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Kanno T, Nakagawa N, Aonuma T, Kawabe JI, Yuhki KI, Takehara N, Hasebe N, Ushikubi F. Prostaglandin E 2 mediates the late phase of ischemic preconditioning in the heart via its receptor subtype EP 4. Heart Vessels 2023; 38:606-613. [PMID: 36522555 PMCID: PMC9986202 DOI: 10.1007/s00380-022-02219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) describes a phenomenon wherein brief ischemia of the heart induces a potent cardioprotective mechanism against succeeding ischemic insult. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a rate-limiting enzyme in prostanoid biosynthesis, is upregulated in the ischemic heart and contributes to IPC. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) protects the heart from ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury via its receptor subtype EP4. We sought to clarify the role of the PGE2/EP4 system in the late phase of IPC. Mice were subjected to four IPC treatment cycles, consisting of 5 min of occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). We found that COX-2 mRNA was significantly upregulated in wild-type hearts at 6 h after IPC treatment. Cardiac PGE2 levels at 24 h after IPC treatment were significantly increased in both wild-type mice and mice lacking EP4 (EP4-/-). At 24 h after IPC treatment, I/R injury was induced by 30 min of LAD occlusion followed by 2 h of reperfusion and the cardiac infarct size was determined. The infarct size was significantly reduced by IPC treatment in wild-type mice; a reduction was not observed in EP4-/- mice. AE1-329, an EP4 agonist, significantly reduced infarct size and significantly ameliorated deterioration of cardiac function in wild-type mice subjected to I/R without IPC treatment. Furthermore, AE1-329 significantly enhanced the I/R-induced activation of Akt, a pro-survival kinase. We demonstrated that the PGE2/EP4 system in the heart plays a critical role in the late phase of IPC, partly by augmenting Akt-mediated signaling. These findings clarify the mechanism of IPC and may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies for ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayasu Kanno
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.,Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Pulmonology and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakagawa
- Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Pulmonology and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Aonuma
- Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Pulmonology and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kawabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Innovation, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.,Division of Integrated Life Science, Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Yuhki
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naofumi Takehara
- Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Pulmonology and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Hasebe
- Division of Cardiology, Nephrology, Pulmonology and Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Regeneration and Innovation, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Ushikubi
- Department of Pharmacology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
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Mangmool S, Kyaw ETH, Nuamnaichati N, Pandey S, Parichatikanond W. Stimulation of adenosine A 1 receptor prevents oxidative injury in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts: Role of Gβγ-mediated Akt and ERK1/2 signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 451:116175. [PMID: 35901927 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress causes cellular injury and damage in the heart primarily through apoptosis resulting in cardiac abnormalities such as heart failure and cardiomyopathy. During oxidative stress, stimulation of adenosine receptor (AR) has been shown to protect against oxidative damage due to their cytoprotective properties. However, the subtype specificity and signal transductions of adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) on cardiac protection during oxidative stress have remained elusive. In this study, we found that stimulation of A1Rs with N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a specific A1R agonist, attenuated the H2O2-induced intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and apoptosis. In addition, A1R stimulation upregulated the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes (catalase and GPx-1), antiapoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL), and mitochondria-related markers (UCP2 and UCP3). Blockades of Gβγ subunit of heterotrimeric Gαi protein antagonized A1R-mediated antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects, confirming the potential role of Gβγ subunit-mediated A1R signaling. Additionally, cardioprotective effects of CPA mediated through PI3K/Akt- and ERK1/2-dependent signaling pathways. Thus, we propose that A1R represents a promising therapeutic target for prevention of oxidative injury in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ei Thet Htar Kyaw
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Narawat Nuamnaichati
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sudhir Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Warisara Parichatikanond
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Center of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing (BSHA), Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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3
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Wu Y, Chen AW, Goodnough CL, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Gross ER. IcyHot analgesic topical cream limits cardiac injury in rodents. Transl Res 2021; 227:42-52. [PMID: 32629175 PMCID: PMC7719099 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Little is known whether topical analgesic creams, whose natural products enter the blood stream after application, affect myocardial infarct size. Here we tested whether topical analgesic creams can trigger remote cardioprotection and the mechanism involved. Male Sprague Dawley rats were used for an in vivo rodent model consisting of 30 minutes left anterior descending coronary artery ischemia and 2 hours of reperfusion followed by infarct size assessment. The topical analgesic IcyHot, applied to the abdomen prior to ischemia, reduced myocardial infarct size versus control (41 ± 3* vs 62 ± 1, n= 6/group, *P < 0.001). In contrast, the topical analgesic creams Preparation H, Aspercreme Heat, or Tiger Balm did not alter infarct size. IcyHot, unlike Preparation H, increased circulating methyl salicylate levels during reperfusion (3.0 ± 0.6 vs 0.4 ± 0.2 mg/dL, n = 6, *P < 0.001, measured at the internal jugular vein). Methyl salicylate (10 μM) applied to isolated adult cardiac myocytes during reoxygenation reduced cell death when compared to vehicle (21% ± 2%* vs 30% ± 2% of trypan blue positive cells, n = 9/group, *P < 0.01). Further, treatment with the TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) inhibitors TCS-5861528 (1 μM) or AP-18 (1 μM) blocked the methyl salicylate-induced protective effect in isolated adult cardiomyocytes. In intact rodents, either of the TRPA1 inhibitors (1 mg/kg, intravenous) given prior to IcyHot topical application blocked IcyHot-induced infarct size reduction. IcyHot also reduced infarct size when applied 24 hours prior to myocardial ischemia or during myocardial ischemia versus control. Together, these findings support IcyHot analgesic cream can trigger remote cardioprotection through releasing methyl salicylate into the bloodstream with cardioprotection occurring by a TRPA1-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Annabel W Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Candida L Goodnough
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Eric R Gross
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.
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Semwal BC, Garabadu D. 5-N-ethyl Carboxamidoadenosine Stimulates Adenosine-2b Receptor-Mediated Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway to Improve Brain Mitochondrial Function in Amyloid Beta-Induced Cognitive Deficit Mice. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 22:542-556. [PMID: 32926328 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with loss in memory as one of the cardinal features. 5-N-ethyl carboxamidoadenosine (NECA), an agonist of adenosine-2b receptor, exerts neuroprotective activity against several experimental conditions. Further, NECA activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and also attenuates mitochondrial toxicity in mammalian tissues other than brain. Moreover, there is no report on the role of A2b/MAPK-mediated signaling pathway in Aβ-induced mitochondrial toxicity in the brain of the experimental animals. Therefore, the present study evaluated the neuroprotective activity of NECA with or without MAPK inhibitor against Aβ-induced cognitive deficit and mitochondrial toxicity in the experimental rodents. Further, the effect of NECA with or without MAPK inhibitor was evaluated on Aβ-induced mitochondrial toxicity in the memory-sensitive mice brain regions. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ 1-42 was injected to healthy male mice through Hamilton syringe via polyethylene tube to induce AD-like behavioral manifestations. NECA attenuated Aβ-induced cognitive impairments in the rodents. In addition, NECA ameliorated Aβ-induced Aβ accumulation and cholinergic dysfunction in the selected memory-sensitive mouse HIP, PFC, and AMY. Further, NECA significantly attenuated Aβ-induced mitochondrial toxicity in terms of decrease in the mitochondrial function, integrity, and bioenergetics in the brain regions of these animals. However, MAPKI diminished the therapeutic effects of NECA on behavioral, biochemical, and molecular observations in AD-like animals. Therefore, it can be speculated that NECA exhibits neuroprotective activity perhaps through MAPK activation in AD-like rodents. Moreover, A2b-mediated MAPK activation could be a promising target in the management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupesh Chandra Semwal
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281 406, India
| | - Debapriya Garabadu
- Division of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281 406, India.
