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Chi W, Huang Y, Li P, Wang X, Li J, Meng F. Morphine Induced Neuroprotection in Ischemic Stroke by Activating Autophagy Via mTOR-Independent Activation of the JNK1/2 Pathway. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:2249-2270. [PMID: 38837092 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-024-04181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Morphine (Mor) has exhibited efficacy in safeguarding neurons against ischemic injuries by simulating ischemic/hypoxic preconditioning (I/HPC). Concurrently, autophagy plays a pivotal role in neuronal survival during IPC against ischemic stroke. However, the involvement of autophagy in Mor-induced neuroprotection and the potential mechanisms remain elusive. Our experiments further confirmed the effect of Mor in cellular and animal models of ischemic stroke and explored its potential mechanism. The findings revealed that Mor enhanced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner by augmenting autophagy levels and autophagic flux in neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Pretreatment of Mor improved neurological outcome and reduced infarct size in mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) at 1, 7 and 14 days. Moreover, the use of autophagy inhibitors nullified the protective effects of Mor, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, increased loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and neuronal apoptosis in OGD/R neurons. Results further demonstrated that Mor-induced autophagy activation was regulated by mTOR-independent activation of the c-Jun NH2- terminal kinase (JNK)1/2 Pathway, both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these findings suggested Mor-induced neuroprotection by activating autophagy, which were regulated by JNK1/2 pathway in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Chi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, 250013, PR China
| | - Yaru Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, 250013, PR China
| | - Peilong Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250013, PR China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, 250013, PR China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, PR China
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, 250013, PR China.
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, PR China.
| | - Fanjun Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Shandong, 250013, PR China.
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Zhou G, Liu Y, Wu H, Zhang D, Yang Q, Li Y. Research Progress on Histone Deacetylases Regulating Programmed Cell Death in Atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2024; 17:308-321. [PMID: 37821683 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-023-10444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are epigenetic modifying enzyme that is closely related to chromatin structure and gene transcription, and numerous studies have found that HDACs play an important regulatory role in atherosclerosis disease. Apoptosis, autophagy and programmed necrosis as the three typical programmed cell death modalities that can lead to cell loss and are closely related to the developmental process of atherosclerosis. In recent years, accumulating evidence has shown that the programmed cell death mediated by HDACs is increasingly important in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. This paper first gives a brief overview of HDACs, the mechanism of programmed cell death, and their role in atherosclerosis, and then further elaborates on the role and mechanism of HDACs in regulating apoptosis, autophagy, and programmed necrosis in atherosclerosis, respectively, to provide new effective measures and theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
- Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
- Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China.
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yiling Road 183, Yichang, 443003, Hubei, China.
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
- Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Qingzhuo Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
- Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443003, China
- Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, 443003, China
- HuBei Clinical Research Center for Ischemic Cardiovascular Disease, Yichang, 443003, China
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Perez-Pouchoulen M, Jaiyesimi A, Bardhi K, Waddell J, Banerjee A. Hypothermia increases cold-inducible protein expression and improves cerebellar-dependent learning after hypoxia ischemia in the neonatal rat. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:539-546. [PMID: 36810641 PMCID: PMC10403381 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy remains a significant cause of developmental disability.1,2 The standard of care for term infants is hypothermia, which has multifactorial effects.3-5 Therapeutic hypothermia upregulates the cold-inducible protein RNA binding motif 3 (RBM3) that is highly expressed in developing and proliferative regions of the brain.6,7 The neuroprotective effects of RBM3 in adults are mediated by its ability to promote the translation of mRNAs such as reticulon 3 (RTN3).8 METHODS: Hypoxia ischemia or control procedure was conducted in Sprague Dawley rat pups on postnatal day 10 (PND10). Pups were immediately assigned to normothermia or hypothermia at the end of the hypoxia. In adulthood, cerebellum-dependent learning was tested using the conditioned eyeblink reflex. The volume of the cerebellum and the magnitude of cerebral injury were measured. A second study quantified RBM3 and RTN3 protein levels in the cerebellum and hippocampus collected during hypothermia. RESULTS Hypothermia reduced cerebral tissue loss and protected cerebellar volume. Hypothermia also improved learning of the conditioned eyeblink response. RBM3 and RTN3 protein expression were increased in the cerebellum and hippocampus of rat pups subjected to hypothermia on PND10. CONCLUSIONS Hypothermia was neuroprotective in male and female pups and reversed subtle changes in the cerebellum after hypoxic ischemic. IMPACT Hypoxic ischemic produced tissue loss and a learning deficit in the cerebellum. Hypothermia reversed both the tissue loss and learning deficit. Hypothermia increased cold-responsive protein expression in the cerebellum and hippocampus. Our results confirm cerebellar volume loss contralateral to the carotid artery ligation and injured cerebral hemisphere, suggesting crossed-cerebellar diaschisis in this model. Understanding the endogenous response to hypothermia might improve adjuvant interventions and expand the clinical utility of this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayodele Jaiyesimi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keti Bardhi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zhou T, Mo J, Xu W, Hu Q, Liu H, Fu Y, Jiang J. Mild hypothermia alleviates oxygen−glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced apoptosis by inhibiting ROS generation, improving mitochondrial dysfunction and regulating DNA damage repair pathway in PC12 cells. Apoptosis 2022; 28:447-457. [PMID: 36520321 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01799-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has a great impact on human life and property safety. As far as we know, mild hypothermia (MH) is an effective measure to reduce neuronal injury after I/R. However, the precise mechanism is not extremely clear. