 PMCID: PMC6608075 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru1116-484rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies of vascular health, aging, and autophagy emphasize how the endothelium adapts to stress and contributes to disease. The endothelium is far from an inert barrier to blood-borne cells, pathogens, and chemical signals; rather, it actively translates circulating mediators into tissue responses, changing rapidly in response to physiologic stressors. Macroautophagy-the cellular ingestion of effete organelles and protein aggregates to provide anabolic substrates to fuel bioenergetics in times of stress-plays an important role in endothelial cell homeostasis, vascular remodeling, and disease. These roles include regulating vascular tone, sustaining or limiting cell survival, and contributing to the development of atherosclerosis secondary to infection, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Autophagy modulates these critical functions of the endothelium in a dynamic and perpetual response to tissue and intravascular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulka Sachdev
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Doersch KM, DelloStritto DJ, Newell-Rogers MK. The contribution of interleukin-2 to effective wound healing. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:384-396. [PMID: 27798123 PMCID: PMC5298541 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216675773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ineffective skin wound healing is a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Roughly 6.5 million Americans experience chronically open wounds and the cost of treating these wounds numbers in the billions of dollars annually. In contrast, robust wound healing can lead to the development of either hypertrophic scarring or keloidosis, both of which can cause discomfort and can be cosmetically undesirable. Appropriate wound healing requires the interplay of a variety of factors, including the skin, the local microenvironment, the immune system, and the external environment. When these interactions are perturbed, wounds can be a nidus for infection, which can cause them to remain open an extended period of time, or can scar excessively. Interleukin-2, a cytokine that directs T-cell expansion and phenotypic development, appears to play an important role in wound healing. The best-studied role for Interleukin-2 is in influencing T-cell development. However, other cell types, including fibroblasts, the skin cells responsible for closing wounds, express the Interleukin-2 receptor, and therefore may respond to Interleukin-2. Studies have shown that treatment with Interleukin-2 can improve the strength of healed skin, which implicates Interleukin-2 in the wound healing process. Furthermore, diseases that involve impaired wound healing, such as diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus, have been linked to deficiencies in Interleukin-2 or defects Interleukin-2-receptor signaling. The focus of this review is to summarize the current understanding of the role of Interleukin-2 in wound healing, to highlight diseases in which Interleukin-2 and its receptor may contribute to impaired wound healing, and to assess Interleukin-2-modulating approaches as potential therapies to improve wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Doersch
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
| | - Daniel J DelloStritto
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272, USA
| | - M Karen Newell-Rogers
- Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76508, USA
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine/Baylor Scott and White, Temple, TX 76508, USA
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26
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Doersch KM, Moses KA, Zimmer WE. Synergistic immunologic targets for the treatment of prostate cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1900-1910. [PMID: 27444149 PMCID: PMC5068457 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216660212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common disease and, while detection and treatment have advanced, it remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in men. Research suggests significant involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis and progression of prostate cancer, indicating that immunologic therapies may benefit patients. Two immunologic factors, interleukin-2 and transforming growth factor-β, may be especially attractive therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. Specifically, an increase in interleukin-2 signaling and a decrease in transforming growth factor-β signaling might help improve immunologic recognition and targeting of tumor cells. The purpose of this review is to highlight the evidence that interleukin-2 and blockade of transforming growth factor-β could be used to target prostate cancer based on current understanding of immune function in the context of prostate cancer. Additionally, current treatments related to these two factors for prostate and other cancers will be used to strengthen the argument for this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Doersch
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX 76504, USA
| | - Kelvin A Moses
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Warren E Zimmer
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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27
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Botbol Y, Patel B, Macian F. Common γ-chain cytokine signaling is required for macroautophagy induction during CD4+ T-cell activation. Autophagy 2016; 11:1864-77. [PMID: 26391567 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1089374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a cellular process that mediates degradation in the lysosome of cytoplasmic components including proteins and organelles. Previous studies have shown that macroautophagy is induced in activated T cells to regulate organelle homeostasis and the cell's energy metabolism. However, the signaling pathways that initiate and regulate activation-induced macroautophagy in T cells have not been identified. Here, we show that activation-induced macroautophagy in T cells depends on signaling from common γ-chain cytokines. Consequently, inhibition of signaling through JAK3, induced downstream of cytokine receptors containing the common γ-chain, prevents full induction of macroautophagy in activated T cells. Moreover, we found that common γ-chain cytokines are not only required for macroautophagy upregulation during T cell activation but can themselves induce macroautophagy. Our data also show that macroautophagy induction in T cells is associated with an increase of LC3 expression that is mediated by a post-transcriptional mechanism. Overall, our findings unveiled a new role for common γ-chain cytokines as a molecular link between autophagy induction and T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Botbol
- a Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine ; Bronx , NY USA
| | - Bindi Patel
- a Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine ; Bronx , NY USA
| | - Fernando Macian
- a Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine ; Bronx , NY USA
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28
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Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in cancer. Part I: molecular pathways controlling autophagy. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 31:89-98. [PMID: 24879905 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a process in which cells can generate energy and building materials, by degradation of redundant and/or damaged organelles and proteins. Especially during conditions of stress, autophagy helps to maintain homeostasis. In addition, autophagy has been shown to influence malignant transformation and cancer progression. The precise molecular events in autophagy are complex and the core autophagic machinery described to date consists of nearly thirty proteins. Apart from these factors that execute the process of autophagy, several signalling pathways are involved in converting internal and external stimuli into an autophagic response. In this review we provide an overview of the signalling pathways that influence autophagy, particularly in cancer cells. We will illustrate that interference with multiple of these signalling pathways can have significant effects on cancer cell survival.
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29
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Deficiency of MTMR14 promotes autophagy and proliferation of mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:31-7. [PMID: 24623267 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
MTMR14 is a phosphoinositide phosphatase, which has been reported to regulate the maintenance of normal muscle performance and aging in mice. However, the function of MTMR14 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) remains largely unknown. In this study, we established MTMR14 WT and KO MEFs and showed that MTMR14 is localized in whole MEFs, with higher level in nucleus and lower in cytoplasm, partially overlapping with mitochondrial. Compared with the WT control, MTMR14 KO MEFs exhibit a higher proliferation rate and more obvious autophagy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that KO of MTMR14 significantly decreased the mRNA levels of p21 and p27, while increased those of cyclinD and cyclinE. Upon (insulin-like growth factor) IGF stimulation, we also found KO of MTMR14 enhanced the phosphorylation levels of AKT and ERK in MEFs. Based on these findings, we propose that defect of MTMR14 promotes autophagy and cell proliferation in MEFs.
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