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Qin X, Zhang Y, Zheng Q. Metabolic Inflexibility as a Pathogenic Basis for Atrial Fibrillation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158291. [PMID: 35955426 PMCID: PMC9368187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained arrhythmia, is closely intertwined with metabolic abnormalities. Recently, a metabolic paradox in AF pathogenesis has been suggested: under different forms of pathogenesis, the metabolic balance shifts either towards (e.g., obesity and diabetes) or away from (e.g., aging, heart failure, and hypertension) fatty acid oxidation, yet they all increase the risk of AF. This has raised the urgent need for a general consensus regarding the metabolic changes that predispose patients to AF. “Metabolic flexibility” aptly describes switches between substrates (fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, and ketones) in response to various energy stresses depending on availability and requirements. AF, characterized by irregular high-frequency excitation and the contraction of the atria, is an energy challenge and triggers a metabolic switch from preferential fatty acid utilization to glucose metabolism to increase the efficiency of ATP produced in relation to oxygen consumed. Therefore, the heart needs metabolic flexibility. In this review, we will briefly discuss (1) the current understanding of cardiac metabolic flexibility with an emphasis on the specificity of atrial metabolic characteristics; (2) metabolic heterogeneity among AF pathogenesis and metabolic inflexibility as a common pathological basis for AF; and (3) the substrate-metabolism mechanism underlying metabolic inflexibility in AF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Qin
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Yudi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China;
| | - Qiangsun Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China;
- Correspondence: or
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Premont A, Saadeh K, Edling C, Lewis R, Marr CM, Jeevaratnam K. Cardiac ion channel expression in the equine model - In-silico prediction utilising RNA sequencing data from mixed tissue samples. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15273. [PMID: 35880716 PMCID: PMC9316921 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding cardiomyocyte ion channel expression is crucial to understanding normal cardiac electrophysiology and underlying mechanisms of cardiac pathologies particularly arrhythmias. Hitherto, equine cardiac ion channel expression has rarely been investigated. Therefore, we aim to predict equine cardiac ion channel gene expression. Raw RNAseq data from normal horses from 9 datasets was retrieved from ArrayExpress and European Nucleotide Archive and reanalysed. The normalised (FPKM) read counts for a gene in a mix of tissue were hypothesised to be the average of the expected expression in each tissue weighted by the proportion of the tissue in the mix. The cardiac-specific expression was predicted by estimating the mean expression in each other tissues. To evaluate the performance of the model, predicted gene expression values were compared to the human cardiac gene expression. Cardiac-specific expression could be predicted for 91 ion channels including most expressed Na+ channels, K+ channels and Ca2+ -handling proteins. These revealed interesting differences from what would be expected based on human studies. These differences included predominance of NaV 1.4 rather than NaV 1.5 channel, and RYR1, SERCA1 and CASQ1 rather than RYR2, SERCA2, CASQ2 Ca2+ -handling proteins. Differences in channel expression not only implicate potentially different regulatory mechanisms but also pathological mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Premont
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Khalil Saadeh
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
- School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Charlotte Edling
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Rebecca Lewis
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
| | - Celia M. Marr
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordSurreyUK
- School of Clinical MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Diagnostic CentreExningSuffolkUK
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Regional Differences in the Ghrelin-Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor Signalling System in Human Heart Disease. CJC Open 2020; 3:182-194. [PMID: 33644732 PMCID: PMC7893201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The hormone ghrelin and its receptor, the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) are expressed in myocardium. GHSR binding activates signalling pathways coupled to cardiomyocyte survival and contractility. These properties have made the ghrelin-GHSR axis a candidate for a biomarker of cardiac function. The dynamics of ghrelin-GHSR are altered significantly in late stages of heart failure (HF) and cardiomyopathy, when left ventricular (LV) function is failing. We examined the relationship of GHSR with ghrelin in cardiac tissue from patients with valvular disease with no detectable changes in LV function. Methods Biopsy samples from the left ventricle and left atrium were obtained from 25 patients with valvular disease (of whom 13 also had coronary artery disease) and preserved LV ejection fraction, and compared to control samples obtained via autopsy. Using quantitative confocal fluorescence microscopy, levels of GHSR were determined using [Dpr3(n-octanoyl),Lys19(sulfo-Cy5)]ghrelin(1-19), and immunofluorescence determined ghrelin, the heart failure marker natriuretic peptide type-B (BNP), and contractility marker sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase pump (SERCA2a). Results A positive correlation between GHSR and ghrelin was apparent in only diseased tissue. Ghrelin and BNP significantly correlated in the left ventricle and strongly colocalized to the same intracellular compartment in diseased and control tissue. GHSR, ghrelin, and BNP all strongly and significantly correlated with SERCA2a in the left ventricle of diseased tissue only. Conclusions Our results suggest that the dynamics of the myocardial ghrelin-GHSR axis is altered in cardiovascular disease in the absence of measurable changes in heart function, and might accompany a regional shift in endocrine programming.