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether mild therapeutic hypothermia can play a protective role in nerve cells dealing with brain I/R injury and explore its specific mechanism in vitro. A flow cytometer, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay were performed to detect apoptotic rate of cells, cell viability and cytotoxicity, respectively, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay kit, JC-1 fluorescent methods, immunofluorescence and western blot were used to explore ROS, mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Δψm), mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) and protein expression, respectively. The result indicated that the cell activity was decreased, while the cytotoxicity and apoptosis rate were increased after treating with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) in PC12 cells. However, MH could antagonize this phenomenon. Interestingly, treating with OGD/R increased the release of ROS and the transfer of Cytochrome C (Cyt-C) from mitochondria to cytoplasm. In addition, it up-regulated the expression of γH2AX, Bax and Clv-caspase3, down-regulated the expression of PCNA, Rad51 and Bcl-2, and inhibited the function of mitochondria in PC12 cells. Excitingly, the opposite trend was observed after MH treatment. Therefore, our results suggest that MH protects PC12 cells against OGD/R-induced injury with the mechanism of inhibiting cell apoptosis by reducing ROS production, improving mitochondrial function, reducing DNA damage, and enhancing DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianen Zhou
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Jierong Mo
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Weigan Xu
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaohua Hu
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongfeng Liu
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of General Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, 528000, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Zhang HY, Tian Y, Shi HY, Cai Y, Xu Y. The critical role of the endolysosomal system in cerebral ischemia. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:983-990. [PMID: 36254978 PMCID: PMC9827782 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a serious disease that triggers sequential pathological mechanisms, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Although most studies to date have typically focused on the lysosome, a single organelle, current evidence supports that the function of lysosomes cannot be separated from that of the endolysosomal system as a whole. The associated membrane fusion functions of this system play a crucial role in the biodegradation of cerebral ischemia-related products. Here, we review the regulation of and the changes that occur in the endolysosomal system after cerebral ischemia, focusing on the latest research progress on membrane fusion function. Numerous proteins, including N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor and lysosomal potassium channel transmembrane protein 175, regulate the function of this system. However, these proteins are abnormally expressed after cerebral ischemic injury, which disrupts the normal fusion function of membranes within the endolysosomal system and that between autophagosomes and lysosomes. This results in impaired "maturation" of the endolysosomal system and the collapse of energy metabolism balance and protein homeostasis maintained by the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Autophagy is the final step in the endolysosomal pathway and contributes to maintaining the dynamic balance of the system. The process of autophagosome-lysosome fusion is a necessary part of autophagy and plays a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis and clearing aging proteins. We believe that, in cerebral ischemic injury, the endolysosomal system should be considered as a whole rather than focusing on the lysosome. Understanding how this dynamic system is regulated will provide new ideas for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Han-Yan Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ya Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China,Correspondence to: Ying Xu, .
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6
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Lu Y, Zhang C, Chen J, Zou Q, Li B, Wei H, Chang MP, Liao X, Hu C. Hypothermia preconditioning improves cardiac contractility after cardiopulmonary resuscitation through AMPK-activated mitophagy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1277-1286. [PMID: 35410532 PMCID: PMC9379608 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221081546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia preconditioning (HPC) improves cardiac function after cardiac arrest, yet the mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that HPC-activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity may be involved. Adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into normothermia Control, HPC (cooling to 32-34°C for 30 min), and HPC + Compound C (Compound C 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally 30 min before HPC group). The rats underwent 7 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation (VF) followed by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Cardiac function and hemodynamic parameters were evaluated at 4 h after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). Survival status was determined 72 h after ROSC. Mechanistically, we further examined the AMPK-Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1 (ULK1)-mitophagy pathway and autophagic flux in vivo and in vitro. Six of twelve rats in the Control group, 10 of 12 rats in the HPC group, and 7 of 12 rats in HPC + Compound C group were successfully resuscitated. The 72-h survival rates were 1 of 12 Control, 6 of 12 HPC, and 2 of 12 HPC + Compound C rats, respectively (P = 0.043). Rats in the HPC group demonstrated greater cardiac contractility and hemodynamic stability which were compromised by Compound C. Furthermore, HPC increased the protein levels of p-AMPKα and p-ULK1 and promoted the expression of mitochondrial autophagy-related genes. Compound C decreased the expression of mitochondrial autophagy-related genes and reduced autophagic flux. Consistent with the observations obtained in vivo, in vitro experiments in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (CMs) demonstrated that HPC attenuated simulated ischemia-reperfusion-induced CM death, accompanied by increased AMPK-ULK1-mitophagy pathway activity. These findings suggest that AMPK-ULK1-mitophagy pathway was activated by HPC and has a crucial role in cardioprotection during cardiac arrest. Manipulation of mitophagy by hypothermia may merit further investigation as a novel strategy to prevent cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzheng Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China,Department of Emergency Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan 523059, P.R. China
| | - Qiuping Zou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan 523059, P.R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Wei
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China
| | - Mary P Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoxing Liao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, P.R. China,Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, P.R. China
| | - Chunlin Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, P.R. China,Chunlin Hu.
