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Martins N, Magalhães R, Castro C, Oliva-Teles A, Peres H. Fatty acid-sensing mechanisms in the hypothalamus of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): The potential role of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 280:111397. [PMID: 36758850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the hypothalamus fatty acid (FA)-sensing mechanisms response to different FA in European sea bass. For that purpose, fish (body weight of 90 g) were intraperitoneally (IP) injected (time 0 h) with five long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, namely, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:5n3); eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:4n3); α-linolenic (ALA; C18:3n3); linoleic acid (LA; C18:2n6) and oleic acid (OA; C18:1n9) at a dose of 300 μg kg-1, or with 0.9% saline solution (control). Feed intake (FI) was recorded at 3, 6, and 24 h after the IP injection. One week later, fish were IP injected with the same FA, and the hypothalamus was collected 3 h after the IP injection for measurement of molecules related to FI regulation and FA-sensing mechanisms. Cumulative FI (g/kg/day) was not affected by treatments. However, compared to the control, FI increased with the OA treatment at 6 h after the IP injection. FI decreased with mealtime in the DHA and LA groups. Gene expression of orexigenic (npy/agrp) and anorexigenic (cart2/pomc1) neurons was not affected by the FA treatments. Attending the enzymes involved in the FA-sensing mechanisms activation, compared to the control carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) and ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) activity were not affected by FA treatments. Contrarily the key enzymes of lipid metabolisms, malic enzyme and hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase was higher in fish that received the EPA and OA treatment, than fish treated to the control. Overall, the results of the present study indicate that gene expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons was not affected at 3 h after IP injection with different FA. However, the activity of key enzymes of lipid metabolism was differently affected by circulating FA, indicating that FA-sensing mechanisms respond to different FA. Further studies are required involving different sampling times to further characterize the response of FA-sensing mechanisms to FA. These findings may be of relevance to the aquaculture industry in an era where alternative lipid sources are being increasingly used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Martins
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Rui Magalhães
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Carolina Castro
- FLATLANTIC - Atividades Piscícolas, S.A. - Rua do Aceiros/n., 3070-732 Praia de Mira, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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2
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Norland S, Eilertsen M, Rønnestad I, Helvik JV, Gomes AS. Mapping key neuropeptides involved in the melanocortin system in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) brain. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:89-115. [PMID: 36217593 PMCID: PMC9828751 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin system is a key regulator of appetite and food intake in vertebrates. This system includes the neuropeptides neuropeptide y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AGRP), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). An important center for appetite control in mammals is the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, with neurons that coexpress either the orexigenic NPY/AGRP or the anorexigenic CART/POMC neuropeptides. In ray-finned fishes, such a center is less characterized. The Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) has multiple genes of these neuropeptides due to whole-genome duplication events. To better understand the potential involvement of the melanocortin system in appetite and food intake control, we have mapped the mRNA expression of npy, agrp, cart, and pomc in the brain of Atlantic salmon parr using in situ hybridization. After identifying hypothalamic mRNA expression, we investigated the possible intracellular coexpression of npy/agrp and cart/pomc in the tuberal hypothalamus by fluorescent in situ hybridization. The results showed that the neuropeptides were widely distributed, especially in sensory and neuroendocrine brain regions. In the hypothalamic lateral tuberal nucleus, the putative homolog to the mammalian arcuate nucleus, npya, agrp1, cart2b, and pomca were predominantly localized in distinct neurons; however, some neurons coexpressed cart2b/pomca. This is the first demonstration of coexpression of cart2b/pomca in the tuberal hypothalamus of a teleost. Collectively, our data suggest that the lateral tuberal nucleus is the center for appetite control in salmon, similar to that of mammals. Extrahypothalamic brain regions might also be involved in regulating food intake, including the olfactory bulb, telencephalon, midbrain, and hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissel Norland
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Jon Vidar Helvik
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Ana S. Gomes
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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3
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Martins N, Castro C, Oliva-Teles A, Peres H. The Interplay between Central and Peripheral Systems in Feed Intake Regulation in European Seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) Juveniles. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233287. [PMID: 36496811 PMCID: PMC9739057 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding or feed deprivation on the orexigenic and anorexigenic responses at the central (whole brain) and peripheral (anterior and posterior intestine, stomach, and liver) system levels in European seabass. For this purpose, a group of fish (208 g) was fed a single meal daily for 8 days (fed group) and another group was feed-deprived for 8 days (unfed group). Compared to the fed group, in the whole brain, feed deprivation did not induce changes in npy, agrp1, and cart2 expression, but increased agrp2 and pomc1 expression. In the anterior intestine, feed deprivation increased cck expression, while in the posterior intestine, the npy expression increased and pyyb decreased. In the stomach, the ghr expression decreased regardless of the feeding status. The hepatic lep expression increased in the unfed fish. The present results suggest a feed intake regulation mechanism in European seabass similar to that observed in other teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Martins
