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Abo Egila NSH, Dosoky WM, Khisheerah NSM, Ahmed MH, Zahran SM, Almohmadi NH, Abusudah WF, Kamal M, Moustafa M, Tellez-Isaias G, Al-Shehri M, Abd El-Hack ME. Does dietary linseed or canola oil affect lipid metabolism, immunity, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content in quail eggs? Poult Sci 2023; 102:103116. [PMID: 37844526 PMCID: PMC10587527 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most intriguing areas of research and innovation in the animal production and food sector recently has been designed-enriched products. These items are regarded as functional foods because they feature components that have advantageous physiological impacts on human health. In the production of poultry, designed eggs constitute a significant category of functional foods. The present study hypothesized that adding different kinds of oils to quail diets will help produce designer eggs rich in omega-3 and 6 fatty acids in addition to enhancing productive performance. So, this study examined how linseed (flaxseed) and canola oils with various levels can affect lipid metabolism, immune function, and the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in Japanese quail eggs. This work was conducted using 3 different vegetable oils (sunflower, linseed, and canola oils) and 3 different antioxidant supplements (0, 250 mg vitamin E/kg feed, and 1,000 mg ginger/kg feed) in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment. When linseed or canola oil was added to the diet, the number of fatty acids in the egg yolks of Japanese quail layers fell by (12.7 and 18.9%) and (41.4 and 24.6%), respectively. The amounts of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in total eggs fell by 21.9 and 14.6% and 24.5 and 15.8%, respectively, at 20 wk of age. However, when linseed and canola oil were added to the diet, the sum n-3 PUFA content in the egg yolk of Japanese quail-laying hens was noticeably raised at 15 and 20 wk of age. At 15 and 20 wk of age, the same groups' total n-6 PUFA content considerably increased compared to the group that did not receive flaxseed. In conclusion, during the laying period of Japanese quail, linseed oil, canola oil, vitamin E, or ginger positively affected productivity, blood hematology, constituents, resistance, lipid digestion system, and antioxidative properties in serum and egg yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed S H Abo Egila
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Waleed M Dosoky
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Najat S M Khisheerah
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agricultural Sciences, Al-Ajeilat, Zawia University, Zawia 16418, Libya
| | - Mohamed H Ahmed
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Soliman M Zahran
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Najlaa H Almohmadi
- Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24381, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wafaa F Abusudah
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Kamal
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Moustafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohammed Al-Shehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
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2
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Weston WC, Hales KH, Hales DB. Flaxseed Reduces Cancer Risk by Altering Bioenergetic Pathways in Liver: Connecting SAM Biosynthesis to Cellular Energy. Metabolites 2023; 13:945. [PMID: 37623888 PMCID: PMC10456508 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article illustrates how dietary flaxseed can be used to reduce cancer risk, specifically by attenuating obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We utilize a targeted metabolomics dataset in combination with a reanalysis of past work to investigate the "metabo-bioenergetic" adaptations that occur in White Leghorn laying hens while consuming dietary flaxseed. Recently, we revealed how the anti-vitamin B6 effects of flaxseed augment one-carbon metabolism in a manner that accelerates S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) biosynthesis. Researchers recently showed that accelerated SAM biosynthesis activates the cell's master energy sensor, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Our paper provides evidence that flaxseed upregulates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and glycolysis in liver, concomitant with the attenuation of lipogenesis and polyamine biosynthesis. Defatted flaxseed likely functions as a metformin homologue by upregulating hepatic glucose uptake and pyruvate flux through the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) in laying hens. In contrast, whole flaxseed appears to attenuate liver steatosis and body mass by modifying mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis. Several acylcarnitine moieties indicate Randle cycle adaptations that protect mitochondria from metabolic overload when hens consume flaxseed. We also discuss a paradoxical finding whereby flaxseed induces the highest glycated hemoglobin percentage (HbA1c%) ever recorded in birds, and we suspect that hyperglycemia is not the cause. In conclusion, flaxseed modifies bioenergetic pathways to attenuate the risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and NAFLD, possibly downstream of SAM biosynthesis. These findings, if reproducible in humans, can be used to lower cancer risk within the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Weston
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Systemic Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Karen H. Hales
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Dale B. Hales
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Systemic Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
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3
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Abstract
The lack of preclinical models of spontaneous ovarian cancer (OVCA), a fatal gynecological malignancy, is a significant barrier to generating information on early changes indicative of OVCA. In contrast to rodents, laying hens develop OVCA spontaneously, with remarkable similarities to OVCA in women regarding tumor histology, OVCA dissemination, immune responses, and risk factors. These important features of OVCA will be useful to develop an early detection test for OVCA, which would significantly reduce mortality rates; preventive strategies; immunotherapeutics; prevention of resistance to chemotherapeutics; and exploration of gene therapies. A transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) imaging method for imaging of hen ovarian tumors has been developed. Hens can be monitored prospectively by using serum markers, together with TVUS imaging, to detect early-stage OVCA, provided that a panel of serum markers can be established and imaging agents developed. Recent sequencing of the chicken genome will further facilitate the hen model to explore gene therapies against OVCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh Barua
- Laboratory of Translational Research on Ovarian Cancer, Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
| | - Janice M Bahr
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
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4
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Weston WC, Hales KH, Hales DB. Flaxseed Increases Animal Lifespan and Reduces Ovarian Cancer Severity by Toxically Augmenting One-Carbon Metabolism. Molecules 2021; 26:5674. [PMID: 34577143 PMCID: PMC8471351 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We used an LC-MS/MS metabolomics approach to investigate one-carbon metabolism in the plasma of flaxseed-fed White Leghorn laying hens (aged 3.5 years). In our study, dietary flaxseed (via the activity of a vitamin B6 antagonist known as "1-amino d-proline") induced at least 15-fold elevated plasma cystathionine. Surprisingly, plasma homocysteine (Hcy) was stable in flaxseed-fed hens despite such highly elevated cystathionine. To explain stable Hcy, our data suggest accelerated Hcy remethylation via BHMT and MS-B12. Also supporting accelerated Hcy remethylation, we observed elevated S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), an elevated SAM:SAH ratio, and elevated methylthioadenosine (MTA), in flaxseed-fed hens. These results suggest that flaxseed increases SAM biosynthesis and possibly increases polyamine biosynthesis. The following endpoint phenotypes were observed in hens consuming flaxseed: decreased physiological aging, increased empirical lifespan, 9-14% reduced body mass, and improved liver function. Overall, we suggest that flaxseed can protect women from ovarian tumor metastasis by decreasing omental adiposity. We also propose that flaxseed protects cancer patients from cancer-associated cachexia by enhancing liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C. Weston