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7
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Zhang L, Pan RL, Li Y, Hu YQ, Xv H, Zhu C, Wang X, Ma KT, Zhao D. Reverse relationship between autophagy and apoptosis in an in vitro model of cortical neuronal injury. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 120:102070. [PMID: 34971726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are intertwined, and their relationship involves complex cross-talk. Whether the activation and inhibition of autophagy protect or damage neurons in the central nervous system has been a matter of longstanding controversy. We investigated the effect of autophagy on the apoptosis of cortical neurons after oxygen- and glucose-deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury in vitro and found that protective mechanism activation was the predominant response to enhanced autophagy activation and increased autophagic flux. After successful establishment of an OGD/R model with cortical neurons, the autophagy activator rapamycin (Rap) or the late-autophagy inhibitor bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) was added to cell groups according to the experimental design. Cell viability was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, and the apoptosis rate was measured by analysing Annexin V-FITC/PI-stained cells. The protein and mRNA expression levels of the apoptosis factors Caspase8 and Caspase3 and autophagy-associated proteins LC3 and p62 were measured by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. The extent of autophagic flux was determined by measuring the intensity of double immunofluorescence labelled protein after cells were transfected with RFP-GFP-LC3-expressing virus, and the ultrastructures of autophagosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that cell viability decreased and that cells underwent autophagy and apoptosis after OGD/R. After the addition of Rap, cell viability was increased, and the apoptosis rate was decreased significantly. In addition, the level of the autophagic flux protein LC3II was increased, and the level of p62 was decreased. The number of autophagosomes and the ratio of autophagosomes to lysosomes were increased significantly. After BafA1 intervention, however, these results were reversed, with decreased cell viability, a significantly increased apoptosis rate, and disrupted autophagic flux. In conclusion, enhanced autophagy activation or autophagic flux exerted a significant protective effect on neurons after OGD/R injury in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases), Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Rong-Ling Pan
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases), Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Yu-Qi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases), Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Hui Xv
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases), Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases), Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Xv Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases), Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Ke-Tao Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University and the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases), Shihezi, 832000, China.
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Meng J, Ma H, Zhu Y, Zhao Q. Dehydrocostuslactone attenuated oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced PC12 cell injury through inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 911:174554. [PMID: 34627804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the protective effect of dehydrocostuslactone (DHL) on PC12 cells injury induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and its possible mechanism on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The maestro 11.1 software was used to predict the binding sites of DHL with LC3, Beclin-1, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Caspase-7. We used a cellular model of 2 h of OGD and 24 h of reperfusion to mimic cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cells were treated with DHL during the reperfusion phase. The docking results showed that DHL had binding sites with LC3, Beclin-1, PI3K, AKT, mTOR, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, and Caspase-7. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins, LC3 and Beclin-1 increased while P-PI3K, P-AKT, and P-mTOR decreased. Apoptosis-related proteins, namely, Bax, Cyto-c, Caspase-3, Caspase-7, Caspase-9 increased, but the anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 protein decreased. However, DHL effectively inhibited these undesirable changes induced by OGD/R in PC12 cells. Our results suggested that DHL attenuated OGD/R-induced neuronal injury by inhibiting apoptosis and autophagy by activating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. This inhibition can improve cell survival and offer evidence for the beneficial effects of DHL on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinni Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District Yinchuan City, 750004, China
| | - Huixia Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District Yinchuan City, 750004, China
| | - Yafei Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District Yinchuan City, 750004, China.
| | - Qipeng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District Yinchuan City, 750004, China; Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education (Ningxia Medical University), No. 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District Yinchuan City, 750004, China.