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Carolina Castro
- FLATLANTIC—Atividades Piscícolas, S.A., Rua do Aceiros s/n, 3070-732 Praia de Mira, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Helena Peres
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Edifício FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n 289, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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4
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Mankiewicz JL, Picklo MJ, Idso J, Cleveland BM. Leptin Receptor Deficiency Results in Hyperphagia and Increased Fatty Acid Mobilization during Fasting in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040516. [PMID: 35454105 PMCID: PMC9028016 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a pleiotropic hormone known for regulating appetite and metabolism. To characterize the role of leptin signaling in rainbow trout, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to disrupt the leptin receptor (LepR) genes, lepra1 and lepra2. We compared wildtype (WT) and mutant fish that were either fed to satiation or feed deprived for six weeks. The LepR mutants exhibited a hyperphagic phenotype, which led to heavier body weight, faster specific growth rate, increased viscero- and hepatosomatic indices, and greater condition factor. Muscle glycogen, plasma leptin, and leptin transcripts (lepa1) were also elevated in fed LepR mutant fish. Expression levels of several hypothalamic genes involved in feed regulation were analyzed (agrp, npy, orexin, cart-1, cart-2, pomc-a1, pomc-b). No differences were detected between fed WT and mutants except for pomc-b (proopiomelanocortin-b), where levels were 7.5-fold higher in LepR fed mutants, suggesting that pomc-b expression is regulated by leptin signaling. Fatty acid (FA) content did not statistically differ in muscle of fed mutant fish compared to WT. However, fasted mutants exhibited significantly lower muscle FA concentrations, suggesting that LepR mutants exhibit increased FA mobilization during fasting. These data demonstrate a key role for leptin signaling in lipid and energy mobilization in a teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Mankiewicz
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA/ARS, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA;
| | - Matthew J. Picklo
- Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA/ARS, 2420 2nd Ave. North, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA; (M.J.P.); (J.I.)
| | - Joseph Idso
- Human Nutrition Research Center, USDA/ARS, 2420 2nd Ave. North, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA; (M.J.P.); (J.I.)
| | - Beth M. Cleveland
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, USDA/ARS, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Southey BR, Rodriguez-Zas SL, Rhodes JS, Sweedler JV. Characterization of the prohormone complement in Amphiprion and related fish species integrating genome and transcriptome assemblies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228562. [PMID: 32163422 PMCID: PMC7067429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amphiprion (anemonefish or clownfish) family of teleost fish, which is not a common model species, exhibits multiple unique characteristics, including social control of body size and protandrous sex change. The social changes in sex and body size are modulated by neuropeptide signaling pathways. These neuropeptides are formed from complex processing from larger prohormone proteins; understanding the neuropeptide complement requires information on complete prohormones sequences. Genome and transcriptome information within and across 22 teleost fish species, including 11 Amphiprion species, were assembled and integrated to achieve the first comprehensive survey of their prohormone genes. This information enabled the identification of 175 prohormone isoforms from 159 prohormone proteins across all species. This included identification of 9 CART prepropeptide genes and the loss of insulin-like 5B and tachykinin precursor 1B genes in Pomacentridae species. Transcriptome assemblies generally detected most prohormone genes but provided fewer prohormone genes than genome assemblies due to the lack of expression of prohormone genes or specific isoforms and tissue sampled. Comparisons between duplicate genes indicated that subfunctionalization, degradation, and neofunctionalization may be occurring between all copies. Characterization of the prohormone complement lays the foundation for future peptidomic investigation of the molecular basis of social physiology and behavior in the teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce R. Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Justin S. Rhodes
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Zhou C, Lei L, Deng X, Yuan D, Zhu C, Ye H, Luo H, Zhang C, Zhou J, Yang M, Wang J, Zeng B, Li B, Zheng Z. Three forms of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript may be involved in food intake regulation in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:921-933. [PMID: 31104250 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-018-0596-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In fish, as in mammals, several studies have demonstrated that the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) plays an important role in feeding. However, thus far, the function of CART in gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) feeding regulation has not been reported. In our study, we first identified three forms of CART peptide precursors from gibel carp brain and named these CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3. The full-length cDNA sequences of CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 were 616 bp, 705 bp, and 760 bp, respectively, encoding peptides of 118, 120, and 104 amino acid residues. We detected mRNA expression of CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 in a wide range of peripheral and central tissues, with the highest expression detected in the brain. After a meal, mRNA expression of CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 was significantly elevated, suggesting that CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 may act as postprandial satiety signals. Moreover, mRNA expression of all three CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 was significantly reduced during fasting and significantly elevated with refeeding. Our findings indicate that CART-1, CART-2, and CART-3 might function as a satiety factor in the gibel carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowei Zhou
