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Deng Y, Sun S, Wu S, Chen K, Liu Y, Wei W, Bei N, Qiu C, Li X. Burden and trends of mental disorders in China from 1990 to 2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:1563-1576. [PMID: 38087123 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mental disorders remain the leading causes of disability worldwide. We aimed to determine the burden and trends of mental disorders in China from 1990 to 2019. METHODS The incidence, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of mental disorders at national level of China were examined by age, sex, and subcategories. Temporal trends in the age-standardized rates for incidence, prevalence, and DALYs were assessed by the average annual percentage change (AAPC). All estimates are presented as numbers and age-standardized rates, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). RESULTS The number of incident cases due to mental disorders increased from 42.90 million to 52.72 million, the number of prevalent cases increased from 132.63 million to 160.16 million, and the number of DALYs increased from 15.64 million to 20.29 million during 1990-2019. Decreasing trends were observed in the age-standardized rates for incidence, prevalence and DALYs. Anxiety and depressive disorders were more frequent in women, while ADHD, conduct disorder, and autism spectrum disorders were more common in men. Compared with 1990, the age-specific incidence rates were higher in individuals under 14 years and over 55 years, whereas rates were lower in those aged 15-49 years in 2019. CONCLUSION The number of incident cases, prevalent cases, and DALYs due to mental disorders gradually increased in China from 1990 to 2019. Anxiety and depressive disorders were the leading causes of burden due to mental disorders, which affected women more than men. Mental disorders deserve greater attention in health policy decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Deng
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Siwei Sun
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Shixing Wu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Chen
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wannian Wei
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Bei
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chengjun Qiu
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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2
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Yamamoto EA, Koike S, Wong C, Dennis LE, Luther MN, Scatena A, Khambadkone S, Iliff JJ, Lim MM, Levendovszky SR, Elliott JE, Barisano G, Müller-Oehring EM, Morales AM, Baker FC, Nagel BJ, Piantino J. Biological sex and BMI influence the longitudinal evolution of adolescent and young adult MRI-visible perivascular spaces. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.17.608337. [PMID: 39229241 PMCID: PMC11370374 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.17.608337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Background and Purpose An association recently emerged between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-visible perivascular spaces (MV-PVS) with intracerebral solute clearance and neuroinflammation, in adults. However, it is unknown how MV-PVS change throughout adolescence and what factors influence MV-PVS volume and morphology. This study assesses the temporal evolution of MV-PVS volume in adolescents and young adults, and secondarily evaluates the relationship between MV-PVS, age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods This analysis included a 783 participant cohort from the longitudinal multicenter National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence study that involved up to 6 imaging visits spanning 5 years. Healthy adolescents aged 12-21 years at study entry with at least two MRI scans were included. The primary outcome was mean MV-PVS volume (mm 3 /white matter cm 3 ). Results On average, males had greater MV-PVS volume at all ages compared to females. A linear mixed-effect model for MV-PVS volume was performed. Mean BMI and increases in a person's BMI were associated with increases in MV-PVS volume over time. In females only, changes in BMI correlated with MV-PVS volume. One unit increase in BMI above a person's average BMI was associated with a 0.021 mm 3 /cm 3 increase in MV-PVS volume (p<0.001). Conclusion This longitudinal study showed sex differences in MV-PVS features during adolescence and young adulthood. Importantly, we report that increases in BMI from a person's mean BMI are associated with increases in MV-PVS volume in females only. These findings suggest a potential link between MV-PVS, sex, and BMI that warrants future study.
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Bradshaw JL, Wilson EN, Mabry S, Shrestha P, Gardner JJ, Cunningham RL. Impact of sex and hypoxia on brain region-specific expression of membrane androgen receptor AR45 in rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1420144. [PMID: 39092288 PMCID: PMC11291194 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1420144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sex differences in oxidative stress-associated cognitive decline are influenced by sex hormone levels. Notably, oxidative stress-associated neuronal cell death can be exacerbated through testosterone signaling via membrane androgen receptor AR45, which is complexed with G protein Gαq within plasma membrane-associated lipid rafts. The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of sex on the expression of AR45 and Gαq in brain regions associated with cognitive function, specifically hippocampus subregions and entorhinal cortex. Additionally, we investigated whether chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), an oxidative stressor with sex-specific effects, would modulate AR45 and Gαq expression in these brain regions. Methods Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to CIH or normoxia (room air) during their sleep phase for 14 days. We quantified AR45 and Gαq protein expression in various cognition-associated brain regions [dorsal hippocampal CA1, CA3, dentate gyrus (DG), and entorhinal cortex (ETC)] via western blotting. For comparisons, AR45 and Gαq protein expression were also assessed in brain regions outside the hippocampal-ETC circuit [thalamus (TH) and striatum (STR)]. Results The highest AR45 levels were expressed in the hippocampal CA1 and DG while the lowest expression was observed in the extrahippocampal STR. The highest Gαq levels were expressed in the hippocampal-associated ETC while the lowest expression was observed in the extrahippocampal TH. Females expressed higher levels of AR45 in the hippocampal DG compared to males, while no sex differences in Gαq expression were observed regardless of brain region assessed. Moreover, there was no effect of CIH on AR45 or Gαq expression in any of the brain regions examined. AR45 expression was positively correlated with Gαq expression in the CA1, DG, ETC, TH, and STR in a sex-dependent manner. Conclusion Our findings reveal enrichment of AR45 and Gαq protein expression within the hippocampal-ETC circuit, which is vulnerable to oxidative stress and neurodegeneration during cognitive decline. Nonetheless, CIH does not modulate the expression of AR45 or Gαq. Importantly, there are sex differences in AR45 expression and its association with Gαq expression in various brain regions, which may underlie sex-specific differences in cognitive and motor function-associated declines with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Bradshaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas (UNT) System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - E. Nicole Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas (UNT) System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Steve Mabry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas (UNT) System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Pawan Shrestha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas (UNT) System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer J. Gardner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas (UNT) System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas (UNT) System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
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Cucinotta L, Mannino D, Filippone A, Romano A, Esposito E, Paterniti I. The role of autophagy in Parkinson's disease: a gender difference overview. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1408152. [PMID: 38933683 PMCID: PMC11199695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1408152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated dysregulation of the autophagy pathway in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and in animal models of PD, highlighting its emerging role in disease. In particular, several studies indicate that autophagy, which is an essential degradative process for the damaged protein homeostasis and the management of cell balance, can manifest significant variations according to gender. While some evidence suggests increased autophagic activation in men with PD, women may have distinct regulatory patterns. In this review, we examined the existing literature on gender differences in PD-associated autophagic processes, focusing on the autophagy related proteins (ATGs) and leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) genes. Also, this review would suggest that an in-depth understanding of these gender differences in autophagic processes could open new perspectives for personalized therapeutic strategies, promoting more effective and targeted management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cucinotta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Deborah Mannino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Adele Romano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Roggenbuck EC, Hall EA, Hanson IB, Roby AA, Zhang KK, Alkatib KA, Carter JA, Clewner JE, Gelfius AL, Gong S, Gordon FR, Iseler JN, Kotapati S, Li M, Maysun A, McCormick EO, Rastogi G, Sengupta S, Uzoma CU, Wolkov MA, Clowney EJ. Let's talk about sex: Mechanisms of neural sexual differentiation in Bilateria. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1636. [PMID: 38185860 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, sexed gonads have evolved that facilitate release of sperm versus eggs, and bilaterian animals purposefully combine their gametes via mating behaviors. Distinct neural circuits have evolved that control these physically different mating events for animals producing eggs from ovaries versus sperm from testis. In this review, we will describe the developmental mechanisms that sexually differentiate neural circuits across three major clades of bilaterian animals-Ecdysozoa, Deuterosomia, and Lophotrochozoa. While many of the mechanisms inducing somatic and neuronal sex differentiation across these diverse organisms are clade-specific rather than evolutionarily conserved, we develop a common framework for considering the developmental logic of these events and the types of neuronal differences that produce sex-differentiated behaviors. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Roggenbuck
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elijah A Hall
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Isabel B Hanson
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Alyssa A Roby
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Katherine K Zhang
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kyle A Alkatib
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Joseph A Carter
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jarred E Clewner
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Anna L Gelfius
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shiyuan Gong
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Finley R Gordon
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jolene N Iseler
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Samhita Kotapati
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marilyn Li
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Areeba Maysun
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elise O McCormick
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Geetanjali Rastogi
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Srijani Sengupta
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chantal U Uzoma
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Madison A Wolkov
- MCDB 464 - Cellular Diversity: Sex Differentiation of the Brain, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - E Josephine Clowney
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute Affiliate, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Arjmand S, Bender D, Jakobsen S, Wegener G, Landau AM. Peering into the Brain's Estrogen Receptors: PET Tracers for Visualization of Nuclear and Extranuclear Estrogen Receptors in Brain Disorders. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1405. [PMID: 37759805 PMCID: PMC10526964 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) play a multitude of roles in brain function and are implicated in various brain disorders. The use of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers for the visualization of ERs' intricate landscape has shown promise in oncology but remains limited in the context of brain disorders. Despite recent progress in the identification and development of more selective ligands for various ERs subtypes, further optimization is necessary to enable the reliable and efficient imaging of these receptors. In this perspective, we briefly touch upon the significance of estrogen signaling in the brain and raise the setbacks associated with the development of PET tracers for identification of specific ERs subtypes in the brain. We then propose avenues for developing efficient PET tracers to non-invasively study the dynamics of ERs in the brain, as well as neuropsychiatric diseases associated with their malfunction in a longitudinal manner. This perspective puts several potential candidates on the table and highlights the unmet needs and areas requiring further research to unlock the full potential of PET tracers for ERs imaging, ultimately aiding in deepening our understanding of ERs and forging new avenues for potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokouh Arjmand
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (D.B.); (S.J.)