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Systemic Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Karen H. Hales
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
| | - Dale B. Hales
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Systemic Physiology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA;
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5
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Choi PW, Bahrampour A, Ng SK, Liu SK, Qiu W, Xie F, Kuo WP, Kwong J, Hales KH, Hales DB, Wong KK, Norwitz ER, Chow CK, Berkowitz RS, Ng SW. Characterization of miR-200 family members as blood biomarkers for human and laying hen ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20071. [PMID: 33208870 PMCID: PMC7674435 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-200 (miR-200) family is highly expressed in ovarian cancer. We evaluated the levels of family members relative to the internal control miR-103a in ovarian cancer and control blood specimens collected from American and Hong Kong Chinese institutions, as well as from a laying hen spontaneous ovarian cancer model. The levels of miR-200a, miR-200b and miR-200c were significantly elevated in all human cancer versus all control blood samples. Further analyses showed significantly higher miR-200 levels in Chinese control (except miR-429) and cancer (except miR-200a and miR141) samples than their respective American counterparts. Subtype-specific analysis showed that miR-200b had an overall elevated level in serous cancer compared with controls, whereas miR-429 was significantly elevated in clear cell and endometrioid cancer versus controls. MiR-429 was also significantly elevated in cancer versus control in laying hen plasma samples, consistent with the fact that endometrioid tumor is the prevalent type in this species. A neural network model consisting of miR-200a/200b/429/141 showed an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.904 for American ovarian cancer prediction, whereas a model consisting of miR-200b/200c/429/141 showed an AUC value of 0.901 for Chinese women. Hence, miR-200 is informative as blood biomarkers for both human and laying hen ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui-Wah Choi
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,MedTimes Molecular Laboratory Limited, Medtimes Medical Group Limited, Unit B, 7/F Roxy Industrial Centre, Kwai Chung, Hong Kong, China.,WomenX Biotech Limited, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Abbas Bahrampour
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shu-Kay Ng
- School of Medicine and Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Sze Kei Liu
- WomenX Biotech Limited, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- CloudHealth Genomics Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Xie
- CloudHealth Genomics Limited, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Joseph Kwong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen H Hales
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Dale B Hales
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.,Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Kwong-Kwok Wong
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Chun Kin Chow
- MedTimes Molecular Laboratory Limited, Medtimes Medical Group Limited, Unit B, 7/F Roxy Industrial Centre, Kwai Chung, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ross S Berkowitz
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shu-Wing Ng
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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6
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Pal P, Hales K, Hales DB. The pro-apoptotic actions of 2-methoxyestradiol against ovarian cancer involve catalytic activation of PKCδ signaling. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3646-3659. [PMID: 33088425 PMCID: PMC7546757 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: 2-methoxyestradiol (2MeOE2) is a natural metabolite of estradiol, which is generated by the action of CYP1A1 enzyme in the liver. We have previously shown that a flaxseed-supplemented diet decreases both the incidence and severity of ovarian cancer in laying hens, also induces CYP1A1 expression in liver. Recently, we have shown that as a biologically derived active component of flax diet, 2MeOE2 induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells which is partially dependent on p38 MAPK. The objective of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanism of actions of 2MeOE2, a known microtubule disrupting agent, in inducing apoptosis in ovarian tumors. Results: 2MeOE2 induces γH2Ax expression and apoptotic histone modifications in ovarian cancer cells, which are predicted downstream targets of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) during apoptosis. Overexpressing full length PKCδ alone does not induce apoptosis but potentiates 2MeOE2-mediated apoptosis. C3-domain mutated dominant-negative PKCδ (PKCδDN) significantly reduces 2MeOE2-induced caspase-3 cleavage and apoptotic histone modification. Silencing PKCδ diminishes 2MeOE2-mediated apoptosis. The catalytic fragment of PKCδ (PKCδCAT) evokes pro-apoptotic effects which are principally dependent on p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Conclusions: The pro-apoptotic actions of 2MeOE2 are in part dependent on catalytic activation of PKCδ. Catalytic activation of PKCδ accelerates the 2MeOE2-induced apoptotic cascade. This study describes a novel molecular action of flaxseed diet in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purab Pal
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Karen Hales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
| | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
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Liu J, Li X, Hou J, Sun J, Guo N, Wang Z. Dietary Intake of N-3 and N-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Risk of Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Data from 32 Studies. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:901-913. [PMID: 32530319 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1779321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large epidemiological studies have yielded conflicting results regarding the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cancers. Here, we performed a meta-analysis to examine the link between dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and cancer risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a search on PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. Studies that reported adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations of interest were included. RESULTS Thirty-two studies involving 1,445,732 participants were included. Colorectal, breast and prostate cancer had been analyzed in our study. Specifically, for colorectal cancer, total n-3 PUFAs, marine n-3 PUFAs, α-linolenic acids (ALA) and n-6 PUFAs were not associated with the risk of it (RR 1.04, 95%CI 0.85-1.28; RR 0.99, 95%CI 0.89-1.09; RR 1.05, 95%CI 0.93-1.19; RR 1.02, 95%CI 0.94-1.11, respectively). For breast cancer, only marine n-3 PUFAs, but not total n-3 PUFAs, ALA, and n-6 PUFAs, was associated with a lower risk of it (RR 0.70, 95%CI 0.55-0.91). For prostate cancer, ALA and n-6 PUFAs also have no association with the risk of it. CONCLUSIONS Most subtypes of PUFAs are probably not related to cancers. However, additional high-quality trials are warranted to corroborate the findings of this meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianqing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinfei Hou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaming Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nengqiang Guo