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
- Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850002, Tibet, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo Lei
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingxing Deng
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengyue Yuan
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, Neijiang Normal University, Neijiang, 641000, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengke Zhu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Ye
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Luo
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850002, Tibet, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianshe Zhou
- Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850002, Tibet, People's Republic of China
| | - Minmin Yang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China
| | - Benhe Zeng
- Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850002, Tibet, People's Republic of China
| | - Baohai Li
- Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Lhasa, 850002, Tibet, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zonglin Zheng
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 402460, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Kaitetzidou E, Katsiadaki I, Lagnel J, Antonopoulou E, Sarropoulou E. Unravelling paralogous gene expression dynamics during three-spined stickleback embryogenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3752. [PMID: 30842559 PMCID: PMC6403355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40127-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Development requires the implementation of a plethora of molecular mechanisms, involving a large set of genes to ensure proper cell differentiation, morphogenesis of tissues and organs as well as the growth of the organism. Genome duplication and resulting paralogs are considered to provide the raw genetic materials important for new adaptation opportunities and boosting evolutionary innovation. The present study investigated paralogous genes, involved in three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) development. Therefore, the transcriptomes of five early stages comprising developmental leaps were explored. Obtained expression profiles reflected the embryo's needs at different stages. Early stages, such as the morula stage comprised transcripts mainly involved in energy requirements while later stages were mostly associated with GO terms relevant to organ development and morphogenesis. The generated transcriptome profiles were further explored for differential expression of known and new paralogous genes. Special attention was given to hox genes, with hoxa13a being of particular interest and to pigmentation genes where itgb1, involved in the melanophore development, displayed a complementary expression pattern throughout studied stages. Knowledge obtained by untangling specific paralogous gene functions during development might not only significantly contribute to the understanding of teleost ontogenesis but might also shed light on paralogous gene evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisavet Kaitetzidou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Institute for Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioanna Katsiadaki
- Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, (Cefas), Weymouth, UK
| | - Jacques Lagnel
- Institute for Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Heraklion, Greece.,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GALF), Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Efthimia Antonopoulou
- Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elena Sarropoulou
- Institute for Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Heraklion, Greece.
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8
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Zhang X, Gao Y, Tang N, Qi J, Wu Y, Hao J, Wang S, Chen D, Li Z. One evidence of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) has the bidirectional effects on appetite in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:411-422. [PMID: 29143945 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), discovered in 1995, with various biological functions, has received much attention recently due to its role in the regulation of appetite in mammals. However, the function of CART on the appetite control in fish species is still not very clear. In this study, Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt) cart gene was cloned for the first time, and the cart mRNA levels in 11 feeding-related tissues was investigated. The Siberian sturgeon cart gene sequence was 1459 base pairs (bp), including a 3'-terminal untranslated region (3'-UTR) of 39 bp, a 5'-terminal untranslated region (5'-UTR) of 52 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 348 bp encoding 115 amino acids. Siberian sturgeon cart gene has three exons and two introns including 341 bp intron 1 and 679 bp intron 2. The result of tissue distribution showed that cart was widely distributed in 11 tissues with the highest expression in the whole brain. The effects of periprandial (pre- and post-feeding), fasting, and re-feeding on cart mRNA abundance in the whole brain were assessed. Periprandial result showed the expression of cart mRNA in the whole brain significantly elevated after feeding for 3 h. However, fasting experiment showed that the level of cart significantly decreased after 1 day of fasting, but that significantly increased after 3-17 days of food deprivation and returned to the basic level after 3 days of re-feeding in the fishes which were fasted for 15 days. In conclusion, this study suggests that CART has the bidirectional effects on appetite, which acts as a satiety factor in short-term feeding regulation but as a starvation factor in long-term appetite regulation in Siberian sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Yundi Gao
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Ni Tang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinwen Qi
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanbing Wu
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Hao
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuyao Wang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211# Huimin Road, Chengdu, China.
