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von Coburg E, Dunst S. The adverse outcome pathway for breast cancer: a knowledge management framework bridging biomedicine and toxicology. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:223. [PMID: 38051394 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide, with an estimated 2.3 million new cases diagnosed every year. Effective measures for cancer prevention and cancer therapy require a detailed understanding of the individual key disease mechanisms involved and their interactions at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organism level. In that regard, the rapid progress of biomedical and toxicological research in recent years now allows the pursuit of new approaches based on non-animal methods that provide greater mechanistic insight than traditional animal models and therefore facilitate the development of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) for human diseases. We performed a systematic review of the current state of published knowledge with regard to breast cancer to identify relevant key mechanisms for inclusion into breast cancer AOPs, i.e. decreased cell stiffness and decreased cell adhesion, and to concurrently map non-animal methods addressing these key events. We conclude that the broader sharing of expertise and methods between biomedical research and toxicology enabled by the AOP knowledge management framework can help to coordinate global research efforts and accelerate the transition to advanced non-animal methods, which, when combined into powerful method batteries, closely mimic human physiology and disease states without the need for animal testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena von Coburg
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Department Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dunst
- German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R), Department Experimental Toxicology and ZEBET, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.
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Franchi-Mendes T, Eduardo R, Domenici G, Brito C. 3D Cancer Models: Depicting Cellular Crosstalk within the Tumour Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4610. [PMID: 34572836 PMCID: PMC8468887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment plays a critical role in tumour progression and drug resistance processes. Non-malignant cell players, such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells and others, interact with each other and with the tumour cells, shaping the disease. Though the role of each cell type and cell communication mechanisms have been progressively studied, the complexity of this cellular network and its role in disease mechanism and therapeutic response are still being unveiled. Animal models have been mainly used, as they can represent systemic interactions and conditions, though they face recognized limitations in translational potential due to interspecies differences. In vitro 3D cancer models can surpass these limitations, by incorporating human cells, including patient-derived ones, and allowing a range of experimental designs with precise control of each tumour microenvironment element. We summarize the role of each tumour microenvironment component and review studies proposing 3D co-culture strategies of tumour cells and non-malignant cell components. Moreover, we discuss the potential of these modelling approaches to uncover potential therapeutic targets in the tumour microenvironment and assess therapeutic efficacy, current bottlenecks and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Franchi-Mendes
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Eduardo
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Giacomo Domenici
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- iBET—Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (T.F.-M.); (R.E.); (G.D.)
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- The Discoveries Centre for Regenerative and Precision Medicine, Lisbon Campus, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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3
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Conway GE, Shah UK, Llewellyn S, Cervena T, Evans SJ, Al Ali AS, Jenkins GJ, Clift MJD, Doak SH. Adaptation of the in vitro micronucleus assay for genotoxicity testing using 3D liver models supporting longer-term exposure durations. Mutagenesis 2021; 35:319-330. [PMID: 32780103 PMCID: PMC7486679 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following advancements in the field of genotoxicology, it has become widely accepted that 3D models are not only more physiologically relevant but also have the capacity to elucidate more complex biological processes that standard 2D monocultures are unable to. Whilst 3D liver models have been developed to evaluate the short-term genotoxicity of chemicals, the aim of this study was to develop a 3D model that could be used with the regulatory accepted in vitro micronucleus (MN) following low-dose, longer-term (5 days) exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). A comparison study was carried out between advanced models generated from two commonly used liver cell lines, namely HepaRG and HepG2, in spheroid format. While both spheroid systems displayed good liver functionality and viability over 14 days, the HepaRG spheroids lacked the capacity to actively proliferate and, therefore, were considered unsuitable for use with the MN assay. This study further demonstrated the efficacy of the in vitro 3D HepG2 model to be used for short-term (24 h) exposures to genotoxic chemicals, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and methyl-methanesulfonate (MMS). The 3D HepG2 liver spheroids were shown to be more sensitive to DNA damage induced by AFB1 and MMS when compared to the HepG2 2D monoculture. This 3D model was further developed to allow for longer-term (5 day) ENM exposure. Four days after seeding, HepG2 spheroids were exposed to Zinc Oxide ENM (0–2 µg/ml) for 5 days and assessed using both the cytokinesis-block MN (CBMN) version of the MN assay and the mononuclear MN assay. Following a 5-day exposure, differences in MN frequency were observed between the CBMN and mononuclear MN assay, demonstrating that DNA damage induced within the first few cell cycles is distributed across the mononucleated cell population. Together, this study demonstrates the necessity to adapt the MN assay accordingly, to allow for the accurate assessment of genotoxicity following longer-term, low-dose ENM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian E Conway