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Pal P, Hales K, Petrik J, Hales DB. Pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic actions of 2-methoxyestradiol and docosahexaenoic acid, the biologically derived active compounds from flaxseed diet, in preventing ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:49. [PMID: 31128594 PMCID: PMC6535187 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-019-0523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that a whole flaxseed supplemented diet decreased the onset and severity of ovarian cancer in the laying hen, the only known animal model of spontaneous ovarian cancer. Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids (OM3FA), mostly α-Linoleic acid (ALA), which gets converted to Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by the action of delta-6 desaturase enzyme. Ingestion of flaxseed also causes an increase in production of 2-methoxyestradiol (2MeOE2) via the induction of the CYP1A1 pathway of estrogen metabolism. We have previously reported that the flaxseed diet induces apoptosis via p38-MAPK pathway in chicken tumors. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the flaxseed diet on ovarian cancer in chickens, focusing on two hallmarks of cancer, apoptosis and angiogenesis. RESULTS The anti-cancer effects of two active biologically derived compounds of flax diet, 2MeOE2 and DHA, were individually tested on human ovarian cancer cells and in vivo by the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. Our results indicate that a flaxseed-supplemented diet promotes apoptosis and inhibits angiogenesis in chicken tumors but not in normal ovaries. 2MeOE2 promotes apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells, inhibits angiogenesis on CAM and its actions are dependent on the p38-MAPK pathway. DHA does not have any pro-apoptotic effect on human ovarian cancer cells but has strong anti-angiogenic effects as seen on CAM, but not dependent on the p38-MAPK pathway. CONCLUSIONS Dietary flaxseed supplementation promotes a pro-apoptotic and anti-angiogenic effect in ovarian tumors, not in normal ovaries. The biologically derived active compounds from flaxseed diet act through different pathways to elicit their respective anti-cancer effects. A flaxseed-supplemented diet is a promising approach for prevention of ovarian cancer as well as having a significant potential as an adjuvant treatment to supplement chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of advanced stages of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purab Pal
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Karen Hales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA
| | - Jim Petrik
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, USA.
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Preclinical Models of Ovarian Cancer: Pathogenesis, Problems, and Implications for Prevention. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2018; 60:789-800. [PMID: 28719396 DOI: 10.1097/grf.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical models are relatively underutilized and underfunded resources for modeling the pathogenesis and prevention of ovarian cancers. Several reviews have detailed the numerous published models of ovarian cancer. In this review, we will provide an overview of experimental model systems, their strengths and limitations, and use selected models to illustrate how they can be used to address specific issues about ovarian cancer pathogenesis. We will then highlight some of the preclinical prevention studies performed to date and discuss experiments needed to address important unanswered questions about ovarian cancer prevention strategies.
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10
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Mixed oil formulations enriched in essential fatty acids and reduced ratio of n‐6/n‐3. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Meinhart AD, Ferreira da Silveira TF, Rosa de Moraes M, Petrarca MH, Silva LH, Oliveira WS, Wagner R, André Bolini HM, Bruns RE, Filho JT, Godoy HT. Optimization of frying oil composition rich in essential fatty acids by mixture design. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Chikara S, Lindsey K, Dhillon H, Mamidi S, Kittilson J, Christofidou-Solomidou M, Reindl KM. Enterolactone Induces G 1-phase Cell Cycle Arrest in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Downregulating Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent Kinases. Nutr Cancer 2017; 69:652-662. [PMID: 28323486 PMCID: PMC5500210 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2017.1296169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed is a rich source of the plant lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), which is metabolized into mammalian lignans enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL) in the digestive tract. The anticancer properties of these lignans have been demonstrated for various cancer types, but have not been studied for lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of EL for several nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines of various genetic backgrounds. EL inhibited the growth of A549, H441, and H520 lung cancer cells in concentration- and time-dependent manners. The antiproliferative effects of EL for lung cancer cells were not due to enhanced cell death, but rather due to G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Molecular studies revealed that EL decreased mRNA or protein expression levels of the G1-phase promoters cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)-2, -4, and -6, and p-cdc25A; decreased phosphorylated retinoblastoma (p-pRb) protein levels; and simultaneously increased levels of p21WAF1/CIP1, a negative regulator of the G1 phase. The results suggest that EL inhibits the growth of NSCLC cell lines by downregulating G1-phase cyclins and CDKs, and upregulating p21WAF1/CIP1, which leads to G1-phase cell cycle arrest. Therefore, EL may hold promise as an adjuvant treatment for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shireen Chikara
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Kaitlin Lindsey
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Harsharan Dhillon
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Sujan Mamidi
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kittilson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
| | | | - Katie M. Reindl
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 51808, USA
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Dikshit A, Hales K, Hales DB. Whole flaxseed diet alters estrogen metabolism to promote 2-methoxtestradiol-induced apoptosis in hen ovarian cancer. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 42:117-125. [PMID: 28178600 PMCID: PMC5360509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The study reported here demonstrates that a flaxseed-supplemented diet causes ovarian tumors in the laying hen to undergo apoptosis, resulting in a reduction of tumor burden, reducing the frequency and severity of ovarian cancer. We have previously shown in normal ovaries that flaxseed and its components down-regulate ERalpha and alter the expression of enzymes that metabolize estrogen. In this study, we analyzed the effects of the two main components of whole flaxseed, ligan and omega 3 fatty acids on estrogen metabolism and the estrogen receptor in ovarian tumors. ER alpha expression was up-regulated in the ovarian tumors and was not affected by diet. Liver CYP1A1 expression was significantly increased by the whole flaxseed diet with a corresponding increase in 2-methoxyestradiol plasma levels. We also observed increased p38 and ERK 1/2 MAPK activation in the ovary as well as an increase in apoptosis in the tumor epithelium. SMAD 7, a factor involved in the 2-methoxyestradiol-mediated apoptosis pathway was also up-regulated in tumors from the whole flaxseed diet group. 2-methoxyestradiol-induced antitumor effects were further validated by in human ovarian cancer cells. This study details the effect of flaxseed diet on estrogen metabolism and demonstrates the antiovarian cancer effects of 2-methoxyestradiol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Dikshit
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Karen Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA.
