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Zhang Z, Yang Z, Wang S, Wang X, Mao J. Overview of pyroptosis mechanism and in-depth analysis of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis mediated by NF-κB pathway in heart failure. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 179:117367. [PMID: 39214011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes has become an essential topic in heart failure research. The abnormal accumulation of these biological factors, including angiotensin II, advanced glycation end products, and various growth factors (such as connective tissue growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor beta, among others), activates the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in cardiovascular diseases, ultimately leading to pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes. Therefore, exploring the underlying molecular biological mechanisms is essential for developing novel drugs and therapeutic strategies. However, our current understanding of the precise regulatory mechanism of this complex signaling pathway in cardiomyocyte pyroptosis is still limited. Given this, this study reviews the milestone discoveries in the field of pyroptosis research since 1986, analyzes in detail the similarities, differences, and interactions between pyroptosis and other cell death modes (such as apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis), and explores the deep connection between pyroptosis and heart failure. At the same time, it depicts in detail the complete pathway of the activation, transmission, and eventual cardiomyocyte pyroptosis of the NF-κB signaling pathway in the process of heart failure. In addition, the study also systematically summarizes various therapeutic approaches that can inhibit NF-κB to reduce cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, including drugs, natural compounds, small molecule inhibitors, gene editing, and other cutting-edge technologies, aiming to provide solid scientific support and new research perspectives for the prevention and treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhihua Yang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Xianliang Wang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China.
| | - Jingyuan Mao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China.
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2
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Qian J, Zhao L, Xu L, Zhao J, Tang Y, Yu M, Lin J, Ding L, Cui Q. Cell Death: Mechanisms and Potential Targets in Breast Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9703. [PMID: 39273650 PMCID: PMC11395276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) has become the most life-threatening cancer to women worldwide, with multiple subtypes, poor prognosis, and rising mortality. The molecular heterogeneity of BC limits the efficacy and represents challenges for existing therapies, mainly due to the unpredictable clinical response, the reason for which probably lies in the interactions and alterations of diverse cell death pathways. However, most studies and drugs have focused on a single type of cell death, while the therapeutic opportunities related to other cell death pathways are often neglected. Therefore, it is critical to identify the predominant type of cell death, the transition to different cell death patterns during treatment, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms in BC. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of various forms of cell death, including PANoptosis (pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis), autophagy, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis, and discuss their triggers and signaling cascades in BC, which may provide a reference for future pathogenesis research and allow for the development of novel targeted therapeutics in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Qian
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Linna Zhao
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yongxu Tang
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Min Yu
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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3
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Robinson KS, Boucher D. Inflammasomes in epithelial innate immunity: front line warriors. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1335-1353. [PMID: 38485451 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Our epithelium represents a battle ground against a variety of insults including pathogens and danger signals. It encodes multiple sensors that detect and respond to such insults, playing an essential role in maintaining and defending tissue homeostasis. One key set of defense mechanisms is our inflammasomes which drive innate immune responses including, sensing and responding to pathogen attack, through the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell death. Identification of physiologically relevant triggers for inflammasomes has greatly influenced our ability to decipher the mechanisms behind inflammasome activation. Furthermore, identification of patient mutations within inflammasome components implicates their involvement in a range of epithelial diseases. This review will focus on exploring the roles of inflammasomes in epithelial immunity and cover: the diversity and differential expression of inflammasome sensors amongst our epithelial barriers, their ability to sense local infection and damage and the contribution of the inflammasomes to epithelial homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Samirah Robinson
- The Skin Innate Immunity and Inflammatory Disease Lab, Skin Research Centre, Department of Hull York Medical School, University of York, UK
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK
| | - Dave Boucher
- York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, UK
- Department of Biology, University of York, UK
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4
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Zhu C, Xu S, Jiang R, Yu Y, Bian J, Zou Z. The gasdermin family: emerging therapeutic targets in diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:87. [PMID: 38584157 PMCID: PMC10999458 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The gasdermin (GSDM) family has garnered significant attention for its pivotal role in immunity and disease as a key player in pyroptosis. This recently characterized class of pore-forming effector proteins is pivotal in orchestrating processes such as membrane permeabilization, pyroptosis, and the follow-up inflammatory response, which are crucial self-defense mechanisms against irritants and infections. GSDMs have been implicated in a range of diseases including, but not limited to, sepsis, viral infections, and cancer, either through involvement in pyroptosis or independently of this process. The regulation of GSDM-mediated pyroptosis is gaining recognition as a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of various diseases. Current strategies for inhibiting GSDMD primarily involve binding to GSDMD, blocking GSDMD cleavage or inhibiting GSDMD-N-terminal (NT) oligomerization, albeit with some off-target effects. In this review, we delve into the cutting-edge understanding of the interplay between GSDMs and pyroptosis, elucidate the activation mechanisms of GSDMs, explore their associations with a range of diseases, and discuss recent advancements and potential strategies for developing GSDMD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Zhu
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Sheng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ruoyu Jiang
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yizhi Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity & Inflammation, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Jinjun Bian
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Zui Zou
- Faculty of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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5
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Oladapo A, Jackson T, Menolascino J, Periyasamy P. Role of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 117:428-446. [PMID: 38336022 PMCID: PMC10911058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis, an inflammatory programmed cell death process, has recently garnered significant attention due to its pivotal role in various neurological diseases. This review delves into the intricate molecular signaling pathways governing pyroptosis, encompassing both caspase-1 dependent and caspase-1 independent routes, while emphasizing the critical role played by the inflammasome machinery in initiating cell death. Notably, we explore the Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat (NLR) containing protein family, the Absent in melanoma 2-like receptor family, and the Pyrin receptor family as essential activators of pyroptosis. Additionally, we comprehensively examine the Gasdermin family, renowned for their role as executioner proteins in pyroptosis. Central to our review is the interplay between pyroptosis and various central nervous system (CNS) cell types, including astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Pyroptosis emerges as a significant factor in the pathophysiology of each cell type, highlighting its far-reaching impact on neurological diseases. This review also thoroughly addresses the involvement of pyroptosis in specific neurological conditions, such as HIV infection, drug abuse-mediated pathologies, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. These discussions illuminate the intricate connections between pyroptosis, chronic inflammation, and cell death in the development of these disorders. We also conducted a comparative analysis, contrasting pyroptosis with other cell death mechanisms, thereby shedding light on their unique aspects. This approach helps clarify the distinct contributions of pyroptosis to neuroinflammatory processes. In conclusion, this review offers a comprehensive exploration of the role of pyroptosis in various neurological diseases, emphasizing its multifaceted molecular mechanisms within various CNS cell types. By elucidating the link between pyroptosis and chronic inflammation in the context of neurodegenerative disorders and infections, it provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic targets for mitigating these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiola Oladapo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Thomas Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Jueliet Menolascino
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5880, USA.