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Samantha Llewellyn
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Tereza Cervena
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK.,Department of Nanotoxicology and Molecular Epidemiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen J Evans
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Abdullah S Al Ali
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Gareth J Jenkins
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Martin J D Clift
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- In Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park Campus, Swansea, Wales, UK
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3D Modeling of Epithelial Tumors-The Synergy between Materials Engineering, 3D Bioprinting, High-Content Imaging, and Nanotechnology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126225. [PMID: 34207601 PMCID: PMC8230141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current statistics on cancer show that 90% of all human cancers originate from epithelial cells. Breast and prostate cancer are examples of common tumors of epithelial origin that would benefit from improved drug treatment strategies. About 90% of preclinically approved drugs fail in clinical trials, partially due to the use of too simplified in vitro models and a lack of mimicking the tumor microenvironment in drug efficacy testing. This review focuses on the origin and mechanism of epithelial cancers, followed by experimental models designed to recapitulate the epithelial cancer structure and microenvironment, such as 2D and 3D cell culture models and animal models. A specific focus is put on novel technologies for cell culture of spheroids, organoids, and 3D-printed tissue-like models utilizing biomaterials of natural or synthetic origins. Further emphasis is laid on high-content imaging technologies that are used in the field to visualize in vitro models and their morphology. The associated technological advancements and challenges are also discussed. Finally, the review gives an insight into the potential of exploiting nanotechnological approaches in epithelial cancer research both as tools in tumor modeling and how they can be utilized for the development of nanotherapeutics.
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Song Y, Kim S, Heo J, Shum D, Lee SY, Lee M, Kim AR, Seo HR. Identification of hepatic fibrosis inhibitors through morphometry analysis of a hepatic multicellular spheroids model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10931. [PMID: 34035369 PMCID: PMC8149639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A chronic, local inflammatory milieu can cause tissue fibrosis that results in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), increased abundance of fibroblasts, and further acceleration of fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to identify potential mechanisms and inhibitors of fibrosis using 3D model-based phenotypic screening. We established liver fibrosis models using multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) composed of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and stromal cells such as fibroblasts (WI38), hepatic stellate cells (LX2), and endothelial cells (HUVEC) seeded at constant ratios. Through high-throughput screening of FDA-approved drugs, we identified retinoic acid and forskolin as candidates to attenuate the compactness of MCTSs as well as inhibit the expression of ECM-related proteins. Additionally, retinoic acid and forskolin induced reprogramming of fibroblast and cancer stem cells in the HCC microenvironment. Of interest, retinoic acid and forskolin had anti-fibrosis effects by decreasing expression of α-SMA and F-actin in LX2 cells and HUVEC cells. Moreover, when sorafenib was added along with retinoic acid and forskolin, apoptosis was increased, suggesting that anti-fibrosis drugs may improve tissue penetration to support the efficacy of anti-cancer drugs. Collectively, these findings support the potential utility of morphometric analyses of hepatic multicellular spheroid models in the development of new drugs with novel mechanisms for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis and HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhwa Song
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwa Kim
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyeong Heo
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - David Shum
- Screening Discovery Platform, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Lee
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minji Lee
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, Deajeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Ram Kim
