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Wang J, Zhang B, Li L, Tang X, Zeng J, Song Y, Xu C, Zhao K, Liu G, Lu Y, Li X, Shu K. Repetitive traumatic brain injury-induced complement C1-related inflammation impairs long-term hippocampal neurogenesis. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:821-835. [PMID: 38886955 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202503000-00027/figure1/v/2024-06-17T092413Z/r/image-tiff Repetitive traumatic brain injury impacts adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus, leading to long-term cognitive impairment. However, the mechanism underlying this neurogenesis impairment remains unknown. In this study, we established a male mouse model of repetitive traumatic brain injury and performed long-term evaluation of neurogenesis of the hippocampal dentate gyrus after repetitive traumatic brain injury. Our results showed that repetitive traumatic brain injury inhibited neural stem cell proliferation and development, delayed neuronal maturation, and reduced the complexity of neuronal dendrites and spines. Mice with repetitive traumatic brain injuryalso showed deficits in spatial memory retrieval. Moreover, following repetitive traumatic brain injury, neuroinflammation was enhanced in the neurogenesis microenvironment where C1q levels were increased, C1q binding protein levels were decreased, and canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling was downregulated. An inhibitor of C1 reversed the long-term impairment of neurogenesis induced by repetitive traumatic brain injury and improved neurological function. These findings suggest that repetitive traumatic brain injury-induced C1-related inflammation impairs long-term neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus and contributes to spatial memory retrieval dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiaomei Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jinyu Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yige Song
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Graduate Student, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guoqiang Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medical Science, Hubei University for Nationalities, Enshi, Hubei Province, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xinyan Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Institute for Brain Research, Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kai Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Akbari M, Moardi S, Piri H, Amiri R, Aliaqabozorg F, Afraz ES. The identification of active compounds and therapeutic properties of fermented and non-fermented red sorghum for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia. Exp Gerontol 2024; 192:112459. [PMID: 38740315 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2024.112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Sorghum is a promising treatment for Alzheimer's disease (AD), due to its rich antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities. Fermentation may also affect nutritional values. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to discover the phenolic and flavonoid chemicals found in both fermented and non-fermented red sorghum, as well as their potential therapeutic uses for AD. L. fermentum, and L. reuteri, and/or L. plantarum and L. casei were used to ferment samples of sorghum. The rats were grouped into five groups, healthy animals, and rats with Alzheimer's receiving 200 mg/kg of saline, non-fermented sorghum, and fermented sorghum fermented with L. fermentum and L. reuteri, as well as L. plantarum and L. casei. Various assessments were conducted, including evaluations of behavioral responses, antioxidant responses, inflammatory responses, acetylcholine levels and acetylcholine esterase, and bacterial populations in stool. P-hydroxybenzoic acid, eriodictyo naringenin, and apigenin were significantly higher in fermented samples, while glycerols were higher in non-fermented samples. The induction of Alzheimer's led to decrease step-through latency, time in target zone, FRAP, acetylcholine levels, Bifidobacterium population and lactobacillus population, while increased escape latency, platform location latency, MDA levels, IL-6, TNF-α, acetylcholine esterase, and coliform population (P = 0.001). The administration of both non-fermented sorghum and fermented sorghum demonstrated the potential to reverse the effects of AD, with a notably higher efficacy observed in the fermented samples compared to the non-fermented ones. In conclusion, fermentation exerted significant effects on the bioactive compounds the administration of fermented sorghum resulted in improved behavioral responses, characterized by a reduction in oxidation, inflammation and microbial population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Akbari
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Salar Moardi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Homeyra Piri
- Faculty of Engineering, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, I-39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Roonak Amiri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Aliaqabozorg
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Sadat Afraz