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6
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Slaufova M, Karakaya T, Di Filippo M, Hennig P, Beer HD. The gasdermins: a pore-forming protein family expressed in the epidermis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254150. [PMID: 37771587 PMCID: PMC10523161 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins comprise a family of pore-forming proteins, which play critical roles in (auto)inflammatory diseases and cancer. They are expressed as self-inhibited precursor proteins consisting of an aminoterminal cytotoxic effector domain (NT-GSDM) and a carboxyterminal inhibitor domain (GSDM-CT) separated by an unstructured linker region. Proteolytic processing in the linker region liberates NT-GSDM, which translocates to membranes, forms oligomers, and induces membrane permeabilization, which can disturb the cellular equilibrium that can lead to cell death. Gasdermin activation and pore formation are associated with inflammation, particularly when induced by the inflammatory protease caspase-1 upon inflammasome activation. These gasdermin pores allow the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin(IL)-1β and IL-18 and induce a lytic type of cell death, termed pyroptosis that supports inflammation, immunity, and tissue repair. However, even at the cellular level, the consequences of gasdermin activation are diverse and range from induction of programmed cell death - pyroptosis or apoptosis - to poorly characterized protective mechanisms. The specific effects of gasdermin activation can vary between species, cell types, the membrane that is being permeabilized (plasma membrane, mitochondrial membrane, etc.), and the overall biological state of the local tissue/cells. In epithelia, gasdermins seem to play crucial roles. Keratinocytes represent the main cell type of the epidermis, which is the outermost skin layer with an essential barrier function. Compared to other tissues, keratinocytes express all members of the gasdermin family, in part in a differentiation-specific manner. That raises questions regarding the specific roles of individual GSDM family members in the skin, the mechanisms and consequences of their activation, and the potential crosstalk between them. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about gasdermins with a focus on keratinocytes and the skin and discuss the possible roles of the different family members in immunity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Slaufova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tugay Karakaya
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michela Di Filippo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paulina Hennig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Huston HC, Anderson MJ, Fink SL. Pyroptosis and the cellular consequences of gasdermin pores. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101803. [PMID: 37437353 PMCID: PMC10530493 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The family of gasdermin proteins plays a key role in the host response against external and internal pathogenic signals by mediating the form of inflammatory regulated cell death known as pyroptosis. One of the most well-studied gasdermins within innate immunity is gasdermin D, which is cleaved, oligomerizes, and forms plasma membrane pores. Gasdermin D pores lead to a number of downstream cellular consequences including plasma membrane rupture, or cell lysis. In this review, we describe mechanisms of activation for each of the gasdermins, their cell type specificity and some disease associations. We then discuss downstream consequences of gasdermin pore formation, including cellular mechanisms of membrane repair. Finally, we present some important next steps to better understand pyroptosis and the cellular consequences of gasdermin pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna C Huston
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marisa J Anderson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Susan L Fink
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
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8
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Jin X, Ma Y, Liu D, Huang Y. Role of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e249. [PMID: 37125240 PMCID: PMC10130418 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is regarded as a pathological form of cell death with an intracellular program mediated, which plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis and embryonic development. Pyroptosis is a new paradigm of PCD, which has received increasing attention due to its close association with immunity and disease. Pyroptosis is a form of inflammatory cell death mediated by gasdermin that promotes the release of proinflammatory cytokines and contents induced by inflammasome activation. Recently, increasing evidence in studies shows that pyroptosis has a crucial role in inflammatory conditions like cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, neurological diseases (NDs), and metabolic diseases (MDs), suggesting that targeting cell death is a potential intervention for the treatment of these inflammatory diseases. Based on this, the review aims to identify the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways related to pyroptosis activation and summarizes the current insights into the complicated relationship between pyroptosis and multiple human inflammatory diseases (CVDs, cancer, NDs, and MDs). We also discuss a promising novel strategy and method for treating these inflammatory diseases by targeting pyroptosis and focus on the pyroptosis pathway application in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Jin
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Yinchu Ma
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Didi Liu
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityJiangsuChina
| | - Yi Huang
- Wuxi School of MedicineJiangnan UniversityJiangsuChina
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9
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Privitera G, Rana N, Armuzzi A, Pizarro TT. The gasdermin protein family: emerging roles in gastrointestinal health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:366-387. [PMID: 36781958 PMCID: PMC10238632 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-023-00743-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification and characterization of gasdermin (GSDM) D as the main effector of inflammatory regulated cell death (or pyroptosis), literature on the GSDM family of pore-forming proteins is rapidly expanding, revealing novel mechanisms regulating their expression and functions that go beyond pyroptosis. Indeed, a growing body of evidence corroborates the importance of GSDMs within the gastrointestinal system, underscoring their critical contributions to the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal cancers, enteric infections and gut mucosal inflammation, such as inflammatory bowel disease. However, with this increase in knowledge, several important and controversial issues have arisen regarding basic GSDM biology and its role(s) during health and disease states. These include critical questions centred around GSDM-dependent lytic versus non-lytic functions, the biological activities of cleaved versus full-length proteins, the differential roles of GSDM-expressing mucosal immune versus epithelial cells, and whether GSDMs promote pathogenic or protective effects during specific disease settings. This Review provides a comprehensive summary and interpretation of the current literature on GSDM biology, specifically focusing on the gastrointestinal tract, highlighting the main controversial issues and their clinical implications, and addressing future areas of research to unravel the specific role(s) of this intriguing, yet enigmatic, family of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Privitera
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Dipartimento Universitario di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Nitish Rana
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alessandro Armuzzi
- IBD Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Theresa T Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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10
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Pinto B, Valente R, Caramelo F, Ruivo R, Castro LFC. Decay of Skin-Specific Gene Modules in Pangolins. J Mol Evol 2023:10.1007/s00239-023-10118-z. [PMID: 37249590 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-023-10118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin exhibits a rich spectrum of evolutionary adaptations. The pilosebaceous unit, composed of the hair shaft, follicle, and the sebaceous gland, is the most striking synapomorphy. The evolutionary diversification of mammals across different ecological niches was paralleled by the appearance of an ample variety of skin modifications. Pangolins, order Pholidota, exhibit keratin-derived scales, one of the most iconic skin appendages. This formidable armor is intended to serve as a deterrent against predators. Surprisingly, while pangolins have hair on their abdomens, the occurrence of sebaceous and sweat glands is contentious. Here, we explore various molecular modules of skin physiology in four pangolin genomes, including that of sebum production. We show that genes driving wax monoester formation, Awat1/2, show patterns of inactivation in the stem pangolin branch, while the triacylglycerol synthesis gene Dgat2l6 seems independently eroded in the African and Asian clades. In contrast, Elovl3 implicated in the formation of specific neutral lipids required for skin barrier function is intact and expressed in the pangolin skin. An extended comparative analysis shows that genes involved in skin pathogen defense and structural integrity of keratinocyte layers also show inactivating mutations: associated with both ancestral and independent pseudogenization events. Finally, we deduce that the suggested absence of sweat glands is not paralleled by the inactivation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter Abcc11, as previously described in Cetacea. Our findings reveal the sophisticated and complex history of gene retention and loss as key mechanisms in the evolution of the highly modified mammalian skin phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Pinto
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua Do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raul Valente
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua Do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Caramelo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua Do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Rua Do Campo Alegre S/N, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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11
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Protein engineering reveals that gasdermin A preferentially targets mitochondrial membranes over the plasma membrane during pyroptosis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102908. [PMID: 36642180 PMCID: PMC9943860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
When activated, gasdermin family members are thought to be pore-forming proteins that cause lytic cell death. Despite this, numerous studies have suggested that the threshold for lytic cell death is dependent on which gasdermin family member is activated. Determination of the propensity of various gasdermin family members to cause pyroptosis has been handicapped by the fact that for many of them, the mechanisms and timing of their activation are uncertain. In this article, we exploit the recently discovered exosite-mediated recognition of gasdermin D (GSDMD) by the inflammatory caspases to develop a system that activates gasdermin family members in an efficient and equivalent manner. We leverage this system to show that upon activation, GSDMD and gasdermin A (GSDMA) exhibit differential subcellular localization, differential plasma membrane permeabilization, and differential lytic cell death. While GSDMD localizes rapidly to both the plasma membrane and organelle membranes, GSDMA preferentially localizes to the mitochondria with delayed and diminished accumulation at the plasma membrane. As a consequence of this differential kinetics of subcellular localization, N-terminal GSDMA results in early mitochondrial dysfunction relative to plasma membrane permeabilization. This study thus challenges the assumption that gasdermin family members effect cell death through identical mechanisms and establishes that their activation in their respective tissues of expression likely results in different immunological outcomes.