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Khan H, Kashyap A, Kaur A, Singh TG. Pharmacological postconditioning: a molecular aspect in ischemic injury. J Pharm Pharmacol 2020; 72:1513-1527. [PMID: 33460133 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is defined as the damage to the tissue which is caused when blood supply returns to tissue after ischaemia. To protect the ischaemic tissue from irreversible injury, various protective agents have been studied but the benefits have not been clinically applicable due to monotargeting, low potency, late delivery or poor tolerability. KEY FINDINGS Strategies involving preconditioning or postconditioning can address the issues related to the failure of protective therapies. In principle, postconditioning (PoCo) is clinically more applicable in the conditions in which there is unannounced ischaemic event. Moreover, PoCo is an attractive beneficial strategy as it can be induced rapidly at the onset of reperfusion via series of brief I/R cycles following a major ischaemic event or it can be induced in a delayed manner. Various pharmacological postconditioning (pPoCo) mechanisms have been investigated systematically. Using different animal models, most of the studies on pPoCo have been carried out preclinically. SUMMARY However, there is a need for the optimization of the clinical protocols to quicken pPoCo clinical translation for future studies. This review summarizes the involvement of various receptors and signalling pathways in the protective mechanisms of pPoCo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Ankita Kashyap
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Amarjot Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
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Tuter DS, Komarov RN, Glasachev OS, Syrkin AL, Severova LP, Ivanova EV, Lomonosova AA, Kopylov FY. Remote Ischemic Preconditioning With the Use of Lower Limb Before Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Anesthesia With Propofol. KARDIOLOGIYA 2019; 59:38-44. [PMID: 30853020 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2019.2.10216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to study potantial of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIP) as method of cardioprotection during coronary artery bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and anesthesia with propofol. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included in this study 87 patients (7 were excluded) with ischemic heart disease, hospitalized in the clinic of aortic and cardiovascular surgery of the I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University clinical hospital № 1. All patients had indications for direct myocardial revascularization by coronary artery bypass surgery. One day before operation patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups depending on preparation scheme: main group of RIP and the control group. The frequency of complications during surgery and in the postoperative period was assessed. Troponin I level was measured before, and in 2 and 24 hours after surgery. The level of lactate in the venous blood was measured before and after surgery. RESULTS Numbers of intraoperative and early postoperative complications in the main and control groups were similar. There were no differences between groups in troponin I and lactate levels after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Remote ischemic preconditioning has no effect on the outcome of coronary artery bypass surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and anesthesia with propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Tuter
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)..
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7
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Wang J, Ji E, Lin C, Wang L, Dai L, Gao W. Effects of bradykinin on the survival of multiterritory perforator flaps in rats. World J Surg Oncol 2019; 17:44. [PMID: 30813916 PMCID: PMC6394035 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1570-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bradykinin, a vasoactive peptide, has many biological functions. For example, it accelerates angiogenesis. Thus, we studied the effects of bradykinin on the survival of perforator flaps. Methods Averagely, 50 male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into control and bradykinin groups and underwent procedures to the multiterritory perforator flap. Areas of flap survival were tested 7 days later. Flap perfusion was evaluated by laser Doppler imaging. We assessed the extent of autophagy by determining LC3-II/I, Beclin 1, and p62. Flap angiogenesis was assessed by immunohistochemistry and H&E staining. We measured the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein using western blot. We assessed oxidative stress by measuring the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. The apoptotic index was also evaluated by western blot, and we determined nitric oxide (NO) production using an NO assay kit. Results The bradykinin group exhibited significantly larger areas of flap survival, higher blood supply, and more neovascularization. The bradykinin group also had higher SOD activity, higher VEGF expression and NO content, and reduced MDA compared to the control group. Rats treated with bradykinin also had lower levels of apoptosis and autophagy relative to the control group. Conclusion Our results suggest that bradykinin promotes the survival of multiterritory perforator flaps by increasing angiogenesis, promoting the release of NO, suppressing apoptosis, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieke Wang
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xue Yuan Road (West), Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Encheng Ji
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xue Yuan Road (West), Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xue Yuan Road (West), Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xue Yuan Road (West), Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Li Dai
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xue Yuan Road (West), Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Hand and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Medical University, No. 109, Xue Yuan Road (West), Lucheng District, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
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Broughton KM, Wang BJ, Firouzi F, Khalafalla F, Dimmeler S, Fernandez-Aviles F, Sussman MA. Mechanisms of Cardiac Repair and Regeneration. Circ Res 2018; 122:1151-1163. [PMID: 29650632 PMCID: PMC6191043 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular regenerative therapies are pursued on both basic and translational levels. Although efficacy and value of cell therapy for myocardial regeneration can be debated, there is a consensus that profound deficits in mechanistic understanding limit advances, optimization, and implementation. In collaboration with the TACTICS (Transnational Alliance for Regenerative Therapies in Cardiovascular Syndromes), this review overviews several pivotal aspects of biological processes impinging on cardiac maintenance, repair, and regeneration. The goal of summarizing current mechanistic understanding is to prompt innovative directions for fundamental studies delineating cellular reparative and regenerative processes. Empowering myocardial regenerative interventions, whether dependent on endogenous processes or exogenously delivered repair agents, ultimately depends on mastering mechanisms and novel strategies that take advantage of rather than being limited by inherent myocardial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Broughton
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, CA (K.M.B., B.J.W., F.F., F.K., M.A.S.); Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany (S.D.); and Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERCV and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Bingyan J Wang
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, CA (K.M.B., B.J.W., F.F., F.K., M.A.S.); Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany (S.D.); and Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERCV and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Fareheh Firouzi
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, CA (K.M.B., B.J.W., F.F., F.K., M.A.S.); Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany (S.D.); and Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERCV and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Farid Khalafalla
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, CA (K.M.B., B.J.W., F.F., F.K., M.A.S.); Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany (S.D.); and Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERCV and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Stefanie Dimmeler
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, CA (K.M.B., B.J.W., F.F., F.K., M.A.S.); Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany (S.D.); and Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERCV and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Francisco Fernandez-Aviles
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, CA (K.M.B., B.J.W., F.F., F.K., M.A.S.); Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany (S.D.); and Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERCV and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.)
| | - Mark A Sussman
- From the Department of Biology, San Diego State University Heart Institute and the Integrated Regenerative Research Institute, CA (K.M.B., B.J.W., F.F., F.K., M.A.S.); Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Center of Molecular Medicine, Frankfurt, Germany (S.D.); and Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), CIBERCV and Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain (F.F.-A.).
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Xing F, Han H, He Y, Zhang Y, Jing L, Xu Z, Xi J. Roles of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in NECA-Induced Cardioprotection against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:2490501. [PMID: 29391923 PMCID: PMC5748120 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2490501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate whether the nonselective A2 adenosine receptor agonist NECA induces cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury via glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) through inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). METHODS AND RESULTS H9c2 cells were exposed to H2O2 for 20 minutes. NECA significantly prevented H2O2-induced TMRE fluorescence reduction, indicating that NECA inhibited the mPTP opening. NECA blocked H2O2-induced GSK-3β phosphorylation and GRP94 expression. NECA increased GSK-3β phosphorylation and decreased GRP94 expression, which were prevented by both ERS inductor 2-DG and PKG inhibitor KT5823, suggesting that NECA may induce cardioprotection through GSK-3β and cGMP/PKG via ERS. In isolated rat hearts, both NECA and the ERS inhibitor TUDCA decreased myocardial infarction, increased GSK-3β phosphorylation, and reversed GRP94 expression at reperfusion, suggesting that NECA protected the heart by inhibiting GSK-3β and ERS. Transmission electron microscopy showed that NECA and TUDCA reduced mitochondrial swelling and endoplasmic reticulum expansion, further supporting that NECA protected the heart by preventing the mPTP opening and ERS. CONCLUSION These data suggest that NECA prevents the mPTP opening through inactivation of GSK-3β via ERS inhibition. The cGMP/PKG signaling pathway is responsible for GSK-3β inactivation by NECA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengmei Xing
- College of Nursing and Rehabilitation, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Hui Han
- College of Nursing and Rehabilitation, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Yonggui He
- Heart Institute, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Yidong Zhang
- Heart Institute, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Liwei Jing
- College of Nursing and Rehabilitation, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Zhelong Xu
- Heart Institute, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Jinkun Xi
- Heart Institute, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063000, China
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Loss of myocardial protection against myocardial infarction in middle-aged transgenic mice overexpressing cardiac thioredoxin-1. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11889-98. [PMID: 26933812 PMCID: PMC4914256 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Given that the age at which the first episode of coronary disease takes place has considerably decreased, life at middle-aged (MA) emerges as a new field of study. The aim was determine whether infarct size, Trx1 expression and activity, Akt and GSK-3β were altered in young (Y) and MA mice overexpressing cardiac Trx1, and in a dominant negative (DN-Trx1) mutant of Trx1. Langendorff-perfused hearts were subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia and 120 minutes of reperfusion (R). We used 3 and 12 month-old male of wild type (WT), Trx1, and DN-Trx1. Trx1 overexpression reduced infarct size in young mice (WT-Y: 46.8±4.1% vs. Trx1-Y: 27.6±3.5%, p < 0.05). Trx1 activity was reduced by 52.3±3.2% (p < 0.05) in Trx1-MA, accompanied by an increase in nitration by 17.5±0.9%, although Trx1 expression in transgenic mice was similar between young and middle-aged. The expression of p-Akt and p-GSK-3β increased during reperfusion in Trx1-Y. DN-Trx1 mice showed neither reduction in infarct size nor Akt and GSK-3β phosphorylation. Our data suggest that the lack of protection in Trx1 middle-aged mice even with normal Trx1 expression may be associated to decreased Trx1 activity, increased nitration and inhibition of p-Akt and p-GSK-3β.