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Calvo Carrasco D, Sabater González M. Reproductive Disorders in Commonly Kept Fowl. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2017; 20:509-538. [PMID: 28169183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Backyard poultry and other commonly kept fowl species are often kept for their ability to lay eggs. Reproductive disease is common in fowl species. Despite being classified as food-producing species, they can be considered valuable pets, and the demand for adequate veterinary care is constantly increasing. The clinician should be familiar with the different abnormalities and the potential treatment options. Fowl species have been traditionally an anatomic, physiologic, and experimental model for avian medicine; however, information about treatment options is often limited and extrapolated from other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Calvo Carrasco
- Great Western Exotics, Vets-Now Referrals, Unit 10 Berkshire House, County Business Park, Shrivenham Road, Swindon SN1 2NR, UK.
| | - Mikel Sabater González
- Avian, Reptile and Exotic Pet Hospital, University of Sydney, 415 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hil, New South Wales 2570, Australia
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Abstract
This article is a combination of an autobiography and a review of outstanding research done by over 70 graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and visiting scientists along with excellent collaborators during my over-40-year career as a professor of reproductive physiology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. I have also shared thoughts on mentoring, how research has changed over the years, and the future of reproductive physiology. I provide the reader with a snapshot of the challenges faced by a woman eager to obtain a PhD under the guidance of renowned professors in the early 1970s and to be hired as the first woman, and the only permanent female faculty member, for more than 20 years on a faculty of 40 men. As a comparative reproductive physiologist, I describe the various animal models used because they were the best models to answer specific questions in reproduction. Also, my graduate students and postdoctoral fellows were given the freedom to identify their research topics, articulate hypotheses to be tested, and select appropriate animal models. This approach caused students to take ownership of their research, resulting in the development of independent and creative scientists and over 170 publications, excluding chapters in top-tier journals. Finally, I am so grateful for a truly rich life mentoring graduate students and postdoctoral fellows who have become my lifelong friends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Bahr
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801;
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Yin R, Yang T, Su H, Ying L, Liu L, Sun C. Saturated fatty acids as possible important metabolites for epithelial ovarian cancer based on the free and esterified fatty acid profiles determined by GC-MS analysis. Cancer Biomark 2016; 17:259-269. [DOI: 10.3233/cbm-160638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tongshu Yang
- The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hui Su
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Li Ying
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Dikshit A, Gao C, Small C, Hales K, Hales DB. Flaxseed and its components differentially affect estrogen targets in pre-neoplastic hen ovaries. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 159:73-85. [PMID: 26925929 PMCID: PMC4821676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flaxseed has been studied for decades for its health benefits that include anti-cancer, cardio-protective, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory properties. The biologically active components that mediate these effects are the omega-3 fatty acids and the lignan, secoisolariciresinol diglucoside. We have previously shown that whole flaxseed supplemented diet decreases the severity and incidence of ovarian cancer while a 15% dose of flaxseed is most protective against inflammation and estrogen-induced chemical and genotoxicity. The objective of this study was to dissect the independent effects of the two flaxseed components on estrogen signaling and metabolism. Two and half year old hens were fed either a control diet, 15% whole flaxseed diet, defatted flax meal diet or 5% flax oil diet for 3 months after which the animals were sacrificed and blood and tissues were harvested. Whole flaxseed diet caused a decrease in expression of ERα. ERα target gene expression was assessed using RT(2) profiler PCR array. Some targets involved in the IGF/insulin signaling pathway (IRS1, IGFBP4, IGFBP5) were downregulated by flaxseed and its components. Flaxseed diet also downregulated AKT expression. A number of targets related to NF-kB signaling were altered by flaxseed diet including a series of targets implicated in cancer. Whole flaxseed diet also affected E2 metabolism by increasing CYP1A1 expression with a corresponding increase in the onco-protective E2 metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol. The weak anti-estrogens, enterolactone, enterodiol and 2-methoxyestradiol, might be working synergistically to generate a protective effect on the ovaries from hens on whole flaxseed diet by altering the estrogen signaling and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Dikshit
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Chunqi Gao
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Carrie Small
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA
| | - Karen Hales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, 1125 Lincoln Drive, Life Science II, Room 245B, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.