| | - Dirk Bender
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (D.B.); (S.J.)
| | - Steen Jakobsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (D.B.); (S.J.)
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Anne M. Landau
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (D.B.); (S.J.)
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Baghdadi M, Mesaros A, Purrio M, Partridge L. Sex-specific effects of Cre expression in Syn1Cre mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10037. [PMID: 37340054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37029-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cre-loxP system has been used to generate cell-type specific mutations in mice, allowing researchers to investigate the underlying biological mechanisms of disease. However, the Cre-recombinase alone can induce phenotypes that confound comparisons among genotypes if the appropriate Cre control is not included. In this study, we characterised behavioural, morphological and metabolic phenotypes of the pan-neuronal Syn1Cre line. We found that these mice possess intact neuromuscular parameters but have reduced exploratory activity and a male-specific increase in anxiety-like behaviour. Moreover, we observed a male-specific deficit in learning and long-term memory of Syn1Cre mice that could be a result of decreased visual acuity. Furthermore, we found that over-expression of human growth hormone (hGH) from Syn1Cre results in a male-specific reduction in body weight and femur length, potentially through decreased hepatic Igf1 expression. However, metabolic characteristics of Syn1Cre mice such as glucose metabolism, energy expenditure and feeding were unaffected by the presence of Syn1Cre. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that Syn1Cre expression has effects on behavioural and morphological traits. This finding highlights the importance of including the Cre control in all comparisons, while the male-specific effects on some phenotypes highlight the importance of including both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Mesaros
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Purrio
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany
| | - Linda Partridge
- Max-Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Cologne, Germany.
- Institute of Healthy Ageing, and GEE, UCL, London, UK.
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Lee MK, Lee SY, Sohn SY, Ahn J, Han K, Lee JH. Type 2 Diabetes and Its Association With Psychiatric Disorders in Young Adults in South Korea. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2319132. [PMID: 37389877 PMCID: PMC10314316 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.19132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Because type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become increasingly prevalent among young adults, the study of the association of T2D with psychiatric disorders in young adults is important for early detection and timely intervention. Objective To determine whether a diagnosis of a psychiatric disorder is associated with increased risk of developing T2D in young adults. Design, Setting, and Participants This large-scale prospective cohort study used data collected by the South Korean National Health Insurance Service between 2009 and 2012, representing 97% of the South Korean population. Young adults aged 20 to 39 years with and without diagnoses of psychiatric disorders were included in the study. Young adults with missing data and those with a history of T2D were excluded from the study. The cohort was followed up to monitor development of T2D until December 2018. Data were analyzed from March 2021 to February 2022. Exposure Diagnosis of 1 of 5 psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, and sleep disorder. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was newly diagnosed T2D during a follow-up period of 7.59 years. The incidence rate of T2D was calculated as the number of new cases per 1000 person-years during the follow-up period. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for T2D incidence. Exploratory analyses were performed for subgroups stratified by age and sex. Results In total, 6 457 991 young adults (mean [SD] age, 30.74 [4.98] years; 3 821 858 men [59.18%]) were followed up, including 658 430 individuals with psychiatric disorders. The cumulative incidence of T2D differed significantly between individuals with and without psychiatric disorders (log-rank test, P < .001). Incidence rates of T2D for individuals with and without psychiatric disorders were 2.89 and 2.56 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Individuals with a diagnosis of any psychiatric disorder showed a higher risk of developing T2D than those without a diagnosis (adjusted HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.17-1.22). The adjusted HRs for T2D were 2.04 (95% CI, 1.83-2.28) for individuals with schizophrenia, 1.91 (95% CI, 1.73-2.12) for individuals with bipolar disorder, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.20-1.28) for individuals with depressive disorder, 1.13 (95% CI, 1.11-1.16) for individuals with anxiety disorder, and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.27-1.35) for individuals with sleep disorder. Conclusions and Relevance In this large-scale prospective cohort study of young adults, 5 psychiatric disorders were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing T2D. Young adults with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in particular were at a higher risk of T2D. These results have important implications for early detection of and timely intervention in T2D for young adults with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyung Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Young Sohn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Ahn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Oh SJ, Lee N, Nam KR, Kang KJ, Lee KC, Lee YJ, Seok JH, Choi JY. Effect of developmental stress on the in vivo neuronal circuits related to excitation-inhibition balance and mood in adulthood. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1086370. [PMID: 36846229 PMCID: PMC9950095 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1086370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic events in early life have a deleterious effect on the development of normal brain developments, which may be a cause of various psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Most prior studies focused on molecular biological aspects, and research on functional changes in neural circuits is still limited. We aimed to elucidate the effect of early life stress on in vivo excitation-inhibition and serotonergic neurotransmission in the adulthood using non-invasive functional molecular imaging (positron emission tomography, PET). METHODS To compare the effect of stress intensity, early life stress animal models were divided into single trauma (MS) and double trauma groups (MRS). MS was derived from maternal separation, whereas MRS was derived from maternal separation and restraint stress after birth. And to evaluate the stress vulnerability on the sex, we used male and female rats. RESULTS The MRS group showed greater weight loss and more severe depressive/anxiety-like behaviors than the MS and control groups. Corticosterone levels in MRS showed a greater extent of decline than in the MS group; however, there was no significant difference in the change of T3 and T4 between MS and MRS. In the PET, the stress exposure groups showed lower brain uptake for GABAergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic systems compared with the control group. The excitatory/inhibitory balance, which was derived by dividing glutamate brain uptake into GABAergic uptake, increased as stress intensity increased. Neuronal degeneration in the stress exposure groups was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. In the sex comparison, female showed the greater changes of body weight, corticosterone level, depressive/anxiety-like behavior, and neurotransmission systems than those in male. CONCLUSION Taken together, we demonstrated that developmental stress induces dysfunction of neurotransmission in vivo, and that females are more vulnerable to stress than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jong Oh
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhun Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Rok Nam
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jun Kang
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jin Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ho Seok
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Choi
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Sun J, Harrington MA, Porter B. Sex Difference in Spinal Muscular Atrophy Patients - are Males More Vulnerable? J Neuromuscul Dis 2023; 10:847-867. [PMID: 37393514 PMCID: PMC10578261 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-230011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex is a significant risk factor in many neurodegenerative disorders. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind sex differences could help develop more targeted therapies that would lead to better outcomes. Untreated spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic motor disorder causing infant mortality. SMA has a broad spectrum of severity ranging from prenatal death to infant mortality to normal lifespan with some disability. Scattered evidence points to a sex-specific vulnerability in SMA. However, the role of sex as a risk factor in SMA pathology and treatment has received limited attention. OBJECTIVE Systematically investigate sex differences in the incidence, symptom severity, motor function of patients with different types of SMA, and in the development of SMA1 patients. METHODS Aggregated data of SMA patients were obtained from the TREAT-NMD Global SMA Registry and the Cure SMA membership database by data enquiries. Data were analyzed and compared with publicly available standard data and data from published literature. RESULTS The analysis of the aggregated results from the TREAT-NMD dataset revealed that the male/female ratio was correlated to the incidence and prevalence of SMA from different countries; and for SMA patients, more of their male family members were affected by SMA. However, there was no significant difference of sex ratio in the Cure SMA membership dataset. As quantified by the clinician severity scores, symptoms were more severe in males than females in SMA types 2 and 3b. Motor function scores measured higher in females than males in SMA types 1, 3a and 3b. The head circumference was more strongly affected in male SMA type 1 patients. CONCLUSIONS The data in certain registry datasets suggest that males may be more vulnerable to SMA than females. The variability observed indicates that more investigation is necessary to fully understand the role of sex differences in SMA epidemiology, and to guide development of more targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Sun