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Guichard JB, Xiong F, Qi XY, L'Heureux N, Hiram R, Xiao J, Naud P, Tardif JC, Da Costa A, Nattel S. Role of atrial arrhythmia and ventricular response in atrial fibrillation induced atrial remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:462-471. [PMID: 31977017 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS No studies have assessed the specific contributions of atrial fibrillation (AF)-related atrial vs. associated ventricular arrhythmia to remodelling. This study assessed the roles of atrial arrhythmia vs. high ventricular rate in AF-associated remodelling. METHODS AND RESULTS Four primary dog-groups (12/group) were subjected to 3-week pacing: 600-b.p.m. atrial tachypacing maintaining AF [AF w/o- atrioventricular block (AVB)]; atrial tachypacing with atrioventricular-node ablation (AF+AVB) and ventricular-demand pacing (80 b.p.m.); 160-b.p.m. ventricular-tachypacing (V160) reproducing the response rate during AF; and sinus rhythm with AVB/ventricular-pacing at 80-b.p.m. (control group). At terminal study, left-atrial (LA) effective refractory period (ERP) was reduced equally in both AF groups (w/o-AVB and AF+AVB). AF-inducibility was increased strongly in AF groups (w/o-AVB and AF+AVB) and modestly in V160. AF duration was significantly increased in AF w/o-AVB but not in AF+AVB or V160. Conduction velocity was decreased in AF w/o-AVB, to a greater extent than in AF+AVB and V160. Atrial fibrous-tissue content was increased in AF w/o-AVB, AF+AVB and V160, with collagen-gene up-regulation only in AF w/o-AVB. Connexin43 gene expression was reduced only in AF w/o-AVB. An additional group of 240-b.p.m. ventricular tachypacing dogs (VTP240; to induce heart failure) was studied: vs. other tachypaced groups, VTP240 caused greater fibrosis, but no change in LA-ERP or AF-inducibility. VTP240 also increased AF duration, strongly decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, and was the only group with LA natriuretic-peptide activation. CONCLUSION The atrial tachyarrhythmia and rapid ventricular response during AF produce distinct atrial remodelling; both contribute to the arrhythmogenic substrate, providing new insights into AF-related remodelling and novel considerations for ventricular rate-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Guichard
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Saint-Étienne, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne 42000, France
| | - Feng Xiong
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xiao-Yan Qi
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie L'Heureux
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jiening Xiao
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrice Naud
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antoine Da Costa
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Saint-Étienne, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Étienne 42000, France
| | - Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and Université de Montréal, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Montreal, Montreal, Canada.,Institute of Pharmacology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, Faculty of Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,IHU LIRYC and Fondation Bordeaux Université, Bordeaux, France
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Clauss S, Bleyer C, Schüttler D, Tomsits P, Renner S, Klymiuk N, Wakili R, Massberg S, Wolf E, Kääb S. Animal models of arrhythmia: classic electrophysiology to genetically modified large animals. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020; 16:457-475. [PMID: 30894679 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Arrhythmias are common and contribute substantially to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The underlying pathophysiology of arrhythmias is complex and remains incompletely understood, which explains why mostly only symptomatic therapy is available. The evaluation of the complex interplay between various cell types in the heart, including cardiomyocytes from the conduction system and the working myocardium, fibroblasts and cardiac immune cells, remains a major challenge in arrhythmia research because it can be investigated only in vivo. Various animal species have been used, and several disease models have been developed to study arrhythmias. Although every species is useful and might be ideal to study a specific hypothesis, we suggest a practical trio of animal models for future use: mice for genetic investigations, mechanistic evaluations or early studies to identify potential drug targets; rabbits for studies on ion channel function, repolarization or re-entrant arrhythmias; and pigs for preclinical translational studies to validate previous findings. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of different models and currently used species for arrhythmia research, discuss their advantages and disadvantages and provide guidance for researchers who are considering performing in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Clauss
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany.