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental School, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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Usluel G, Acikgoz B, Dalkiran B, Kiray A, Aksu I, Kiray M. The effects of Spirulina platensis on behavior in adolescent rats fed a high-fat diet. Int J Dev Neurosci 2023; 83:505-517. [PMID: 37315948 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, childhood overweight and obesity have become a universal public health problem. Obesity may lead to cognitive disorders, depression and anxiety by affecting neuronal processes. Spirulina platensis (SP), a species of microalgae from the Chlorophyceae green algae class, has neuroprotective effects and may reduce body weight. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of SP on behavior alongside the role of leptin and Sirtuin-1 in fed with high-fat diet (HFD) adolescent rats. Four-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into four groups: control, HFD, HFD + SP150 (150 mg/kg/day SP, orally), HFD + SP450 (450 mg/kg/day SP, orally). Rats except for the control group exposed to 60% HFD along 12 weeks. Last 6 weeks SP or vehicle administered. After the behavioral tests, leptin and Sirtuin-1 levels in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus regions were evaluated. SP150 significantly reduced body weight compared with HFD group. The time spent in the center of open field increased significantly in SP150-treated rats compared with HFD. SP150 and SP450 significantly decreased immobility time in forced swim test compared with HFD. Leptin levels in HFD group were significantly lower in prefrontal cortex compared to control group. Leptin levels of the HFD + SP450 group were significantly higher than HFD group in the hippocampus. There was no significant difference between groups in Sirtuin-1 levels. In conclusion, SP supplementation in adolescence period might positively affect chronic high fat-induced anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior by partially affecting brain leptin levels and without affecting Sirtuin-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Usluel
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
- Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Acikgoz
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
- Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bahar Dalkiran
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
- Health Sciences Institute, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Amac Kiray
- Department of Anatomy, Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Aksu
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Muge Kiray
- Department of Physiology, Dokuz Eylul University Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey
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Murack M, Smith KB, Traynor OH, Pirwani AF, Gostlin SK, Mohamed T, Tata DA, Messier C, Ismail N. Environmental enrichment alters LPS-induced changes in BDNF and PSD-95 expressions during puberty. Brain Res 2023; 1806:148283. [PMID: 36801452 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a critical period of cortical reorganization and increased synaptogenesis. Healthy cortical reorganization and synaptic growth require sufficient environmental stimuli and minimalized stress exposure during pubertal development. Exposure to impoverished environments or immune challenges impact cortical reorganization and reduce the expression of proteins associated with neuronal plasticity (BDNF) and synaptogenesis (PSD-95). Environmentally enriched (EE) housing includes improved social-, physical-, and cognitive stimulation. We hypothesized that enriched housing environment would mitigate pubertal stress-induced decreases in BDNF and PSD-95 expressions. Three-week-old male and female CD-1 mice (n = 10 per group) were housed for three weeks in either EE, social or deprived housing conditions. At 6 weeks of age, mice were treated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline eight hours prior to tissue collection. Male and female EE mice displayed greater BDNF and PSD-95 expressions in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus compared to socially housed and deprived housed mice. LPS treatment decreased BDNF expression in all the brain regions examined in EE mice, except for the CA3 region of the hippocampus, where EE housing successfully mitigated the pubertal LPS-induced decrease in BDNF expression. Interestingly, LPS-treated mice housed in deprived conditions displayed unexpected increases in BDNF and PSD-95 expressions throughout the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Both enriched and deprived housing conditions moderate how an immune challenge influences BDNF and PSD-95 expressions in a region-specific manner. These findings also emphasize the vulnerability of brain plasticity during puberty to various environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murack
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kevin B Smith
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Olivia H Traynor
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Atiqa F Pirwani
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Sarah K Gostlin
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, 2001 Av. McGill College Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Taha Mohamed
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Despoina A Tata
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Claude Messier
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nafissa Ismail