- Delaware Center for Neuroscience Research, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
| | - Melissa A. Harrington
- Delaware Center for Neuroscience Research, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
| | - Ben Porter
- TREAT-NMD Services Limited, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - on behalf of the TREAT-NMD Global Registry Network for SMA
- Delaware Center for Neuroscience Research, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, DE, USA
- TREAT-NMD Services Limited, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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11
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Voskuhl R, Itoh Y. The X factor in neurodegeneration. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20211488. [PMID: 36331399 PMCID: PMC9641640 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20211488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the aging population, it is important to better understand neurodegeneration in aging healthy people and to address the increasing incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. It is imperative to apply novel strategies to identify neuroprotective therapeutics. The study of sex differences in neurodegeneration can reveal new candidate treatment targets tailored for women and men. Sex chromosome effects on neurodegeneration remain understudied and represent a promising frontier for discovery. Here, we will review sex differences in neurodegeneration, focusing on the study of sex chromosome effects in the context of declining levels of sex hormones during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Voskuhl
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yuichiro Itoh
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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12
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Chapman RM, Gardner MN, Lyons M. Gender Differences in Emotional Connotative Meaning of Words Measured by Osgood's Semantic Differential Techniques in Young Adults. HUMANITIES & SOCIAL SCIENCES COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 9:119. [PMID: 36118842 PMCID: PMC9479698 DOI: 10.1057/s41599-022-01126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Semantic differential techniques are a useful, well-validated tool to assess affective processing of stimuli and determine how that processing is impacted by various demographic factors, such as gender. In this paper, we explore differences in connotative word processing between men and women as measured by Osgood's semantic differential and what those differences imply about affective processing in the two genders. We recruited 94 young participants (47 men, 47 women, ages 18-39) using an online survey and collected their affective ratings of 120 words on three rating tasks: Evaluation (E), Potency (P), and Activity (A). With these data, we explored the theoretical and mathematical overlap between Osgood's affective meaning factor structure and other models of emotional processing commonly used in gender analyses. We then used Osgood's three-dimensional structure to assess gender-related differences in three affective classes of words (words with connotation that is Positive, Neutral, or Negative for each task) and found that there was no significant difference between the genders when rating Positive words and Neutral words on each of the three rating tasks. However, young women consistently rated Negative words more negatively than young men did on all three of the independent dimensions. This confirms the importance of taking gender effects into account when measuring emotional processing. Our results further indicate there may be differences between Osgood's structure and other models of affective processing that should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Chapman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Center for Visual Science at the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret N. Gardner
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Center for Visual Science at the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Megan Lyons
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Center for Visual Science at the University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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13
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Neuronal Yin Yang1 in the prefrontal cortex regulates transcriptional and behavioral responses to chronic stress in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:55. [PMID: 35013139 PMCID: PMC8748737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27571-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the synaptic alterations associated with the stress-related mood disorder major depression has been well-documented, the underlying transcriptional mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we perform complementary bulk nuclei- and single-nucleus transcriptome profiling and map locus-specific chromatin interactions in mouse neocortex to identify the cell type-specific transcriptional changes associated with stress-induced behavioral maladaptation. We find that cortical excitatory neurons, layer 2/3 neurons in particular, are vulnerable to chronic stress and acquire signatures of gene transcription and chromatin structure associated with reduced neuronal activity and expression of Yin Yang 1 (YY1). Selective ablation of YY1 in cortical excitatory neurons enhances stress sensitivity in both male and female mice and alters the expression of stress-associated genes following an abbreviated stress exposure. These findings demonstrate how chronic stress impacts transcription in cortical excitatory neurons and identify YY1 as a regulator of stress-induced maladaptive behavior in mice. The mechanisms underlying the chronic stress-induced increased risk for major depressive disorder and anxiety are unclear. Here, the authors show the transcriptional changes occurring in neocortical neurons and identify YY1 as a regulator of chronic stress-induced maladaptive behavior in mice.
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14
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Zárate S, Gredilla R. EDITORIAL Special Issue: The influence of biological sex in ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2022; 202:111628. [PMID: 35007615 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2022.111628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Kerkelä M, Gissler M, Veijola J. Association between participation to the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 and mental disorders and suicidal behaviour. Epidemiol Health 2022; 44:e2022005. [PMID: 34990532 PMCID: PMC9016388 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2022005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In prospective follow-up studies, participants are normally contacted during the follow-up period. Even though the idea is not to intervene, the studies conducted during follow-up may affect the target population. Our hypotheses were that participation in the prospective Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 study (NFBC 1986) increased the use of mental health services and reduced suicidal behaviour due to participation in follow-up studies. METHODS The NFBC 1986 study covered people with an expected date of birth between July 1985 and June 1986 in northern Finland (n=9,396). The participants of the NFBC 1986 were followed since the antenatal period with follow-ups including clinical examinations. The comparison cohort comprised people born in the same area in 1987 (n=8,959), who were not contacted. Registry data on psychiatric treatment, suicide attempts, and suicides were available. Crude risk ratios (RRs) and adjusted (for marital status and education) Mantel-Haenszel RRs were reported. RESULTS No increase in mental disorders were found in NFBC 1986 compared to comparison cohort. In the crude RR analysis of female participants, a lower risk for suicide attempts was found (RR, 0.67; 95% confidence interval, 0.49 to 0.92; p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS The results did not support our first hypothesis regarding the increased use of mental health services in the NFBC 1986 cohort. However, our second hypothesis gained some support as female participants of the NFBC 1986 had a lower risk of suicide attempts, although it was not due to a higher number of participants receiving psychiatric treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martta Kerkelä
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Gissler
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki , Finland.,University of Turku, Research Centre for Child Psychiatry, Turku, Finland.,Academic Primary Health Care Centre, Region Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha Veijola
- Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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16
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Salminen LE, Tubi MA, Bright J, Thomopoulos SI, Wieand A, Thompson PM. Sex is a defining feature of neuroimaging phenotypes in major brain disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:500-542. [PMID: 33949018 PMCID: PMC8805690 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex is a biological variable that contributes to individual variability in brain structure and behavior. Neuroimaging studies of population-based samples have identified normative differences in brain structure between males and females, many of which are exacerbated in psychiatric and neurological conditions. Still, sex differences in MRI outcomes are understudied, particularly in clinical samples with known sex differences in disease risk, prevalence, and expression of clinical symptoms. Here we review the existing literature on sex differences in adult brain structure in normative samples and in 14 distinct psychiatric and neurological disorders. We discuss commonalities and sources of variance in study designs, analysis procedures, disease subtype effects, and the impact of these factors on MRI interpretation. Lastly, we identify key problems in the neuroimaging literature on sex differences and offer potential recommendations to address current barriers and optimize rigor and reproducibility. In particular, we emphasize the importance of large-scale neuroimaging initiatives such as the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analyses consortium, the UK Biobank, Human Connectome Project, and others to provide unprecedented power to evaluate sex-specific phenotypes in major brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Salminen
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Meral A. Tubi