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12
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Abstract
Pyroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that is mediated by the membrane-targeting, pore-forming gasdermin family of proteins. Pyroptosis was initially described as a caspase 1- and inflammasome-dependent cell death pathway typified by the loss of membrane integrity and the secretion of cytokines such as IL-1β. However, gasdermins are now recognized as the principal effectors of this form of regulated cell death; activated gasdermins insert into cell membranes, where they form pores that result in the secretion of cytokines, alarmins and damage-associated molecular patterns and cause cell membrane rupture. It is now evident that gasdermins can be activated by inflammasome- and caspase-independent mechanisms in multiple cell types and that crosstalk occurs between pyroptosis and other cell death pathways. Although they are important for host antimicrobial defence, a growing body of evidence supports the notion that pyroptosis and gasdermins have pathological roles in cancer and several non-microbial diseases involving the gut, liver and skin. The well-documented roles of inflammasome activity and apoptosis pathways in kidney diseases suggests that gasdermins and pyroptosis may also be involved to some extent. However, despite some evidence for involvement of pyroptosis in the context of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, our understanding of gasdermin biology and pyroptosis in the kidney remains limited.
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13
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Miao Y, Chen Y, Mi D. Role of gasdermin family proteins in the occurrence and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11035. [PMID: 36254294 PMCID: PMC9568847 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, accounting for 75%–85% of cases. The occurrence and progression of HCC involve multiple events. Pyroptosis is a gasdermins mediated programmed cell death and is intricately associated with cancerogenesis, including HCC. This review mainly concerns the recent research advances of the gasdermin family members in HCC. The biological roles and specific expression patterns of the family members are discussed, especially those that are involved in the regulatory pathways in the occurrence and progression of HCC. We provide the latest progress into the distinct molecular mechanisms of gasdermin family members involved in the occurrence and development of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Miao
- The Cancer Center, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The 2nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Yonggang Chen
- Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518100, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Denghai Mi
- Gansu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
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14
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Korn V, Pluhackova K. Not sorcery after all: Roles of multiple charged residues in membrane insertion of gasdermin-A3. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:958957. [PMID: 36120563 PMCID: PMC9479151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.958957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins execute programmatory cell death, known as pyroptosis, by forming medium-sized membrane pores. Recently, the molecular structure of those pores as well as the diversity in their shape and size have been revealed by cryoTEM and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Even though a growth of smaller to larger oligomers and reshaping from slits to rings could be documented, the initiation of the gasdermin pore formation remains a mystery. In one hypothesis, gasdermin monomers insert into membranes before associating into oligomeric pores. In the other hypothesis, gasdermin oligomers preassemble on the membrane surface prior to membrane insertion. Here, by studying the behavior of monomeric membrane-inserted gasdermin-A3 (GSDMA3), we unveil that a monomeric gasdermin prefers the membrane-adsorbed over the membrane-inserted state. Our results thus support the hypothesis of oligomers preassembling on the membrane surface before membrane penetration. At the same time, our simulations of small membrane-inserted arcs of GSDMA3 suggest that the inserting oligomer can be small and does not have to comprise a full ring of approximately 26-30 subunits. Moreover, our simulations have revealed an astonishingly large impact of salt-bridge formation and protein surroundings on the transmembrane passage of charged residues, reducing the energetic cost by up to 53% as compared to their free forms. The here observed free energy barrier of mere 5.6 kcal/mol for the membrane insertion of monomeric GSDMA3 explains the surprising ability of gasdermins to spontaneously self-insert into cellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristyna Pluhackova
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science, Cluster of Excellence EXC 2075, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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15
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El-Gamal R, Abdelrahim M, El-Sherbiny M, Enan ET, El-Nablaway M. Gasdermin D: A potential mediator and prognostic marker of bladder cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:972087. [PMID: 36120543 PMCID: PMC9474890 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.972087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer is considered one of the commonest widespread cancers, its presentation ranges from non-muscle invasive form to being muscle-invasive. The gasdermin family of proteins consists of six proteins. Members of gasdermin family are involved in pyroptosis; which is considered as type of inflammatory apoptosis via participation of gasdermin D and inflammatory caspases. Purpose: The goal of this research was to look into the potential involvement of gasdermin D in pathogenesis of bladder cancer, In addition, to investigate its potential role as a prognostic marker of bladder cancer. Methods: Gasdermin D gene and protein expression was examined in fresh frozen 80 bladder cancer specimens (30 NMIBC, and 50 MIBC) and the matching 80 control tissue samples utilizing real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Furthermore, the immunoreactivity of gasdermin D protein was also detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Gasdermin D gene and protein expression showed a highly significant difference between the control and the two bladder cancer groups (p < 0.001), as demonstrated by real-time PCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Cox proportional hazards regression models showed that lower gasdermin D gene expression in cancer patients (≤1.58-fold), and younger age (≤53 years) were linked with a higher risk of local tumor recurrence. Moreover, higher gasdermin D gene expression (>2.18-fold), and lymph nodes’ involvement were associated with an increased mortality. Conclusion: Gasdermin D is involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer and muscle invasion, in addition, tissue gasdermin D expression may be used as useful tool to predict local tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa El-Gamal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Medical Experimental Research Center (MERC), Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Randa El-Gamal, ,
| | - Mona Abdelrahim
- Consultant of Pathology, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Anatomy Unit, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman T. Enan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohammad El-Nablaway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Medical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Almaarefa University, Riyad, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Magnani L, Colantuoni M, Mortellaro A. Gasdermins: New Therapeutic Targets in Host Defense, Inflammatory Diseases, and Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:898298. [PMID: 35844522 PMCID: PMC9285118 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.898298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDMs) are a class of pore-forming proteins related to pyroptosis, a programmed cell death pathway that is induced by a range of inflammatory stimuli. Small-scale GSDM activation and pore formation allow the passive release of cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18, and alarmins, but, whenever numerous GSDM pores are assembled, osmotic lysis and cell death occur. Such GSDM-mediated pyroptosis promotes pathogen clearance and can help restore homeostasis, but recent studies have revealed that dysregulated pyroptosis is at the root of many inflammation-mediated disease conditions. Moreover, new homeostatic functions for gasdermins are beginning to be revealed. Here, we review the newly discovered mechanisms of GSDM activation and their prominent roles in host defense and human diseases associated with chronic inflammation. We also highlight the potential of targeting GSDMs as a new therapeutic approach to combat chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer and how we might overcome the current obstacles to realize this potential.