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Guerrero Orriach J, Galán Ortega M, Ramirez Fernandez A, Ramirez Aliaga M, Moreno Cortes M, Ariza Villanueva D, Florez Vela A, Alcaide Torres J, Santiago Fernandez C, Matute Gonzalez E, Alsina Marcos E, Escalona Belmonte J, Rubio Navarro M, Garrido Sanchez L, Cruz Mañas J. Cardioprotective efficacy of sevoflurane vs. propofol during induction and/or maintenance in patients undergoing coronary artery revascularization surgery without pump: A randomized trial. Int J Cardiol 2017; 243:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.04.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Xu J, Bian X, Liu Y, Hong L, Teng T, Sun Y, Xu Z. Adenosine A 2 receptor activation ameliorates mitochondrial oxidative stress upon reperfusion through the posttranslational modification of NDUFV2 subunit of complex I in the heart. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:208-218. [PMID: 28219781 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While it is well known that adenosine receptor activation protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury, the precise mitochondrial mechanism responsible for the action remains unknown. This study probed the mitochondrial events associated with the cardioprotective effect of 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido) adenosine (NECA), an adenosine A2 receptor agonist. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30min ischemia followed by 10min of reperfusion, whereas H9c2 cells experienced 20min ischemia and 10min reperfusion. NECA prevented mitochondrial structural damage, decreases in respiratory control ratio (RCR), and collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Both the adenosine A2A receptor antagonist SCH58261 and A2B receptor antagonist MRS1706 inhibited the action of NECA. NECA reduced mitochondrial proteins carbonylation, H2O2, and superoxide generation at reperfusion, but did not change superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. In support, the protective effects of NECA and Peg-SOD on ΔΨm upon reperfusion were additive, implying that NECA's protection is attributable to the reduced superoxide generation but not to the enhancement of the superoxide-scavenging capacity. NECA increased the mitochondrial Src tyrosine kinase activity and suppressed complex I activity at reperfusion in a Src-dependent manner. NECA also reduced mitochondrial superoxide through Src tyrosine kinase. Studies with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) identified Tyr118 of the NDUFV2 subunit of complex 1 as a likely site of the tyrosine phosphorylation. Furthermore, the complex I activity of cells transfected with the Y118F mutant was increased, suggesting that this site might be a negative regulator of complex I activity. In support, NECA failed to suppress complex I activity at reperfusion in cells transfected with the Y118F mutant of NDUFV2. In conclusion, NECA prevents mitochondrial oxidative stress by decreasing mitochondrial superoxide generation through inhibition of complex I via the mitochondrial Src tyrosine kinase. Phosphorylation of Tyr118 residue in NDUFV2 subunit may account for the inhibitory effect of NECA on complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingman Xu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiyun Bian
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lan Hong
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Tianming Teng
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yuemin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
| | - Zhelong Xu
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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Reperfusion Therapy with Rapamycin Attenuates Myocardial Infarction through Activation of AKT and ERK. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4619720. [PMID: 28373901 PMCID: PMC5360974 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4619720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prompt coronary reperfusion is the gold standard for minimizing injury following acute myocardial infarction. Rapamycin, mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, exerts preconditioning-like cardioprotective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We hypothesized that Rapamycin, given at the onset of reperfusion, reduces myocardial infarct size through modulation of mTOR complexes. Adult C57 male mice were subjected to 30 min of myocardial ischemia followed by reperfusion for 1 hour/24 hours. Rapamycin (0.25 mg/kg) or DMSO (7.5%) was injected intracardially at the onset of reperfusion. Post-I/R survival (87%) and cardiac function (fractional shortening, FS: 28.63 ± 3.01%) were improved in Rapamycin-treated mice compared to DMSO (survival: 63%, FS: 17.4 ± 2.6%). Rapamycin caused significant reduction in myocardial infarct size (IS: 26.2 ± 2.2%) and apoptosis (2.87 ± 0.64%) as compared to DMSO-treated mice (IS: 47.0 ± 2.3%; apoptosis: 7.39 ± 0.81%). Rapamycin induced phosphorylation of AKT S473 (target of mTORC2) but abolished ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation (target of mTORC1) after I/R. Rapamycin induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but inhibited p38 phosphorylation. Infarct-limiting effect of Rapamycin was abolished with ERK inhibitor, PD98059. Rapamycin also attenuated Bax and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. These results suggest that reperfusion therapy with Rapamycin protects the heart against I/R injury by selective activation of mTORC2 and ERK with concurrent inhibition of mTORC1 and p38.
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Polshekan M, Jamialahmadi K, Khori V, Alizadeh AM, Saeidi M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Jand Y, Ghahremani MH, Yazdani Y. RISK pathway is involved in oxytocin postconditioning in isolated rat heart. Peptides 2016; 86:55-62. [PMID: 27717750 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway is a fundamental signal transduction cascade in the cardioprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning. In the present study, we examined the cardioprotective role of oxytocin as a postconditioning agent via activation of the RISK pathway (PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2). Animals were randomly divided into 6 groups. The hearts were subjected under 30minutes (min) ischemia and 100min reperfusion. OT was perfused 15min at the early phase of reperfusion. RISK pathway inhibitors (Wortmannin; an Akt inhibitor, PD98059; an ERK1/2 inhibitor) and Atosiban (an OT receptor antagonist) were applied either alone 10min before the onset of the ischemia or in the combination with OT during early reperfusion phase. Myocardial infarct size, hemodynamic factors, ventricular arrhythmia, coronary flow and cardiac biochemical marker were measured at the end of reperfusion. OT postconditioning (OTpost), significantly decreased the infarct size, arrhythmia score, incidence of ventricular fibrillation, Lactate dehydrogenase and it increased coronary flow. The cardioprotective effect of OTpos was abrogated by PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2 inhibitors and Atosiban. Our data have shown that OTpost can activate RISK pathway mostly via the PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2 signaling cascades during the early phase of reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirali Polshekan
- Student Research Committee, Department of Modern Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kadijeh Jamialahmadi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Khori
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | | | - Mohsen Saeidi
- Stem cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yahya Jand
- Ischemic Disorders Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yaghoub Yazdani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center and Laboratory Science Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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15
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Understanding pacing postconditioning-mediated cardiac protection: a role of oxidative stress and a synergistic effect of adenosine. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 73:175-185. [PMID: 27864790 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We and others have demonstrated a protective role for pacing postconditioning (PPC) against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart; however, the underlying mechanisms behind these protective effects are not completely understood. In this study, we wanted to further characterize PPC-mediated cardiac protection, specifically identify optimal pacing sites; examine the role of oxidative stress; and test the existence of a potential synergistic effect between PPC and adenosine. Isolated rat hearts were subjected to coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion. PPC involved three, 30 s, episodes of alternating left ventricular (LV) and right atrial (RA) pacing. Multiple pacing protocols with different pacing electrode locations were used. To test the involvement of oxidative stress, target-specific agonists or antagonists were infused at the beginning of reperfusion. Hemodynamic data were digitally recorded, and cardiac enzymes, oxidant, and antioxidant status were chemically measured. Pacing at the LV or RV but not at the heart apex or base significantly (P < 0.001) protected against ischemia-reperfusion injury. PPC-mediated protection was completely abrogated in the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, ebselen; peroxynitrite (ONOO-) scavenger, uric acid; and nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME. Nitric oxide (NO) donor, snap, however significantly (P < 0.05) protected the heart against I/R injury in the absence of PPC. The protective effects of PPC were significantly improved by adenosine. PPC-stimulated protection can be achieved by alternating LV and RA pacing applied at the beginning of reperfusion. NO, ROS, and the product of their interaction ONOO- play a significant role in PPC-induced cardiac protection. Finally, the protective effects of PPC can be synergized with adenosine.