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng Ran Seo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 16, Daewangpangyo-ro 712 beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13488, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Dean T, Li NT, Cadavid JL, Ailles L, McGuigan AP. A TRACER culture invasion assay to probe the impact of cancer associated fibroblasts on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell invasiveness. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:3078-3094. [PMID: 32347842 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm02017a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major cellular component of the tumour stroma and have been shown to promote tumour cell invasion and disease progression. CAF-cancer cell interactions are bi-directional and occur via both soluble factor dependent and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling mechanisms, which are incompletely understood. Previously we developed the Tissue Roll for Analysis of Cellular Environment and Response (TRACER), a novel stacked paper tumour model in which cells embedded in a hydrogel are infiltrated into a porous cellulose scaffold that is then rolled around an aluminum core to generate a multi-layered 3D tissue. Here, we use the TRACER platform to explore the impact of CAFs derived from three different patients on the invasion of two head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines (CAL33 and FaDu). We find that co-culture with CAFs enhances HNSCC tumour cell invasion into an acellular collagen layer in TRACER and this enhanced migration occurs independently of proliferation. We show that CAF-enhanced invasion of CAL33 cells is driven by a soluble factor independent mechanism, likely involving CAF mediated ECM remodelling via matrix metalloprotenases (MMPs). Furthermore, we find that CAF-enhanced tumour cell invasion is dependent on the spatial pattern of collagen density within the culture. Our results highlight the utility of the co-culture TRACER platform to explore soluble factor independent interactions between CAFs and tumour cells that drive increased tumour cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Dean
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Canada.
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7
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Abstract
Biofabrication techniques have enabled the formation of complex models of many biological tissues. We present a framework to contextualize biofabrication techniques within a disease modeling application. Fibrosis is a progressive disease interfering with tissue structure and function, which stems from an aberrant wound healing response. Epithelial injury and clot formation lead to fibroblast invasion and activation, followed by contraction and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. These stages have healthy wound healing variants in addition to the pathogenic analogs that are seen in fibrosis. This review evaluates biofabrication of a variety of phenotypic cell-based fibrosis assays. By recapitulating different contributors to fibrosis, these assays are able to evaluate biochemical pathways and therapeutic candidates for specific stages of fibrosis pathogenesis. Biofabrication of these culture models may enable phenotypic screening for improved understanding of fibrosis biology as well as improved screening of anti-fibrotic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Yamanishi
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
- The Parker H Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Stephen Robinson
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
- The Parker H Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Shuichi Takayama
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
- The Parker H Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States of America
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Nies C, Rubner T, Lorig H, Colditz V, Seelmann H, Müller A, Gottwald E. A Microcavity Array-Based 4D Cell Culture Platform. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E50. [PMID: 31159244 PMCID: PMC6631836 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: We describe a 4D cell culture platform with which we tried to detect and to characterize migration dynamics of single hematopoietic stem cells in polymer film microcavity arrays integrated into a microtiter plate. (2) Methods: The system was set up with CD34-expressing KG-1a cells as a surrogate for hematopoietic stem cells. We then evaluated the system as an artificial hematopoietic stem cell niche model comprised of a co-culture of human hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood (cord blood CD34+ cells, hHSCs) and human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) from bone marrow over a period of 21 days. We used a software-based cell detection method to count single hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in microcavities. (3) Results: It was possible to detect single HSCs and their migration behavior within single microcavities. The HSCs displayed a pronounced migration behavior with one population of CD34-expressing cells located at the bottom of the microcavities and one population located in the middle of the microcavities at day 14. However, at day 21 the two populations seemed to unite again so that no clear distinction between the two was possible anymore. (4) Conclusions: Single cell migration detection was possible but microscopy and flow cytometry delivered non-uniform data sets. Further optimization is currently being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Nies
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-P1atz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Rubner
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hanna Lorig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-P1atz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Vera Colditz
- Bayer AG, Dept. Engineering and Technology, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 3, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany.
| | - Helen Seelmann
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany.