| | - Christina Bleyer
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Schüttler
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Tomsits
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Renner
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZD (German Centre for Diabetes Research), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Reza Wakili
- Universitätsklinikum Essen, Westdeutsches Herz- und Gefäßzentrum Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Steffen Massberg
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZD (German Centre for Diabetes Research), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kääb
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich, Munich Heart Alliance (MHA), Munich, Germany
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Ljubkovic M, Gressette M, Bulat C, Cavar M, Bakovic D, Fabijanic D, Grkovic I, Lemaire C, Marinovic J. Disturbed Fatty Acid Oxidation, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Apoptosis in Left Ventricle of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2019; 68:1924-1933. [PMID: 31391173 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure is a common complication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). T2DM is associated with disturbed metabolism of fat, which can result in excessive accumulation of lipids in cardiac muscle. In the current study, we assessed mitochondrial oxidation of carbohydrates and fatty acids, lipid accumulation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis in diabetic left ventricle. Left ventricular myocardium from 37 patients (a group of patients with diabetes and a group of patients without diabetes [ejection fraction >50%]) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery was obtained by subepicardial needle biopsy. The group with diabetes had a significantly decreased rate of mitochondrial respiration fueled by palmitoyl-carnitine that correlated with blood glucose dysregulation, while there was no difference in oxidation of pyruvate. Diabetic myocardium also had significantly decreased activity of hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADHA) and accumulated more lipid droplets and ceramide. Also, markers of ER stress response (GRP78 and CHOP) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3) were elevated in diabetic myocardium. These results show that, even in the absence of contractile failure, diabetic heart exhibits a decreased mitochondrial capacity for β-oxidation, increased accumulation of intracellular lipids, ER stress, and greater degree of apoptosis. Lower efficiency of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation may represent a potential target in combating negative effects of diabetes on the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Ljubkovic
- Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Melanie Gressette
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, INSERM UMR-S 1180, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Cristijan Bulat
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Marija Cavar
- Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Darija Bakovic
- Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Damir Fabijanic
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ivica Grkovic
- Department of Anatomy, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
| | - Christophe Lemaire
- Signalisation et Physiopathologie Cardiovasculaire, INSERM UMR-S 1180, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
- Université Versailles St-Quentin, Versailles, France
| | - Jasna Marinovic
- Department of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Split, Croatia
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7
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Lydell CP, Mikami Y, Homer K, Peng M, Cornhill A, Rajagopalan A, Arasaratnam P, Cowan K, Roberts A, Sumner C, Heydari B, Howarth AG, Exner D, White JA. Left Atrial Function Using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Independently Predicts Life-Threatening Arrhythmias in Patients Referred to Receive a Primary Prevention Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator. Can J Cardiol 2019; 35:1149-1157. [PMID: 31472813 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study we aimed to investigate left atrial (LA) function, measured from routine cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, to determine its value for the prediction of sudden cardiac death (SCD) or appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shock in patients who received primary prevention ICD implantation. METHODS We studied 203 patients with ischemic or idiopathic nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy who underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging before primary prevention ICD implantation. LA volumes were measured at end-diastole and end-systole from 4- and 2-chamber cine images, and LA emptying function (LAEF) calculated. Patients were followed for the primary composite end point of SCD or appropriate ICD shock. RESULTS Mean age was 61 ± 12 years with a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 24 ± 7%. The mean LAEF was 27 ± 15% (range, 0.9%-73%). At a median follow-up of 1639 days, 35 patients (17%) experienced the primary composite outcome. LAEF was strongly associated with the primary outcome (P = 0.001); patients with an LAEF ≤ 30% experienced a cumulative event rate of 26.1% vs 5.7% (hazard ratio, 5.5; P < 0.001) in patients above this cutoff. This finding was maintained in multivariable analysis (hazard ratio, 4.7; P = 0.002) and was consistently shown in the ischemic and nonischemic dilated cardiomyopathy subgroups. CONCLUSIONS LAEF is a simple, powerful, and independent predictor of SCD in patients being referred for primary prevention ICD implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen P Lydell
- Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yoko Mikami
- Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kai Homer
- Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mingkai Peng
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aidan Cornhill
- Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Archa Rajagopalan
- Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Punitha Arasaratnam
- Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Karen Cowan
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew Roberts
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Claire Sumner
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bobak Heydari
- Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew G Howarth
- Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek Exner
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James A White
- Stephenson Cardiac Imaging Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Cardiac Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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Molina CE, Jacquet E, Ponien P, Muñoz-Guijosa C, Baczkó I, Maier LS, Donzeau-Gouge P, Dobrev D, Fischmeister R, Garnier A. Identification of optimal reference genes for transcriptomic analyses in normal and diseased human heart. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:247-258. [PMID: 29036603 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) has become the method of choice for mRNA quantification, but requires an accurate normalization based on the use of reference genes showing invariant expression across various pathological conditions. Only few data exist on appropriate reference genes for the human heart. The objective of this study was to determine a set of suitable reference genes in human atrial and ventricular tissues, from right and left cavities in control and in cardiac diseases. Methods and results We assessed the expression of 16 reference genes (ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, GUSB, HMBS, HPRT1, IPO8, PGK1, POLR2A, PPIA, RPLP0, TBP, TFRC, UBC, YWHAZ, 18S) in tissues from: right and left ventricles from healthy controls and heart failure (HF) patients; right-atrial tissue from patients in sinus rhythm with (SRd) or without (SRnd) atrial dilatation, patients with paroxysmal (pAF) or chronic (cAF) atrial fibrillation or with HF; and left-atrial tissue from patients in SR or cAF. Consensual analysis (by geNorm and Normfinder algorithms, BestKeeper software tool and comparative delta-Ct method) of the variability scores obtained for each reference gene expression shows that the most stably expressed genes are: GAPDH, GUSB, IPO8, POLR2A, and YWHAZ when comparing either right and left ventricle or ventricle from healthy controls and HF patients; GAPDH, IPO8, POLR2A, PPIA, and RPLP0 when comparing either right and left atrium or right atria from all pathological groups. ACTB, TBP, TFRC, and 18S genes were identified as the least stable. Conclusions The overall most stable reference genes across different heart cavities and disease conditions were GAPDH, IPO8, POLR2A and PPIA. YWHAZ or GUSB could be added to this set for some specific experiments. This study should provide useful guidelines for reference gene selection in RT-qPCR studies in human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Molina
- Inserm, UMR-S 1180, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France.,Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, University Medical Center, Georg-August University Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eric Jacquet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Prishila Ponien
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, CNRS, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Istvan Baczkó
- Department Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lars S Maier
- Department Internal Medicine II, University Heart Center, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Dobromir Dobrev
- West German Heart and Vascular Center, Institute of Pharmacology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rodolphe Fischmeister
- Inserm, UMR-S 1180, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Anne Garnier
- Inserm, UMR-S 1180, University of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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9
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Argenziano MA, Doss MX, Tabler M, Sachinidis A, Antzelevitch C. Transcriptional changes associated with advancing stages of heart failure underlie atrial and ventricular arrhythmogenesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216928. [PMID: 31083689 PMCID: PMC6513089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of mortality and is associated with cardiac remodeling. Vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (AF) has been shown to be greater in the early stages of HF, whereas ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation develop during late stages. Here, we explore changes in gene expression that underlie the differential development of fibrosis and structural alterations that predispose to atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Objective To study transcriptomic changes associated with the development of cardiac arrhythmias in early and late stages of heart failure. Methods Dogs were tachy-paced from right ventricle (RV) for 2–3 or 5–6 weeks (early and late HF). We performed transcriptomic analysis of right atria (RA) and RV isolated from control dogs and those in early and late HF. Transcripts with mean relative log2-fold change ≥2 were included in the differential analysis with significance threshold adjusted to p<0.05. Results Early HF remodeling was more prominent in RA with enrichment of extracellular matrix, circulatory system, wound healing and immune response pathways; many of these processes were not present in RA in late HF. RV showed no signs of remodeling in early HF but enrichment of extracellular matrix and wound healing in late HF. Conclusion Our transcriptomic data indicate significant fibrosis-associated transcriptional changes in RA in early HF and in RV in late HF, with strong atrial predominance. These alterations in gene expression are consistent with the development of arrhythmogenesis in atria in early but not late HF and in the ventricle in late but not early HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A. Argenziano