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Lian ZX, Wang F, Fu JH, Chen ZY, Xin H, Yao RY. ATP-induced cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated through the RISK pathway. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:2063-2068. [PMID: 27698693 PMCID: PMC5038560 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the post-infarct acute effect of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) on myocardial infarction (MI) size as well as its precise molecular mechanism. Sixty New Zealand white male rabbits were exposed to 40 min of ischemia followed by 180 min of reperfusion. The rabbits were intravenously administered 3 mg/kg of ATP (ATP group) or saline (control group) immediately after reperfusion and maintained throughout the first 30 min. The wortmannin+ATP, PD-98059+ATP, and 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (5-HD) sodium salt+ATP groups were separately injected with wortmannin (0.6 mg/kg), PD-98059 (0.3 mg/kg), and 5-HD (5 mg/kg) 5 min prior to ATP administration. MI size was calculated as the percentage of the risk area in the left ventricle. Myocardial apoptosis was determined using a TUNEL assay. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the levels of protein kinase B (Akt)/p-Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p-ERK in the ischemic myocardium, 180 min after reperfusion. The infarct size was significantly smaller in the ATP group than in the control group (p<0.05). The infarct size-reducing effect of ATP was completely blocked by wortmannin, PD-98059 and 5-HD. Compared with the control group, cardiomyocyte apoptosis was significantly reduced in the ATP group, while this did not occur in the wortmannin+ATP, PD-98059+ATP and 5-HD+ATP groups. Western blot analysis revealed a higher myocardial expression of p-Akt and p-ERK 180 min following reperfusion in the ATP versus the control group. In conclusion, cardioprotection by postischemic ATP administration is mediated through activation of the reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) pathway and opening of the mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe-Xun Lian
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hua Fu
- Department of Interventional Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Zuo-Yuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xin
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Yong Yao
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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Sharma R, Randhawa PK, Singh N, Jaggi AS. Bradykinin in ischemic conditioning-induced tissue protection: Evidences and possible mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 768:58-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Mendonça LR, Joviliano EE, Ramalho FS, Ramalho LNZ, Evora PRB, Piccinato CE. Bradykinin Impairs and HOE 140 does not Protect Rat Hindlimb Skeletal Muscle Against Tourniquet-induced Reperfusion Injury. J INVEST SURG 2015; 29:13-9. [PMID: 26375056 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2015.1041656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bradykinin (BK) is used in different tissues. Dose-dependent studies have demonstrated that low doses protect against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury while higher doses lead to adverse effects. Although the beneficial effects of BK infusion were observed in myocardium, its role on the I/R impact in skeletal muscle (SM) has not been fully clarified. OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of BK, administered in the hindlimbs of rats subjected to I/R. METHODS The study design included three experimental groups: Group 1 control (saline), Group 2 (bradykinin), and Group 3 (HOE 140, a BK2 receptor blocker). In all three groups, rats were subjected to hindlimb ischemia for a total of 2 h followed by continuous 4 h of reperfusion with pharmacological interventions. The methods include analysis of enzymes (lactate dehydrogenase-LDH and creatinine phosphokinase-CPK), cell membrane marker of injury (malondialdeyde-MDA), recruitment of neutrophils (myeloperoxidase-MPO), and apoptosis index (immunohistochemistry TUNEL in situ peroxidase dead end). RESULTS Except for the apoptotic index, all parameters studied were shown to be elevated in the reperfusion group intervened with BK. The blocking of BK2 receptors by HOE 140 did not affect the I/R injury. CONCLUSION After 2 h of total ischemia, infusion of bradykinin during 4 h of reperfusion, worsened the I/R injury in the hindlimb skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano R Mendonça
- a Divisions of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, University of São Paulo
| | - Edwaldo E Joviliano
- a Divisions of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, University of São Paulo
| | - Fernando S Ramalho
- b Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo
| | - Leandra N Z Ramalho
- b Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo
| | - Paulo R B Evora
- a Divisions of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, University of São Paulo
| | - Carlos E Piccinato
- a Divisions of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery and Cardiovascular Surgery, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anatomy, University of São Paulo
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19
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Maslov LN, Mukhomedzyanov AV, Tsibulnikov SY, Chauski EI, Khaliulin IG, Portnichenko AG. Role of MEK, PI3, p38, Tyrosine, and mTOR Kinases in Regulation of Heart Resistance to the Arrhythmogenic Action of Short-Term Ischemia and Reperfusion. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 158:729-31. [PMID: 25894770 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
MEK, PI3, p38, tyrosine, and mTOR kinases are not involved in the regulation of heart resistance to the arrhythmogenic action of short-term ischemia/reperfusion in non-adapted rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L N Maslov
- Research Institute of Cardiology, Tomsk, Russia,
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20
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Cohen MV, Downey JM. Signalling pathways and mechanisms of protection in pre- and postconditioning: historical perspective and lessons for the future. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:1913-32. [PMID: 25205071 PMCID: PMC4386972 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic pre- and postconditioning are potent cardioprotective interventions that spare ischaemic myocardium and decrease infarct size after periods of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion. They are dependent on complex signalling pathways involving ligands released from ischaemic myocardium, G-protein-linked receptors, membrane growth factor receptors, phospholipids, signalling kinases, NO, PKC and PKG, mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channels, reactive oxygen species, TNF-α and sphingosine-1-phosphate. The final effector is probably the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and the signalling produces protection by preventing pore formation. Many investigators have worked to produce a roadmap of this signalling with the hope that it would reveal where one could intervene to therapeutically protect patients with acute myocardial infarction whose hearts are being reperfused. However, attempts to date to show efficacy of such an intervention in large clinical trials have been unsuccessful. Reasons for this inability to translate successes in the experimental laboratory to the clinical arena are evaluated in this review. It is suggested that all patients with acute coronary syndromes currently presenting to the hospital and being treated with platelet P2Y12 receptor antagonists, the current standard of care, are indeed already benefiting from protection from the conditioning pathways outlined earlier. If that proves to be the case, then future attempts to further decrease infarction will have to rely on interventions which protect by a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Cohen
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama College of MedicineMobile, AL, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama College of MedicineMobile, AL, USA
| | - James M Downey
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama College of MedicineMobile, AL, USA
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21
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Zholobenko A, Modriansky M. Silymarin and its constituents in cardiac preconditioning. Fitoterapia 2014; 97:122-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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22
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Bibli SI, Iliodromitis EK, Lambertucci C, Zoga A, Lougiakis N, Dagres N, Volpini R, Dal Ben D, Kremastinos DT, Tsantili Kakoulidou A, Cristalli G, Andreadou I. Pharmacological postconditioning of the rabbit heart with non-selective, A1, A2A and A3 adenosine receptor agonists. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1140-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
We investigated the effects of novel selective and non-selective adenosine receptor agonists (ARs) on cardioprotection.
Methods
Male rabbits divided into six groups were subjected to 30-min heart ischaemia and 3-h reperfusion: (1) control group, (2) postconditioning (PostC) group, (3) group A: treated with the non-selective agonist (S)-PHPNECA, (4) group B: treated with the A1 agonist CCPA, (5) group C: treated with the A2A agonist VT 7 and (6) group D: treated with the A3 agonist AR 170. The infarcted (I) and the areas at risk (R) were estimated as %I/R. In additional rabbits of all groups, heart samples were taken for determination of Akt, eNOS and STAT 3 at the 10th reperfusion minute.
Key findings
(S)-PHPNECA and CCPA reduced the infarct size (17.2 ± 2.9% and 17.9 ± 2.0% vs 46.8 ± 1.9% in control, P < 0.05), conferring a benefit similar to PostC (26.4 ± 0.3%). Selective A2A and A3 receptor agonists did not reduce the infarct size (39.5 ± 0.8% and 38.7 ± 3.5%, P = NS vs control). Akt, eNOS and STAT 3 were significantly activated after non-selective A1 ARs and PostC.
Conclusions
Non-selective and A1 but not A2A and A3 ARs agonists are essential for triggering cardioprotection. The molecular mechanism involves both RISK and the JAK/STAT pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia-Iris Bibli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios K Iliodromitis
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Catia Lambertucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Anastasia Zoga
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Lougiakis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Dagres
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Rosaria Volpini
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Diego Dal Ben
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Th Kremastinos
- Second Department of Cardiology, Attikon University Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Gloria Cristalli
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Ioanna Andreadou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens School of Pharmacy, Athens, Greece
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Caspase Inhibition Via A3 Adenosine Receptors: A New Cardioprotective Mechanism Against Myocardial Infarction. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2013; 28:19-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Guerrero Orriach JL, Galán Ortega M, Ramirez Aliaga M, Iglesias P, Rubio Navarro M, Cruz Mañas J. Prolonged sevoflurane administration in the off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: beneficial effects. J Crit Care 2013; 28:879.e13-8. [PMID: 23886454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The benefits of intraoperative administration of halogenated agents in patients undergoing cardiac surgery have been shown by numerous studies. The mechanisms of preconditioning and postconditioning appear to be the cause of these benefits. The possibility of maintaining the early postoperative sedation with halogenated agents, after its intraoperative administration, can increase their benefits. PATIENTS AND METHODS This is a prospective trial with 60 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery divided into 3 groups according to the administration of hypnotic drugs in the intraoperative and postoperative periods (sevoflurane, sevoflurane: SS, sevoflurane-propofol: SP, propofol-propofol: PP). For the first 48 hours, hemodynamic parameters, the need for inotropic drugs, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide, and troponin I plasmatic concentrations were obtained. RESULTS There were significant differences between group SS and the other 2 groups in the levels of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (SS [501±280 pg/mL] compared with SP [1270±498 pg/mL] and PP [1775±527 pg/mL] [P<.05]) and troponin I (SS [0.5±0.4 ng/mL] compared with SP [1.61±1.30 ng/mL] and PP [2.27±1.5 ng/mL] [P<.05]) and a lower number of inotropic drugs. CONCLUSION Sevoflurane administration in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass graft, in the operating room and the intensive care unit, decreases myocardial injury markers compared with patients who only received sevoflurane in the intraoperative period, but both were a better option to decrease levels of myocardial markers when compared with the propofol group.