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joanna Bright
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sophia I. Thomopoulos
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alyssa Wieand
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Imaging Genetics CenterMark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USCMarina del ReyCaliforniaUSA
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17
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Rødgaard E, Jensen K, Miskowiak KW, Mottron L. Autism comorbidities show elevated female-to-male odds ratios and are associated with the age of first autism diagnosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2021; 144:475-486. [PMID: 34228813 PMCID: PMC9292172 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between the comorbidity rates in autism and sex, birth year and the age at which autism was first diagnosed and compare the relative impact of each. METHOD Using the Danish National Patient Registry, cumulative incidences up to the age of 16 for 11 comorbid conditions (psychosis, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, conduct disorder, eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, tic disorders, sleep disorders or intellectual disability) were calculated for individuals with autism (N = 16,126) and non-autism individuals (N = 654,977). Individuals were further stratified based on the age at the first autism diagnoses and comorbid diagnoses up to the age of 16 were compared. RESULTS Most comorbidities were significantly associated with birth year and sex. Female/male odds ratios for 8 of 11 comorbid conditions were up to 67% higher than the corresponding odds ratios in the non-autism population, including conditions that are generally more common in males than in females as well as conditions that are more common in females. All comorbidity rates were significantly associated with the age at the first autism diagnosis, which was a stronger predictor than sex and birth year for 8 conditions. CONCLUSIONS Comorbidity rates for females exceed what would be expected based on the sex ratios among non-autistic individuals, indicating that the association between autism and comorbidity is stronger in females. Comorbidity rates are also highly dependent on the age at the first autism diagnosis, which may contribute to autism heterogeneity in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry and AddictologyUniversité de MontréalMontrealQCCanada
| | - Kamilla Woznica Miskowiak
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of CopenhagenKøbenhavn KDenmark,Psychiatric Centre CopenhagenRigshospitaletKøbenhavn ØDenmark
| | - Laurent Mottron
- Department of Psychiatry and AddictologyUniversité de MontréalMontrealQCCanada,Centre de Recherche du CIUSSS‐NIMHôpital Rivière‐des‐PrairiesMontréalQCCanada
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18
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Albrechet-Souza L, Nastase AS, Hill MN, Gilpin NW. Amygdalar endocannabinoids are affected by predator odor stress in a sex-specific manner and modulate acoustic startle reactivity in female rats. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100387. [PMID: 34522703 PMCID: PMC8426281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding sex differences in behavioral and molecular effects of stress has important implications for understanding the vulnerability to chronic psychiatric disorders associated with stress response circuitry. The amygdala is critical for emotional learning and generating behavioral responses to stressful stimuli, and preclinical studies indicate that amygdalar endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling regulates emotional states. This study measured eCB contents in the basolateral (BLA) and central (CeA) amygdala of male and female rats exposed to predator odor stress (bobcat urine) and tested for contextual avoidance 24 h later. Stressed females had lower levels of 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) in the BLA and higher levels of anandamide (AEA) in the CeA, while exposure to bobcat urine did not affect amygdalar eCB contents in males. We previously reported that female rats exposed to bobcat urine exhibit blunted acoustic startle reactivity (ASR) 48 h after predator odor stress. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that intra-BLA injection of a diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) inhibitor (which would be expected to reduce 2-AG levels in BLA) and intra-CeA injection of a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor (which would be expected to increase AEA levels in CeA) would mimic previously observed predator odor stress-induced reductions in ASR. Contrary to our hypothesis, microinjections of either the DAGL inhibitor DO34 into the BLA or the FAAH inhibitor URB597 into the CeA significantly increased ASR in females compared to vehicle-treated rats. These findings describe sex-specific effects of predator odor stress on amygdalar eCBs, and new roles for amygdalar eCBs in regulating behavior in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Albrechet-Souza
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Alcohol & Drug Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Andrei S Nastase
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matthew N Hill
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas W Gilpin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Alcohol & Drug Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Southeast Louisiana VA Healthcare System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, LA, USA.,Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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19
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Comprehensive characterization of motor and coordination functions in three adolescent wild-type mouse strains. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6497. [PMID: 33753800 PMCID: PMC7985312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are often associated with motor and coordination abnormalities that have important implications on the etiology, pathophysiology, and management of these disorders. Although the onset of many neuropsychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder emerges mainly during infancy and adolescence, most of the behavioral studies in mice modeling neuropsychiatric phenotypes are performed in adult animals, possibly missing valuable phenotypic information related to the effect of synaptic maturation during development. Here, we examined which behavioral tests assessing both motor and coordination functions can be performed in mice at two different adolescent stages. As strain and sex affect mouse behavior, our experiments covered both male and female mice of three inbred wild-type strains, C57BL/6N, DBA/2, and FVB/N. Adolescent mice of both postnatal days (P)22-30 and P32-40 developmental stages were capable of mastering common motor and coordination tests. However, results differed significantly between strains and sexes. Moreover, the 10-day interval between the two tested cohorts uncovered a strong difference in the behavioral results, confirming the significant impact of maturation on behavioral patterns. Interestingly, the results of distinct behavioral experiments were directly correlated with the weight of mice, which may explain the lack of reproducibility of some behavioral results in genetically-modified mice. Our study paves the way for better reproducibility of behavioral tests by addressing the effect of the developmental stage, strain, sex, and weight of mice on achieving the face validity of neuropsychiatric disorder-associated motor dysfunctions.
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20
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Kerkelä M, Gyllenberg D, Gissler M, Sillanmäki L, Keski-Säntti M, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Filatova S, Hurtig T, Miettunen J, Sourander A, Veijola J. Cumulative incidences of hospital-treated psychiatric disorders are increasing in five Finnish birth cohorts. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2021; 143:119-129. [PMID: 33111973 PMCID: PMC7894526 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore changes in the incidences of childhood and early adulthood hospital-treated psychiatric disorders in five large Finnish birth cohorts of individuals born between 1966 and 1997. METHODS The five birth cohorts were as follows: Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966) and 1986 (NFBC 1986), 1987 Finnish Birth Cohort (FBC 1987) and 1997 (FBC 1997), and Finnish 1981 Birth Cohort Study (FBCS 1981). Incidences of hospital-treated psychiatric disorders in each cohort were calculated separately for males (N = 71,209) and females (N = 65,190). Poisson regression was used to test difference in proportions of psychiatric disorders in wide range of diagnosis classes separately in childhood and adolescence, and early adulthood. RESULTS The total incidences of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence among males has increased in the birth cohorts over decades (Incidence Rate Ratio, IRR = 1.04 (1.04-1.05); p < 0.001). Similar result was seen among females (IRR = 1.04 (1.03-1.04); p < 0.001). In early adulthood, there was significant increase among females (IRR = 1.04 (1.03-1.05); p < 0.001), but among males, the change was not significant (IRR = 0.99 (0.99-1.00), p = 0.051). CONCLUSIONS The main finding was that the cumulative incidence of hospital-treated psychiatric disorders increased over the decades in Finland. The increasing trend in hospital-treated psychiatric disorders in early adulthood was detected in females but not in males. In the youngest cohorts, the cumulative incidence of hospital-treated psychiatric disorders was at the same level in males and females, whereas in oldest cohort, males had higher incidence than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martta Kerkelä
- Research Unit of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - David Gyllenberg
- Deparment of Child PsychiatryINVEST Research Flagship CenterTurku University HospitalUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland,Finnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland,Department of Adolescent PsychiatryUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mika Gissler
- Deparment of Child PsychiatryINVEST Research Flagship CenterTurku University HospitalUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland,Finnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Lauri Sillanmäki
- Deparment of Child PsychiatryINVEST Research Flagship CenterTurku University HospitalUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | | | - Susanna Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki
- Deparment of Child PsychiatryINVEST Research Flagship CenterTurku University HospitalUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Svetlana Filatova