- NISE Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 136 Jean-Jacques Lussier Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Albtoosh A, Karawya F, Al-Naymat W, Al-Qaitat A. Potential Protective Effect of Spirulina Platensis on Sodium Arsenite Induced Cardiotoxicity in Male Rats. Tissue Barriers 2022; 10:1983330. [PMID: 34615441 PMCID: PMC9067523 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1983330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium arsenite is a dangerous bio-accumulative poison affecting a large number of people as well as animals throughout the world. It is used clinically in the treatment of certain medical conditions, but due to its harmful damage to different tissues and mainly the cardiotoxicity, its medical application is limited. AIM This study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of spirulina on cardiotoxicity induced by sodium arsenite biochemically and histologically. METHODS 30 young adult male albino rats were randomly equally divided into three groups 10 animals each. Group I (control), Group II Arsenic intoxicated (10 mg/kg/day/ 4 weeks), Group III spirulina protected animals (concomitant sodium arsenite 10 mg/kg/day/ 4 weeks and spirulina 200 mg/kg/day/ 4 weeks). RESULTS It was evident from the study that arsenic exposure exerted a significant increase in cardiac enzyme levels, serum creatine kinase MB (CKMB) and troponin. Concomitant treatment with spirulina is considerably recovered their serum levels. Histological alterations associated with arsenite treated animals are significantly decreased after using spirulina. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study showed that use of spirulina could alleviate the toxic effects on the heart following exposure to arsenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fardous Karawya
- College of Medicine, Mutah University, Jordan
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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6
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Spirulina platensis alleviates high fat diet-induced cognitive impairment in mice via the gut-brain axis. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Xu L, Zhu L, Zhu L, Chen D, Cai K, Liu Z, Chen A. Moderate Exercise Combined with Enriched Environment Enhances Learning and Memory through BDNF/TrkB Signaling Pathway in Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168283. [PMID: 34444034 PMCID: PMC8392212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of exercise combined with an enriched environment on learning and memory in rats. Forty healthy male Wistar rats (7 weeks old) were randomly assigned into 4 groups (N = 10 in each group): control (C) group, treadmill exercise (TE) group, enriched environment (EE) group and the TE + EE group. The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate the learning and memory ability in all rats after eight weeks of exposure in the different conditions. Moreover, we employed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) in the rats. The data showed that the escape latency and the number of platform crossings were significantly better in the TE + EE group compared to the TE, EE or C groups (p < 0.05). In addition, there was upregulation of BDNF and TrkB in rats in the TE + EE group compared to those in the TE, EE or C groups (p < 0.05). Taken together, the data robustly demonstrate that the combination of TE + EE enhances learning and memory ability and upregulates the expression of both BDNF and TrkB in rats. Thus, the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway might be modulating the effect of exercise and enriched environment in improving learning and memory ability in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aiguo Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-139-5272-5968
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8
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Fan Z, Chen J, Li L, Wang H, Gong X, Xu H, Wu L, Yan C. Environmental enrichment modulates HPA axis reprogramming in adult male rats exposed to early adolescent stress. Neurosci Res 2021; 172:63-72. [PMID: 33901553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to early stressful events increases susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood, in which the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a crucial role. Studies have found that environmental enrichment (EE) mitigates the detrimental outcomes of early adversity. However, the HPA-related mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used the single prolonged stress (SPS) paradigm to explore the long-term effects of early adolescent stress on behavior, HPA axis activity, as well as expression levels of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRF1R) and CRF2R in the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Meanwhile, the protective effects of EE intervention were examined. We found that adult male rats exposed to adolescent stress showed reduced locomotor activity, increased anxiety-like behaviors, enhanced contextual fear memory, elevated basal plasma ACTH levels, and enhanced HPA negative feedback inhibition, as indicated by decreased plasma ACTH levels in the dexamethasone suppression test (DST). Furthermore, EE normalized the behavioral abnormalities and enhanced HPA negative feedback in stressed rats, possibly through down-regulating GR expression in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. These findings suggested that EE could ameliorate adolescent stress-induced PTSD-like behaviors and aberrant reprogramming of the HPA axis, reducing the risk of developing PTSD in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Fan
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ling Li
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hanzhang Wang
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiayu Gong
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hanfang Xu
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Can Yan
- Research Center for Basic Integrative Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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9