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17
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Wang S, Moreau F, Chadee K. Gasdermins in Innate Host Defense Against Entamoeba histolytica and Other Protozoan Parasites. Front Immunol 2022; 13:900553. [PMID: 35795683 PMCID: PMC9251357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.900553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDMs) are a group of proteins that are cleaved by inflammatory caspases to induce pore formation in the plasma membrane to cause membrane permeabilization and lytic cell death or pyroptosis. All GSDMs share a conserved structure, containing a cytotoxic N-terminal (NT) pore-forming domain and a C-terminal (CT) repressor domain. Entamoeba histolytica (Eh) in contact with macrophages, triggers outside-in signaling to activate inflammatory caspase-4/1 via the noncanonical and canonical pathway to promote cleavage of gasdermin D (GSDMD). Cleavage of GSDMD removes the auto-inhibition that masks the active pore-forming NT domain in the full-length protein by interactions with GSDM-CT. The cleaved NT-GSDMD monomers then oligomerize to form pores in the plasma membrane to facilitate the release of IL-1β and IL-18 with a measured amount of pyroptosis. Pyroptosis is an effective way to counteract intracellular parasites, which exploit replicative niche to avoid killing. To date, most GSDMs have been verified to perform pore-forming activity and GSDMD-induced pyroptosis is rapidly emerging as a mechanism of anti-microbial host defence. Here, we review our comprehensive and current knowledge on the expression, activation, biological functions, and regulation of GSDMD cleavage with emphases on physiological scenario and related dysfunctions of each GSDM member as executioner of cell death, cytokine secretion and inflammation against Eh and other protozoan parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kris Chadee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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18
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Chen X, Tian PC, Wang K, Wang M, Wang K. Pyroptosis: Role and Mechanisms in Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:897815. [PMID: 35647057 PMCID: PMC9130572 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.897815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a common disease that poses a huge threat to human health. Irreversible cardiac damage due to cardiomyocyte death and lack of regenerative capacity under stressful conditions, ultimately leading to impaired cardiac function, is the leading cause of death worldwide. The regulation of cardiomyocyte death plays a crucial role in CVD. Previous studies have shown that the modes of cardiomyocyte death include apoptosis and necrosis. However, another new form of death, pyroptosis, plays an important role in CVD pathogenesis. Pyroptosis induces the amplification of inflammatory response, increases myocardial infarct size, and accelerates the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, and the control of cardiomyocyte pyroptosis holds great promise for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In this paper, we summarized the characteristics, occurrence and regulation mechanism of pyroptosis are reviewed, and also discussed its role and mechanisms in CVD, such as atherosclerosis (AS), myocardial infarction (MI), arrhythmia and cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng-Chao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Heart Failure Center, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Peking Union Medical College, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Man Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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19
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Ryder CB, Kondolf HC, O’Keefe ME, Zhou B, Abbott DW. Chemical Modulation of Gasdermin-Mediated Pyroptosis and Therapeutic Potential. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167183. [PMID: 34358546 PMCID: PMC8810912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis, a lytic form of programmed cell death, both stimulates effective immune responses and causes tissue damage. Gasdermin (GSDM) proteins are a family of pore-forming executors of pyroptosis. While the most-studied member, GSDMD, exerts critical functions in inflammasome biology, emerging evidence demonstrates potential broad relevance for GSDM-mediated pyroptosis across diverse pathologies. In this review, we describe GSDM biology, outline conditions where inflammasomes and GSDM-mediated pyroptosis represent rational therapeutic targets, and delineate strategies to manipulate these central immunologic processes for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Ryder
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106,Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Hannah C. Kondolf
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Meghan E. O’Keefe
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Bowen Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106
| | - Derek W. Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA 44106,Corresponding author: ()
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20
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Hu Y, Wang B, Li S, Yang S. Pyroptosis, and its Role in Central Nervous System Disease. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167379. [PMID: 34838808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of cell death executed by transmembrane pore-forming proteins known as gasdermins and can be activated in an inflammasome-dependent or -independent manner. Inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis is triggered in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and has emerged as an important player in the pathogenesis of multiple inflammatory diseases, mainly by releasing inflammatory contents. More recently, numerous studies have revealed the intricate mechanisms of pyroptosis and its role in the development of neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS) diseases. In this review, we summarize current understandings of the molecular and regulatory mechanisms of pyroptosis. In addition, we discuss how pyroptosis can drive different forms of neurological diseases and new promising therapeutic strategies targeting pyroptosis that can be leveraged to treat neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Hu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, Gusu School, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Bingwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immunological Environment and Disease, Gusu School, State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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21
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Rühl S, Broz P. Regulation of Lytic and Non-Lytic Functions of Gasdermin Pores. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167246. [PMID: 34537232 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a necrotic form of cell death that was initially found to be induced upon activation of inflammatory caspases by inflammasome complexes. Mechanistically, pyroptosis induction requires cleavage of the caspase substrate gasdermin D (GSDMD), and the release of the GSDMD N-terminal fragment, which targets the plasma membrane to form large β-barrel pores. GSDMD shares this pore-forming ability with other gasdermin family members, which induce pyroptosis during infection or upon treatment with chemotherapy drugs. While induction of cell death has been assumed to be the main function of the gasdermin pores, increasing evidence suggests that these pores have non-lytic functions, such as in releasing cytokines or alarmins and in regulating intracellular signaling via ionic fluxes. Here we discuss how gasdermin pore formation is regulated to induce membrane permeabilization or lysis, how gasdermin pores achieve specificity for cargo-release and how cells repair gasdermin-induced damage to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rühl
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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22
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Du T, Gao J, Li P, Wang Y, Qi Q, Liu X, Li J, Wang C, Du L. Pyroptosis, metabolism, and tumor immune microenvironment. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e492. [PMID: 34459122 PMCID: PMC8329701 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to a wide range of stimulations, host cells activate pyroptosis, a kind of inflammatory cell death which is provoked by the cytosolic sensing of danger signals and pathogen infection. In manipulating the cleavage of gasdermins (GSDMs), researchers have found that GSDM proteins serve as the real executors and the deterministic players in fate decisions of pyroptotic cells. Whether inflammatory characteristics induced by pyroptosis could cause damage the host or improve immune activity is largely dependent on the context, timing, and response degree. Here, we systematically review current points involved in regulatory mechanisms and the multidimensional roles of pyroptosis in several metabolic diseases and the tumor microenvironment. Targeting pyroptosis may reveal potential therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Du
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Peilong Li
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Yunshan Wang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Qiuchen Qi
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker DetectionJinanShandongChina
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical LaboratoryJinanShandongChina
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryThe Second HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinanShandongChina
- Shandong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker DetectionJinanShandongChina
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical LaboratoryJinanShandongChina
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23
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Wu D, Wei C, Li Y, Yang X, Zhou S. Pyroptosis, a New Breakthrough in Cancer Treatment. Front Oncol 2021; 11:698811. [PMID: 34381721 PMCID: PMC8350724 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.698811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The way of cell death can be roughly divided into two categories: cell necrosis and PCD(programmed cell death). Pyroptosis is a kind of PCD, its occurrence depends on the gasdermin protein family and it will produce inflammatory response. With constant research in recent years, more and more evidences show that pyroptosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. The treatment of tumors is a big problem worldwide. We focus on whether we can discover new potential tumor markers and new therapeutic targets from the mechanism. If we can understand the mechanism of pyroptosis and clear the relationship between pyroptosis and the development of tumors, this may provide a new reference for clinical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengqiang Wu
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Changhong Wei
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yujie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuejia Yang
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Sufang Zhou
- National Center for International Research of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangxi Talent Highland of Bio-targeting Theranostics, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pre-Clinical Science, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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24
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Lu X, Guo T, Zhang X. Pyroptosis in Cancer: Friend or Foe? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143620. [PMID: 34298833 PMCID: PMC8304688 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pyroptosis is a new form of programmed cell death that differs from apoptosis in terms of its release of inflammatory factors and its characteristic bubble-like morphology. Pyroptosis was first discovered in the process of immune defense against bacterial infection, but the field of research soon spread to other inflammatory diseases and cancer. As cancer constitutes a serious risk for public health, numerous studies investigating pyroptosis in cancer have been carried out during these years. Tumorigenesis and new therapeutic treatments have been the focus of much recent research. This review discusses the role of pyroptosis in tumorigenesis and its influence on tumor immunity. Abstract Pyroptosis is an inflammatory form of programmed cell death that is mediated by pore-forming proteins such as the gasdermin family (GSDMs), including GSDMA-E. Upon cleavage by activated caspases or granzyme proteases, the N-terminal of GSDMs oligomerizes in membranes to form pores, resulting in pyroptosis. Though all the gasdermin proteins have been studied in cancer, the role of pyroptosis in cancer remains mysterious, with conflicting findings. Numerous studies have shown that various stimuli, such as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and chemotherapeutic drugs, could trigger pyroptosis when the cells express GSDMs. However, it is not clear whether pyroptosis in cancer induced by chemotherapeutic drugs or CAR T cell therapy is beneficial or harmful for anti-tumor immunity. This review discusses the discovery of pyroptosis as well as its role in inflammatory diseases and cancer, with an emphasis on tumor immunity.
