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Pierreux CE. Shaping the thyroid: From peninsula to de novo lumen formation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 531:111313. [PMID: 33961919 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A challenging and stimulating question in biology deals with the formation of organs from groups of undifferentiated progenitor cells. Most epithelial organs indeed derive from the endodermal monolayer and evolve into various shape and tridimensional organization adapted to their specialized adult function. Thyroid organogenesis is no exception. In most mammals, it follows a complex and sequential process initiated from the endoderm and leading to the development of a multitude of independent closed spheres equipped and optimized for the synthesis, storage and production of thyroid hormones. The first sign of thyroid organogenesis is visible as a thickening of the anterior foregut endoderm. This group of thyroid progenitors then buds and detaches from the foregut to migrate caudally and then laterally. Upon reaching their final destination in the upper neck region on both sides of the trachea, thyroid progenitors mix with C cell progenitors and finally organize into hormone-producing thyroid follicles. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors controlling thyroid organogenesis have been identified in several species, but the fundamental cellular processes are not sufficiently considered. This review focuses on the cellular aspects of the key morphogenetic steps during thyroid organogenesis and highlights similarities and common mechanisms with developmental steps elucidated in other endoderm-derived organs, despite different final architecture and functions.
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Abstract
Thyroid hormones are crucial for organismal development and homeostasis. In humans, untreated congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid agenesis inevitably leads to cretinism, which comprises irreversible brain dysfunction and dwarfism. Elucidating how the thyroid gland - the only source of thyroid hormones in the body - develops is thus key for understanding and treating thyroid dysgenesis, and for generating thyroid cells in vitro that might be used for cell-based therapies. Here, we review the principal mechanisms involved in thyroid organogenesis and functional differentiation, highlighting how the thyroid forerunner evolved from the endostyle in protochordates to the endocrine gland found in vertebrates. New findings on the specification and fate decisions of thyroid progenitors, and the morphogenesis of precursor cells into hormone-producing follicular units, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE-40530, Sweden
| | - Henrik Fagman
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg SE-40530, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg SE-41345, Sweden
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Huang Y, Tao Y, Li X, Chang S, Jiang B, Li F, Wang ZM. Bioinformatics analysis of key genes and latent pathway interactions based on the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma gene expression profile. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:167-176. [PMID: 28428828 PMCID: PMC5396846 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is an aggressive malignant disease in older adults
with a high mortality rate. The present study aimed to examine several key genes and
pathways, which are associated with ATC. The GSE33630 gene expression profile was
downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, which included 11 ATC and 45
normal thyroid samples. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ATC were
identified using the Limma package in R. The Gene Ontology functions and Kyoto
Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways of the selected DEGs were enriched using
the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. A
protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the DEGs was constructed to select
significant modules. Furthermore, a latent pathway interactive network was
constructed to select the significant pathways associated with ATC. A total of 665
DEGs in the ATC samples were screened, and four significant modules were selected
from the PPI network. The DEGs in the four modules were enriched in several functions
and pathways. In addition, 29 significant pathways associated with ATC were selected,
and he Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, extracellular matrix
(ECM)-receptor interaction and cytokine-cytokine interaction pathway were identified
as important pathways. FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog (FOS),
chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL10), collagen type V α1 (COL5A1) and
chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 28 (CCL28) were the key DEGs involved in these
significant pathways. The data obtained in the present study revealed that the TLR
signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction and cytokine-cytokine receptor
interaction pathway, and the FOS, CXCL10, COL5A1, COL11A1 and CCL28 genes have
different roles in the progression of ATC, and these may be used as therapeutic