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9
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Delgado MJ, Cerdá-Reverter JM, Soengas JL. Hypothalamic Integration of Metabolic, Endocrine, and Circadian Signals in Fish: Involvement in the Control of Food Intake. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:354. [PMID: 28694769 PMCID: PMC5483453 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of food intake in fish is a complex process carried out through several different mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS) with hypothalamus being the main regulatory center. As in mammals, a complex hypothalamic circuit including two populations of neurons: one co-expressing neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and the second one population co-expressing pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is involved in the integration of information relating to food intake control. The production and release of these peptides control food intake, and the production results from the integration of information of different nature such as levels of nutrients and hormones as well as circadian signals. The present review summarizes the knowledge and recent findings about the presence and functioning of these mechanisms in fish and their differences vs. the known mammalian model.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Delgado
- Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - José M. Cerdá-Reverter
- Departamento de Fisiología de Peces y Biotecnología, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasCastellón, Spain
| | - José L. Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de VigoVigo, Spain
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10
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Rønnestad I, Gomes AS, Murashita K, Angotzi R, Jönsson E, Volkoff H. Appetite-Controlling Endocrine Systems in Teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:73. [PMID: 28458653 PMCID: PMC5394176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian studies have shaped our understanding of the endocrine control of appetite and body weight in vertebrates and provided the basic vertebrate model that involves central (brain) and peripheral signaling pathways as well as environmental cues. The hypothalamus has a crucial function in the control of food intake, but other parts of the brain are also involved. The description of a range of key neuropeptides and hormones as well as more details of their specific roles in appetite control continues to be in progress. Endocrine signals are based on hormones that can be divided into two groups: those that induce (orexigenic), and those that inhibit (anorexigenic) appetite and food consumption. Peripheral signals originate in the gastrointestinal tract, liver, adipose tissue, and other tissues and reach the hypothalamus through both endocrine and neuroendocrine actions. While many mammalian-like endocrine appetite-controlling networks and mechanisms have been described for some key model teleosts, mainly zebrafish and goldfish, very little knowledge exists on these systems in fishes as a group. Fishes represent over 30,000 species, and there is a large variability in their ecological niches and habitats as well as life history adaptations, transitions between life stages and feeding behaviors. In the context of food intake and appetite control, common adaptations to extended periods of starvation or periods of abundant food availability are of particular interest. This review summarizes the recent findings on endocrine appetite-controlling systems in fish, highlights their impact on growth and survival, and discusses the perspectives in this research field to shed light on the intriguing adaptations that exist in fish and their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ana S. Gomes
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Koji Murashita
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Research Center for Aquaculture Systems, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Tamaki, Mie, Japan
| | - Rita Angotzi
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Jönsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hélène Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John’s, NL, Canada
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Velasco C, Bonacic K, Soengas JL, Morais S. Orally administered fatty acids enhance anorectic potential but do not activate central fatty acid sensing in Senegalese sole post-larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 220:677-685. [PMID: 27927695 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.150979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies in fish have reported the presence and function of fatty acid (FA)-sensing systems comparable in many aspects to those known in mammals. Such studies were carried out in juvenile and adult fish, but the presence of FA-sensing systems and control of food intake have never been evaluated in early life stages, despite the importance of establishing when appetite regulation becomes functional in larval fish. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the possible effects of different specific FAs on neural FA-sensing systems and neuropeptides involved in the control of food intake in Senegalese sole post-larvae. To achieve this, we orally administered post-larvae with different solutions containing pure FA - oleate (OA), linoleate (LA), α-linolenate (ALA) or eicosapentaenoate (EPA) - and evaluated changes in mRNA abundance of neuropeptides involved in the control of food intake and of transcripts related to putative FA-sensing systems, 3 and 6 h post-administration. The changes in neuropeptide gene expression were relatively consistent with the activation of anorectic pathways (enhanced cart4 and pomcb) and a decrease in orexigenic factors (npy) following intake of FA. Even though there were a few differences depending on the nature of the FA, the observed changes appear to suggest the existence of a putative anorectic response in post-larvae fish to the ingestion of all four tested FAs. However, changes in neuropeptides cannot be explained by the integration of metabolic information regarding FAs in circulation through FA-sensing mechanisms in the brain. Only the reduction in mRNA levels of the FA metabolism gene acc in OA-treated (6 h), ALA-treated (3 h) and EPA-treated (3 and 6 h) post-larvae could be indicative of the presence of a FA-sensing system, but most genes either were not significantly regulated (fat/cd36-lmp2, acly, kir6.x, srebp1c) or were affected in a way that was inconsistent with FA-sensing mechanisms (fat/cd36-pg4l, fas, cpt1.1, cpt1.2, cpt1.3, sur, pparα and lxrα).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo E-36310, Spain