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9
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Zhang L, Wang Y, Pan RL, Li Y, Hu YQ, Xv H, Zhu C, Wang X, Yin JW, Ma KT, Zhao D. Neuritin attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-induced neuronal injury by promoting autophagic flux. Exp Cell Res 2021; 407:112832. [PMID: 34536391 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The autophagy/apoptosis interaction has always been a focus of study in pathogenicity models. Neuritin is a neurotrophic factor that is highly expressed primarily in the central nervous system. Our previous study revealed that it protects against apoptosis in cortical neurons subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation (OGD/R), and later animal experiments revealed that it can increase the expression of the autophagy-related protein LC3. Whether this neuroprotective effect is closely related to autophagy is still unclear. In this study, we hypothesized that neuritin can promote autophagic flux to protect nerve cells after OGD/R. To verify this hypothesis, we induced OGD/R in primary cortical neurons and assessed cell viability by the CCK8 and LDH assays. Cell apoptosis was assessed by Annexin V-FITC/PI, staining, and the contents and mRNA abundances of the autophagy-related proteins LC3 and p62, the apoptotic protein Caspase3 were quantified by Western blotting and RT-PCR. Autophagic flux was assessed by immunofluorescence after RFP-GFP-LC3 virus transfection, and ultrastructural changes in autophagosomes were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that cell viability was decreased, apoptosis was increased and autophagy was enhanced after OGD/R. Neuritin significantly increased cell viability, decreased apoptosis, further increased the expression of the autophagic flux-related protein LC3, further decreased p62 expression, and significantly increased the autophagosome number and autophagosome to lysosome ratio. Bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) is a late autophagy inhibitor, aggravated cell damage and apoptosis and counteracted the enhancement of autophagy activation and protective effects of neuritin. In conclusion, neuritin may promote the completion of autophagic flux by ameliorating neuronal damage after OGD/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Rong-Ling Pan
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Yu-Qi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Hui Xv
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Chao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Xv Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Jiang-Wen Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Ke-Tao Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University and the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China.
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Zhang L, Xu J, Han YF, Zhang HL, Li Y, Chen FL, Hu YQ, Yin JW, Ma KT, Zhao D. Detection of autophagic flux in primary cerebral cortical neurons after oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) using various methods. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 117:101999. [PMID: 34214593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The current research hot spot in the field of autophagic flux is to explain and alleviate disease from the perspective of autophagy. A highly sophisticated, sensitive, quantifiable and comprehensive method is required to accurately determine the dynamic process of autophagic flux. There are very few methods in neuroscience that specifically examine autophagic flux. Therefore, primary cortical neurons were divided into oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) (group A) and OGD/R plus bafilomycin A1 (BafA1) (group B) groups. ① Transfection of the LC3 gene with the RFP-GFP tandem fluorescent label was performed. ② Direct quantification was performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ③ Autophagy-related tools were used to detect the transformation of LC3I/II. ④ SQSTM1/P62 combined with the LC3 protein flip test was performed to comprehensively evaluate autophagic flux. Using method one, the ratio of autophagolysosomes to autophagosomes in group A was significantly increased based on fluorescence microscopy analysis. Using method two, the autophagy process in group A was more continuous and unobstructed based on TEM analysis, while only some partial processes were observed in group B, and the number of autophagosomes and autophagy lysosomes in group A was significantly greater more than that in group B. The LC3II/I ratio measured in method three was analysed in detail to explain the autophagic flux. The ratio of soluble p62 combined with the ratio of LC3II/I detected using method four reflected the activation of autophagy. In summary, each method has its own advantages, and different methods and indicators can be used to monitor different stages of autophagy. An understanding of these advantages and mastery of these methods, is a very promising strategy to systematically and objectively study central nervous system diseases, facilitate the rational use of drugs, and formulate effective treatment plans from the perspective of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases) Shihezi, 832000, China; Department of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Tenth Division Beitun Hospital, Beitun, 836000, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases) Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Yan-Feng Han
- Department of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Tenth Division Disease Prevention and Control Center, Beitun, 836000, China
| | - Hai-Long Zhang
- Department of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Tenth Division Beitun Hospital, Beitun, 836000, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases) Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Fu-Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases) Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Yu-Qi Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases) Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Jiang-Wen Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Ke-Tao Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shihezi University and the Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Shihezi, 832000, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University (NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases) Shihezi, 832000, China.