- Deparment of Child PsychiatryINVEST Research Flagship CenterTurku University HospitalUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Tuula Hurtig
- Research Unit of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of OuluOuluFinland,PEDEGO Research UnitClinic of Child PsychiatryUniversity of OuluUniversity Hospital of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Center for Life Course Health ResearchUniversity of OuluOuluFinland,Medical Research Center OuluOulu University Hospital and University of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Andre Sourander
- Deparment of Child PsychiatryINVEST Research Flagship CenterTurku University HospitalUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Juha Veijola
- Research Unit of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of OuluOuluFinland,Medical Research Center OuluOulu University Hospital and University of OuluOuluFinland,Department of PsychiatryUniversity Hospital of OuluOuluFinland
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21
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Sultanova RF, Schibalski R, Yankelevich IA, Stadler K, Ilatovskaya DV. Sex differences in renal mitochondrial function: a hormone-gous opportunity for research. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F1117-F1124. [PMID: 33135479 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00320.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences (biological distinctions between males and females) present a complex interplay of genetic, developmental, biological, and environmental factors. More and more studies are shedding light on the importance of sex differences in normal physiology and susceptibility to cancer, cardiovascular and renal conditions, and neurodegenerative diseases. This mini-review is devoted to the role of sex dimorphisms in renal function, with a focus on the distinctions between male and female mitochondria. Here, we cover the aspects of renal mitochondrial bioenergetics where sex differences have been reported to date, for instance, biogenesis, reactive oxygen species production, and oxidative stress. Special attention is devoted to the effects of sex hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, on mitochondrial bioenergetics in the kidney in physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina F Sultanova
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ryan Schibalski
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Irina A Yankelevich
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Insitute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Daria V Ilatovskaya
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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22
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Karamihalev S, Brivio E, Flachskamm C, Stoffel R, Schmidt MV, Chen A. Social dominance mediates behavioral adaptation to chronic stress in a sex-specific manner. eLife 2020; 9:58723. [PMID: 33034286 PMCID: PMC7679136 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences and social context independently contribute to the development of stress-related disorders. However, less is known about how their interplay might influence behavior and physiology. Here we focused on social hierarchy status, a major component of the social environment in mice, and whether it influences behavioral adaptation to chronic stress in a sex-specific manner. We used a high-throughput automated behavioral monitoring system to assess social dominance in same-sex, group-living mice. We found that position in the social hierarchy at baseline was a significant predictor of multiple behavioral outcomes following exposure to chronic stress. Crucially, this association carried opposite consequences for the two sexes. This work demonstrates the importance of recognizing the interplay between sex and social factors and enhances our understating of how individual differences shape the stress response. Most people experience chronic stress at some point in their life, which may increase their chances of developing depression or anxiety. There is evidence that chronic stress may more negatively impact the well-being of women, placing them as higher risk of developing these mental health conditions. The biological factors that underlie these differences are not well understood, which leaves clinicians and scientists struggling to develop and provide effective treatments. The social environment has a powerful influence on how people experience and cope with stress. For example, a person’s social and socioeconomic status can change their perception of and reaction to everyday stress. Researchers have found differences in how men and women relate to their social standing. One way for scientists to learn more about the biological processes involved is to study the effect of social standing and chronic stress in male and female mice. Now, Karamihalev, Brivio et al. show that social status influences the behavior of stressed mice in a sex-specific way. In the experiments, an automated observation system documented the behavior of mice living in all female or male groups. Karamihalev, Brivio et al. determined where each animal fit into the social structure of their group. Then, they exposed some groups of mice to mild chronic stress and compared their behaviors to groups of mice housed in normal conditions. They found that both the sex and social status of each played a role in how they responded to stress. For example, subordinate males displayed more anxious behavior under stressful circumstances, while dominant females acted bolder and less anxious. More studies in mice are needed to understand the biological basis of these social- and sex-based differences in stress response. Learning more may help scientists understand why some individuals are more susceptible to the effects of stress and lead to the development of personalized prevention or treatment strategies for anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyo Karamihalev
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Elena Brivio
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry (IMPRS-TP), Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia Flachskamm
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Rainer Stoffel
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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23
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Voskuhl RR, Patel K, Paul F, Gold SM, Scheel M, Kuchling J, Cooper G, Asseyer S, Chien C, Brandt AU, Meyer CE, MacKenzie-Graham A. Sex differences in brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:49. [PMID: 32859258 PMCID: PMC7456053 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00326-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Women are more susceptible to multiple sclerosis (MS) than men by a ratio of approximately 3:1. However, being male is a risk factor for worse disability progression. Inflammatory genes have been linked to susceptibility, while neurodegeneration underlies disability progression. Thus, there appears to be a differential effect of sex on inflammation versus neurodegeneration. Further, gray matter (GM) atrophy is not uniform across the brain in MS, but instead shows regional variation. Here, we study sex differences in neurodegeneration by comparing regional GM atrophy in a cohort of men and women with MS versus their respective age- and sex-matched healthy controls. METHODS Voxel-based morphometry (VBM), deep GM substructure volumetry, and cortical thinning were used to examine regional GM atrophy. RESULTS VBM analysis showed deep GM atrophy in the thalamic area in both men and women with MS, whereas men had additional atrophy in the putamen as well as in localized cortical regions. Volumetry confirmed deep GM loss, while localized cortical thinning confirmed GM loss in the cerebral cortex. Further, MS males exhibited worse performance on the 9-hole peg test (9HPT) than MS females. We observed a strong correlation between thalamic volume and 9HPT performance in MS males, but not in MS females. CONCLUSION More regional GM atrophy was observed in men with MS than women with MS, consistent with previous observations that male sex is a risk factor for worse disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda R Voskuhl
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Kevin Patel
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan M Gold
- Institute for Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis (INIMS), Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Medical Department, Division of Psychosomatic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Scheel
- Institute of Neuroradiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joseph Kuchling
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Graham Cooper
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center for Neurosciences, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanna Asseyer
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Chien
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander U Brandt
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Departments of Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cassandra Eve Meyer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Allan MacKenzie-Graham
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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24
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Sex-Specific Transcriptome Differences in Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080909. [PMID: 32784482 PMCID: PMC7464371 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, sexual dimorphism can manifest in many ways and it is widely studied in several knowledge fields. It is increasing the evidence that also cells differ according to sex, a correlation still little studied and poorly considered when cells are used in scientific research. Specifically, our interest is on the sex-related dimorphism on the human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) transcriptome. A systematic meta-analysis of hMSC microarrays was performed by using the Transcriptome Mapper (TRAM) software. This bioinformatic tool was used to integrate and normalize datasets from multiple sources and allowed us to highlight chromosomal segments and genes differently expressed in hMSCs derived from adipose tissue (hADSCs) of male and female donors. Chromosomal segments and differentially expressed genes in male and female hADSCs resulted to be related to several processes as inflammation, adipogenic and neurogenic differentiation and cell communication. Obtained results lead us to hypothesize that the donor sex of hADSCs is a variable influencing a wide range of stem cell biologic processes. We believe that it should be considered in biologic research and stem cell therapy.