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Delman DM, Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Yeh H, Petroff BK. Effects of Flaxseed Lignan Secoisolariciresinol Diglucosideon Preneoplastic Biomarkers of Cancer Progression in a Model of Simultaneous Breast and Ovarian Cancer Development. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:857-64. [PMID: 26010915 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1042549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer prevention efforts are focused increasingly on potentially beneficial dietary modifications due to their ease of implementation and wide acceptance. Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) is a lignan found in high concentration in flaxseed that may have selective estrogen receptor modulator-like effects resulting in antiestrogenic activity in a high estrogen environment. In parallel with a human phase II prevention trial, female ACI rats (n = 8-10/group) received 0, 10, or 100 ppm SDG in the feed. The 100 ppm SDG treatment produced similar blood lignan levels as those observed in our human pilot study. Mammary and ovarian cancer progression were induced using local ovarian DMBA treatment and subcutaneous sustained release 17β-estradiol administered starting at 7 weeks of age. Mammary gland and ovarian tissues were collected at 3 mo after initiation of treatment and examined for changes in epithelial cell proliferation (Ki-67, cell counts), histopathology, and dysplasia scores, as well as expression of selected genes involved in proliferation, estrogen signaling, and cell adhesion. Treatment with SDG normalized several biomarkers in mammary gland tissue (dysplasia, cell number, and expression of several genes) that had been altered by carcinogen. There is no indication that SDG promotes preneoplastic progression in the ovarian epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devora M Delman
- a Breast Cancer Prevention Center, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , Kansas , USA
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Dikshit A, Filho MAG, Eilati E, McGee S, Small C, Gao C, Klug T, Hales DB. Flaxseed reduces the pro-carcinogenic micro-environment in the ovaries of normal hens by altering the PG and oestrogen pathways in a dose-dependent manner. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:1384-95. [PMID: 25850566 PMCID: PMC4445837 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451500029x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to find the optimum dose of flaxseed that would decrease PG and alter oestrogen pathway endpoints implicated in ovarian cancer. In the study, four groups of fifty 1.5-year-old chickens were fed different amounts of flaxseed (0, 5, 10 or 15% of their total diet) for 4 months and were then killed to collect blood and tissues. Levels of flaxseed lignan metabolites, Enterolactone (EL) and Enterodiol (ED) were measured in the serum, liver and ovaries by liquid chromatography-MS/MS, and n-3 and n-6 fatty acid (FA) levels were measured by GC. The effects of the varied flaxseed doses were assessed by measuring levels of PGE2 and oestrogen metabolites (16-hydroxyestrone (16-OHE1) and 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OHE1)) as well as by analysing the expression of the oestradiol metabolising enzymes CYP3A4 (cytochrome p450, family 3, subfamily A, polypeptide 4), CYP1B1 (cytochrome p450, family 1, subfamily B, polypeptide 1) and CYP1A1 (cytochrome p450, family 1, subfamily A, polypeptide 1) and that of oestrogen receptor α (ERα) in the ovaries. The ratio of n-3:n-FA increased with an increase in flaxseed supplementation and corresponded to a dose-dependent decrease in cyclo-oxygenase-2 protein and PGE2 levels. EL and ED increased in the serum, liver and ovaries with increased concentrations of flaxseed. Flaxseed decreased the expression of ERα in the ovaries. The ratio of 2-OHE1:16-OHE1 in the serum increased significantly in the 15% flaxseed diet, and there was a corresponding increase in CYP1A1 in the liver and decrease in CYP3A4 in the ovaries. CYP1B1 mRNA also decreased with flaxseed diet in the ovaries. The 15% flaxseed-supplemented diet significantly decreased inflammatory PGE2, ERα, CYP3A4, CYP1B1 and 16-OHE1, but it increased CYP1A1 and 2-OHE1, which thus reduced the inflammatory and pro-carcinogenic micro-environment of the ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Dikshit
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | | | - Erfan Eilati
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Stacey McGee
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Carrie Small
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Chunqi Gao
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | | | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Hales KH, Speckman SC, Kurrey NK, Hales DB. Uncovering molecular events associated with the chemosuppressive effects of flaxseed: a microarray analysis of the laying hen model of ovarian cancer. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:709. [PMID: 25150550 PMCID: PMC4158050 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The laying hen model of spontaneous epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is unique in that it is the only model that enables observations of early events in disease progression and is therefore also uniquely suited for chemoprevention trials. Previous studies on the effect of dietary flaxseed in laying hens have revealed the potential for both amelioration and prevention of ovarian cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of flaxseed on genes and pathways that are dysregulated in tumors. We have used a bioinformatics approach to identify these genes, followed by qPCR validation, immunohistochemical localization, and in situ hybridization to visualize expression in normal ovaries and tumors from animals fed a control diet or a diet containing 10% flaxseed. Results Bioinformatic analysis of ovarian tumors in hens led to the identification of a group of highly up-regulated genes that are involved in the embryonic process of branching morphogenesis. Expression of these genes coincides with expression of E-cadherin in the tumor epithelium. Levels of expression of these genes in tumors from flax-fed animals are reduced 40-60%. E-cadherin and miR200 are both up-regulated in tumors from control-fed hens, whereas their expression is decreased 60-75% in tumors from flax-fed hens. This does not appear to be due to an increase in ZEB1 as mRNA levels are increased five-fold in tumors, with no significant difference between control-fed and flax-fed hens. Conclusions We suggest that nutritional intervention with flaxseed targets the pathways regulating branching morphogenesis and thereby alters the progression of ovarian cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-709) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen H Hales
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, School of Medicine, Life Science III, (M/C 6512), 1135 Dr,, Carbondale, Lincoln, IL 62901, USA.
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Eilati E, Small CC, McGee SR, Kurrey NK, Hales DB. Anti-inflammatory effects of fish oil in ovaries of laying hens target prostaglandin pathways. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:152. [PMID: 24156238 PMCID: PMC3874764 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An effective way to control cancer is by prevention. Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Progress in the treatment and prevention of ovarian cancer has been hampered due to the lack of an appropriate animal model and absence of effective chemo-prevention strategies. The domestic hens spontaneously develop ovarian adenocarcinomas that share similar histological appearance and symptoms such as ascites and metastasis with humans. There is a link between chronic inflammation and cancer. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most pro-inflammatory ecoisanoid and one of the downstream products of two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. PGE2 exerts its effects on target cells by coupling to four subtypes of receptors which have been classified as EP1-4. Fish oil is a source of omega-3 fatty acids (OM-3FAs) which may be effective in prevention of ovarian cancer. Our objective was to assess the potential impact of fish oil on expression of COX enzymes, PGE2 concentration, apoptosis and proliferation in ovaries of laying hens. Methods 48 white Leghorn hens were fed 50, 100, 175, 375 and 700 mg/kg fish oil for 21 days. The OM3-FAs and omega-6 fatty acids contents of egg yolks were determined by Gas Chromatography. Proliferation, apoptosis, COX-1, COX-2 and prostaglandin receptor subtype 4 (EP4) protein and mRNA expression and PGE2 concentration in ovaries were measured by PCNA, TUNEL, Western blot, quantitative real-time qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Results Consumption of fish oil increased the incorporation of OM-3FAs into yolks and decreased both COX-1 and COX-2 protein and mRNA expression. In correlation with COXs down-regulation, fish oil significantly reduced the concentrations of PGE2 in ovaries. EP4 protein and mRNA expression in ovaries of hens was not affected by fish oil treatment. A lower dose of fish oil increased the egg laying frequency. 175 and 700 mg/kg fish oil reduced proliferation and 700 mg/kg increased apoptosis in hen ovaries. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the lower doses of fish oil reduce inflammatory PG and may be an effective approach in preventing ovarian carcinogenesis. These findings may provide the basis for clinical trials utilizing fish oil as a dietary intervention targeting prostaglandin biosynthesis for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, School of Medicine, Life Science II, Room 250 (M/C 6512), 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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Eilati E, Hales K, Zhuge Y, Fricano KA, Yu R, van Breemen RB, Hales DB. Flaxseed enriched diet-mediated reduction in ovarian cancer severity is correlated to the reduction of prostaglandin E(2) in laying hen ovaries. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:179-87. [PMID: 23978451 PMCID: PMC3811136 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of ovarian cancer is the best approach for reducing the impact of this deadly disease. The laying hen is a robust model of spontaneous ovarian cancer that recapitulates the human disease. Dietary intervention with flaxseed, the richest vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids (OM-3FAs) and phytoestrogen lignans, demonstrate the potential for effective prevention and amelioration of ovarian cancer by targeting inflammatory prostaglandin pathways. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is the most pro-inflammatory ecoisanoid and one of the downstream products of two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. Our objective was to investigate the effect of flaxseed supplementation for one year on ovarian cancer and correlate its effects to expression of COX enzymes and concentrations of prostaglandins. White Leghorn hens were fed 10% flaxseed-enriched or standard diet for one year. The severity of ovarian cancer was determined by gross pathology and histology. COX-1 and COX-2 localization and protein and mRNA expression and PGE2 and PGE3 concentrations in ovaries were measured by IHC, western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and LC-MS-MS, respectively. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in late stage ovarian tumors in the flaxseed-fed hens compared with the control diet-fed hens. In correlation with decreased ovarian cancer severity, concentrations of PGE2 and expression of COX-2 were diminished in ovaries of flaxseed-fed hens. PGE3 concentrations were below the level of detection. The results demonstrated that in normal ovaries, COX-1 was localized to the granulosa cell layer surrounding the follicles and ovarian surface epithelium (OSE) whereas COX-2 protein was localized to the granulosa cell layer in the follicle. Extensive COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression was found throughout the ovarian carcinoma. Our findings suggest that the flaxseed-mediated reduction in the severity of ovarian cancer in hens is correlated to the reduction in PGE2 in the ovaries of flaxseed-fed hens. These findings may provide the basis for clinical trials of dietary intervention targeting prostaglandin biosynthesis for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Eilati
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Karen Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Yan Zhuge
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Rui Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1618 453 1544; fax: +1618 453 1517.
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Lengyel E, Burdette JE, Kenny HA, Matei D, Pilrose J, Haluska P, Nephew KP, Hales DB, Stack MS. Epithelial ovarian cancer experimental models. Oncogene 2013; 33:3619-33. [PMID: 23934194 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (OvCa) is associated with high mortality and, as the majority (>75%) of women with OvCa have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis, rates of survival have not changed appreciably over 30 years. A mechanistic understanding of OvCa initiation and progression is hindered by the complexity of genetic and/or environmental initiating events and lack of clarity regarding the cell(s) or tissue(s) of origin. Metastasis of OvCa involves direct extension or exfoliation of cells and cellular aggregates into the peritoneal cavity, survival of matrix-detached cells in a complex ascites fluid phase and subsequent adhesion to the mesothelium lining covering abdominal organs to establish secondary lesions containing host stromal and inflammatory components. Development of experimental models to recapitulate this unique mechanism of metastasis presents a remarkable scientific challenge, and many approaches used to study other solid tumors (for example, lung, colon and breast) are not transferable to OvCa research given the distinct metastasis pattern and unique tumor microenvironment (TME). This review will discuss recent progress in the development and refinement of experimental models to study OvCa. Novel cellular, three-dimensional organotypic, and ex vivo models are considered and the current in vivo models summarized. The review critically evaluates currently available genetic mouse models of OvCa, the emergence of xenopatients and the utility of the hen model to study OvCa prevention, tumorigenesis, metastasis and chemoresistance. As these new approaches more accurately recapitulate the complex TME, it is predicted that new opportunities for enhanced understanding of disease progression, metastasis and therapeutic response will emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lengyel
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois/Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - H A Kenny
- Section of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - D Matei
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J Pilrose
- Medical Sciences, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - P Haluska
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - K P Nephew
- Medical Sciences, Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - D B Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - M S Stack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, South Bend, IN, USA
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Abstract