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Potier L, Waeckel L, Vincent MP, Chollet C, Gobeil F, Marre M, Bruneval P, Richer C, Roussel R, Alhenc-Gelas F, Bouby N. Selective Kinin Receptor Agonists as Cardioprotective Agents in Myocardial Ischemia and Diabetes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:23-30. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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26
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Rungatscher A, Linardi D, Giacomazzi A, Tessari M, Menon T, Mazzucco A, Faggian G. Cardioprotective effect of δ-opioid receptor agonist vs mild therapeutic hypothermia in a rat model of cardiac arrest with extracorporeal life support. Resuscitation 2013; 84:244-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Intralipid, a clinically safe compound, protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury more efficiently than cyclosporine-A. Anesthesiology 2012; 117:836-46. [PMID: 22814384 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3182655e73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have recently shown that postischemic administration of intralipid protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Here we compared the cardioprotective effects of intralipid with cyclosporine-A, a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. METHODS In vivo rat hearts or isolated Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts were subjected to ischemia followed by reperfusion with intralipid (0.5%, 1% and 2% ex-vivo, and 20% in vivo), cyclosporine-A (0.2 μM, 0.8 μM, and 1.5 μM ex- vivo and 10 mg/kg in vivo), or vehicle. The hemodynamic function, infarct size, calcium retention capacity, mitochondrial superoxide production, and phosphorylation levels of protein kinase B (Akt)/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) were measured. The values are mean ± SEM. RESULTS Administration of intralipid at reperfusion significantly reduced myocardial infarct size compared with cyclosporine-A in vivo (infarct size/area at risk)%: 22.9 ± 2.5% vs. 35.2 ± 3.5%; P = 0.030, n = 7/group). Postischemic administration of intralipid at its optimal dose (1%) was more effective than cyclosporine-A (0.8 μM) in protecting the ex vivo heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury, as the rate pressure product at the end of reperfusion was significantly higher (mmHg · beats/min: 12,740 ± 675 [n = 7] vs. 9,203 ± 10,781 [n = 5], P = 0.024), and the infarct size was markedly smaller (17.3 ± 2.9 [n = 7] vs. 29.2 ± 2.7 [n = 5], P = 0.014). Intralipid was as efficient as cyclosporine-A in inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening (calcium retention capacity = 280 ± 8.2 vs. 260.3 ± 2.9 nmol/mg mitochondria protein in cyclosporine-A, P = 0.454, n = 6) and in reducing cardiac mitochondrial superoxide production. Unlike intralipid, which increased phosphorylation of Akt (6-fold) and GSK-3β (5-fold), cyclosporine-A had no effect on the activation of these prosurvival kinases. CONCLUSIONS Although intralipid inhibits the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore as efficiently as cyclosporine-A, intralipid is more effective in reducing the infarct size and improving the cardiac functional recovery.
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Donner D, Headrick JP, Peart JN, du Toit EF. Obesity improves myocardial ischaemic tolerance and RISK signalling in insulin-insensitive rats. Dis Model Mech 2012; 6:457-66. [PMID: 23161371 PMCID: PMC3597027 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity with associated metabolic disturbances worsens ischaemic heart disease outcomes, and rodent studies confirm that obesity with insulin-resistance impairs myocardial resistance to ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury. However, the effects of obesity per se are unclear, with some evidence for paradoxic cardioprotection (particularly in older subjects). We tested the impact of dietary obesity on I-R tolerance and reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) signalling in hearts from middle-aged (10 months old) insulin-insensitive rats. Hearts from Wistar rats on either a 32-week control (CD) or high carbohydrate obesogenic (OB) diet were assessed for I-R resistance in vivo (45 minutes left anterior descending artery occlusion and 120 minutes reperfusion) and ex vivo (25 minutes ischemia and 60 minutes reperfusion). Expression and δ-opioid receptor (δ-OR) phospho-regulation of pro-survival (Akt/PKB, Erk1/2, eNOS) and pro-injury (GSK3β) enzymes were also examined. OB rats were heavier (764±25 versus 657±22 g for CD; P<0.05), hyperleptinaemic (11.1±0.7 versus 5.0±0.7 for CD; P<0.01) and comparably insulin-insensitive (HOMA-IR of 63.2±3.3 versus 63.2±1.6 for CD). In vivo infarction was more than halved in OB (20±3%) versus CD rats (45±6% P<0.05), as was post-ischaemic lactate dehydrogenase efflux (0.4±0.3 mU/ml versus 5.6±0.5 mU/ml; P<0.02) and ex vivo contractile dysfunction (62±2% versus 44±6% recovery of ventricular force; P<0.05). OB hearts exhibited up to 60% higher Akt expression, with increased phosphorylation of eNOS (+100%), GSK3β (+45%) and Erk1/2 (+15%). Pre-ischaemic δ-OR agonism with BW373U86 improved recoveries in CD hearts in association with phosphorylation of Akt (+40%), eNOS (+75%) and GSK3β (+30%), yet failed to further enhance RISK-NOS activation or I-R outcomes in OB hearts. In summary, dietary obesity in the context of age-related insulin-insensitivity paradoxically improves myocardial I-R tolerance, in association with moderate hyperleptinaemic and enhanced RISK expression and phospho-regulation. However, OB hearts are resistant to further RISK modulation and cardioprotection via acute δ-OR agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Donner
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University Gold Coast, QLD 4217, Australia
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Downey JM, Cohen MV. A2B or not 2B: that is the question: AUTHORS' RETROSPECTIVE. Cardiovasc Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Moghimian M, Faghihi M, Karimian SM, Imani A. The effect of acute stress exposure on ischemia and reperfusion injury in rat heart: role of oxytocin. Stress 2012; 15:385-92. [PMID: 22044052 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.630436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed the protective effects of oxytocin (OT) on myocardial injury in ischemic and reperfused rat heart. Moreover, exposure to various stressors not only evokes sudden cardiovascular effects but also triggers the release of OT in the rat. The present study was aimed to evaluate the possible cardioprotective effects of endogenous OT released in response to stress (St), and effects of administration of exogenous OT on the ischemic-reperfused isolated heart of rats previously exposed to St. Wistar rats were divided into six groups: ischemia/reperfusion (IR); St: rats exposed to swim St for 10 min before anesthesia; St+atosiban (ATO): an OT receptor antagonist, was administered (1.5 mg/kg i.p.) prior to St; St+OT: OT was administered (0.03 mg/kg i.p.) prior to St; OT: OT was administrated prior to anesthesia; ATO was given prior to anesthesia. Isolated hearts were perfused with Krebs buffer solution by the Langendorff method and subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion. The infarct size (IS) and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in coronary effluent were measured. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded throughout the experiment. The plasma concentrations of OT and corticosterone were significantly increased by St. Unexpectedly St decreased IR injury compared with the IR alone group. OT administration significantly inhibited myocardial injury, and administration of ATO with St abolished recovery of the rate pressure product, and increased IS and levels of CK-MB and LDH. These findings indicate that activation of cardiac OT receptors by OT released in response to St may participate in cardioprotection and inhibition of myocardial IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moghimian
- Department of physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Cardiac vulnerability to ischemia/reperfusion injury drastically increases in late pregnancy. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:271. [PMID: 22648276 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the murine late pregnant (LP) heart is speculated to be a better functioning heart during physiological conditions, the susceptibility of LP hearts to I/R injury is still unknown. The aims of this study were to investigate the cardiac vulnerability of LP rodents to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and to explore its underlying mechanisms. In vivo female rat hearts [non-pregnant (NP) or LP] or ex vivo Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts were subjected to I/R. The infarct size was approximately fourfold larger in LP animals compared with NP both in vivo and ex vivo. The heart functional recovery was extremely poor in LP mice compared with NP (~10% recovery in LP vs. 80% recovery in NP at the end of reperfusion, P < 0.01). Interestingly, the poor functional recovery and the larger infarct size in LP were partially restored one day post-partum and almost fully restored 1 week post-partum to their corresponding NP levels. Mitochondrial respiratory function and the threshold for opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore were significantly lower in LP compared with NP when they both were subjected to myocardial I/R injury [Respiratory control ratio = 1.9 ± 0.1 vs. 4.0 ± 0.5 in NP, P < 0.05; calcium retention capacity (CRC) = 167 ± 10 vs. 233 ± 18 nmol/mg protein in NP, P < 0.01]. Cardiac reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, as well mitochondrial superoxide production, was approximately twofold higher in LP compared with NP following I/R. The phosphorylation levels of Akt, ERK1/2, and STAT3, but not GSK3β, were significantly reduced in the hearts from LP subjected to I/R. In conclusion, increased mitochondrial ROS generation, decreased CRC as well as impaired activation of Akt/ERK/STAT3 at reperfusion are the possible underlying mechanisms for higher vulnerability of LP hearts to I/R.