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Genetics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Xavier Doss
- University of Cologne, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Megan Tabler
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- University of Cologne, Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Charles Antzelevitch
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Lankenau Heart Institute, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Tsujino Y, Sakamoto T, Kinoshita K, Nakatani Y, Yamaguchi Y, Kataoka N, Nishida K, Kinugawa K. Edoxaban suppresses the progression of atrial fibrosis and atrial fibrillation in a canine congestive heart failure model. Heart Vessels 2019; 34:1381-1388. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-019-01377-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Raymond-Paquin A, Nattel S, Wakili R, Tadros R. Mechanisms and Clinical Significance of Arrhythmia-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Can J Cardiol 2018; 34:1449-1460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.07.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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12
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Thapa K, Wu KC, Sarma A, Grund EM, Szeto A, Mendez AJ, Gesta S, Vishnudas VK, Narain NR, Sarangarajan R. Dysregulation of the calcium handling protein, CCDC47, is associated with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Cell Biosci 2018; 8:45. [PMID: 30140426 PMCID: PMC6098598 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-018-0244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) that is distinctly not attributed to co-morbidities with other vasculature diseases. To date, while dysregulation of calcium handling is a key hallmark in cardiomyopathy, studies have been inconsistent in the types of alterations involved. In this study human cardiomyocytes were exposed to an environmental nutritional perturbation of high glucose, fatty acids, and l-carnitine to model DCM and iTRAQ-coupled LC–MS/MS proteomic analysis was used to capture proteins affected by the perturbation. The proteins captured were then compared to proteins currently annotated in the cardiovascular disease (CVD) gene ontology (GO) database to identify proteins not previously described as being related to CVD. Subsequently, GO analysis for calcium regulating proteins and endoplasmic/sarcoplasmic reticulum (ER/SR) associated proteins was carried out. Results Here, we identified CCDC47 (calumin) as a unique calcium regulating protein altered in our in vitro nutritional perturbation model. The cellular and functional role of CCDC47 was then assessed in rat cardiomyocytes. In rat H9C2 myocytes, overexpression of CCDC47 resulted in increase in ionomycin-induced calcium release and reuptake. Of interest, in a diet-induced obese (DIO) rat model of DCM, CCDC47 mRNA expression was increased in the atrium and ventricle of the heart, but CCDC47 protein expression was significantly increased only in the atrium of DIO rats compared to lean control rats. Notably, no changes in ANP, BNP, or β-MHC were observed between DIO rats and lean control rats. Conclusions Together, our in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that CCDC47 is a unique calcium regulating protein that is associated with early onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13578-018-0244-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khampaseuth Thapa
- Berg, LLC, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Bldg B (3rd Floor), Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Kai Connie Wu
- Berg, LLC, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Bldg B (3rd Floor), Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Aishwarya Sarma
- Berg, LLC, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Bldg B (3rd Floor), Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Eric M Grund
- Berg, LLC, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Bldg B (3rd Floor), Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Angela Szeto
- 2Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Armando J Mendez
- 2Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Stephane Gesta
- Berg, LLC, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Bldg B (3rd Floor), Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Vivek K Vishnudas
- Berg, LLC, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Bldg B (3rd Floor), Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Niven R Narain
- Berg, LLC, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Bldg B (3rd Floor), Framingham, MA 01701 USA
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Abstract