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25
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Yu P, Zhang X, Liu N, Tang L, Peng C, Chen X. Pyroptosis: mechanisms and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:128. [PMID: 33776057 PMCID: PMC8005494 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 322.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, pyroptosis has received more and more attention because of its association with innate immunity and disease. The research scope of pyroptosis has expanded with the discovery of the gasdermin family. A great deal of evidence shows that pyroptosis can affect the development of tumors. The relationship between pyroptosis and tumors is diverse in different tissues and genetic backgrounds. In this review, we provide basic knowledge of pyroptosis, explain the relationship between pyroptosis and tumors, and focus on the significance of pyroptosis in tumor treatment. In addition, we further summarize the possibility of pyroptosis as a potential tumor treatment strategy and describe the side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy caused by pyroptosis. In brief, pyroptosis is a double-edged sword for tumors. The rational use of this dual effect will help us further explore the formation and development of tumors, and provide ideas for patients to develop new drugs based on pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pian Yu
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Nian Liu
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Tang
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Cong Peng
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiang Chen
- The Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Xiangya Clinical Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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26
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De Schutter E, Roelandt R, Riquet FB, Van Camp G, Wullaert A, Vandenabeele P. Punching Holes in Cellular Membranes: Biology and Evolution of Gasdermins. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:500-513. [PMID: 33771452 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gasdermin (GSDM) family has evolved as six gene clusters (GSDMA-E and Pejvakin, PJVK), and GSDM proteins are characterized by a unique N-terminal domain (N-GSDM). With the exception of PJVK, the N-GSDM domain is capable of executing plasma membrane permeabilization. Depending on the cell death modality, several protease- and kinase-dependent mechanisms directly regulate the activity of GSDME and GSDMD, the two most widely expressed and best-studied GSDMs. We provide an overview of all GSDMs in terms of biological function, tissue expression, activation, regulation, and structure. In-depth phylogenetic analysis reveals that GSDM genes show many gene duplications and deletions, suggesting that strong evolutionary forces and a unique position of the PJVK gene are associated with the occurrence of complex inner-ear development in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke De Schutter
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ria Roelandt
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Franck B Riquet
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Antwerp, Belgium; Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Andy Wullaert
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Methusalem program Cell Death Activity Regulation in Inflammation and Cancer (CEDAR-IC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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27
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Liu X, Xia S, Zhang Z, Wu H, Lieberman J. Channelling inflammation: gasdermins in physiology and disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:384-405. [PMID: 33692549 PMCID: PMC7944254 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 377] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Gasdermins were recently identified as the mediators of pyroptosis — inflammatory cell death triggered by cytosolic sensing of invasive infection and danger signals. Upon activation, gasdermins form cell membrane pores, which release pro-inflammatory cytokines and alarmins and damage the integrity of the cell membrane. Roles for gasdermins in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases, deafness and cancer are emerging, revealing potential novel therapeutic avenues. Here, we review current knowledge of the family of gasdermins, focusing on their mechanisms of action and roles in normal physiology and disease. Efforts to develop drugs to modulate gasdermin activity to reduce inflammation or activate more potent immune responses are highlighted. Gasdermins (GSDMs) are a recently characterized protein family that mediate a programmed inflammatory cell death termed pyroptosis. Here, Lieberman and colleagues review current understanding of the expression, activation and regulation of GSDMs, highlighting their roles in cell death, cytokine secretion and inflammation. Emerging opportunities to develop GSDM-targeted drugs and the associated challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shiyu Xia
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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28
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Hintze M, Griesing S, Michels M, Blanck B, Wischhof L, Hartmann D, Bano D, Franz T. Alopecia in Harlequin mutant mice is associated with reduced AIF protein levels and expression of retroviral elements. Mamm Genome 2021; 32:12-29. [PMID: 33367954 PMCID: PMC7878237 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-020-09854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, in supporting hair growth. We report that pelage abnormalities developed during hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis in Harlequin (Hq) mutant mice. Fragility of the hair cortex was associated with decreased expression of genes encoding structural hair proteins, though key transcriptional regulators of HF development were expressed at normal levels. Notably, Aifm1 (R200 del) knockin males and Aifm1(R200 del)/Hq females showed minor hair defects, despite substantially reduced AIF levels. Furthermore, we cloned the integrated ecotropic provirus of the Aifm1Hq allele. We found that its overexpression in wild-type keratinocyte cell lines led to down-regulation of HF-specific Krt84 and Krtap3-3 genes without altering Aifm1 or epidermal Krt5 expression. Together, our findings imply that pelage paucity in Hq mutant mice is mechanistically linked to severe AIF deficiency and is associated with the expression of retroviral elements that might potentially influence the transcriptional regulation of structural hair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Hintze
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Medical Department, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Griesing
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Dept. of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Marion Michels
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Birgit Blanck
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena Wischhof
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Hartmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniele Bano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Franz
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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29
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Tsuchiya K. Switching from Apoptosis to Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Elicited Inflammation and Antitumor Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E426. [PMID: 33406603 PMCID: PMC7794676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a necrotic form of regulated cell death. Gasdermines (GSDMs) are a family of intracellular proteins that execute pyroptosis. While GSDMs are expressed as inactive forms, certain proteases proteolytically activate them. The N-terminal fragments of GSDMs form pores in the plasma membrane, leading to osmotic cell lysis. Pyroptotic cells release pro-inflammatory molecules into the extracellular milieu, thereby eliciting inflammation and immune responses. Recent studies have significantly advanced our knowledge of the mechanisms and physiological roles of pyroptosis. GSDMs are activated by caspases and granzymes, most of which can also induce apoptosis in different situations, for example where the expression of GSDMs is too low to cause pyroptosis; that is, caspase/granzyme-induced apoptosis can be switched to pyroptosis by the expression of GSDMs. Pyroptosis appears to facilitate the killing of tumor cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes, and it may also reprogram the tumor microenvironment to an immunostimulatory state. Understanding pyroptosis may help the development of cancer immunotherapy. In this review article, recent findings on the mechanisms and roles of pyroptosis are introduced. The effectiveness and limitations of pyroptosis in inducing antitumor immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; ; Tel.: +81-76-264-6721
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (InFiniti), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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30
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De Schutter E, Croes L, Ibrahim J, Pauwels P, Op de Beeck K, Vandenabeele P, Van Camp G. GSDME and its role in cancer: From behind the scenes to the front of the stage. Int J Cancer 2020; 148:2872-2883. [PMID: 33186472 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gasdermin E (GSDME), a gene originally involved in hereditary hearing loss, has been associated with several types of cancer in the last two decades. Recently, GSDME was identified as a pore-forming molecule, which is activated following caspase-3-mediated cleavage resulting in so-called secondary necrosis following apoptotic cell death, or in primary necrotic cell death without an apoptotic phase, so-called pyroptosis-like. This implication in cell death execution suggests its potential role as a tumor suppressor. GSDME also exhibited a cancer type-specific differential methylation pattern between tumor tissues and normal cells, implying GSDME gene methylation as both a pan-cancer and cancer type-specific detection biomarker. A bit paradoxically, GSDME protein expression is considered to be less suited as biomarker, and although its ablation does not protect the cell against eventual cell death, its protein expression might still operate in tumor immunogenicity due to its capacity to induce (secondary) necrotic cell death, which has enhanced immunogenic properties. Additionally, GSDME gene expression has been shown to be associated with favorable prognosis following chemotherapy, and it could therefore be a potential predictive biomarker. We provide an overview of the different associations between GSDME gene methylation, gene expression and tumorigenesis, and explore their potential use in the clinic. Our review only focuses on GSDME and summarizes the current knowledge and most recent advances on GSDME's role in cancer formation, its potential as a biomarker in cancer and on its promising role in immunotherapies and antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke De Schutter