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11
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Zhang A, Song Y, Zhang Z, Jiang S, Chang S, Cai Z, Liu F, Zhang X, Ni G. Effects of autophagy inhibitor 3-Methyladenine on ischemic stroke: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e23873. [PMID: 33530181 PMCID: PMC7850754 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000023873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a huge threat to human health globally. Rescuing neurons in the ischemic penumbra (IP) is pivotal after the onset of ischemic stroke, and autophagy is essential to the survival of IP neurons and the development of related pathological processes. As the most common autophagy inhibitor, 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) is widely used in studies related to the mechanism of neuronal autophagy in ischemic stroke; however, there is no consensus has been reached on its effects of neuroprotection or neurodamage, which hinders the development and clinical application of autophagy-targeted therapy strategies for the treatment of ischemic stroke. METHODS We will search the following electronic bibliographic databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Participant intervention comparator outcomes of this study are as flowing: P, animal models of ischemic stroke; I, received 3-MA treatment merely; C, received only vehicle or sham treatment, or no treatment; O, Primary outcomes are infarct volume; neuro-behavioral scores. Secondary outcomes are cerebral blood flow, blood-brain barrier permeability, cerebral hemorrhage, brain water content. Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 15.1 will be used in data analysis. The characteristics of the studies, the experimental model, and the main results will be described, the quality assessment and the risk of bias assessment will be conducted. A narrative synthesis will be made for the included studies. Besides, if sufficient qualitative data is available, a meta-analysis will be conducted. I2 statistics will be used to assess heterogeneity. DISCUSSION This systematic review and meta-analysis of the autophagy inhibitor 3-MAs effects on animal models of ischemic stroke can help us to understand whether inhibiting autophagy brings protection or damage to IP neurons; in addition, it also helps to clarify the specific role of autophagy in cerebral infarction. Therefore, this study can provide evidence for the future development of therapy strategies targeting autophagy and bring more hope to patients with ischemic stroke. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020194262.
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He T, Li W, Song Y, Li Z, Tang Y, Zhang Z, Yang GY. Sestrin2 regulates microglia polarization through mTOR-mediated autophagic flux to attenuate inflammation during experimental brain ischemia. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:329. [PMID: 33153476 PMCID: PMC7643276 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is the major pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia. Microglia are activated and polarized to either the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype or anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, which act as a critical mediator of neuroinflammation. Sestrin2 has pro-survival properties against ischemic brain injury. However, whether sestrin2 has an anti-inflammatory function by shifting microglia polarization and its underlying mechanism is unknown. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 mice (N = 108) underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) and were treated with exogenous sestrin2. Neurological deficit scores and infarct volume were determined. Cell apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining and Western blotting. The expression of inflammatory mediators, M1/M2-specific markers, and signaling pathways were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunostaining, and Western blotting. To explore the underlying mechanism, primary neurons were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and then treated with oxygenated condition medium of BV2 cells incubated with different doses of sestrin2. Results Sestrin2 attenuated the neurological deficits, infarction volume, and cell apoptosis after tMCAO compared to those in the control (p < 0.05). Sestrin2 had an anti-inflammatory effect and could suppress M1 microglia polarization and promote M2 microglia polarization. Condition medium from BV2 cells cultured with sestrin2 reduced neuronal apoptosis after OGD in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrated that sestrin2 drives microglia to the M2 phenotype by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and restoring autophagic flux. Conclusions Sestrin2 exhibited neuroprotection by shifting microglia polarization from the M1 to M2 phenotype in ischemic mouse brain, which may be due to suppression of the mTOR signaling pathway and the restoration of autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Wanlu Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yaying Song
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Zongwei Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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Yu S, Yu M, Bu Z, He P, Feng J. FKBP5 Exacerbates Impairments in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke by Inducing Autophagy via the AKT/FOXO3 Pathway. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:193. [PMID: 32760250 PMCID: PMC7374263 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is regarded as one of the most serious diseases in the human central nervous system. The secondary ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury increased the difficulty of treatment. Moreover, the latent molecular regulating mechanism in I/R injury is still unclear. Based on our previous clinical study, we discovered that FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) is significantly upregulated in patients, who suffered acute ischemic stroke (AIS), with high diagnostic value. Levels of FKBP5 were positively correlated with patients’ neurological impairments. Furthermore, a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model of mice was used to confirm that FKBP5 expression in plasma could reflect its relative level in brain tissue. Thus, we hypothesized that FKBP5 participated in the regulation of cerebral I/R injury. In order to explore the possible roles FKBP5 acted, the oxygen and glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) model was established to mimic I/R injury in vitro. FKBP5 expressing levels were changed by plasmid stable transfection. The altered expression of FKBP5 influenced cell viability and autophagy after OGD/R injury notably. Besides, AKT/FOXO3 cascade was involved in the FKBP5-regulating process. In the present study, FKBP5 was verified upregulated in cerebral I/R injury, related to the severity of ischemia and reperfusion injury. Additionally, our analyses revealed that FKBP5 regulates autophagy induced by OGD/R via the downstream AKT/FOXO3 signaling pathway. Our findings provide a novel biomarker for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke and a potential strategy for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Yu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingjun Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhongqi Bu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pingping He