Myocardial injury, mechanical stress, neurohormonal activation, inflammation, and/or aging all lead to cardiac remodeling, which is responsible for cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmogenesis. Of the key histological components of cardiac remodeling, fibrosis either in the form of interstitial, patchy, or dense scars, constitutes a key histological substrate of arrhythmias. Here we discuss current research findings focusing on the role of fibrosis, in arrhythmogenesis. Numerous studies have convincingly shown that patchy or interstitial fibrosis interferes with myocardial electrophysiology by slowing down action potential propagation, initiating reentry, promoting after-depolarizations, and increasing ectopic automaticity. Meanwhile, there has been increasing appreciation of direct involvement of myofibroblasts, the activated form of fibroblasts, in arrhythmogenesis. Myofibroblasts undergo phenotypic changes with expression of gap-junctions and ion channels thereby forming direct electrical coupling with cardiomyocytes, which potentially results in profound disturbances of electrophysiology. There is strong evidence that systemic and regional inflammatory processes contribute to fibrogenesis (i.e., structural remodeling) and dysfunction of ion channels and Ca2+ homeostasis (i.e., electrical remodeling). Recognizing the pivotal role of fibrosis in the arrhythmogenesis has promoted clinical research on characterizing fibrosis by means of cardiac imaging or fibrosis biomarkers for clinical stratification of patients at higher risk of lethal arrhythmia, as well as preclinical research on the development of antifibrotic therapies. At the end of this review, we discuss remaining key questions in this area and propose new research approaches. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:1009-1049, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- My-Nhan Nguyen
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Helen Kiriazis
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiao-Ming Gao
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xiao-Jun Du
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Brown DI, Parry TL, Willis MS. Ubiquitin Ligases and Posttranslational Regulation of Energy in the Heart: The Hand that Feeds. Compr Physiol 2017. [PMID: 28640445 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a costly and deadly syndrome characterized by the reduced capacity of the heart to adequately provide systemic blood flow. Mounting evidence implicates pathological changes in cardiac energy metabolism as a contributing factor in the development of HF. While the main source of fuel in the healthy heart is the oxidation of fatty acids, in the failing heart the less energy efficient glucose and glycogen metabolism are upregulated. The ubiquitin proteasome system plays a key role in regulating metabolism via protein-degradation/regulation of autophagy and regulating metabolism-related transcription and cell signaling processes. In this review, we discuss recent research that describes the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in regulating metabolism in the context of HF. We focus on ubiquitin ligases (E3s), the component of the UPS that confers substrate specificity, and detail the current understanding of how these E3s contribute to cardiac pathology and metabolism. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:841-862, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Brown
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Traci L Parry
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Monte S Willis
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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15
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Rizvi F, DeFranco A, Siddiqui R, Negmadjanov U, Emelyanova L, Holmuhamedov A, Ross G, Shi Y, Holmuhamedov E, Kress D, Tajik AJ, Jahangir A. Chamber-specific differences in human cardiac fibroblast proliferation and responsiveness toward simvastatin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C330-9. [PMID: 27335167 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00056.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts, the most abundant cells in the heart, contribute to cardiac fibrosis, the substrate for the development of arrythmogenesis, and therefore are potential targets for preventing arrhythmic cardiac remodeling. A chamber-specific difference in the responsiveness of fibroblasts from the atria and ventricles toward cytokine and growth factors has been described in animal models, but it is unclear whether similar differences exist in human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) and whether drugs affect their proliferation differentially. Using cardiac fibroblasts from humans, differences between atrial and ventricular fibroblasts in serum-induced proliferation, DNA synthesis, cell cycle progression, cyclin gene expression, and their inhibition by simvastatin were determined. The serum-induced proliferation rate of human atrial fibroblasts was more than threefold greater than ventricular fibroblasts with faster DNA synthesis and higher mRNA levels of cyclin genes. Simvastatin predominantly decreased the rate of proliferation of atrial fibroblasts, with inhibition of cell cycle progression and an increase in the G0/G1 phase in atrial fibroblasts with a higher sensitivity toward inhibition compared with ventricular fibroblasts. The DNA synthesis and mRNA levels of cyclin A, D, and E were significantly reduced by simvastatin in atrial but not in ventricular fibroblasts. The inhibitory effect of simvastatin on atrial fibroblasts was abrogated by mevalonic acid (500 μM) that bypasses 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibition. Chamber-specific differences exist in the human heart because atrial fibroblasts have a higher proliferative capacity and are more sensitive to simvastatin-mediated inhibition through HMG-CoA reductase pathway. This mechanism may be useful in selectively preventing excessive atrial fibrosis without inhibiting adaptive ventricular remodeling during cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Rizvi
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Alessandra DeFranco
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Ramail Siddiqui
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Ulugbek Negmadjanov
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Larisa Emelyanova
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Alisher Holmuhamedov
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Gracious Ross