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Gent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieselot Croes
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Joe Ibrahim
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Patrick Pauwels
- Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ken Op de Beeck
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Gent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Camp
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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31
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Krawczyk PA, Laub M, Kozik P. To Kill But Not Be Killed: Controlling the Activity of Mammalian Pore-Forming Proteins. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601405. [PMID: 33281828 PMCID: PMC7691655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) are present in all domains of life, and play an important role in host-pathogen warfare and in the elimination of cancers. They can be employed to deliver specific effectors across membranes, to disrupt membrane integrity interfering with cell homeostasis, and to lyse membranes either destroying intracellular organelles or entire cells. Considering the destructive potential of PFPs, it is perhaps not surprising that mechanisms controlling their activity are remarkably complex, especially in multicellular organisms. Mammalian PFPs discovered to date include the complement membrane attack complex (MAC), perforins, as well as gasdermins. While the primary function of perforin-1 and gasdermins is to eliminate infected or cancerous host cells, perforin-2 and MAC can target pathogens directly. Yet, all mammalian PFPs are in principle capable of generating pores in membranes of healthy host cells which-if uncontrolled-could have dire, and potentially lethal consequences. In this review, we will highlight the strategies employed to protect the host from destruction by endogenous PFPs, while enabling timely and efficient elimination of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja A Krawczyk
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Laub
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Kozik
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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32
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Tang L, Lu C, Zheng G, Burgering BM. Emerging insights on the role of gasdermins in infection and inflammatory diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1186. [PMID: 33033617 PMCID: PMC7533414 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gasdermins, family of pore-forming proteins, are emerging key regulators of infection, autoinflammation and antitumor immunity. Multiple studies have recently characterised their crucial roles in driving pyroptosis, a lytic pro-inflammatory type of cell death. Additionally, gasdermins also act as key effectors of NETosis, secondary necrosis and apoptosis. In this review, we will address current understanding of the mechanisms of gasdermin activation and further describe the protective and detrimental roles of gasdermins in host defence and autoinflammatory diseases. These data suggest that gasdermins play a prominent role in innate immunity and autoinflammatory disorders, thereby providing potential new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of infection and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Tang
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China.,Department of Molecular Cancer Research Center Molecular Medicine University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Chuanjian Lu
- Department of Dermatology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Guangjuan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China.,Department of Pathology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Boudewijn Mt Burgering
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research Center Molecular Medicine University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht The Netherlands
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33
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Zheng Z, Deng W, Lou X, Bai Y, Wang J, Zeng H, Gong S, Liu X. Gasdermins: pore-forming activities and beyond. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:467-474. [PMID: 32294153 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gasdermins (GSDMs) belong to a protein superfamily that is found only in vertebrates and consists of GSDMA, GSDMB, GSDMC, GSDMD, DFNA5 (a.k.a. GSDME) and DFNB59 (a.k.a. Pejvakin (PJVK)) in humans. Except for DFNB59, all members of the GSDM superfamily contain a conserved two-domain structure (N-terminal and C-terminal domains) and share an autoinhibitory mechanism. When the N-terminal domain of these GSDMs is released, it possesses pore-forming activity that causes inflammatory death associated with the loss of cell membrane integrity and release of inflammatory mediators. It has also been found that spontaneous mutations occurring in the genes of GSDMs have been associated with the development of certain autoimmune disorders, as well as cancers. Here, we review the current knowledge of the expression profile and regulation of GSDMs and the important roles of this protein family in inflammatory cell death, tumorigenesis and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengzhang Zheng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wanyan Deng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiwen Lou
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yang Bai
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Huasong Zeng
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sitang Gong
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The Joint Center for Infection and Immunity between Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou, 510623, China
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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34
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Abstract
Immune cells use a variety of membrane-disrupting proteins [complement, perforin, perforin-2, granulysin, gasdermins, mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)] to induce different kinds of death of microbes and host cells, some of which cause inflammation. After activation by proteolytic cleavage or phosphorylation, these proteins oligomerize, bind to membrane lipids, and disrupt membrane integrity. These membrane disruptors play a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Here we review our current knowledge of the functions, specificity, activation, and regulation of membrane-disrupting immune proteins and what is known about the mechanisms behind membrane damage, the structure of the pores they form, how the cells expressing these lethal proteins are protected, and how cells targeted for destruction can sometimes escape death by repairing membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Center for Microbes, Development and Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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35
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Gong W, Shi Y, Ren J. Research progresses of molecular mechanism of pyroptosis and its related diseases. Immunobiology 2019; 225:151884. [PMID: 31822435 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a newly discovered untypical form of programmed cell death by inflammatory response, which is dependent on the classic pathway of Caspase-1 and the non-canonical pathway of Caspase-11 in mice or orthologue Caspase-4/-5 in Humans. It has been found that the Gasdermin family of protein is a key molecule in the formation of membrane pores of pyroptosis. After being cleaved by inflammatory caspases, it releases a N-terminal fragment with perforating activity to trigger pyroptosis. That pyroptosis is closely related to the occurrence and development of certain diseases. Now, the molecular mechanism of pyroptosis and pyroptosis-related diseases are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Gong
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Ying Shi
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Department of Clinical Immunology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Jingjing Ren
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
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36
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Broz P, Pelegrín P, Shao F. The gasdermins, a protein family executing cell death and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 20:143-157. [PMID: 31690840 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0228-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 877] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gasdermins are a family of recently identified pore-forming effector proteins that cause membrane permeabilization and pyroptosis, a lytic pro-inflammatory type of cell death. Gasdermins contain a cytotoxic N-terminal domain and a C-terminal repressor domain connected by a flexible linker. Proteolytic cleavage between these two domains releases the intramolecular inhibition on the cytotoxic domain, allowing it to insert into cell membranes and form large oligomeric pores, which disrupts ion homeostasis and induces cell death. Gasdermin-induced pyroptosis plays a prominent role in many hereditary diseases and (auto)inflammatory disorders as well as in cancer. In this Review, we discuss recent developments in gasdermin research with a focus on mechanisms that control gasdermin activation, pore formation and functional consequences of gasdermin-induced membrane permeabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Broz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Pablo Pelegrín
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB-Arrixaca), University Clinical Hospital 'Virgen de la Arrixaca', Murcia, Spain.
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.