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Ischemic postconditioning promotes left ventricular functional recovery after cardioplegic arrest in an in vivo piglet model of global ischemia reperfusion injury on cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142:926-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Propofol post-conditioning protects against cardiomyocyte apoptosis in hypoxia/reoxygenation injury by suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B translocation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2011; 28:525-34. [PMID: 21666544 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0b013e32834296d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Perioperative myocardial ischaemia leads to an exceedingly high mortality. Previous studies have indicated that propofol pre-conditioning could mimic the cardioprotective effects of ischaemic pre-conditioning. The purpose of this study was to determine whether propofol post-conditioning is cardioprotective and to explore the possible molecular mechanism of propofol post-conditioning. METHODS Primary cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to 12 h of hypoxia followed by 4 h of reoxygenation (H/R) and post-conditioned by different concentrations of propofol at the onset of reperfusion with and without a specific inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). Cell apoptosis and the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species were measured using FACScalibur flow cytometric analysis. ERK1/2 phosphorylation and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation were determined by western blot and immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS Propofol post-conditioning enhanced cell viability (86.6 ± 6.5 versus 64.1 ± 3.4%) and reduced apoptosis (3.6 ± 0.4 versus 12.5 ± 2.1%) to protect cardiomyocytes against H/R injury. Meanwhile, propofol post-conditioning stimulated expression of phosphor-ERKs. H/R markedly induced p65 NF-κB nuclear translocation in cardiomyocytes, whereas propofol post-conditioning significantly suppressed H/R-primed NF-κB translocation. Moreover, addition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitor U0126 into cardiomyocytes 30 min before H/R eliminated the cardioprotection of propofol post-conditioning. CONCLUSION Propofol exerts cardioprotection when administered at the early phase of reperfusion. The effect is mediated through decrease in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and NF-κB nucleus translocation potentially via ERK signalling pathways.
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Xin W, Yang X, Rich TC, Krieg T, Barrington R, Cohen MV, Downey JM. All preconditioning-related G protein-coupled receptors can be demonstrated in the rabbit cardiomyocyte. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2011; 17:190-8. [PMID: 21828281 DOI: 10.1177/1074248411416815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors for adenosine (A(1), A(3), A(2A), and A(2B)), bradykinin (B(1)) and opioids (δ) are all involved in the mechanism of ischemic preconditioning. Although the heart is comprised of many tissue types, it has been assumed that preconditioning's protective signaling occurs in the cardiomyocyte. We critically tested that hypothesis by testing for the presence of each of these receptors in isolated adult rabbit ventricular myocytes that had been transfected with cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) ion channels. Because subsarcolemmal cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) opens the CNG channels, we could monitor cAMP levels within a single cardiomyocyte by measuring channel current with a patch pipette. The presence of a receptor would be confirmed if we could alter cAMP in the cell with a selective agonist to the receptor being studied. Superfusion with the β-adrenergic G(s)-coupled receptor agonist isoproterenol (50 nmol/L) transiently increased cAMP levels and, therefore, channel current. Pretreatment with selective agonists to A(1) or A(3) adenosine receptors (ARs) that are G(i)-coupled markedly attenuated the response to isoproterenol, indicating inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by increased G(i) activity. Agonists to bradykinin or δ-opioid receptors also attenuated isoproterenol's response. A(2A)AR and A(2B)AR are G(s)-coupled. The A(2A)AR-selective agonist CGS21680 increased current through CNG channels but only in the presence of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors, indicating low surface receptor activity and high intracellular PDE activity. As we previously reported, BAY 60-6583, an A(2B)AR-selective agonist which mimics preconditioning's protection in rabbit heart, neither increased nor decreased membrane current in transfected cardiomyocytes, suggesting the absence or a markedly limited number of A(2B)AR in the sarcolemma. However, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of purified cardiomyocytes yielded an A(2B)AR band, implying that rabbit cardiomyocytes do indeed express A(2B)AR. These data reveal that all receptors reported to be involved in ischemic preconditioning do exist on or within the cardiomyocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkuan Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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Yang X, Xin W, Yang XM, Kuno A, Rich TC, Cohen MV, Downey JM. A2B adenosine receptors inhibit superoxide production from mitochondrial complex I in rabbit cardiomyocytes via a mechanism sensitive to Pertussis toxin. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:995-1006. [PMID: 21366548 PMCID: PMC3130946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A(2B) adenosine receptors protect against ischaemia/reperfusion injury by activating survival kinases including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). However, the underlying mechanism(s) and signalling pathway(s) remain undefined. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HEK 293 cells stably transfected with human A(2B) adenosine receptors (HEK-A(2B) ) and isolated adult rabbit cardiomyocytes were used to assay phosphorylation of ERK by Western blot and cation flux through cAMP-gated channels by patch clamp methods. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria was measured with a fluorescent dye. KEY RESULTS In HEK-A(2B) cells, the selective A(2B) receptor agonist Bay 60-6583 (Bay 60) increased ERK phosphorylation and cAMP levels, detected by current through cAMP-gated ion channels. However, increased cAMP or its downstream target protein kinase A was not involved in ERK phosphorylation. Pertussis toxin (PTX) blocked ERK phosphorylation, suggesting receptor coupling to G(i) or G(o) proteins. Phosphorylation was also blocked by inhibition of PI3K (with wortmannin) or of ERK kinase (MEK1/2, with PD 98059) but not by inhibition of NO synthase (NOS). In cardiomyocytes, Bay 60 did not affect cAMP levels but did block the increased superoxide generation induced by rotenone, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. This effect of Bay 60 was inhibited by PD 98059, wortmannin or PTX. Inhibition of NOS blocked superoxide production because NOS is downstream of ERK. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of A(2B) adenosine receptors reduced superoxide generation from mitochondrial complex I through G(i/o) , ERK, PI3K, and NOS, all of which have been implicated in ischaemic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Yang
- Department of Physiology Pharmacology Medicine, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
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Williams-Pritchard G, Knight M, Hoe LS, Headrick JP, Peart JN. Essential role of EGFR in cardioprotection and signaling responses to A1 adenosine receptors and ischemic preconditioning. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H2161-8. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00639.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) may contribute to specific protective responses (e.g. mediated by δ-opioid, bradykinin, or muscarinic receptors). No studies have assessed EGFR involvement in cardioprotection mediated by adenosine receptors (ARs), and the role of EGFR in ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is unclear. We tested EGFR, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and heparin-binding EGF (HB-EGF) dependencies of functional protection via A1AR agonism or IPC. Pretreatment of mouse hearts with 100 nM of A1AR agonist 2-chloro- N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CCPA) or IPC (3 × 1.5-min ischemia/2-min reperfusion) substantially improved recovery from 25-min ischemia, reducing left ventricular diastolic dysfunction up to 50% and nearly doubling pressure development and positive change in pressure over time (+dP/d t). Benefit with both CCPA and IPC was eliminated by inhibitors of EGFR tyrosine kinase (0.3 μM AG1478), MMP (0.3 μM GM6001), or HB-EGF ligand (0.3 ng/ml CRM197), none of which independently altered postischemic outcome. Phosphorylation of myocardial EGFR, Erk1/2, and Akt increased two- to threefold during A1AR agonism, with responses blocked by AG1478, GM6001, and CRM197. Studies in HL-1 myocytes confirm A1AR-dependent Erk1/2 phosphorylation is negated by AG1478 or GM6001, and reduced with CRM197 (as was Akt activation). These data collectively reveal that A1AR- and IPC-mediated functional protection is entirely EGFR and MMP dependent, potentially involving the HB-EGF ligand. Myocardial survival kinase activation (Erk1/2, Akt) by A1AR agonism is similarly MMP/HB-EGF/EGFR dependent. Thus MMP-mediated EGFR activation appears essential to cardiac protection and signaling via A1ARs and preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Knight
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Louise See Hoe
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - John P. Headrick
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason N. Peart