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25
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Piccin A, Contarino A. Sex-linked roles of the CRF 1 and the CRF 2 receptor in social behavior. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:1561-1574. [PMID: 32468598 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunctional social behavior is a major clinical feature of mood, anxiety, autism spectrum, and substance-related disorders, and may dramatically contribute to the poor outcome of these diseases. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying social behavior deficits are still largely unknown. The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system, a major coordinator of the stress response, has been hypothesized to modulate social behavior. CRF signaling is mediated by two receptor types, termed CRF1 and CRF2 . Using the three-chamber task for sociability (i.e., preference for an unfamiliar conspecific vs. an object), this study demonstrates that CRF2 receptor null mutation (CRF2 -/-) reduces sociability in female mice but increases it in male mice. Both female and male CRF2 -/- mice display a preference for social odor cues over neutral cues, indicating that sex- and CRF2 receptor-dependent sociability is not due to altered olfaction or impaired social cues discrimination. Moreover, treatment with the CRF1 receptor-preferring antagonist, antalarmin, consistently induces sociability in non-social mice but disrupts it in social mice, independently of CRF2 receptor deficiency. Sex, CRF2 receptor deficiency, or antalarmin affect locomotor activity during the three-chamber test. However, throughout the study CRF1 and CRF2 receptor-linked sociability is independent of locomotor activity. The present findings highlight major functions for the CRF system in the regulation of social behavior. Moreover, they provide initial evidence of sex-linked roles for the CRF1 and the CRF2 receptor, emphasizing the importance of sex as a major biological variable to be taken into consideration in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piccin
- INCIA, UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
| | - Angelo Contarino
- INCIA, UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, INCIA, UMR 5287, Bordeaux, France
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26
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Brivio E, Lopez JP, Chen A. Sex differences: Transcriptional signatures of stress exposure in male and female brains. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12643. [PMID: 31989757 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
More than two-thirds of patients suffering from stress-related disorders are women but over two-thirds of suicide completers are men. These are just some examples of the many sex differences in the prevalence and manifestations of stress-related disorders, such as major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety disorders, which have been extensively documented in clinical research. Nonetheless, the molecular origins of this sex dimorphism are still quite obscure. In response to this lack of knowledge, the NIH recently advocated implementing sex as biological variable in the design of preclinical studies across disciplines. As a result, a newly emerging field within psychiatry is trying to elucidate the molecular causes underlying the clinically described sex dimorphism. Several studies in rodents and humans have already identified many stress-related genes that are regulated by acute and chronic stress in a sex-specific fashion. Furthermore, current transcriptomic studies have shown that pathways and networks in male and female individuals are not equally affected by stress exposure. In this review, we give an overview of transcriptional studies designed to understand how sex influences stress-specific transcriptomic changes in rodent models, as well as human psychiatric patients, highlighting the use of different methodological techniques. Understanding which mechanisms are more affected in males, and which in females, may lead to the identification of sex-specific mechanisms, their selective contribution to stress susceptibility, and their role in the development of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Brivio
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Translational Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Juan Pablo Lopez
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neurobiology, Nella and Leon Benoziyo Center for Neurological Diseases, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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27
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Social experience and sex-dependent regulation of aggression in the lateral septum by extrasynaptic δGABA A receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:329-344. [PMID: 31691846 PMCID: PMC7024004 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms mediating dominance and competitive aggression is essential to understanding the development and treatment of various psychiatric disorders. Previous research suggests that these mechanisms are both sexually differentiated and influenced substantially by social experience. In numerous species, GABAA receptors in the lateral septum have been shown to play a significant role in aggression in males. However, very little is known about the role of these GABAA receptors in female aggression, the role of social experience on GABAA receptor-mediated aggression, or the roles of different GABAA subtypes in regulating aggression. OBJECTIVES Thus, in the following set of experiments, we determined the role of social experience in modulating GABAA receptor-induced aggression in both male and female Syrian hamsters, with a particular focus on the GABAA receptor subtype mediating these effects. RESULTS Activation of GABAA receptors in the dorsal lateral septum increased aggression in both males and females. Social housing, however, significantly decreased the ability of GABAA receptor activation to induce aggression in males but not females. No significant differences were observed in the effects of GABAA receptor activation in dominant versus subordinate group-housed hamsters. Finally, examination of potential GABAA receptor subtype specificity revealed that social housing decreased the ratio of δ extrasynaptic to γ2 synaptic subunit GABAA receptor mRNA expression in the anterior dorsal lateral septum, while activation of δ extrasynaptic, but not γ2 synaptic, GABAA receptors in the dorsal lateral septum increased aggression. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that social experience can have profound effects on the neuronal mechanisms mediating aggression, especially in males, and that δ extrasynaptic GABAA receptors may be an important therapeutic target in disorders characterized by high levels of aggression.
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28
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Borland JM, Aiani LM, Norvelle A, Grantham KN, O’Laughlin K, Terranova JI, Frantz KJ, Albers HE. Sex-dependent regulation of social reward by oxytocin receptors in the ventral tegmental area. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:785-792. [PMID: 30467338 PMCID: PMC6372681 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0262-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Social reward is critical for social relationships, and yet we know little about the characteristics of social interactions that are rewarding or the neural mechanisms underlying that reward. Here, we investigate the sex-dependent role of oxytocin receptors within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in mediating the magnitude and valence of social reward. Operant and classical conditioning tests were used to measure social reward associated with same-sex social interactions. The effects of oxytocin, selective oxytocin receptor agonists, antagonists, and vehicle injected into the VTA on social reward was determined in male and female Syrian hamsters. The colocalization of FOS and oxytocin in sites that project to the VTA following social interaction was also determined. Females find same-sex social interactions more rewarding than males and activation of oxytocin receptors in the VTA is critical for social reward in females, as well as males. These studies provide support for the hypothesis that there is an inverted U relationship between the duration of social interaction and social reward, mediated by oxytocin; and that in females the dose-response relationship is initiated at lower doses compared with males. Same-sex social interaction is more rewarding in females than in males, and an inverted U relationship mediated by oxytocin may have a critical role in assigning positive and negative valence to social stimuli. Understanding these sex differences in social reward processing may be essential for understanding the sex differences in the prevalence of many psychiatric disorders and the development of gender-specific treatments of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan M. Borland
- 0000 0004 1936 7400grid.256304.6Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Lauren M. Aiani
- 0000 0004 1936 7400grid.256304.6Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Alisa Norvelle
- 0000 0004 1936 7400grid.256304.6Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Kymberly N. Grantham
- 0000 0004 1936 7400grid.256304.6Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Kylie O’Laughlin
- 0000 0004 1936 7400grid.256304.6Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Joseph I. Terranova
- 0000 0004 1936 7400grid.256304.6Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Kyle J. Frantz
- 0000 0004 1936 7400grid.256304.6Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - H. Elliott Albers
- 0000 0004 1936 7400grid.256304.6Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
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29
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Pinares-Garcia P, Stratikopoulos M, Zagato A, Loke H, Lee J. Sex: A Significant Risk Factor for Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Brain Sci 2018; 8:E154. [PMID: 30104506 PMCID: PMC6120011 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8080154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Males and females sometimes significantly differ in their propensity to develop neurological disorders. Females suffer more from mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, whereas males are more susceptible to deficits in the dopamine system including Parkinson's disease (PD), attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism. Despite this, biological sex is rarely considered when making treatment decisions in neurological disorders. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism(s) underlying sex differences in the healthy and diseased brain will help to devise diagnostic and therapeutic strategies optimal for each sex. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the available evidence on sex differences in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders regarding prevalence, progression, symptoms and response to therapy. We also discuss the sex-related factors such as gonadal sex hormones and sex chromosome genes and how these might help to explain some of the clinically observed sex differences in these disorders. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of the Y-chromosome gene, SRY, in the male brain and its potential role as a male-specific risk factor for disorders such as PD, autism, and ADHD in many individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Pinares-Garcia
- Brain and Gender laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Marielle Stratikopoulos
- Brain and Gender laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Alice Zagato
- Brain and Gender laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
| | - Hannah Loke
- Brain and Gender laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
| | - Joohyung Lee
- Brain and Gender laboratory, Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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30