| | - Kruno Bonacic
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita 43540, Spain
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo E-36310, Spain
| | - Sofia Morais
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita 43540, Spain .,Lucta S.A., Innovation Division, UAB Research Park, Eureka building, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
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Volkoff H. The Neuroendocrine Regulation of Food Intake in Fish: A Review of Current Knowledge. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:540. [PMID: 27965528 PMCID: PMC5126056 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish are the most diversified group of vertebrates and, although progress has been made in the past years, only relatively few fish species have been examined to date, with regards to the endocrine regulation of feeding in fish. In fish, as in mammals, feeding behavior is ultimately regulated by central effectors within feeding centers of the brain, which receive and process information from endocrine signals from both brain and peripheral tissues. Although basic endocrine mechanisms regulating feeding appear to be conserved among vertebrates, major physiological differences between fish and mammals and the diversity of fish, in particular in regard to feeding habits, digestive tract anatomy and physiology, suggest the existence of fish- and species-specific regulating mechanisms. This review provides an overview of hormones known to regulate food intake in fish, emphasizing on major hormones and the main fish groups studied to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Volkoff
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Memorial University of NewfoundlandSt. John's, NL, Canada
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Volkoff H, Estevan Sabioni R, Coutinho LL, Cyrino JEP. Appetite regulating factors in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus): Tissue distribution and effects of food quantity and quality on gene expression. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 203:241-254. [PMID: 27717774 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus is an omnivorous fish considered a promising species for aquaculture. Little is known about the endocrine regulation of feeding in this species. In this study, transcripts for orexin, cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART), cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin were isolated in pacu. Orexin, CCK and leptin have widespread mRNA distributions in brain and periphery, CART is limited to the brain. To examine the role of these peptides in the regulation of feeding and energy status, mRNA expression levels were compared between fed and fasted fish and around feeding time. Both orexin and CART brain expressions were affected by fasting and displayed periprandial changes, suggesting a role in both short- and long-term regulation of feeding. CCK intestinal expression decreased in fasted fish and displayed periprandial changes, suggesting CCK acts as a peripheral satiety factor. Leptin was not affected by fasting but displayed periprandial changes, suggesting a role as a short-term regulator. To examine if these peptides are affected by diet, brain and gut expressions were assessed in fish fed with different diets containing soy protein concentrate. Food intake, weight gain and expressions of orexin, CART, CCK and leptin were little affected by replacement of fish protein with soy protein, suggesting that pacu is able to tolerate and grow well with a diet rich in plant material. Overall, our results suggest that orexin, CART, CCK and leptin are involved in the physiology of feeding of pacu and that their expressions are little affected by plant-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Volkoff
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B3X9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B3X9, Canada.
| | - Rafael Estevan Sabioni
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Setor de Piscicultura, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Laboratório de Biotecnologia Animal, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - José Eurico Possebon Cyrino
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Setor de Piscicultura, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Volkoff H, Sabioni RE, Cyrino JEP. Appetite regulating factors in dourado, Salminus brasiliensis: cDNA cloning and effects of fasting and feeding on gene expression. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 237:34-42. [PMID: 27468955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The dourado, Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816) is a freshwater piscivorous Characin native to South American rivers. Owing to the high quality of its flesh and its fast growth, it is the object of both capture fisheries and fish farming. However, very little is known about the endocrine regulation of feeding and metabolism of dourado. In this study, cDNAs for orexin, CART and CCK were isolated in dourado, and their mRNA tissue distributions examined. In order to assess the role of these peptides in the regulation of feeding of dourado, the effects of fasting and feeding on mRNA expression levels of orexin, CART and CCK in the brain as well as CCK in the intestine were assessed. Whereas orexin and CCK have widespread mRNA distributions in the brain and peripheral organs, CART seems to be mostly limited to the brain. Orexin brain expression increased with fasting and displayed periprandial changes, suggesting it is involved in both long- and short-term regulation of feeding and appetite. CART and CCK hypothalamic expressions were not affected by fasting, but displayed periprandial changes with post-feeding decreases, suggesting roles in short-term satiation. CCK expression in the anterior intestine was not affected by fasting and did not display periprandial changes. Overall, our results suggest that orexin, CART and CCK are involved in the physiology of feeding of dourado.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Volkoff
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B3X9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B3X9, Canada.