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37
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Wang YY, Liu XL, Zhao R. Induction of Pyroptosis and Its Implications in Cancer Management. Front Oncol 2019; 9:971. [PMID: 31616642 PMCID: PMC6775187 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a gasdermins mediated programmed cell death, which has been widely studied in inflammatory disease models. Recently, there are growing evidences that pyroptosis can be chemically induced in cancer cells without any bacterial or viral infection. Pyroptosis may affect all stages of carcinogenesis and has become a new topic in cancer research. In this review, we first briefly introduced pyroptosis. In the subsequent section, we discussed the induction of pyroptosis in cancer and its potential role as a promising target for cancer therapy. In addition, the biological characteristics of gasdermin D (GSDMD) and gasdermin E (GSDME), two important pyroptosis substrates, and their prognostic role in cancer management were reviewed. These results help us to understand the pathogenesis of cancer and develop new drugs, which based on pyroptosis modulation, for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xin-Lan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ren Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Cancer Institute, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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38
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Orning P, Lien E, Fitzgerald KA. Gasdermins and their role in immunity and inflammation. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2453-2465. [PMID: 31548300 PMCID: PMC6829603 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyroptosis is an important component of the innate immune system. Gasdermin D, the mediator of pyroptosis, has been shown to be crucial for optimal defense against microbial infection. In this review, the authors discuss gasdermin D and its role in disease. The gasdermins are a family of pore-forming proteins recently implicated in the immune response. One of these proteins, gasdermin D (GSDMD), has been identified as the executioner of pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of lytic cell death that is induced upon formation of caspase-1–activating inflammasomes. The related proteins GSDME and GSDMA have also been implicated in autoimmune diseases and certain cancers. Most gasdermin proteins are believed to have pore-forming capabilities. The best-studied member, GSDMD, controls the release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-18 and pyroptotic cell death. Because of its potential as a driver of inflammation in septic shock and autoimmune diseases, GSDMD represents an attractive drug target. In this review, we discuss the gasdermin proteins with particular emphasis on GSDMD and its mechanism of action and biological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Orning
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Egil Lien
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Program in Innate Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA .,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Sundberg JP, Shen T, Fiehn O, Rice RH, Silva KA, Kennedy VE, Gott NE, Dionne LA, Bechtold LS, Murray SA, Kuiper R, Pratt CH. Sebaceous gland abnormalities in fatty acyl CoA reductase 2 (Far2) null mice result in primary cicatricial alopecia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205775. [PMID: 30372477 PMCID: PMC6205590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In a large scale screen for skin, hair, and nail abnormalities in null mice generated by The Jackson Laboratory’s KOMP center, homozygous mutant Far2tm2b(KOMP)Wtsi/2J (hereafter referrred to as Far2-/-) mice were found to develop focal areas of alopecia as they aged. As sebocytes matured in wildtype C57BL/NJ mice they became pale with fine, uniformly sized clear lipid containing vacuoles that were released when sebocytes disintegrated in the duct. By contrast, the Far2-/- null mice had sebocytes that were similar within the gland but become brightly eosinophilic when the cells entered the sebaceous gland duct. As sebocytes disintegrated, their contents did not readily dissipate. Scattered throughout the dermis, and often at the dermal hypodermal fat junction, were dystrophic hair follicles or ruptured follicles with a foreign body granulomatous reaction surrounding free hair shafts (trichogranuloma). The Meibomian and clitoral glands (modified sebaceous glands) of Far2-/- mice showed ducts dilated to various degrees that were associated with mild changes in the sebocytes as seen in the truncal skin. Skin surface lipidomic analysis revealed a lower level of wax esters, cholesterol esters, ceramides, and diacylglycerols compared to wildtype control mice. Similar changes were described in a number of other mouse mutations that affected the sebaceous glands resulting in primary cicatricial alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tong Shen
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi-Arabia
| | - Robert H. Rice
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - Nicholas E. Gott
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Louise A. Dionne
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | | | - Raoul Kuiper
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C. Herbert Pratt
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
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Feng S, Fox D, Man SM. Mechanisms of Gasdermin Family Members in Inflammasome Signaling and Cell Death. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3068-3080. [PMID: 29990470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Gasdermin (GSDM) family consists of Gasdermin A (GSDMA), Gasdermin B (GSDMB), Gasdermin C (GSDMC), Gasdermin D (GSDMD), Gasdermin E (GSDME) and Pejvakin (PJVK). GSDMD is activated by inflammasome-associated inflammatory caspases. Cleavage of GSDMD by human or mouse caspase-1, human caspase-4, human caspase-5, and mouse caspase-11 liberates the N-terminal effector domain from the C-terminal inhibitory domain. The N-terminal domain oligomerizes in the cell membrane and forms a pore of 10-16 nm in diameter, through which substrates of a smaller diameter, such as interleukin-1β and interleukin-18, are secreted. The increasing abundance of membrane pores ultimately leads to membrane rupture and pyroptosis, releasing the entire cellular content. Other than GSDMD, the N-terminal domain of all GSDMs, with the exception of PJVK, have the ability to form pores. There is evidence to suggest that GSDMB and GSDME are cleaved by apoptotic caspases. Here, we review the mechanistic functions of GSDM proteins with respect to their expression and signaling profile in the cell, with more focused discussions on inflammasome activation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouya Feng
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel Fox
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
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Epidermal cornification is preceded by the expression of a keratinocyte-specific set of pyroptosis-related genes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17446. [PMID: 29234126 PMCID: PMC5727156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of the epidermis depends on keratinocyte differentiation and cornification, a mode of programmed cell death that does not elicit inflammation. Here, we report that cornification is associated with the expression of specific genes that control multiple steps of pyroptosis, another form of cell death that involves the processing and release of interleukin-1 family (IL1F) cytokines. Expression levels of pro-inflammatory IL1A and IL1B and of the pyroptotic pore-forming gasdermin (GSDM) D were downregulated during terminal differentiation of human keratinocytes in vitro. By contrast, negative regulators of IL-1 processing, including NLR family pyrin domain containing 10 (NLRP10) and pyrin domain-containing 1 (PYDC1), the anti-inflammatory IL1F members IL-37 (IL1F7) and IL-38 (IL1F10), and GSDMA, were strongly induced in differentiated keratinocytes. In human tissues, these keratinocyte differentiation-associated genes are expressed in the skin at higher levels than in any other organ, and mammalian species, that have lost the epidermal cornification program during evolution, i.e. whales and dolphins, lack homologs of these genes. Together, our results suggest that human epidermal cornification is accompanied by a tight control of pyroptosis and warrant further studies of potential defects in the balance between cornification and pyroptosis in skin pathologies.
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Kovacs SB, Miao EA. Gasdermins: Effectors of Pyroptosis. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:673-684. [PMID: 28619472 PMCID: PMC5565696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 838] [Impact Index Per Article: 119.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a form of lytic programmed cell death initiated by inflammasomes, which detect cytosolic contamination or perturbation. This drives activation of caspase-1 or caspase-11/4/5, which cleave gasdermin D, separating its N-terminal pore-forming domain (PFD) from the C-terminal repressor domain (RD). The PFD oligomerizes to form large pores in the membrane that drive swelling and membrane rupture. Gasdermin D is one of six (in humans) gasdermin family members; several other gasdermins have also been shown to form pores that cause pyroptosis after cleavage to activate their PFDs. One of these, gasdermin E, is activated by caspase-3 cleavage. We review our current understanding of pyroptosis as well as current knowledge of the gasdermin family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Kovacs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Liu X, Lieberman J. A Mechanistic Understanding of Pyroptosis: The Fiery Death Triggered by Invasive Infection. Adv Immunol 2017; 135:81-117. [PMID: 28826530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells and skin and mucosal epithelial cells recognize invasive microbes and other signs of danger to sound alarms that recruit responder cells and initiate an immediate "innate" immune response. An especially powerful alarm is triggered by cytosolic sensors of invasive infection that assemble into multimolecular complexes, called inflammasomes, that activate the inflammatory caspases, leading to maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and pyroptosis, an inflammatory death of the infected cell. Work in the past year has defined the molecular basis of pyroptosis. Activated inflammatory caspases cleave Gasdermin D (GSDMD), a cytosolic protein in immune antigen-presenting cells and epithelia. Cleavage separates the autoinhibitory C-terminal fragment from the active N-terminal fragment, which moves to the cell membrane, binds to lipids on the inside of the cell membrane, and oligomerizes to form membrane pores that disrupt cell membrane integrity, causing death and leakage of small molecules, including the proinflammatory cytokines and GSDMD itself. GSDMD also binds to cardiolipin on bacterial membranes and kills the very bacteria that activate the inflammasome. GSDMD belongs to a family of poorly studied gasdermins, expressed in the skin and mucosa, which can also form membrane pores. Spontaneous mutations that disrupt the binding of the N- and C-terminal domains of other gasdermins are associated with alopecia and asthma. Here, we review recent studies that identified the roles of the inflammasome, inflammatory caspases, and GSDMD in pyroptosis and highlight some of the outstanding questions about their roles in innate immunity, control of infection, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Shi J, Gao W, Shao F. Pyroptosis: Gasdermin-Mediated Programmed Necrotic Cell Death. Trends Biochem Sci 2016; 42:245-254. [PMID: 27932073 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1898] [Impact Index Per Article: 237.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pyroptosis was long regarded as caspase-1-mediated monocyte death in response to certain bacterial insults. Caspase-1 is activated upon various infectious and immunological challenges through different inflammasomes. The discovery of caspase-11/4/5 function in sensing intracellular lipopolysaccharide expands the spectrum of pyroptosis mediators and also reveals that pyroptosis is not cell type specific. Recent studies identified the pyroptosis executioner, gasdermin D (GSDMD), a substrate of both caspase-1 and caspase-11/4/5. GSDMD represents a large gasdermin family bearing a novel membrane pore-forming activity. Thus, pyroptosis is redefined as gasdermin-mediated programmed necrosis. Gasdermins are associated with various genetic diseases, but their cellular function and mechanism of activation (except for GSDMD) are unknown. The gasdermin family suggests a new area of research on pyroptosis function in immunity, disease, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjin Shi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Number 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenqing Gao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Number 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Number 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing 102206, China.