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Yin H, Xu G, Tian H, Yang G, Wardenaar KJ, Schoevers RA. The prevalence, age-of-onset and the correlates of DSM-IV psychiatric disorders in the Tianjin Mental Health Survey (TJMHS). Psychol Med 2018; 48:473-487. [PMID: 28714421 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717001878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To effectively shape mental healthcare policy in modern-day China, up-to-date epidemiological data on mental disorders is needed. The objective was to estimate the prevalence, age-of-onset (AOO) and sociodemographic correlates of mental disorders in a representative household sample of the general population (age ⩾ 18) in the Tianjin Municipality in China. METHODS Data came from the Tianjin Mental health Survey (TJMHS), which was conducted between July 2011 and March 2012 using a two-phase design. 11 748 individuals were screened with an expanded version of the General Health Questionnaire and 4438 subjects were selected for a diagnostic interview by a psychiatrist, using the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - fourth edition (SCID). RESULTS The lifetime and 1-month prevalence of any mental disorder were 23.6% and 12.8%, respectively. Mood disorders (lifetime: 9.3%; 1-month: 3.9%), anxiety disorders (lifetime: 4.5% 1-month: 3.1%) and substance-use disorders (lifetime: 8.8%; 1-month: 3.5%) were most prevalent. The median AOO ranged from 25 years [interquartile range (IQR): 23-32] for substance-use disorders to 36 years (IQR: 24-50) for mood disorders. Not being married, non-immigrant status (i.e. local 'Hukou'), being a farmer, having <6 years of education and male gender were associated with a higher lifetime prevalence of any mental disorder. CONCLUSION Results from the current survey indicate that mental disorders are steadily reported more commonly in rapidly-developing urban China. Several interesting sociodemographic correlates were observed (e.g. male gender and non-immigrant status) that warrant further investigation and could be used to profile persons in need of preventive intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yin
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute,Tianjin Anding Hospital,Tianjin,China
| | - G Xu
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute,Tianjin Anding Hospital,Tianjin,China
| | - H Tian
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute,Tianjin Anding Hospital,Tianjin,China
| | - G Yang
- Tianjin Mental Health Institute,Tianjin Anding Hospital,Tianjin,China
| | - K J Wardenaar
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Groningen,University Medical Center Groningen,Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE),Groningen,The Netherlands
| | - R A Schoevers
- Department of Psychiatry,University of Groningen,University Medical Center Groningen,Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion regulation (ICPE),Groningen,The Netherlands
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31
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Zárate S, Stevnsner T, Gredilla R. Role of Estrogen and Other Sex Hormones in Brain Aging. Neuroprotection and DNA Repair. Front Aging Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29311911 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00430/xml/nlm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable biological process characterized by a progressive decline in physiological function and increased susceptibility to disease. The detrimental effects of aging are observed in all tissues, the brain being the most important one due to its main role in the homeostasis of the organism. As our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of brain aging increases, potential approaches to preserve brain function rise significantly. Accumulating evidence suggests that loss of genomic maintenance may contribute to aging, especially in the central nervous system (CNS) owing to its low DNA repair capacity. Sex hormones, particularly estrogens, possess potent antioxidant properties and play important roles in maintaining normal reproductive and non-reproductive functions. They exert neuroprotective actions and their loss during aging and natural or surgical menopause is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, synaptic decline, cognitive impairment and increased risk of age-related disorders. Moreover, loss of sex hormones has been suggested to promote an accelerated aging phenotype eventually leading to the development of brain hypometabolism, a feature often observed in menopausal women and prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although data on the relation between sex hormones and DNA repair mechanisms in the brain is still limited, various investigations have linked sex hormone levels with different DNA repair enzymes. Here, we review estrogen anti-aging and neuroprotective mechanisms, which are currently an area of intense study, together with the effect they may have on the DNA repair capacity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zárate
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tinna Stevnsner
- Danish Center for Molecular Gerontology and Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Gredilla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Zárate S, Stevnsner T, Gredilla R. Role of Estrogen and Other Sex Hormones in Brain Aging. Neuroprotection and DNA Repair. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:430. [PMID: 29311911 PMCID: PMC5743731 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable biological process characterized by a progressive decline in physiological function and increased susceptibility to disease. The detrimental effects of aging are observed in all tissues, the brain being the most important one due to its main role in the homeostasis of the organism. As our knowledge about the underlying mechanisms of brain aging increases, potential approaches to preserve brain function rise significantly. Accumulating evidence suggests that loss of genomic maintenance may contribute to aging, especially in the central nervous system (CNS) owing to its low DNA repair capacity. Sex hormones, particularly estrogens, possess potent antioxidant properties and play important roles in maintaining normal reproductive and non-reproductive functions. They exert neuroprotective actions and their loss during aging and natural or surgical menopause is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, synaptic decline, cognitive impairment and increased risk of age-related disorders. Moreover, loss of sex hormones has been suggested to promote an accelerated aging phenotype eventually leading to the development of brain hypometabolism, a feature often observed in menopausal women and prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although data on the relation between sex hormones and DNA repair mechanisms in the brain is still limited, various investigations have linked sex hormone levels with different DNA repair enzymes. Here, we review estrogen anti-aging and neuroprotective mechanisms, which are currently an area of intense study, together with the effect they may have on the DNA repair capacity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Zárate
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tinna Stevnsner
- Danish Center for Molecular Gerontology and Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ricardo Gredilla
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Georgiev D, Hamberg K, Hariz M, Forsgren L, Hariz GM. Gender differences in Parkinson's disease: A clinical perspective. Acta Neurol Scand 2017; 136:570-584. [PMID: 28670681 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Available data indicate that there are gender differences in many features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Precise identification of the gender differences is important to tailor treatment, predict outcomes, and meet other individual and social needs in women and men with PD. The aim of this study was to review the available clinical data on gender differences in PD. Original articles and meta-analyses published between 1990 and 2016 systematically exploring gender differences in PD were reviewed. There is slight male preponderance in incidence and prevalence of PD. PD starts earlier in men. Women tend to be more prone to develop tremor-dominant PD but are less rigid than men. Motor improvement after deep brain stimulation is equal in both sexes, but women tend to show better improvement in activities of daily living. Furthermore, women with PD show better results on tests for general cognitive abilities, outperform men in verbal cognitive tasks, show more pain symptoms, and score higher on depression scales. It seems, however, that the differences in cognition, mood, and pain perception are not disease specific as similar gender differences can be found in healthy subjects and in other neurological conditions. Despite PD being the most frequently studied movement disorder, studies investigating gender differences in PD are still scarce with most of the studies being cross-sectional. Good-quality, prospective, longitudinal studies analyzing gender differences in PD and comparing them to matched healthy controls are needed in order to properly address the issues of gender differences in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Georgiev
- Department of Neurology; University Clinical Centre Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders; Institute of Neurology; University College London; London UK
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - K. Hamberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine; Family Medicine; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - M. Hariz
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders; Institute of Neurology; University College London; London UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - L. Forsgren
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
| | - G.-M. Hariz
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
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Green A, Esser MJ, Perrot TS. Developmental expression of anxiety and depressive behaviours after prenatal predator exposure and early life homecage enhancement. Behav Brain Res 2017; 346:122-136. [PMID: 29183765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Stressful events during gestation can have sex-specific effects on brain and behaviour, and may contribute to some of the differences observed in adult stress responding and psychopathology. We investigated the impact of a novel repeated prenatal psychological stress (prenatal predator exposure - PPS) during the last week of gestation in rats on offspring behaviours related to social interaction (play behaviour), open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST) and sucrose preference test (SP) during the juvenile period and in adulthood. We further examined the role of postnatal environmental, using an enhanced housing condition (EHC), to prevent/rescue any changes. Some effects on anxiety, anhedonia, and stress-related coping behaviours (e.g., OFT, SP and OFT) did not emerge until adulthood. PPS increased OFT anxiety behaviours in adult males, and some OFT and SP behaviours in adult females. Contrary to this, EHC had few independent effects; most were apparent only when combined with PPS. In keeping with age-group differences, juvenile behaviours did not necessarily predict the same adult behaviours although juvenile OFT rearing and freezing, and juvenile FST immobility did predict adult FST immobility and sucrose preference, suggesting that some aspects of depressive behaviours may emerge early and predict adult vulnerability or coping behaviours. Together, these results suggest an important, though complex, role for early life psychological stressors and early life behaviours in creating an adult vulnerability to anxiety or depressive disorders and that environmental factors further modulate the effects of the prenatal stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Green
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Michael J Esser
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tara S Perrot
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Brain Repair Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Modulation of neuronal activity in the Drosophila mushroom body by DopEcR, a unique dual receptor for ecdysone and dopamine. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1578-1588. [PMID: 28554773 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for steroid hormones mediate unconventional steroid signaling and play a significant role in the rapid actions of steroids in a variety of biological processes, including those in the nervous system. However, the effects of these GPCRs on overall neuronal activity remain largely elusive. Drosophila DopEcR is a GPCR that responds to both ecdysone (the major steroid hormone in insects) and dopamine, regulating multiple second messenger systems. Recent studies have revealed that DopEcR is preferentially expressed in the nervous system and involved in behavioral regulation. Here we utilized the bioluminescent Ca2+-indicator GFP-aequorin to monitor the nicotine-induced Ca2+-response within the mushroom bodies (MB), a higher-order brain center in flies, and examined how DopEcR modulates these Ca2+-dynamics. Our results show that in DopEcR knockdown flies, the nicotine-induced Ca2+-response in the MB was significantly enhanced selectively in the medial lobes. We then reveal that application of DopEcR's ligands, ecdysone and dopamine, had different effects on nicotine-induced Ca2+-responses in the MB: ecdysone enhanced activity in the calyx and cell body region in a DopEcR-dependent manner, whereas dopamine reduced activity in the medial lobes independently of DopEcR. Finally, we show that flies with reduced DopEcR function in the MB display decreased locomotor activity. This behavioral phenotype of DopEcR-deficient flies may be partly due to their enhanced MB activity, since the MB have been implicated in the suppression of locomotor activity. Overall, these data suggest that DopEcR is involved in region-specific modulation of Ca2+ dynamics within the MB, which may play a role in behavioral modulation.