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Lai Z, Gu L, Yu L, Chen H, Yu Z, Zhang C, Xu X, Zhang M, Zhang M, Ma M, Zhao Z, Zhang J. Delta opioid peptide [d-Ala2, d-Leu5] enkephalin confers neuroprotection by activating delta opioid receptor-AMPK-autophagy axis against global ischemia. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:79. [PMID: 32549974 PMCID: PMC7294676 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke poses a severe risk to human health worldwide, and currently, clinical therapies for the disease are limited. Delta opioid receptor (DOR)-mediated neuroprotective effects against ischemia have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Our previous studies revealed that DOR activation by [d-Ala2, d-Leu5] enkephalin (DADLE), a selective DOR agonist, can promote hippocampal neuronal survival on day 3 after ischemia. However, the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the DOR-induced improvements in ischemic neuronal survival remain unclear. Results We first detected the cytoprotective effects of DADLE in an oxygen–glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model and observed increased viability of OGD/R SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. We also evaluated changes in the DOR level following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and DADLE treatment and found that DADLE increased DOR levels after ischemia in vivo and vitro. The effects of DOR activation on postischemic autophagy were then investigated, and the results of the animal experiment showed that DOR activation by DADLE enhanced autophagy after ischemia, as indicated by elevated LC3 II/I levels and reduced P62 levels. Furthermore, the DOR-mediated protective effects on ischemic CA1 neurons were abolished by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Moreover, the results of the cell experiments revealed that DOR activation not only augmented autophagy after OGD/R injury but also alleviated autophagic flux dysfunction. The molecular pathway underlying DOR-mediated autophagy under ischemic conditions was subsequently studied, and the in vivo and vitro data showed that DOR activation elevated autophagy postischemia by triggering the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway, while the addition of the AMPK inhibitor compound C eliminated the protective effects of DOR against I/R injury. Conclusion DADLE-evoked DOR activation enhanced neuronal autophagy through activating the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 signaling pathway to improve neuronal survival and exert neuroprotective effects against ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Lai
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Lingling Gu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Lu Yu
- Comprehensive Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Putuo Hospital, Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Huifen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204 China
| | - Zhenhua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Xiaoqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Mutian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508 China
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (East China Normal University), Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204 China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508 China
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15
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Wang L, Xiong X, Zhang X, Ye Y, Jian Z, Gao W, Gu L. Sodium Tanshinone IIA Sulfonate Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Autophagy and Inflammation. Neuroscience 2020; 441:46-57. [PMID: 32505745 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) can protect against brain damage induced by stroke. However, the neural protection mechanism of STS remains unclear. We investigated whether STS performs its protective function by suppressing autophagy and inflammatory activity during brain injury. We established a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model by blocking the left middle cerebral artery with a thread inserted through the internal carotid artery for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 48 h either with or without STS and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA). Neuroprotective effects were determined by evaluating infarction, brain edema, and neurological deficits. The numbers of microglia-derived macrophages, monocyte-derived microglia, T cells, and B cells in the brains were measured, based on the surface marker analyses of CD45, CD11b, B220, CD3, and CD4 using fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. STS (10, 20, 40 mg/kg) was able to significantly reduce infarct volumes, improve neurological deficits, and reduce brain water contents. STS treatment reduced neuroinflammation, as assessed by the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, corresponding with reduced numbers of macrophages, T cells, and B cells in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brains. In addition, STS treatment also attenuated the upregulation of autophagy associated proteins, such as LC3-II, Beclin-1 and Sirt 6, which was induced by MCAO. These results demonstrated that STS can provide remarkable protection against ischemic stroke, possibly via the inhibition of autophagy and inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingze Ye
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenwei Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China.
| | - Lijuan Gu
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, P.O. Box 430060, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, China.
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The Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway and Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway in Cerebral Ischemia. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5457049. [PMID: 32089771 PMCID: PMC7016479 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5457049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and autophagy-lysosome pathway are two major routes for clearance of aberrant cellular components to maintain protein homeostasis and normal cellular functions. Accumulating evidence shows that these two pathways are impaired during cerebral ischemia, which contributes to ischemic-induced neuronal necrosis and apoptosis. This review aims to critically discuss current knowledge and controversies on these two pathways in response to cerebral ischemic stress. We also discuss molecular mechanisms underlying the impairments of these protein degradation pathways and how such impairments lead to neuronal damage after cerebral ischemia. Further, we review the recent advance on the understanding of the involvement of these two pathways in the pathological process during many therapeutic approaches against cerebral ischemia. Despite recent advances, the exact role and molecular mechanisms of these two pathways following cerebral ischemia are complex and not completely understood, of which better understanding will provide avenues to develop novel therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.