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Raony Í, Geraldo A, Pandolfo P. A single episode of stress during adolescence impairs short-term memory and increases risk behaviour in an animal model of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Behav Processes 2021; 187:104395. [PMID: 33839237 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of increased sensitivity to stress and vulnerability to the manifestation of psychiatric disorders, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nevertheless, the relationship between stress during adolescence and ADHD is still unclear. Knowing that stress can have long-term consequences, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a single episode of restraint stress during adolescence on locomotion, risk behaviour and short-term memory in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a validated animal model of ADHD. A single episode of stress during adolescence increased risk behaviour and impaired short-term recognition memory, but did not alter locomotion in adult SHR. These findings show that stress during adolescence, even acute, may lead to long-term behavioural consequences in an animal model of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ícaro Raony
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Animal Behaviour, Department of Neurobiology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Arnaldo Geraldo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Animal Behaviour, Department of Neurobiology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pablo Pandolfo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Animal Behaviour, Department of Neurobiology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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10
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Ghorbanpour AM, Saboor M, Panahizadeh R, Saadati H, Dadkhah M. Combined effects of royal jelly and environmental enrichment against stress-induced cognitive and behavioral alterations in male rats: behavioral and molecular studies. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1860-1871. [PMID: 33814002 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1909205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to chronic stress has detrimental effects on cognitive and emotional processing. Also, the neuroprotective influences of environmental enrichment (EE) and royal jelly (RJ) have been indicated in previous studies. AIMS To our knowledge, to date, there are no studies about the synergistic effects of EE and RJ on cognitive changes induced by stress. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of RJ, and EE on anxiety-like behaviors, cognitive functions, and expression of hippocampal and also prefrontal cortex (PFC) brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in stressed rats. METHODS By using restraint and cold temperature, rats were exposed to stressful situations and then subjected to treatment with RJ or/ and EE for 14 days. Stress induction was done 14 days before treatments by placing the rats in the restrainer under 4°C. Following the interventions, anxiety-like behaviors, novel object recognition memory (NORM), inhibitive avoidance performance, hippocampal, and PFC BDNF expression were examined. The plasma corticosterone level of all groups was also evaluated. RESULTS Results showed increased plasma corticosterone levels, stress-induced deficits in the NORM and IA tests, and increased anxiety-like behaviors. EE and RJ improved these deficits with a decline in serum corticosterone and also increased BDNF levels in the hippocampus and PFC in stressed ones. CONCLUSION The EE and the RJ prevented the detrimental effects of stress on anxiety-like behaviors and memory processes. These treatments can protect susceptible brain areas against chronic stress via improvement in behavioral and cognitive impairments through mediating BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meysam Saboor
- Students Research Committee, Pharmacy School, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Reza Panahizadeh
- Students Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Saadati
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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11
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Ghalandari-Shamami M, Nourizade S, Barati M, Yousefi B, Pashayi M, Ali Vafaei A, Kokhaei P, Rashidy-Pour A. Exercise and crocin prevent adolescent-stress induced impairment of spatial navigation and dendritic retraction in the hippocampal CA3 area in adult male rats. Brain Res 2021; 1754:147274. [PMID: 33422526 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent chronic stress has been shown to induce functional, biochemical and morphological modifications of the hippocampus, leading to stress-related disorders in adulthood. The present study investigated the effects of exercise, crocin and their combination on spatial learning and memory impairment and dendritic retraction of the CA3 pyramidal neurons induced by chronic adolescent stress in adult male rats. Rats were exposed to restraint stress 2 h/day for 10 days during postnatal days (PNDs) 30-40. Following this period, separate groups of animals were treated with crocin (25 and 50 mg/kg), exposed to running wheel, and or received the combined treatment during PNDs 41-55. Following the interventions, plasma levels of corticosterone, spatial learning and memory, apical dendritic length of CA3 pyramidal neurons and BDNF levels in the CA3 area were assessed. Findings showed that adolescent stress significantly increased corticosterone levels and caused a tendency to reduce CA3 BDNF levels. Adolescent stress also impaired spatial learning and memory, and retracted apical dendritic length of CA3 pyramidal neurons. Crocin, voluntary exercise, and their combination recovered stress-induced spatial learning and impairment and CA3 pyramidal neurons dendritic length retraction. All treatments also reduced significantly corticosterone levels and enhanced CA3 BDNF levels in the stress groups. Finally, these treatments even increased apical dendritic length of CA3 pyramidal neurons in the non-stress groups. These findings indicate that detrimental effects of adolescent stress on cognitive function and hippocampal morphology in adulthood could be restored by early interventions with physical activity and crocin treatment during adolescent period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Ghalandari-Shamami