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36
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Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Gut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration. J Physiol 2017; 595:489-503. [PMID: 27641441 PMCID: PMC5233671 DOI: 10.1113/jp273106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing realisation that the gut-brain axis and its regulation by the microbiota may play a key role in the biological and physiological basis of neurodevelopmental, age-related and neurodegenerative disorders. The routes of communication between the microbiota and brain are being unravelled and include the vagus nerve, gut hormone signalling, the immune system, tryptophan metabolism or by way of microbial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids. The importance of early life gut microbiota in shaping future health outcomes is also emerging. Disturbances of this composition by way of antibiotic exposure, lack of breastfeeding, infection, stress and the environmental influences coupled with the influence of host genetics can result in long-term effects on physiology and behaviour, at least in animal models. It is also worth noting that mode of delivery at birth influences microbiota composition with those born by Caesarean section having a distinctly different microbiota in early life to those born per vaginum. At the other extreme of life, ageing is associated with a narrowing in microbial diversity and healthy ageing correlates with a diverse microbiome. Recently, the gut microbiota has been implicated in a variety of conditions including depression, autism, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. There is still considerable debate as to whether or not the gut microbiota changes are core to the pathophysiology of such conditions or are merely epiphenomenal. It is plausible that such neuropsychiatric disorders might be treated in the future by targeting the microbiota either by microbiota transplantation, antibiotics or psychobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G. Dinan
- APC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkIreland
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural ScienceUniversity College CorkIreland
| | - John F. Cryan
- APC Microbiome InstituteUniversity College CorkIreland
- Department of Anatomy and NeuroscienceUniversity College CorkIreland
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Savic I, Frisen L, Manzouri A, Nordenstrom A, Lindén Hirschberg A. Role of testosterone and Y chromosome genes for the masculinization of the human brain. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:1801-1814. [PMID: 28070912 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Women with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) have a male (46,XY) karyotype but no functional androgen receptors. Their condition, therefore, offers a unique model for studying testosterone effects on cerebral sex dimorphism. We present MRI data from 16 women with CAIS and 32 male (46,XY) and 32 female (46,XX) controls. METHODS FreeSurfer software was employed to measure cortical thickness and subcortical structural volumes. Axonal connections, indexed by fractional anisotropy, (FA) were measured with diffusion tensor imaging, and functional connectivity with resting state fMRI. RESULTS Compared to men, CAIS women displayed a "female" pattern by having thicker parietal and occipital cortices, lower FA values in the right corticospinal, superior and inferior longitudinal tracts, and corpus callosum. Their functional connectivity from the amygdala to the medial prefrontal cortex, was stronger and amygdala-connections to the motor cortex weaker than in control men. CAIS and control women also showed stronger posterior cingulate and precuneus connections in the default mode network. Thickness of the motor cortex, the caudate volume, and the FA in the callosal body followed, however, a "male" pattern. CONCLUSION Altogether, these data suggest that testosterone modulates the microstructure of somatosensory and visual cortices and their axonal connections to the frontal cortex. Testosterone also influenced functional connections from the amygdala, whereas the motor cortex could, in agreement with our previous reports, be moderated by processes linked to X-chromosome gene dosage. These data raise the question about other genetic factors masculinizing the human brain than the SRY gene and testosterone. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1801-1814, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Savic
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-113 30, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Stockholm, SE-113 30, Sweden
| | - Louise Frisen
- Dept of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, SE-113 30, Sweden.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Research Center, Stockholm, SE-113 30, Sweden
| | - Amirhossein Manzouri
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-113 30, Sweden
| | - Anna Nordenstrom
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-113 30, Sweden
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-113 30, Sweden.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Panzica G, Melcangi RC. Structural and molecular brain sexual differences: A tool to understand sex differences in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 67:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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McCarthy MM. Multifaceted origins of sex differences in the brain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150106. [PMID: 26833829 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of sex differences in the brain range from reductionistic cell and molecular analyses in animal models to functional imaging in awake human subjects, with many other levels in between. Interpretations and conclusions about the importance of particular differences often vary with differing levels of analyses and can lead to discord and dissent. In the past two decades, the range of neurobiological, psychological and psychiatric endpoints found to differ between males and females has expanded beyond reproduction into every aspect of the healthy and diseased brain, and thereby demands our attention. A greater understanding of all aspects of neural functioning will only be achieved by incorporating sex as a biological variable. The goal of this review is to highlight the current state of the art of the discipline of sex differences research with an emphasis on the brain and to contextualize the articles appearing in the accompanying special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret M McCarthy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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40
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Simpson EA, Nicolini Y, Shetler M, Suomi SJ, Ferrari PF, Paukner A. Experience-independent sex differences in newborn macaques: Females are more social than males. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19669. [PMID: 26794858 PMCID: PMC4726418 DOI: 10.1038/srep19669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human females exhibit greater social interest and skills relative to males, appearing in infancy, suggesting biological roots; however, male and female infants may be treated differently, potentially causing or amplifying sex differences. Here, we tested whether sex differences in social motivation emerge in infant monkeys (n = 48) reared in a controlled postnatal environment. Compared to males, females at 2-3 weeks looked more at conspecifics' faces (d = 0.65), especially the eyes (d = 1.09), and at 4-5 weeks exhibited more affiliative behaviors (d = 0.64), including gesturing, looking, and proximity to familiar and unfamiliar human caretakers. In sum, converging evidence from humans and monkeys suggests that female infants are more social than males in the first weeks of life, and that such differences may arise independent of postnatal experience. Individual differences in social interest have wide-ranging developmental consequences, impacting infants' social interaction quality and opportunities for learning. Understanding the evolution of sex differences and their developmental emergence is necessary to best support infants with varying levels of sociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Simpson
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Poolesville, Maryland, USA
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Parma, Parma, 4300 Italy
| | - Ylenia Nicolini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Parma, Parma, 4300 Italy
| | - Melissa Shetler
- Unit on Computer Support Services, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J. Suomi
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Poolesville, Maryland, USA
| | - Pier F. Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Parma, Parma, 4300 Italy
| | - Annika Paukner
- Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Poolesville, Maryland, USA
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Stress and the dynamic genome: Steroids, epigenetics, and the transposome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:6828-33. [PMID: 25385609 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1411260111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress plays a substantial role in shaping behavior and brain function, often with lasting effects. How these lasting effects occur in the context of a fixed postmitotic neuronal genome has been an enduring question for the field. Synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis have provided some of the answers to this question, and more recently epigenetic mechanisms have come to the fore. The exploration of epigenetic mechanisms recently led us to discover that a single acute stress can regulate the expression of retrotransposons in the rat hippocampus via an epigenetic mechanism. We propose that this response may represent a genomic stress response aimed at maintaining genomic and transcriptional stability in vulnerable brain regions such as the hippocampus. This finding and those of other researchers have made clear that retrotransposons and the genomic plasticity they permit play a significant role in brain function during stress and disease. These observations also raise the possibility that the transposome might have adaptive functions at the level of both evolution and the individual organism.
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