targets for ATC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Tao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Shi Chang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Ming Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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Li X, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhang X, Chen T, Chen K, Ba Q, Li J, Liu H, Wang H. Preclinical Efficacy and Safety Assessment of Artemisinin-Chemotherapeutic Agent Conjugates for Ovarian Cancer. EBioMedicine 2016; 14:44-54. [PMID: 27939426 PMCID: PMC5161434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Artemisinin (ARS) and its derivatives, which are clinically used antimalarial agents, have shown antitumor activities. Their therapeutic potencies, however, are limited by their low solubility and poor bioavailability. Here, through a pharmacophore hybridization strategy, we synthesized ARS-drug conjugates, in which the marketed chemotherapeutic agents chlorambucil, melphalan, flutamide, aminoglutethimide, and doxifluridine, were separately bonded to Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) through various linkages. Of these, the artemisinin-melphalan conjugate, ARS4, exhibited most toxicity to human ovarian cancer cells but had low cytotoxicity to normal cells. ARS4 inhibited the growth and proliferation of ovarian cancer cells and resulted in S-phase arrest, apoptosis, and inhibition of migration; these effects were stronger than those of its parent drugs, DHA and melphalan. Furthermore, ARS4 modulated the expression of proteins involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, in mice, ARS4 inhibited growth and intraperitoneal dissemination and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells without observable toxic effects. Our results provide a basis for development of the compound as a chemotherapeutic agent. Research in context Artemisinin compounds have recently received attention as anticancer agents because of their clinical safety profiles and broad efficacy. However, their therapeutic potencies are limited by low solubility and poor bioavailability. Here, we report that ARS4, an artemisinin-melphalan conjugate, possesses marked in-vitro and in-vivo antitumor activity against ovarian cancer, the effects of which are stronger than those for its parent drugs, Dihydroartemisinin and melphalan. In mice, ARS4 inhibits localized growth of ovarian cancer cells and intraperitoneal dissemination and metastasis without appreciable host toxicity. Thus, for patients with ovarian cancer, ARS4 is a promising chemotherapeutic agent. Artemisinin-drug conjugates were designed via pharmacophore hybridization strategy ARS4 induced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells and cell cycle arrest and reversed the EMT polarity In mice, ARS4 inhibited growth and intraperitoneal dissemination of ovarian cancer cells with no appreciable host toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Li
- School of Public health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Kerong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Ba
- School of Public health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingquan Li
- School of Public health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Public health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China.
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Chu C, Deng J, Liu L, Cao Y, Wei X, Li J, Man Y. Nanoparticles combined with growth factors: recent progress and applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13636b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been focused on the applications of nanoparticles combined with growth factors (NPs/GFs) due to the substantial functions of GFs in regenerative medicine and disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Jia Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Laboratory for Aging Research
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Yubin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Laboratory for Aging Research
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Jidong Li
- Research Center for Nano Biomaterials
- Analytical & Testing Center
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases
- West China Hospital of Stomatology
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- China
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Hypoxia promotes uveal melanoma invasion through enhanced Notch and MAPK activation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105372. [PMID: 25166211 PMCID: PMC4148307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional response promoted by hypoxia-inducible factors has been associated with metastatic spread of uveal melanoma. We found expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) protein in well-vascularized tumor regions as well as in four cell lines grown in normoxia, thus this pathway may be important even in well-oxygenated uveal melanoma cells. HIF-1α protein accumulation in normoxia was inhibited by rapamycin. As expected, hypoxia (1% pO2) further induced HIF-1α protein levels along with its target genes VEGF and LOX. Growth in hypoxia significantly increased cellular invasion of all 5 uveal melanoma lines tested, as did the introduction of an oxygen-insensitive HIF-1α mutant into Mel285 cells with low HIF-1α baseline levels. In contrast, HIF-1α knockdown using shRNA significantly decreased growth in hypoxia, and reduced by more than 50% tumor invasion in four lines with high HIF-1α baseline levels. Pharmacologic blockade of HIF-1α protein expression using digoxin dramatically suppressed cellular invasion both in normoxia and in hypoxia. We found that Notch pathway components, including Jag1-2 ligands, Hes1-Hey1 targets and the intracellular domain of Notch1, were increased in hypoxia, as well as the phosphorylation levels of Erk1-2 and Akt. Pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of Notch largely blocked the hypoxic induction of invasion as did the pharmacologic suppression of Erk1-2 activity. In addition, the increase in Erk1-2 and Akt phosphorylation by hypoxia was partially reduced by inhibiting Notch signaling. Our findings support the functional importance of HIF-1α signaling in promoting the invasive capacity of uveal melanoma cells in both hypoxia and normoxia, and suggest that pharmacologically targeting HIF-1α pathway directly or through blockade of Notch or Erk1-2 pathways can slow tumor spread.
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