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Jiang R, Sun Y, Wang H, Liang M, Xie X. Effect of different carbon dioxide (CO2) insufflation for laparoscopic colorectal surgery in elderly patients: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17520. [PMID: 31593122 PMCID: PMC6799792 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that dry CO2 insufflation during laparoscopic colorectal surgery results in greater structural injury to the peritoneum and longer hospital stay than the use of warm, humidified CO2. We aimed to test the hypothesis that warm, humidified CO2 insufflation could reduce postoperative pain and improve recovery in laparoscopic colorectal surgery. METHODS One hundred fifty elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery under general anesthesia from May 2017 to October 2018 were randomly divided into 3 groups. The primary outcomes were resting pain, cough pain, and consumption of sufentanil at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours postoperatively. Quality of visual image, hemodynamic changes, esophageal temperature, mean skin temperature, mean body temperature, recovery time, days to first flatus and solid food intake, shivering, incidence of postoperative ileus, length of hospital stay, surgical site infections, patients and surgeon satisfaction scores, adverse events, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time were recorded. RESULTS Group CE patients were associated with significantly higher early postoperative cough pain and sufentanil consumption than the other 2 groups (P < .05). Compared with group CE, patients in both groups WH and CF had significantly reduced intraoperative hypothermia, recovery time of PACU, days to first flatus and solid food intake, and length of hospital stay, while the satisfaction scores of both patients and surgeon were significantly higher (P < .05). Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and thrombin time were significantly higher in group CE from 60 minutes after pneumoperitoneum to the end of pneumoperitoneum than the other 2 groups (P < .05). The number of patients with a shivering grade of 0 was significantly lower and grade of 3 was significantly higher in group CE than in the other 2 groups (P < .05). CONCLUSION Use of either warm, humidified CO2 insufflations or 20°C, 0% relative humidity CO2 combined with forced-air warmer set to 38°C during insufflations can both reduce intraoperative hypothermia, dysfunction of coagulation, early postoperative cough pain, sufentanil consumption, days to first flatus, solid food intake, and length of hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjuan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital
| | - Huaiming Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan
| | - Min Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Xianfeng Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chengdu Second People's Hospital
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Mild hypothermia improves neurological outcome in mice after cardiopulmonary resuscitation through Silent Information Regulator 1-actviated autophagy. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:129. [PMID: 31428461 PMCID: PMC6690976 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0209-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild hypothermia treatment (MHT) improves the neurological function of cardiac arrest (CA) patients, but the exact mechanisms of recovery remain unclear. Herein, we generated a CA and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) mouse model to elucidate such function. Naïve mice were randomly divided into two groups, a normothemia (NT) group, in which animals had normal body temperature, and a MHT group, in which animals had a body temperature of 33 °C (range: 32–34 °C), after the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), followed by CA/CPR. MHT significantly improved the survival rate of CA/CPR mice compared with NT. Mechanistically, MHT increased the expression of Silent Information Regulator 1 (Sirt1) and decreased P53 phosphorylation (p-P53) in the cortex of CA/CPR mice, which coincided with the elevated autophagic flux. However, Sirt1 deletion compromised the neuroprotection offered by MHT, indicating that Sirt1 plays an important role. Consistent with the observations obtained from in vivo work, our in vitro study utilizing cultured neurons subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) also indicated that Sirt1 knockdown increased OGD/R-induced neuron necrosis and apoptosis, which was accompanied by decreased autophagic flux and increased p-P53. However, the depletion of P53 did not suppress neuron death, suggesting that P53 was not critically involved in MHT-induced neuroprotection. In contrast, the application of autophagic inhibitor 3-methyladenine attenuated MHT-improved neuron survival after OGD/R, further demonstrating that increased autophagic flux significantly contributes to MHT-linked neuroprotection of CA/CRP mice. Our findings indicate that MHT improves neurological outcome of mice after CA/CPR through Sirt1-mediated activation of autophagic flux.