- Heart Foundation Research Centre, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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Weerateerangkul P, Chattipakorn S, Chattipakorn N. Roles of the nitric oxide signaling pathway in cardiac ischemic preconditioning against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Med Sci Monit 2011; 17:RA44-52. [PMID: 21278703 PMCID: PMC3524696 DOI: 10.12659/msm.881385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a vasoactive gas that can freely diffuse into the cell, has many physiological effects in various cell types. Since 1986, numerous studies of ischemic preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury have been undertaken and the roles of the NO signaling pathway in cardioprotection have been explored. Many studies have confirmed the effect of NO and that its relative signaling pathway is important for preconditioning of the cardioprotective effect. The NO signaling against I/R injury targeted on the mitochondria is believed to be the end-target for cardioprotection. If the NO signaling pathway is disrupted or inhibited, cardioprotection by preconditioning disappears. During preconditioning, signaling is initiated from the sarcolemmal membrane, and then spread into the cytoplasm via many series of enzymes, including nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the NO-producing enzyme, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), and protein kinase G (PKG). Finally, the signal is transmitted into the mitochondria, where the cardioprotective effect occurs. It is now well established that mitochondria act to protect the heart against I/R injury via the opening of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ channel and the inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT). This knowledge may be useful in developing novel strategies for clinical cardioprotection from I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punate Weerateerangkul
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Yang X, Liu Y, Yang XM, Hu F, Cui L, Swingle MR, Honkanen RE, Soltani P, Tissier R, Cohen MV, Downey JM. Cardioprotection by mild hypothermia during ischemia involves preservation of ERK activity. Basic Res Cardiol 2011; 106:421-30. [PMID: 21399968 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-011-0165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cooling the ischemic heart by just a few degrees protects it from infarction without affecting its mechanical function, but the mechanism of this protection is unknown. We investigated whether signal transduction pathways might be involved in the anti-infarct effect of mild hypothermia (35°C). Isolated rabbit hearts underwent 30 min of coronary artery occlusion/2 h of reperfusion. They were either maintained at 38.5°C or cooled to 35°C just before and only during ischemia. Infarct size was measured. The effects of the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N (ω)-nitro-L: -arginine methyl ester (L: -NAME), the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase antagonist wortmannin, or either of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitors PD98059 or U0126 on cooling's protection were examined. Myocardial ATP assays were performed and the level of phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and MEK was examined by western blotting. To investigate an effect of cooling on protein phosphatase (PPase), a PPase inhibitor cantharidin was tested in the infarct model and the effect of mild hypothermia on PP2A activity in vitro was measured. Infarct size was 34.4 ± 2.2% of the ischemic zone in normothermic (38.5°C) hearts, but only 15.6 ± 8.7% in hearts cooled to 35°C during ischemia. Mechanical function was unaffected. Neither chelerythrine, L: -NAME, nor wortmannin had any effect, but both PD98059 and U0126 completely eliminated protection. Ischemia rather than reperfusion was the critical time when ERK had to be active to realize protection. Phosphorylation of ERK and MEK fell during normothermic ischemia, but during hypothermic ischemia phosphorylation of ERK remained high while that of MEK was increased. Cooling only slightly delayed the rate at which ATP fell during ischemia, and ERK inhibition did not affect that attenuation suggesting ATP preservation was unrelated to protection. Cantharidin, like cooling, also protected during ischemia but not at reperfusion, and its protection was dependent on ERK phosphorylation. However, mild hypothermia had a negligible effect on PP2A activity in an in vitro assay. Hence, mild hypothermia preserves ERK and MEK activity during ischemia which somehow protects the heart. While a PPase inhibitor mimicked cooling's protection, a direct effect of cooling on PP2A could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulan Yang
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, 36688, USA
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Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning, a robust cardioprotective intervention, has limited clinical efficacy because it must be initiated before myocardial ischemia. Conversely, ischemic postconditioning, repeated brief reocclusions of a coronary artery after release of prolonged coronary occlusion, provides cardioprotection in clinically feasible settings, that is, coronary angioplasty. Ischemic postconditioning's signaling is being investigated to identify pharmacological triggers that could be used without angioplasty. In initial minutes of reperfusion H(+) washes out of previously ischemic cells. pH rises enabling mitochondrial permeability transition pores (MPTPs) to form leading to cessation of ATP production and cell necrosis. Coronary reocclusions maintain sufficient acidosis to keep MPTP closed while signaling is initiated that can generate endogenous antagonists of MPTP formation even after cellular pH normalizes. Reintroduction of oxygen generates reactive oxygen species that activate protein kinase C to increase sensitivity of adenosine A(2b) receptors allowing adenosine released from ischemic cells to bind leading to activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation results in phosphorylation of Akt promoting activation of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide production, which inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3β, perhaps the final cytosolic signaling step before inhibition of MPTP formation. Interference with MPTP may be the final step that determines cell salvage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Cohen
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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McIntosh VJ, Lasley RD. Adenosine receptor-mediated cardioprotection: are all 4 subtypes required or redundant? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2011; 17:21-33. [PMID: 21335481 DOI: 10.1177/1074248410396877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, which is produced primarily through the metabolism of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), therefore its levels increase during stressful situations when ATP utilization increases. Adenosine exerts potent cardioprotective effects on the ischemic/reperfused heart, reducing reversible and irreversible myocardial injury. Adenosine receptors (ARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors, and 4 subtypes exist--A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3), all of which have been shown to be cardioprotective. Adenosine receptors are expressed on multiple cardiac cells, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and myocytes. Activation of both A(1) and A(3) receptors prior to ischemia has been shown in multiple experimental models to reduce ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury. Additionally, activation of the A(2A) receptor at the onset of reperfusion has been shown to reduce injury. Most recently, there is evidence that the A(2B) receptor has cardioprotective effects upon its activation. However, controversy remains regarding the precise timing of activation of these receptors required to induce cardioprotection, as well as their involvement in ischemic preconditioning and postconditioning. Adenosine receptors have been suggested to reduce cell death through actions at the mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium (K(ATP)) channel, as well as protein kinase C and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Additionally, the ability of ARs to interact has been documented, and several recent reports suggest that these interactions play a role in AR-mediated cardioprotection. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the cardioprotective effects of each AR subtype, as well as the proposed mechanisms of AR cardioprotection. Additionally, the role of AR interactions in cardioprotection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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Abstract
A series of brief ischemia/reperfusion cycles (termed ischemic preconditioning, IPC) limits myocardial injury produced by a subsequent prolonged period of coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. Over the last 2 decades our understanding of IPC's mechanism has increased exponentially. Hearts exposed to IPC have a better metabolic and ionic status during prolonged ischemia compared to naïve hearts. However, this difference is not thought to be the main mechanism by which IPC protects against infarction. Signaling pathways that are activated by IPC distinguish IPC hearts from naïve hearts. During the trigger phase of IPC, adenosine, bradykinin and opioid receptors are occupied. Although these three receptors trigger signaling through divergent pathways, the signaling converges on protein kinase C. We have proposed that at the end of the index ischemia the activated PKC sensitizes the low-affinity A(2b) adenosine receptor (A(2b)AR) through phosphorylation of either the receptor or its coupling proteins so that A(2b)AR can be activated by endogenous adenosine released by the previously ischemic cardiomyocytes. The sensitized A(2b)AR would then be responsible for activation of the survival kinases including PI3 kinase, Akt and ERK which then act to inhibit lethal mitochondrial permeability transition pore formation which normally uncouples mitochondria and destroys many myocytes in the first minutes of reperfusion. Herein we review the evidence for the above mechanisms and their functional details.