| | - Andreas Müller
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Frauenklinik, Moltkestr. 90, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Eric Gottwald
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Functional Interfaces, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-P1atz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Low dose photodynamic therapy harmonizes with radiation therapy to induce beneficial effects on pancreatic heterocellular spheroids. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2625-2643. [PMID: 31080554 PMCID: PMC6499000 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has seen long standing interest as a therapy for resistant cancers, but the main Achilles’ heel for its successful clinical exploitation is the use of poorly penetrating visible light. This limitation could be overcome by using radioluminescent nanoparticles, which can be excited during radiation therapy (RT) with penetrating X-rays. When infused in tumors, X-ray activated-nanoscintillators act as internal light sources and excite nearby photosensitizers. Recent studies demonstrated that it is realistic to achieve low dose PDT with current nanoscintillators. However, as the origin of enhanced RT efficacy with nanoscintillators may have varying origins, we aimed to answer the basic question: Is a combination of low-dose PDT beneficial to the RT efficacy in clinically relevant models of cancer? Pancreatic cancer (PanCa) remains a lethal disease for which RT is part of the palliative care and for which PDT demonstrated promising results in clinical trial. We thus evaluated the combination of low-dose PDT and RT delivered in absence of nanoscintillators on various heterocellular spheroid models that recapitulate the clinical heterogeneity of PanCa. Although therapeutic effects emerged at different timepoints in each model, the RT/PDT combination uniformly achieved favorable outcomes. With RT providing stunted tumor growth while PDT drove adjuvant apoptotic and necrotic cell death, the combination produced significantly smaller and less viable PanCa spheroids. In conclusion, the beneficial RT/PDT treatment outcomes encourage the further development of nanoscinitillators for X-ray-activated PDT. Assessment of such combination treatments should encompass multiparametric and temporally-spaced assessment of treatment effects in preclinical cancer models.
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Isolation of ketomycin from Actinomycetes as an inhibitor of 2D and 3D cancer cell invasion. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2018; 72:148-154. [PMID: 30510246 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-018-0129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of cancer cell migration and invasion should be useful to inhibit metastasis. Then, we have screened microbial culture filtrates for the inhibitors of cancer cell migration. As a result, we isolated an antibiotic ketomycin from a culture filtrate of Actinomycetes SF2912 as an inhibitor of cancer cell migration. It is a known antibiotic, but its biological activity on mammalian cells has not been reported. Ketomycin inhibited cellular migration and invasion in human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells at the non-toxic concentrations. Ketomycin decreased the expressions of MMP-9 and MMP-11 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Knockdown of each gene by siRNA inhibited the cellular migration and invasion. Ketomycin was then found to inhibit the cellular NF-κB activity that may be involved in the upstream signaling. For the mechanism of NF-κB inhibition, ketomycin inhibited autophosphorylation of IKK-α/IKK-β. Ketomycin also inhibited the 3D-invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells at the non-toxic concentrations. Thus, ketomycin having a comparatively simple structure may become a seed of anti-metastasis agent.