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Yang Shi
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Ekhson Holmuhamedov
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - David Kress
- Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - A Jamil Tajik
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Arshad Jahangir
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani Center for Integrative Research on Cardiovascular Aging, Aurora Research Institute, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Aurora Cardiovascular Services, Aurora Sinai/Aurora St. Luke's Medical Centers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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16
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Kapelouzou A, Tsourelis L, Kaklamanis L, Degiannis D, Kogerakis N, Cokkinos DV. Serum and tissue biomarkers in aortic stenosis. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2015; 2015:49. [PMID: 26779524 PMCID: PMC4710866 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2015.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is seen in a large proportion of individuals over 60 years. It is an active process, influenced by lipid accumulation, mechanical stress, inflammation, and abnormal extracellular matrix turnover. Various biomarkers (BMs) are studied, as regards mechanisms, diagnosis and prognosis. Methods: In the calcified valves calcium deposition, elastin fragmentation and disorganization of cellular matrix were assessed, together with expression of OPN, OPG, osteocalcin (OCN) and RL2. We prospectively studied the following serum BMs in 60 patients with CAVS and compared them to 20 healthy controls, free from any cardiac disease: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), which regulate collagen turnover, inflammatory factors, i.e. tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa), interleukin 2 (IL2), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) which regulates fibrosis, fetuin-A (fet-A), osteopontin (OPN), osteoprotegerin (OPG), sclerostin (SOST), and relaxin-2 (RL2) which positively or negatively regulate calcification. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) which regulates migration and infiltration of monocytes/macrophages was also studied as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) an oxidative marker. Results: Extent of tissue valve calcification (Alizarin Red stain) was negatively correlated with tissue elastin, and RL2, and positively correlated with tissue OCN and serum TIMP1 and MCP-1 and negatively with MMP9. Tissue OCN was positively correlated with OPN and negatively with the elastin. Tissue OPN was negatively correlated with elastin and OPG. Tissue OPN OPG and RL2 were not correlated with serum levels In the serum we found in patients statistically lower TIMP1, fet-A and RL2 levels, while all other BMs were higher compared to the healthy group. Positive correlations between SOST and IL2, OPG and MDA but negative with TNFa and OPN were found; also MMP9 was negatively correlated with TNFa and MCP-1 was negatively correlated with TIMP1. Conclusion: We found that many BMs expressing calcification, collagen breakdown, or formation, and inflammation are increased in the valve tissue and in the serum of patients with CAVS as compared with healthy group. Our findings may give new insights towards diagnosis but also therapy. Thus antisclerostin, and antiflammatory agents could be tried for preventing aortic calcification progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkistis Kapelouzou
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery, & Translation Research. Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Soranou Efesiou 4 11527Athens, Greece
| | - Loukas Tsourelis
- Department of Pathology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Avenue Sygrou 356 17674Athens, Greece
| | - Loukas Kaklamanis
- Department of Pathology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Avenue Sygrou 356 17674Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Degiannis
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology and Istocompatibility Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Avenue Sygrou 356 17674Athens, Greece
| | - Nektarios Kogerakis
- Department of Pathology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Avenue Sygrou 356 17674Athens, Greece
| | - Dennis V Cokkinos
- Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery, & Translation Research. Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Soranou Efesiou 4 11527Athens, Greece
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17
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Detailed characterization of microRNA changes in a canine heart failure model: Relationship to arrhythmogenic structural remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 77:113-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Chapalamadugu KC, VandeVoort CA, Settles ML, Robison BD, Murdoch GK. Maternal bisphenol a exposure impacts the fetal heart transcriptome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89096. [PMID: 24586524 PMCID: PMC3934879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditions during fetal development influence health and disease in adulthood, especially during critical windows of organogenesis. Fetal exposure to the endocrine disrupting chemical, bisphenol A (BPA) affects the development of multiple organ systems in rodents and monkeys. However, effects of BPA exposure on cardiac development have not been assessed. With evidence that maternal BPA is transplacentally delivered to the developing fetus, it becomes imperative to examine the physiological consequences of gestational exposure during primate development. Herein, we evaluate the effects of daily, oral BPA exposure of pregnant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on the fetal heart transcriptome. Pregnant monkeys were given daily