| | - Rafael Estevan Sabioni
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Setor de Piscicultura, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - José Eurico Possebon Cyrino
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Setor de Piscicultura, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Bonacic K, Campoverde C, Gómez-Arbonés J, Gisbert E, Estevez A, Morais S. Dietary fatty acid composition affects food intake and gut-brain satiety signaling in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup 1858) larvae and post-larvae. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 228:79-94. [PMID: 26851305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Little is known how dietary lipids affect food intake during larval development of fish, especially with regard to fatty acid (FA) composition. In fact, very little work has been done on appetite regulation and food intake in fish larvae in general, due to biological and technical difficulties associated with this type of studies. A new method using fluorescent microspheres as markers was developed in this study to evaluate food intake and prey selectivity of Senegalese sole larvae and post-larvae. Food intake was quantified in fish fed Artemia metanauplii enriched with oils differing in FA profile: cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LSO), soybean oil (SBO) or olive oil (OO). The fish did not preferentially ingest a specific diet when presented with a choice. However, pre-metamorphic larvae from the CLO treatment ingested more metanauplii per g body weight, while differences in post-larvae were not significant. These findings were developed further by analyzing mRNA levels of a range of putative anorexigenic (pyya, pyyb, glp1, cckl, cart1a, cart1b, cart2a, cart4, pomca, pomcb, crf) and orexigenic (gal, npy, agrp2) genes, to identify those which are significantly affected by feeding and/or dietary FA composition. The variety of expression patterns observed highlighted the complexity of appetite regulatory mechanisms. In general, fish fed the CLO diet tended to show gene expression patterns most dissimilar to the remaining treatments. Expression in pre-metamorphic larvae was generally less in accordance with the putative function of the genes than in post-larvae, which could suggest a yet underdeveloped regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruno Bonacic
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Cindy Campoverde
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Javier Gómez-Arbonés
- Institut de Recerca Biomédica de Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Enric Gisbert
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Alicia Estevez
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
| | - Sofia Morais
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain.
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Conde-Sieira M, Bonacic K, Velasco C, Valente LMP, Morais S, Soengas JL. Hypothalamic fatty acid sensing in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis): response to long-chain saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated (n-3) fatty acids. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1521-31. [PMID: 26468264 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00386.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the presence of fatty acid (FA)-sensing mechanisms in hypothalamus of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) and investigated their sensitivity to FA chain length and/or level of unsaturation. Stearate (SA, saturated FA), oleate (OA, monounsaturated FA of the same chain length), α-linolenate [ALA, a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) of the same chain length], and eicosapentanoate (EPA, a n-3 PUFA of a larger chain length) were injected intraperitoneally. Parameters related to FA sensing and neuropeptide expression in the hypothalamus were assessed after 3 h and changes in accumulated food intake after 4, 24, and 48 h. Three FA sensing systems characterized in rainbow trout were also found in Senegalese sole and were activated by OA in a way similar to that previously characterized in rainbow trout and mammals. These hypothalamic FA sensing systems were also activated by ALA, differing from mammals, where n-3 PUFAs do not seem to activate FA sensors. This might suggest additional roles and highlights the importance of n-3 PUFA in fish diets, especially in marine species. The activation of FA sensing seems to be partially dependent on acyl chain length and degree of saturation, as no major changes were observed after treating fish with SA or EPA. The activation of FA sensing systems by OA and ALA, but not SA or EPA, is further reflected in the expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides involved in the control of food intake. Both OA and ALA enhanced anorexigenic capacity compatible with the activation of FA sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Conde-Sieira
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, Porto, Portugal; Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Kruno Bonacic
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentàries, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; and
| | - Cristina Velasco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Luisa M P Valente
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Morais
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentàries, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; and
| | - José L Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain;
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