The domestic laying hen is the only non-human animal that spontaneously develops ovarian cancer with a high prevalence. Hens ovulate prolifically, and this has made the hen intuitively appealing as a model of this disease in light of epidemiological evidence that ovulation rate is highly correlated with the risk of human ovarian cancer. As in women, ovarian cancer in the hen is age-related and it is also grossly and histologically similar to that in humans. In both women and hens, the cancer metastasizes to similar tissues with an accumulation of ascites fluid. Some aggressive ovarian cancers in women arise from cells in the oviduct; this is intriguing because ovarian cancers in the hen express an oviductal protein that is normally absent in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Eilati E, Bahr JM, Hales DB. Long term consumption of flaxseed enriched diet decreased ovarian cancer incidence and prostaglandin E₂in hens. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 130:620-8. [PMID: 23707669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. Prevention may be the best approach to reduce ovarian cancer. Flaxseed is the richest vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids which may be effective in the prevention of ovarian cancer. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is the most pro-inflammatory ecoisanoid and one of the downstream products of two isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. Our objective was to determine if long-term consumption of a flaxseed enriched diet decreased ovarian cancer severity and incidence in the laying hen and to investigate its potential correlation with the expression of COX enzymes and PGE₂ concentration. METHODS White Leghorn hens were fed 10% flaxseed-enriched or standard diet for 4years. The severity and incidence of ovarian cancer were determined by gross pathology and histology. COX-1 and COX-2 protein and mRNA expression and PGE₂ concentrations in ovaries were measured by Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS The results demonstrated that there was a reduction in ovarian cancer severity and incidence in hens fed flaxseed diet. In correlation with decreased ovarian cancer severity and incidence, concentration of PGE₂ and expression of COX-2 were diminished in ovaries of hens fed flaxseed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the lower levels of COX-2 and PGE₂ are the main contributing factors in the chemo-suppressive role of long-term flaxseed consumption in ovarian cancer in laying hens. These findings may provide the basis for clinical trials of dietary intervention targeting prostaglandin biosynthesis for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Eilati
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University - Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Keller KA, Beaufrère H, Brandão J, McLaughlin L, Bauer R, Tully TN. Long-term Management of Ovarian Neoplasia in Two Cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). J Avian Med Surg 2013; 27:44-52. [DOI: 10.1647/2012-006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Tiwari A, Hadley JA, Hendricks GL, Elkin RG, Cooper T, Ramachandran R. Characterization of ascites-derived ovarian tumor cells from spontaneously occurring ovarian tumors of the chicken: evidence for E-cadherin upregulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57582. [PMID: 23460878 PMCID: PMC3583847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, a highly metastatic disease, is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Chickens are widely used as a model for human ovarian cancer as they spontaneously develop epithelial ovarian tumors similar to humans. The cellular and molecular biology of chicken ovarian cancer (COVCAR) cells, however, have not been studied. Our objectives were to culture COVCAR cells and to characterize their invasiveness and expression of genes and proteins associated with ovarian cancer. COVCAR cell lines (n = 13) were successfully maintained in culture for up to19 passages, cryopreserved and found to be viable upon thawing and replating. E-cadherin, cytokeratin and α-smooth muscle actin were localized in COVCAR cells by immunostaining. COVCAR cells were found to be invasive in extracellular matrix and exhibited anchorage-independent growth forming colonies, acini and tube-like structures in soft agar. Using RT-PCR, COVCAR cells were found to express E-cadherin, N-cadherin, cytokeratin, vimentin, mesothelin, EpCAM, steroidogenic enzymes/proteins, inhibin subunits-α, βA, βB, anti-müllerian hormone, estrogen receptor [ER]-α, ER-β, progesterone receptor, androgen receptor, and activin receptors. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed greater N-cadherin, vimentin, and VEGF mRNA levels and lesser cytokeratin mRNA levels in COVCAR cells as compared with normal ovarian surface epithelial (NOSE) cells, which was suggestive of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. Western blotting analyses revealed significantly greater E-cadherin levels in COVCAR cell lines compared with NOSE cells. Furthermore, cancerous ovaries and COVCAR cell lines expressed higher levels of an E-cadherin cleavage product when compared to normal ovaries and NOSE cells, respectively. Cancerous ovaries were found to express significantly higher ovalbumin levels whereas COVCAR cell lines did not express ovalbumin thus suggesting that the latter did not originate from oviduct. Taken together, COVCAR cell lines are likely to improve our understanding of the cellular and molecular biology of ovarian tumors and its metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Tiwari
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jill A. Hadley
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gilbert L. Hendricks
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Elkin
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Timothy Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Ramachandran
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Reproductive Biology and Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eilati E, Pan L, Bahr JM, Hales DB. Age dependent increase in prostaglandin pathway coincides with onset of ovarian cancer in laying hens. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2012; 87:177-84. [PMID: 23089186 PMCID: PMC3592969 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been linked to cancer. Prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) is the most pro-inflammatory lipid and one of the downstream products of 2 isoforms of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes: COX-1 and COX-2. Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy and mainly occurs in older women. The factors that contribute to the correlation of age and ovarian cancer are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of COX enzymes and PGE₂ levels in ovaries and correlate them to ovarian cancer and aging. White Leghorn hens aged 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5 years were used. The incidence of ovarian cancer was determined by gross pathology and histology. COX-1 and COX-2 protein and mRNA expression and PGE₂ concentrations in ovaries were measured using Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Our results indicated an increase in ovarian cancer incidence and expression of both COX enzymes in ovaries of older hens. In correlation with ovarian cancer incidence and COX enzymes expression, PGE₂ concentrations were elevated with age. Ovaries with tumor had elevated COX-1 expression and PGE₂ concentration compared to normal ovaries. Our findings suggest that the up-regulation of COX enzymes with age is the main contributing factor in the age associated increase in PGE₂. Furthermore, elevated PGE₂ in ovaries of hens concomitant with age suggests its important role in early stages of ovarian carcinogenesis. These finding may provide the basis for clinical trials utilizing COX specific inhibitors or dietary intervention targeting prostaglandin biosynthesis for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erfan Eilati
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University—Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Lurui Pan
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University—Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Janice M. Bahr
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 W. Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dale Buchanan Hales
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University—Carbondale, School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
- Correspondence to: Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, School of Medicine, Life Science II, Room 250 (M/C 6512), 1125 Lincoln Drive, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA. Tel.: +1 618 453 1544; fax: +1 618 453 1517. (D.B. Hales)