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran; Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Shahla Nourizade
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behpour Yousefi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehrnush Pashayi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Vafaei
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
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12
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Sinha S, Patro N, Tiwari PK, Patro IK. Maternal Spirulina supplementation during pregnancy and lactation partially prevents oxidative stress, glial activation and neuronal damage in protein malnourished F1 progeny. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104877. [PMID: 33049335 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein malnutrition (PMN) is a global health issue but most prevalent in Africa and Asia. It exerts detrimental effect on structural and physiological aspects of hippocampal circuitry. Despite accumulating evidence for PMN induced changes in nervous system, relatively very little is known about how maternal nutritional supplementation during malnutrition affects glial cells and neurons. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of maternal Spirulina supplementation against PMN induced oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and neuronal damage in hippocampus of F1 progeny. Three months old healthy Sprague Dawley females (n = 24) were shifted to normoprotein (NC; 20% protein) and low protein (LP; 8% protein) diets 15 days before conception. The NC and LP group females were subdivided into two groups according to Spirulina supplementation (400 mg/kg/b.wt. orally throughout gestation and lactation period): normal control with Spirulina (NC SPI) and low protein with Spirulina supplemented group (LP SPI). F1 progeny born were used in present study. Thus, building on earlier results of ameliorated neurobehavioral and cognitive abilities in Spirulina supplemented protein deprived rats, the present study incorporates neurochemical and morphometric analysis of glial cells and neurons and revealed that maternal Spirulina consumption partially prevented the PMN associated neuropathological alterations in terms of attenuated oxidative brain damage, reduced reactive gliosis and apoptotic cell population, improved dendritic branch complexity with few damaged neurons and enhanced mushroom shaped spine density. The results suggest that cellular changes in hippocampus after PMN are partially restored after maternal Spirulina supplementation and one could envision intervention approaches using Spirulina against malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrstha Sinha
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India; School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - P K Tiwari
- School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Ishan K Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India; School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India.
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13
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Costa R, Carvalho MSM, Brandão JDP, Moreira RP, Cunha TS, Casarini DE, Marcondes FK. Modulatory action of environmental enrichment on hormonal and behavioral responses induced by chronic stress in rats: Hypothalamic renin-angiotensin system components. Behav Brain Res 2020; 397:112928. [PMID: 32987059 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) has been studied as a protocol that can improve brain plasticity and may protect against negative insults such as chronic stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of EE on the hormonal and behavioral responses induced by chronic mild unpredictable stress (CMS) in rats, considering the involvement of the renin-angiotensin system. Male adult rats were divided into 4 groups: control, CMS, EE, and CMS + EE, and the experimental protocol lasted for 7 weeks. EE was performed during 7 weeks, 5 days per week, 2 h per day. CMS was applied during weeks 3, 4, and 5. After the CMS (week 6), depression-like behavior was evaluated by forced swimming and sucrose consumption tests, anxiety level was evaluated using the elevated plus-maze test, and memory was evaluated using the Y-maze test. On week 7, the animals were euthanized and basal plasma levels of corticosterone and catecholamines were determined. The hypothalamus was isolated and tissue levels of angiotensin peptides were evaluated. CMS increased plasma corticosterone, norepinephrine, and epinephrine basal concentrations, induced depression-like behaviors, impaired memory, and increased hypothalamic angiotensin I, II, and IV concentrations. EE decreased stress hormones secretion, depression-like behaviors, memory impairment, and hypothalamic angiotensin II induced by stress. Reductions of anxiety-like behavior and norepinephrine secretion were observed in both stressed and unstressed groups. The results indicated that EE seemed to protect adult rats against hormonal and behavioral CMS effects, and that the reduction of angiotensin II could contribute to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Costa