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Mimuro S, Katoh T, Suzuki A, Yu S, Adachi YU, Uraoka M, Sano H, Sato S. Deterioration of myocardial injury due to dexmedetomidine administration after myocardial ischaemia. Resuscitation 2010; 81:1714-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Tong G, Sun Z, Wei X, Gu C, Kaye AD, Wang Y, Li J, Zhang Q, Guo H, Yu S, Yi D, Pei J. U50,488H postconditioning reduces apoptosis after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Life Sci 2010; 88:31-8. [PMID: 21034750 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Evidence has indicated U50,488H, a selective κ-opioid receptor (κ-OR) agonist, administered before ischemia attenuates apoptosis and infarction during ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). However, it remains unclear whether U50,488H postconditioning reduces apoptosis during I/R. This study was designed, therefore, to test the hypothesis that U50,488H administered at the onset of reperfusion inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis and to investigate the underlying mechanisms. MAIN METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion(MI/R) and were randomized to receive either vehicle, U50,488H, U50,488H plus Nor-BNI, a selective κ-OR antagonist, U50,488H plus wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3'-kinase (PI3K), or U50,488H plus L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (NOS inhibitor), immediately prior to reperfusion. In vitro study was performed on cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes subjected to simulated ischemia/reperfusion. KEY FINDINGS Treatment with U50,488H resulted in increases in Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation with secondary NO production both in vivo and in vitro and these effect were completely blocked by wortmannin and specific Akt inhibitor(AI). L-NAME treatment had no effect on Akt and eNOS phosphorylation; but, significantly reduced NO production. Moreover, treatment with U50,488H markedly reduced myocardial apoptotic death. Treatment with wortmannin and specific Akt inhibitor abolished the anti-apoptotic effect of U50,488H. L-NAME also significantly attenuated the anti-apoptotic effect of U50,488H. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that U50,488H administered immediately prior to reperfusion increases Akt phosphorylation through a PI3-kinase-dependent mechanism and reduces postischemic myocardial apoptosis. Phosphorylation of eNOS with secondary NO production contribute significantly to the anti-apoptotic effect of U50,488H postconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Tong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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Cohen MV, Yang XM, Liu Y, Solenkova NV, Downey JM. Cardioprotective PKG-independent NO signaling at reperfusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H2028-36. [PMID: 20852051 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00527.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell models of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) indicate nitric oxide (NO) is involved in protection accruing during reoxygenation but disagree whether it acts through PKG. Using a more relevant intact heart model, we studied isolated rabbit hearts subjected to 30-min coronary artery occlusion/120-min reperfusion. We previously found protection from PKG activator 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (CPT-cGMP) at reperfusion was blocked by A(2b) adenosine receptor (A(2b)AR), ERK, or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) blockers. In this investigation A(2b)AR agonist BAY 60-6583 or CPT-cGMP at reperfusion reduced infarction comparably to IPC. Their protection was abrogated by N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), suggesting a PKG-independent NO synthase in IPC's mediator pathway downstream of PKG and A(2b)AR. NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-d,l-penicillamine (SNAP) at reperfusion also protected. This protection was not blocked by PI3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin or ERK antagonist PD-98059, suggesting NO acted downstream of these kinases. Protection from SNAP was not affected by mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channel closer 5-hydroxydecanoate, PKC antagonist chelerythrine, reactive oxygen species scavenger N-2-mercaptopropionylglycine, or soluble guanylyl cyclase antagonist 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). Absence of ODQ effect indicated NO was acting independently of PKG. BAY 58-2667, a soluble guanylyl cyclase activator, was protective, and l-NAME blocked its infarct-sparing effect, indicating a second signaling event dependent on NO generation but independent of PKG. SB216763, a blocker of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), decreased infarct size, and its infarct-sparing effect was not affected by l-NAME, suggesting GSK-3β acted downstream or independently of NO. Hence, NO signaling occurs in IPC's mediator pathway downstream of Akt and ERK, and its protection is independent of PKG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Cohen
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama 36688, USA.
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Methner C, Schmidt K, Cohen MV, Downey JM, Krieg T. Both A2a and A2b adenosine receptors at reperfusion are necessary to reduce infarct size in mouse hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H1262-4. [PMID: 20709859 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00181.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pre- and postconditioning depend on the activation of adenosine receptors (ARs) at the end of the index ischemia. The aim of this study was to determine which receptor subtypes must be activated. In situ mouse hearts underwent 30 min of regional ischemia, followed by 2 h of reperfusion. As expected, either ischemic postconditioning (6 cycles of 10 s of reperfusion and 10 s of coronary occlusion) or infusion of the selective A(2b) adenosine receptor (A(2b)AR) agonist BAY60-6583 (BAY60) for 60 min, starting 5 min before reperfusion reduced infarct size in wild-type C57Bl/6N mice. Protection from either was abolished by the selective A(2b)AR antagonist MRS-1754, confirming a role for A(2b)AR. Additionally, the coadministration of ischemic postconditioning and a selective A(2a)AR antagonist led to the loss of protection as well. 5'-Ectonucleotidase (CD73) is thought to be necessary for the production of adenosine during ischemia. As predicted, ischemic postconditioning did not protect CD73 knockout mice. Selective agonists of either A(2b)AR (BAY60) or A(2a)AR (CGS-21680), as well as the coadministration of ischemic postconditioning and BAY60, also failed to protect hearts of the CD73 knockout mice. But the nonselective A(1)/A(2)AR agonist 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido)adenosine (NECA) was protective, suggesting that the activation of multiple AR subtypes might be required. The coadministration of CGS-21680 and BAY60 also elicited profound protection, indicating that two AR subtypes, A(2a) and A(2b), must be simultaneously activated for protection to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Methner
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Singhal AK, Symons JD, Boudina S, Jaishy B, Shiu YT. Role of Endothelial Cells in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 7:1-14. [PMID: 25558187 PMCID: PMC4280830 DOI: 10.2174/1874120701007010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Minimizing myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury has broad clinical implications and is a critical mediator of cardiac surgical outcomes. “Ischemic injury” results from a restriction in blood supply leading to a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand of a sufficient intensity and/or duration that leads to cell necrosis, whereas ischemia-reperfusion injury occurs when blood supply is restored after a period of ischemia and is usually associated with apoptosis (i.e. programmed cell death). Compared to vascular endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes are more sensitive to ischemic injury and have received the most attention in preventing myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Many comprehensive reviews exist on various aspects of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of this review is to examine the role of vascular endothelial cells in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, and to stimulate further research in this exciting and clinically relevant area. Two specific areas that are addressed include: 1) data suggesting that coronary endothelial cells are critical mediators of myocardial dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion injury; and 2) the involvement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in endothelial cell death as a result of an ischemia-reperfusion insult. Elucidating the cellular signaling pathway(s) that leads to endothelial cell injury and/or death in response to ischemia-reperfusion is a key component to developing clinically applicable strategies that might minimize myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Singhal
- Cardiothoracic Division, Edward J. Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, and Loyola University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J David Symons
- College of Health and Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sihem Boudina
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bharat Jaishy
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yan-Ting Shiu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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You L, Li L, Xu Q, Ren J, Zhang F. Postconditioning reduces infarct size and cardiac myocyte apoptosis via the opioid receptor and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:437-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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AMP579 is revealed to be a potent A2b-adenosine receptor agonist in human 293 cells and rabbit hearts. Basic Res Cardiol 2010; 105:129-37. [PMID: 19730798 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-009-0056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mixed A1/A2a-adenosine agonist AMP579 given at reperfusion is protective in animal models of myocardial infarction. Receptor-blocking studies have indicated that the protection came from an adenosine receptor (AR), but neither A1- nor A2a-selective agonists could duplicate its protection. We recently found that A2b-selective agonists given at reperfusion are protective, and, therefore, tested whether AMP579 might also be an A2b agonist. We used human embryonic kidney cells overexpressing human A2b receptors as an assay system. In these cells, A2b receptor occupancy causes phosphorylation of ERK. AMP579 induced ERK phosphorylation with an EC50 of 250 nM and this phosphorylation could be blocked by MRS1754 or PSB1115, two highly selective blockers of human A2b receptors. We attempted to confirm our A2b hypothesis in a rabbit heart model of ischemia-reperfusion. AMP579 (500 nM) for 1 h starting at reperfusion reduced infarct size in isolated rabbit hearts exposed to 30 min of regional ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion (12.9 +/- 2.2% infarction of risk zone vs. 32.0 +/- 1.9% in untreated hearts). PSB1115 (500 nM) given for the first 15 min of reperfusion blocked AMP579's protection (32.2 +/- 3.1% infarction) which is consistent with an A2b mechanism. We conclude that AMP579 is a non-selective, but potent A2b-AR agonist, and that its protection against infarction is through that receptor.
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The critical role of intracellular zinc in adenosine A(2) receptor activation induced cardioprotection against reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:41-7. [PMID: 20144616 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous zinc can protect cardiac cells from reperfusion injury, but the exact roles of endogenous zinc in the pathogenesis of reperfusion injury and in adenosine A(2) receptor activation-induced cardioprotection against reperfusion injury remain unknown. Adenosine A(1)/A(2) receptor agonist 5'-(N-ethylcarboxamido) adenosine (NECA) given at reperfusion reduced infarct size in isolated rat hearts subjected to 30min ischemia followed by 2h of reperfusion. This effect of NECA was partially but significantly blocked by the zinc chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis-(2-pyridylmethyl) ethylenediamine (TPEN), and ZnCl(2) given at reperfusion mimicked the effect of NECA by reducing infarct size. Total tissue zinc concentrations measured with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICPOES) were decreased upon reperfusion in rat hearts and this was reversed by NECA. NECA increased intracellular free zinc during reperfusion in the heart. Confocal imaging study showed a rapid increase in intracellular free zinc in isolated rat cardiomyocytes treated with NECA. Further experiments revealed that NECA increased total zinc levels upon reperfusion in mitochondria isolated from isolated hearts. NECA attenuated mitochondrial swelling upon reperfusion in isolated hearts and this was inhibited by TPEN. Similarly, NECA prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) caused by oxidant stress in cardiomyocytes. Finally, both NECA and ZnCl(2) inhibited the mitochondrial metabolic activity. NECA-induced cardioprotection against reperfusion injury is mediated by intracellular zinc. NECA prevents reperfusion-induced zinc loss and relocates zinc to mitochondria. The inhibitory effects of zinc on both the mPTP opening and the mitochondrial metabolic activity may account for the cardioprotective effect of NECA.
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