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Rodenhizer D, Dean T, D'Arcangelo E, McGuigan AP. The Current Landscape of 3D In Vitro Tumor Models: What Cancer Hallmarks Are Accessible for Drug Discovery? Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701174. [PMID: 29350495 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer prognosis remains a lottery dependent on cancer type, disease stage at diagnosis, and personal genetics. While investment in research is at an all-time high, new drugs are more likely to fail in clinical trials today than in the 1970s. In this review, a summary of current survival statistics in North America is provided, followed by an overview of the modern drug discovery process, classes of models used throughout different stages, and challenges associated with drug development efficiency are highlighted. Then, an overview of the cancer hallmarks that drive clinical progression is provided, and the range of available clinical therapies within the context of these hallmarks is categorized. Specifically, it is found that historically, the development of therapies is limited to a subset of possible targets. This provides evidence for the opportunities offered by novel disease-relevant in vitro models that enable identification of novel targets that facilitate interactions between the tumor cells and their surrounding microenvironment. Next, an overview of the models currently reported in literature is provided, and the cancer biology they have been used to explore is highlighted. Finally, four priority areas are suggested for the field to accelerate adoption of in vitro tumour models for cancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Rodenhizer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Teresa Dean
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Elisa D'Arcangelo
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Alison P. McGuigan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry & Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto M5S 3E5 Canada
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12
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Kenney RM, Lloyd CC, Whitman NA, Lockett MR. 3D cellular invasion platforms: how do paper-based cultures stack up? Chem Commun (Camb) 2018. [PMID: 28621775 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02357j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellular invasion is the gateway to metastasis, which is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Invasion is driven by a number of chemical and mechanical stresses that arise in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro assays are needed for the systematic study of cancer progress. To be truly predictive, these assays must generate tissue-like environments that can be experimentally controlled and manipulated. While two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures are easily assembled and evaluated, they lack the extracellular components needed to assess invasion. Three-dimensional (3D) cultures are better suited for invasion studies because they generate cellular phenotypes that are more representative of those found in vivo. This feature article provides an overview of four invasion platforms. We focus on paper-based cultures, an emerging 3D culture platform capable of generating tissue-like structures and quantifying cellular invasion. Paper-based cultures are as easily assembled and analyzed as monolayers, but provide an experimentally powerful platform capable of supporting: co-cultures and representative extracellular environments; experimentally controlled gradients; readouts capable of quantifying, discerning, and separating cells based on their invasiveness. With a series of examples we highlight the potential of paper-based cultures, and discuss how they stack up against other invasion platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Kenney
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
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13
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Mittler F, Obeïd P, Rulina AV, Haguet V, Gidrol X, Balakirev MY. High-Content Monitoring of Drug Effects in a 3D Spheroid Model. Front Oncol 2017; 7:293. [PMID: 29322028 PMCID: PMC5732143 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent decline in the discovery of novel medications challenges the widespread use of 2D monolayer cell assays in the drug discovery process. As a result, the need for more appropriate cellular models of human physiology and disease has renewed the interest in spheroid 3D culture as a pertinent model for drug screening. However, despite technological progress that has significantly simplified spheroid production and analysis, the seeming complexity of the 3D approach has delayed its adoption in many laboratories. The present report demonstrates that the use of a spheroid model may be straightforward and can provide information that is not directly available with a standard 2D approach. We describe a cost-efficient method that allows for the production of an array of uniform spheroids, their staining with vital dyes, real-time monitoring of drug effects, and an ATP-endpoint assay, all in the same 96-well U-bottom plate. To demonstrate the method performance, we analyzed the effect of the preclinical anticancer drug MLN4924 on spheroids formed by VCaP and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. The drug has different outcomes in these cell lines, varying from cell cycle arrest and protective dormancy to senescence and apoptosis. We demonstrate that by using high-content analysis of spheroid arrays, the effect of the drug can be described as a series of EC50 values that clearly dissect the cytostatic and cytotoxic drug actions. The method was further evaluated using four standard cancer chemotherapeutics with different mechanisms of action, and the effect of each drug is described as a unique multi-EC50 diagram. Once fully validated in a wider range of conditions, this method could be particularly valuable for phenotype-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Obeïd
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Anastasia V. Rulina
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
- Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, INSERM, CNRS, CIRI, Lyon, France
| | - Vincent Haguet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Xavier Gidrol
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INSERM, BIG, BGE, Grenoble, France
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14