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Stress, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maeline Santos Morais Carvalho
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Stress, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Roseli Peres Moreira
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Sousa Cunha
- Science and Technology Institute, Federal University of São Paulo, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Dulce Elena Casarini
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Klein Marcondes
- Department of Biosciences, Laboratory of Stress, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Moradi-Kor N, Ghanbari A, Rashidipour H, Bandegi AR, Yousefi B, Barati M, Kokhaei P, Rashidy-Pour A. Therapeutic Effects of Spirulina platensis Against Adolescent Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Alterations and Morphological Remodeling in the Amygdala of Adult Female Rats. J Exp Pharmacol 2020; 12:75-85. [PMID: 32256126 PMCID: PMC7090200 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s237378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The amygdala structural and functional abnormalities have been implicated in numerous neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Given the important role of the amygdala in stress responses and the susceptibility of the females to adolescent stress, the present study investigated the beneficial effects of Spirulina platensis microalgae (SP) as a neuroprotective supplement against adolescent stress-induced oxidative stress, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) alterations, molecular and morphological remodeling in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) of adult female rats. Methods During the adolescent period (PNDs 30–40) rats were subjected to restraint stress (2 h/day for 10 days). Then, the animals were subjected to 15 days treatment (PNDs 41–55) with SP (200 mg/kg/day) followed by biochemical (BDNF and stress oxidative markers), molecular (BDNF and its receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase B [TrkB] mRNA expression), and morphological (dendritic length and spines) assessments in the BLA. Results The study revealed that adolescent stress decreased BDNF levels and reduced apical dendritic length and branch points of pyramidal neurons in the BLA. In addition, chronic stress significantly increased oxidative stress parameters and decreased BDNF and TrkB mRNA expression in the BLA. Treatment with SP alleviated both biochemical, molecular, and neuroanatomical deficits that induced by adolescent stress. Conclusion Our findings provide important evidence that SP as a non-pharmacological intervention during adolescent period can protect against chronic stress-induced neuroanatomical biochemical, and molecular deficits in adulthood, and thus, reduce stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasroallah Moradi-Kor
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hadi Rashidipour
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bandegi
- Laboratory of Endocrine Research, Research Center of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Behpour Yousefi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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15
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Developmental effects of environmental enrichment on selective and auditory sustained attention. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2020; 111:104479. [PMID: 31704636 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) has been used as a positive manipulation in different disease models. However, there is conflicting evidence reported in the literature about the effects of EE. Additionally, the time period that would be most beneficial in implementing environmental enrichment as an intervention is not clear. Our study aimed to systematically compare the prenatal, juvenile, mid-adolescence, and adulthood developmental trajectory to further the understanding of enriched environment's effects on selective and auditory sustained attention, corresponding to behavioral (conceived) and physiological-reflexive (non-conceived) measures. Rats were exposed for 21 days to enriched environment during various developmental periods and compared to age-matched controls. All groups were tested for long-term effects (at postnatal day 120 and onward) on selective and sustained attention. We found that the exposure to enriched environment during mid-adolescence has yielded the most significant and long-term pattern of effects, including selective and auditory sustained attention performance, increased foraging-like behavior and a significant decrease in corticosterone level. Similarly, the exposure to EE at juvenile period improved selective attention, increased foraging-like behavior, and reduced anxiety levels as reflected in the open field as well as in low corticosterone levels. These results specify a crucial period along the developmental trajectory for applying environmental enrichment. Mid-adolescence is suggested, in future basic and translational studies, as the sensitive time period that induces the most beneficial and long-term effects of EE on attention. The current findings suggest that the exposure to EE during mid-adolescence should be further considered and studied as behavioral alternative intervention, or as adjuvant behavioral therapy, aimed to decrease the probability to develop ADHD in post-adolescence period. This suggestion is highly relevant due to the debate regarding the pros and cons of screens usage (e.g. Facebook, online games, etc.) during early life that decreases environmental enrichment, especially, direct social interaction.