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Ibiebele TI, Nagle CM, Bain CJ, Webb PM. Intake of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and risk of ovarian cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:1775-83. [PMID: 22933054 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Limited experimental evidence suggests that omega-3 polyunsaturated (n-3) fatty acids inhibit the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells in vitro, whereas omega-6 polyunsaturated (n-6) fatty acids have been shown to promote carcinogenesis, but epidemiological studies to date have been inconclusive. Our aim was to evaluate the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in ovarian carcinogenesis. METHODS Participants in the Australian Ovarian Cancer Study (1,366 cases and 1,414 population controls) self-completed risk factor and food frequency questionnaires. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS We found no association between intake of total n-3 fatty acids from foods, or the individual n-3 fatty acids-alpha-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic acids-and ovarian cancer risk. High intake of total n-6 fatty acids was inversely associated with risk (OR for highest vs. lowest category 0.78, 95 % CI 0.60-1.00, p-trend 0.04); however, the association was restricted to n-6 fatty acids from avocado, vegetables, and nuts. Neither higher intake of the individual n-6 fatty acids nor the ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids was associated with ovarian cancer risk. We found no evidence that risk varied by supplement use. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide no evidence of a protective role for n-3 fatty acids in ovarian carcinogenesis. The benefit, if any, of higher intake of n-6 fatty acids is due to general properties of the food sources, rather than due to the n-6 fatty acids per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Ibiebele
- Genetics and Population Health Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
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Fendri I, Khannous L, Mallek Z, Traore AI, Gharsallah N, Gdoura R. Influence of Zeolite on fatty acid composition and egg quality in Tunisian Laying Hens. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:71. [PMID: 22676421 PMCID: PMC3473238 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The health benefits of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are generally recognized. Unfortunately, in most Mediterranean countries, the recommended daily intake of these compounds is rarely met. Therefore, enrichment of commonly occurring foods can boost intake of these fatty acids. In this regard, eggs are an interesting target, as they form an integral part of the diet. RESULT Zeolite (Clinoptilolites) was added to Laying Hens feed at concentrations 1% or 2% and was evaluated for its effects on performance of the production and on egg quality. The Laying Hens were given access to 110 g of feed mixtures daily that was either a basal diet or a 'zeolite diet' (the basal diet supplemented with clinoptilolite at a level of 1% or 2%). It was found that zeolite treatment had a positive and significatif (p<0.05) effect on some parameters that were measured like egg height and eggshell strength. While dietary zeolite supplementation tended to/or has no significant effects on total egg, eggshell, yolk and albumen weights. It was found also that zeolite mainly increases level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in egg. CONCLUSION This study showed the significance of using zeolite, as a feed additive for Laying Hens, as part of a comprehensive program to control egg quality and to increase level of polyunsaturated fatty acids on egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Fendri
- Unité de recherche Toxicologie - Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (UR11ES70), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Lamia Khannous
- Unité de recherche Toxicologie - Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (UR11ES70), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | | | | | - Néji Gharsallah
- Laboratoire des Biotechnologies Végétales Appliquées à l’Amélioration des Cultures, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Radhouane Gdoura
- Unité de recherche Toxicologie - Microbiologie Environnementale et Santé (UR11ES70), Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Goldberg EM, Gakhar N, Ryland D, Aliani M, Gibson RA, House JD. Fatty acid profile and sensory characteristics of table eggs from laying hens fed hempseed and hempseed oil. J Food Sci 2012; 77:S153-60. [PMID: 22429187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02626.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hempseed (HS) is rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with approximately 17% of total fatty acids as alpha-linolenic acid. As such, HS and its oil may be used in hen diet formulations to produce eggs enriched in essential fatty acids. Because omega-3 eggs have the potential for unpleasant aromas and flavors, the current study was designed to assess the fatty acid profile and sensory attributes of eggs procured from hens consuming diets containing hempseed oil (HO) or HS. A total of 48 individually caged White Bovan hens received 1 of 6 diets containing 4%, 8%, 12% HO, 10%, 20% HS or 0% hemp (w/w) for 12 wk. Total omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content was highest in the 12% HO group (15.3 mg/g of yolk) compared to the control (2.4 mg/g of yolk). Trained panellists (n= 8) found no significant differences (P≥ 0.05) in aroma or flavor between cooked eggs from different dietary treatments, with the exception of sweet flavor. The 4% HO group yielded the least sweet eggs compared to the 20% HS group, which was highest. For yolk color, L*, a*, and b* values (Mean ± SEM) for control eggs were 61.2 ± 0.10, 1.1 ± 0.05, and 43.0 ± 0.22, respectively. Addition of hemp led to significant (P < 0.001) reductions in L*, and significant increases in a* and b*, with the largest changes observed in the 20% HS treatment (L*= 58.7 ± 0.10; a*= 5.8 ± 0.05; b*= 60.5 ± 0.22). The results show that hemp use in hen diets leads to increased omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content and color intensity of egg yolks, but does not have adverse effects on the sensory profiles of the cooked eggs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This study provides evidence that HS and hempseed oil (HO) can safely be utilized as feed ingredients for laying hens to produce table eggs that are enriched in essential fatty acids. Additionally, the eggs procured from these hens had similar aroma and flavor compared to eggs from hens not fed any hemp. The greater the dietary hemp inclusion, the more pigmented the resulting yolks became in terms of darkness, redness, and yellowness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Goldberg
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Treviño LS, Buckles EL, Johnson PA. Oral contraceptives decrease the prevalence of ovarian cancer in the hen. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 5:343-9. [PMID: 22135044 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of reproductive cancer death in U.S. women. This high mortality rate is due to the lack of early detection methods and ineffectiveness of therapy for advanced disease. Until more effective screening methods and therapies are developed, chemoprevention strategies are warranted. The hen has a high spontaneous prevalence of ovarian cancer and has been used as a model for studying ovarian cancer chemoprevention. In this study, we used the hen to determine the effect of progestin alone, estrogen alone, or progestin and estrogen in combination (as found in oral contraceptives) on ovarian cancer prevalence. We found that treatment with progestin alone and in combination with estrogen decreased the prevalence of ovarian cancer. A significant risk reduction of 91% was observed in the group treated with progestin alone (risk ratio = 0.0909; 95% CI: 0.0117-0.704) and an 81% reduction was observed in the group treated with progestin plus estrogen (risk ratio = 0.1916; 95% CI = 0.043-0.864). Egg production was also significantly reduced in these treatment groups compared with control. We found no effect of progestin, either alone or in combination with estrogen, on apoptosis or proliferation in the ovary, indicating that this is not the likely mechanism responsible for the protective effect of progestin in the hen. Our results support the use of oral contraceptives to prevent ovarian cancer and suggest that ovulation is related to the risk of ovarian cancer in hens and that other factors, such as hormones, more than likely modify this risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey S Treviño
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Al-Nasser AY, E. Al-Saff A, K. Abdulla F, E. Al-Baho M, Ragheb G, M. Mashaly M. Effect of Adding Flaxseed in the Diet of Laying Hens on Both Production of Omega-3 Enriched Eggs and on Production Performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2011.825.831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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