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Ravi M, Ramesh A, Pattabhi A. Contributions of 3D Cell Cultures for Cancer Research. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2679-2697. [PMID: 27791270 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell lines have contributed immensely in understanding the complex physiology of cancers. They are excellent material for studies as they offer homogenous samples without individual variations and can be utilised with ease and flexibility. Also, the number of assays and end-points one can study is almost limitless; with the advantage of improvising, modifying or altering several variables and methods. Literally, a new dimension to cancer research has been achieved by the advent of 3Dimensional (3D) cell culture techniques. This approach increased many folds the ways in which cancer cell lines can be utilised for understanding complex cancer biology. 3D cell culture techniques are now the preferred way of using cancer cell lines to bridge the gap between the 'absolute in vitro' and 'true in vivo'. The aspects of cancer biology that 3D cell culture systems have contributed include morphology, microenvironment, gene and protein expression, invasion/migration/metastasis, angiogenesis, tumour metabolism and drug discovery, testing chemotherapeutic agents, adaptive responses and cancer stem cells. We present here, a comprehensive review on the applications of 3D cell culture systems for these aspects of cancers. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2679-2697, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddaly Ravi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Aarthi Ramesh
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Aishwarya Pattabhi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, India
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15
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Horvath P, Aulner N, Bickle M, Davies AM, Nery ED, Ebner D, Montoya MC, Östling P, Pietiäinen V, Price LS, Shorte SL, Turcatti G, von Schantz C, Carragher NO. Screening out irrelevant cell-based models of disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:751-769. [PMID: 27616293 DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The common and persistent failures to translate promising preclinical drug candidates into clinical success highlight the limited effectiveness of disease models currently used in drug discovery. An apparent reluctance to explore and adopt alternative cell- and tissue-based model systems, coupled with a detachment from clinical practice during assay validation, contributes to ineffective translational research. To help address these issues and stimulate debate, here we propose a set of principles to facilitate the definition and development of disease-relevant assays, and we discuss new opportunities for exploiting the latest advances in cell-based assay technologies in drug discovery, including induced pluripotent stem cells, three-dimensional (3D) co-culture and organ-on-a-chip systems, complemented by advances in single-cell imaging and gene editing technologies. Funding to support precompetitive, multidisciplinary collaborations to develop novel preclinical models and cell-based screening technologies could have a key role in improving their clinical relevance, and ultimately increase clinical success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Horvath
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged H-6726, Hungary; and at the Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Nathalie Aulner
- Imagopole-Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Marc Bickle
- Technology Development Studio, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden 01307, Germany.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Anthony M Davies
- Translational Cell Imaging Queensland (TCIQ), Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane 4102 QLD, Australia; and The Irish National Centre for High Content Screening and Analysis, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Phase 3 Trinity Health Sciences 1.20, St James Hospital, Dublin D8, Republic of Ireland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Elaine Del Nery
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Department of Translational Research, The Biophenics High-Content Screening Laboratory, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), F-75005, Paris, France.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Maria C Montoya
- Cellomics Unit, Cell Biology &Physiology Program, Cell &Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Päivi Östling
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17165, Sweden.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Vilja Pietiäinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Leo S Price
- Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Toxicology, Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands; and at OcellO, J.H Oortweg 21, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Spencer L Shorte
- Imagopole-Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Gerardo Turcatti
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Carina von Schantz
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00290, Finland.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK.,European Cell-Based Assays Interest Group
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16
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Fraietta I, Gasparri F. The development of high-content screening (HCS) technology and its importance to drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:501-14. [PMID: 26971542 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1165203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-content screening (HCS) was introduced about twenty years ago as a promising analytical approach to facilitate some critical aspects of drug discovery. Its application has spread progressively within the pharmaceutical industry and academia to the point that it today represents a fundamental tool in supporting drug discovery and development. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review some of significant progress in the HCS field in terms of biological models and assay readouts. They highlight the importance of high-content screening in drug discovery, as testified by its numerous applications in a variety of therapeutic areas: oncology, infective diseases, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. They also dissect the role of HCS technology in different phases of the drug discovery pipeline: target identification, primary compound screening, secondary assays, mechanism of action studies and in vitro toxicology. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances in cellular assay technologies, such as the introduction of three-dimensional (3D) cultures, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and genome editing technologies (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9), have tremendously expanded the potential of high-content assays to contribute to the drug discovery process. Increasingly predictive cellular models and readouts, together with the development of more sophisticated and affordable HCS readers, will further consolidate the role of HCS technology in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Fraietta
- a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy
| | - Fabio Gasparri
- a Department of Biology , Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l ., Nerviano , Milano , Italy
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