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16
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Yu KW, Wang CJ, Wu Y, Wang YY, Wang NH, Kuang SY, Liu G, Xie HY, Jiang CY, Wu JF. An enriched environment increases the expression of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the cerebral cortex of the ischemic mouse brain. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1671-1677. [PMID: 32209771 PMCID: PMC7437579 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.276339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown that fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FDNC5) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play vital roles in plasticity after brain injury. An enriched environment refers to an environment that provides animals with multi-sensory stimulation and movement opportunities. An enriched environment has been shown to promote the regeneration of nerve cells, synapses, and blood vessels in the animal brain after cerebral ischemia; however, the exact mechanisms have not been clarified. This study aimed to determine whether an enriched environment could improve neurobehavioral functions after the experimental inducement of cerebral ischemia and whether neurobehavioral outcomes were associated with the expression of FDNC5 and BDNF. This study established ischemic mouse models using permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) on the left side. On postoperative day 1, the mice were randomly assigned to either enriched environment or standard housing condition groups. Mice in the standard housing condition group were housed and fed under standard conditions. Mice in the enriched environment group were housed in a large cage, containing various toys, and fed with a standard diet. Sham-operated mice received the same procedure, but without artery occlusion, and were housed and fed under standard conditions. On postoperative days 7 and 14, a beam-walking test was used to assess coordination, balance, and spatial learning. On postoperative days 16–20, a Morris water maze test was used to assess spatial learning and memory. On postoperative day 15, the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF proteins in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex were analyzed by western blot assay. The results showed that compared with the standard housing condition group, the motor balance and coordination functions (based on beam-walking test scores 7 and 14 days after operation), spatial learning abilities (based on the spatial learning scores from the Morris water maze test 16–19 days after operation), and memory abilities (based on the memory scores of the Morris water maze test 20 days after operation) of the enriched environment group improved significantly. In addition, the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF proteins in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex increased in the enriched environment group compared with those in the standard housing condition group. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that neurobehavioral functions were positively associated with the expression levels of FDNC5 and BDNF (r = 0.587 and r = 0.840, respectively). These findings suggest that an enriched environment upregulates FDNC5 protein expression in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex after cerebral ischemia, which then activates BDNF protein expression, improving neurological function. BDNF protein expression was positively correlated with improved neurological function. The experimental protocols were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Fudan University, China (approval Nos. 20160858A232, 20160860A234) on February 24, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wei Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Jie Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Yang Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nian-Hong Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen-Yi Kuang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yu Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong-Yu Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Fa Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Moradi-Kor N, Dadkhah M, Ghanbari A, Rashidipour H, Bandegi AR, Barati M, Kokhaei P, Rashidy-Pour A. Protective Effects of Spirulina platensis, Voluntary Exercise and Environmental Interventions Against Adolescent Stress-Induced Anxiety and Depressive-Like Symptoms, Oxidative Stress and Alterations of BDNF and 5HT-3 Receptors of the Prefrontal Cortex in Female Rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:1777-1794. [PMID: 32801713 PMCID: PMC7387863 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s247599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ample evidence indicates that chronic adolescence stress is associated with an increased risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders in adulthood. Given the importance of the effective therapeutic ways to overcome adolescent stress-related deficits, the present study investigated the effects of Spirulina platensis (SP), environmental enrichment (EE), and voluntary exercise (EX) and their combination on anxiety or depression-like behaviors, oxidative stress, and alterations of BDNF and 5HT-3 receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) induced by adolescent stress in adult female rats. METHODS During the adolescent period (PNDs30-40), rats were subjected to restraint stress. Then, the animals were subjected to SP treatment (200 mg/kg/day), EX, EE, and the combined treatments (SP+EX, and SP+EE) for 15 days between PNDs41-55. Subsequently, anxiety or depression-like behaviors, BDNF levels, oxidative stress markers and mRNA expression of BDNF and 5HT3 in the PFC were assessed. RESULTS Stressed rats demonstrated enhanced anxiety levels and depression-like behaviors in adulthood. Regarding the oxidative stress markers, stressed rats exhibited significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation product, higher activities of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) and significantly lower total antioxidant reactivity capacity in the PFC. Additionally, adolescent stress significantly increased 5HT3 receptor mRNA expression and decreased BDNF content and its mRNA expression in the PFC. Treatments with SP, EX, EE, and the combined interventions alleviated these deficits. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that appropriate interventions during the adolescent period can protect against adolescent stress-induced behavioral, and biochemical defects and oxidative stress damage in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasroallah Moradi-Kor
- Student Research Committee, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Ghanbari
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hadi Rashidipour
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Bandegi
- Laboratory of Endocrine Research, Research Center of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Barati
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parviz Kokhaei
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Rashidy-Pour
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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