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Ehrmann C, Schneider MR. Genetically modified laboratory mice with sebaceous glands abnormalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4623-4642. [PMID: 27457558 PMCID: PMC11108334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SG) are exocrine glands that release their product by holocrine secretion, meaning that the whole cell becomes a secretion following disruption of the membrane. SG may be found in association with a hair follicle, forming the pilosebaceous unit, or as modified SG at different body sites such as the eyelids (Meibomian glands) or the preputial glands. Depending on their location, SG fulfill a number of functions, including protection of the skin and fur, thermoregulation, formation of the tear lipid film, and pheromone-based communication. Accordingly, SG abnormalities are associated with several diseases such as acne, cicatricial alopecia, and dry eye disease. An increasing number of genetically modified laboratory mouse lines develop SG abnormalities, and their study may provide important clues regarding the molecular pathways regulating SG development, physiology, and pathology. Here, we summarize in tabulated form the available mouse lines with SG abnormalities and, focusing on selected examples, discuss the insights they provide into SG biology and pathology. We hope this survey will become a helpful information source for researchers with a primary interest in SG but also as for researchers from unrelated fields that are unexpectedly confronted with a SG phenotype in newly generated mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ehrmann
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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Pore-forming activity and structural autoinhibition of the gasdermin family. Nature 2016; 535:111-6. [PMID: 27281216 DOI: 10.1038/nature18590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1723] [Impact Index Per Article: 215.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory caspases cleave the gasdermin D (GSDMD) protein to trigger pyroptosis, a lytic form of cell death that is crucial for immune defences and diseases. GSDMD contains a functionally important gasdermin-N domain that is shared in the gasdermin family. The functional mechanism of action of gasdermin proteins is unknown. Here we show that the gasdermin-N domains of the gasdermin proteins GSDMD, GSDMA3 and GSDMA can bind membrane lipids, phosphoinositides and cardiolipin, and exhibit membrane-disrupting cytotoxicity in mammalian cells and artificially transformed bacteria. Gasdermin-N moved to the plasma membrane during pyroptosis. Purified gasdermin-N efficiently lysed phosphoinositide/cardiolipin-containing liposomes and formed pores on membranes made of artificial or natural phospholipid mixtures. Most gasdermin pores had an inner diameter of 10–14 nm and contained 16 symmetric protomers. The crystal structure of GSDMA3 showed an autoinhibited two-domain architecture that is conserved in the gasdermin family. Structure-guided mutagenesis demonstrated that the liposome-leakage and pore-forming activities of the gasdermin-N domain are required for pyroptosis. These findings reveal the mechanism for pyroptosis and provide insights into the roles of the gasdermin family in necrosis, immunity and diseases.
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Abstract
In the previous issue of Biochemical Journal, Shi et al. [(2015) 468, 325-336] report that Gasdermin (Gsdm) family proteins regulate autophagy activity, which is counter-balanced by the opposite functions of well-conserved N- and C-terminal domains of the proteins. The Gsdm family was originally identified as the causative gene of dominant skin mutations exhibiting alopecia. Each member of the Gsdm gene family shows characteristic expression patterns in the epithelium, which is tissue and differentiation stage-specific. Previous phenotype analyses of mutant mice, biochemical analyses of proteins and genome-wide association studies showed that the Gsdm gene family might be involved in epithelial cell development, apoptosis, inflammation, carcinogenesis and immune-related diseases. To date, however, their molecular function(s) remain unclear. Shi et al. found that mutations in the C-terminal domain of Gsdma3, a member of the Gsdm family, induce autophagy. Further studies revealed that the wild-type N-terminal domain has pro-autophagic activity and that the C-terminal domain conversely inhibits this N-terminal function. These opposite functions of the two domains were also observed in other Gsdm family members. Thus, their study provides a new insight into the function of Gsdm genes in epithelial cell lineage, causality of cancers and immune-related diseases including childhood-onset asthma.
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Abstract
Gasdermin A3 (Gsdma3) was originally identified in association with hair-loss phenotype in mouse mutants. Our previous study found that AE mutant mice, with a Y344H substitution at the C-terminal domain of Gsdma3, display inflammation-dependent alopecia and excoriation [Zhou et al. (2012) Am. J. Pathol. 180, 763-774]. Interestingly, we found that the newly-generated null mutant of Gsdma3 mice did not display the skin dysmorphology, indicating that Gsdma3 is not essential for differentiation of epidermal cells and maintenance of the hair cycle in normal physiological conditions. Consistently, human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 and HaCaT cells transfected with wild-type (WT) Gsdma3 did not show abnormal morphology. However, Gsdma3 Y344H mutation induced autophagy. Gsdma3 N-terminal domain, but not the C-terminal domain, also displayed the similar pro-autophagic activity. The Gsdma3 Y344H mutant protein and N-terminal domain-induced autophagy was associated with mitochondria and ROS generation. Co-expression of C-terminal domain reversed the cell autophagy induced by N-terminal domain. Moreover, C-terminal domain could be co-precipitated with N-terminal domain. These data indicated that the potential pro-autophagic activity of WT Gsdma3 protein is suppressed through an intramolecular inhibition mechanism. Studies on other members of the GSDM family suggested this mechanism is conserved in several sub-families.
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Lin PH, Lin HY, Kuo CC, Yang LT. N-terminal functional domain of Gasdermin A3 regulates mitochondrial homeostasis via mitochondrial targeting. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:44. [PMID: 26100518 PMCID: PMC4477613 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermis forms a critical barrier that is maintained by orchestrated programs of proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Gene mutations that disturb this turnover process may cause skin diseases. Human GASDERMIN A (GSDMA) is frequently silenced in gastric cancer cell lines and its overexpression has been reported to induce apoptosis. GSDMA has also been linked with airway hyperresponsiveness in genetic association studies. The function of GSDMA in the skin was deduced by dominant mutations in mouse gasdermin A3 (Gsdma3), which caused skin inflammation and hair loss. However, the mechanism for the autosomal dominance of Gsdma3 mutations and the mode of Gsdma3's action remain unanswered. RESULTS We demonstrated a novel function of Gsdma3 in modulating mitochondrial oxidative stress. We showed that Gsdma3 is regulated by intramolecular fold-back inhibition, which is disrupted by dominant mutations in the C-terminal domain. The unmasked N-terminal domain of Gsdma3 associates with Hsp90 and is delivered to mitochondrial via mitochondrial importer receptor Tom70, where it interacts with the mitochondrial chaperone Trap1 and causes increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). Overexpression of the C-terminal domain of Gsdma3 as well as pharmacological interventions of mitochondrial translocation, ROS production, and MPT pore opening alleviate the cell death induced by Gsdma3 mutants. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the genetic mutations in the C-terminal domain of Gsdma3 are gain-of-function mutations which unmask the N-terminal functional domain of Gsdma3. Gsdma3 regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress through mitochondrial targeting. Since mitochondrial ROS has been shown to promote epidermal differentiation, we hypothesize that Gsdma3 regulates context-dependent response of keratinocytes to differentiation and cell death signals by impinging on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsuan Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Rd., Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Yi Lin
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Rd., Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chin Kuo
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Rd., Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Liang-Tung Yang
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Rd., Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Molecular Systems Biomedicine, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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