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19
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Sun YJ, Ma S, Fan B, Wang Y, Wang SR, Li GY. Therapeutic hypothermia protects photoreceptors through activating Cirbp pathway. Neurochem Int 2019; 126:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Zuo Y, Zhang J, Cheng X, Li J, Yang Z, Liu X, Gu E, Zhang Y. Enhanced autophagic flux contributes to cardioprotection of remifentanil postconditioning after hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 514:953-959. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Lu Y, Li C, Chen Q, Liu P, Guo Q, Zhang Y, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Liang D, Zhang Y, Sun T, Lu W, Jiang C. Microthrombus-Targeting Micelles for Neurovascular Remodeling and Enhanced Microcirculatory Perfusion in Acute Ischemic Stroke. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1808361. [PMID: 30957932 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201808361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reperfusion injury exists as the major obstacle to full recovery of neuron functions after ischemic stroke onset and clinical thrombolytic therapies. Complex cellular cascades including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and brain vascular impairment occur within neurovascular units, leading to microthrombus formation and ultimate neuron death. In this work, a multitarget micelle system is developed to simultaneously modulate various cell types involved in these events. Briefly, rapamycin is encapsulated in self-assembled micelles that are consisted of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive and fibrin-binding polymers to achieve micelle retention and controlled drug release within the ischemic lesion. Neuron survival is reinforced by the combination of micelle facilitated ROS elimination and antistress signaling pathway interference under ischemia conditions. In vivo results demonstrate an overall remodeling of neurovascular unit through micelle polarized M2 microglia repair and blood-brain barrier preservation, leading to enhanced neuroprotection and blood perfusion. This strategy gives a proof of concept that neurovascular units can serve as an integrated target for ischemic stroke treatment with nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qinjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Peixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xinli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wenxi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Donghui Liang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Weigen Lu
- National Pharmaceutical Engineering and Research Center, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
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22
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Hu C, Zhao L, Wu D, Li L. Modulating autophagy in mesenchymal stem cells effectively protects against hypoxia- or ischemia-induced injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:120. [PMID: 30995935 PMCID: PMC6471960 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1225-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, a basal level of autophagy, a self-eating cellular process, degrades cytosolic proteins and subcellular organelles in lysosomes to provide energy, recycles the cytoplasmic components, and regenerates cellular building blocks; thus, autophagy maintains cellular and tissue homeostasis in all eukaryotic cells. In general, adaptive autophagy increases when cells confront stressful conditions to improve the survival rate of the cells, while destructive autophagy is activated when the cellular stress is not manageable and elicits the regenerative capacity. Hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury initiate excessive autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and consequently induce a string of damage in mammalian tissues or organs. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy has yielded promising results in repairing H/R- or I/R-induced injury in various tissues. However, MSC transplantation in vivo must overcome the barriers including the low survival rate of transplanted stem cells, limited targeting capacity, and low grafting potency; therefore, much effort is needed to increase the survival and activity of MSCs in vivo. Modulating autophagy regulates the stemness and the anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis, and pro-survival capacity of MSCs and can be applied to MSC-based therapy for repairing H/R- or I/R-induced cellular or tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxia Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Zhao
- Kidney Disease Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Nephrology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Daxian Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Wolf MS, Bayır H, Kochanek PM, Clark RSB. The role of autophagy in acute brain injury: A state of flux? Neurobiol Dis 2018; 122:9-15. [PMID: 29704549 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is established that increased autophagy is readily detectable after various types of acute brain injury, including trauma, focal and global cerebral ischemia. What remains controversial, however, is whether this heightened detection of autophagy in brain represents a homeostatic or pathologic process, or an epiphenomenon. The ultimate role of autophagy after acute brain injury likely depends upon: 1) the degree of brain injury and the overall autophagic burden; 2) the capacity of individual cell types to ramp up autophagic flux; 3) the local redox state and signaling of parallel cell death pathways; 4) the capacity to eliminate damage associated molecular patterns and toxic proteins and metabolites both intra- and extracellularly; and 5) the timing of the pro- or anti-autophagic intervention. In this review, we attempt to reconcile conflicting studies that support both a beneficial and detrimental role for autophagy in models of acute brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Wolf
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, 100 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Brain Care Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Brain Care Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Robert S B Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA; Brain Care Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA.
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24
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Song F, Guo C, Geng Y, Wu X, Fan W. Therapeutic time window and regulation of autophagy by mild hypothermia after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats. Brain Res 2018; 1690:12-22. [PMID: 29649465 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although recent studies have shown that mild hypothermia has neuroprotective effects on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), the therapeutic time window of the therapy and the role of autophagy as a potential neuroprotective mechanism remain unclear. This study was aimed to investigate the appropriate time window of mild hypothermia and the regulation of autophagy during the treatment in a rat model of autologous blood-injected ICH injury. The rats were divided into Sham, normothermic (NT) and hypothermic (HT) groups. HT groups received mild hypothermia (33 °C-35 °C) for 48 h starting from 3 h (HT3), 6 h (HT6), and 12 h (HT12) respectively after ICH. The neurological function, brain edema, blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability and volume of tissue loss were tested. The expression of metrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) and tight junction (TJ) protein including Occludin and Claudin-5 around the hematoma were detected by Western blot. Moreover, autophagy after ICH was detected by the ratio of LC3B-II/I, and the expression of Beclin-1 and p62, while apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dURP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining and expression of Bcl-2, Bim, cleaved Caspase-3. Compared with NT group, neurological deficit, brain edema and BBB permeability were attenuated in HT6 and HT12 groups, but not in HT3 group, while volume of tissue loss was reduced only in HT12 group. The expression of MMP-9 and the degradation of Occludin and Claudin-5 were suppressed only in HT6 and HT12 groups, especially in the latter one. Moreover, neuronal autophagy and apoptosis induced by ICH were downregulated in HT12 group. The results suggested that mild hypothermia initiated at 6 h or 12 h post-injury was neuroprotective in ICH model of rats, especially at 12 h post-injury, via suppression of autophagy upregulated by ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Song
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 20032 Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Guo
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 20032 Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Geng
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 20032 Shanghai, China
| | - Xuqing Wu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 20032 Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 20032 Shanghai, China.
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