oral doses (400 µg/kg body weight) of BPA during early (50–100±2 days post conception, dpc) or late (100±2 dpc – term), gestation. At the end of treatment, fetal heart tissues were collected and chamber specific transcriptome expression was assessed using genome-wide microarray. Quantitative real-time PCR was conducted on select genes and ventricular tissue glycogen content was quantified. Our results show that BPA exposure alters transcription of genes that are recognized for their role in cardiac pathophysiologies. Importantly, myosin heavy chain, cardiac isoform alpha (Myh6) was down-regulated in the left ventricle, and ‘A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 12’, long isoform (Adam12-l) was up-regulated in both ventricles, and the right atrium of the heart in BPA exposed fetuses. BPA induced alteration of these genes supports the hypothesis that exposure to BPA during fetal development may impact cardiovascular fitness. Our results intensify concerns about the role of BPA in the genesis of human metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan C. Chapalamadugu
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. VandeVoort
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Settles
- Department of Computer Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Barrie D. Robison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- Program in Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
| | - Gordon K. Murdoch
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Differential effects of the peroxynitrite donor, SIN-1, on atrial and ventricular myocyte electrophysiology. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61:401-7. [PMID: 23364607 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31828748ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure and atrial fibrillation and can result in increased peroxynitrite production in the myocardium. Atrial and ventricular canine cardiac myocytes were superfused with 3-morpholinosydnonimine-N-ethylcarbamide (SIN-1), a peroxynitrite donor, to evaluate the acute electrophysiologic effects of peroxynitrite. Perforated whole-cell patch clamp techniques were used to record action potentials. SIN-1 (200 µM) increased the action potential duration (APD) in atrial and ventricular myocytes; however, in the atria, APD prolongation was rate independent, whereas in the ventricle APD, prolongation was rate dependent. In addition to prolongation of the action potential, beat-to-beat variability of repolarization was significantly increased in ventricular but not in atrial myocytes. We examined the contribution of intracellular calcium cycling to the effects of SIN-1 by treating myocytes with the SERCA blocker, thapsigargin (5-10 µM). Inhibition of calcium cycling prevented APD prolongation in the atrial and ventricular myocytes, and prevented the SIN-1-induced increase in ventricular beat-to-beat APD variability. Collectively, these data demonstrate that peroxynitrite affects atrial and ventricular electrophysiology differentially. A detailed understanding of oxidative modulation of electrophysiology in specific chambers is critical to optimize therapeutic approaches for cardiac diseases.
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20
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Abstract
Proper protein turnover is required for cardiac homeostasis and, accordingly, impaired proteasomal function appears to contribute to heart disease. Specific proteasomal degradation mechanisms underlying cardiovascular biology and disease have been identified, and such cellular pathways have been proposed to be targets of clinical relevance. This review summarizes the latest literature regarding the specific E3 ligases involved in heart biology, and the general ways that the proteasome regulates protein quality control in heart disease. The potential for therapeutic intervention in Ubiquitin Proteasome System function in heart disease is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pagan
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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21
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Abstract
It is believed that cardiac remodeling due to geometric and structural changes is a major mechanism for the progression of heart failure in different pathologies including hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and myocardial infarction. Increases in the activities of proteolytic enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases, calpains, cathepsins, and caspases contribute to the process of cardiac remodeling. In addition to modifying the extracellular matrix, both matrix metalloproteinases and cathepsins have been shown to affect the activities of subcellular organelles in cardiomyocytes. The activation of calpains and caspases has been identified to induce subcellular remodeling in failing hearts. Proteolytic activities associated with different proteins including caspases, calpain, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system have been shown to be involved in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which is an integral part of cardiac remodeling. This article discusses and compares how the activities of various proteases are involved in different cardiac abnormalities with respect to alterations in apoptotic pathways, cardiac remodeling, and cardiac dysfunction. An imbalance appears to occur between the activities of some proteases and their endogenous inhibitors in various types of hypertrophied and failing hearts, and this is likely to further accentuate subcellular remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. The importance of inhibiting the activities of both extracellular and intracellular proteases specific to distinct etiologies, in attenuating cardiac remodeling and apoptosis as well as biochemical changes of subcellular organelles, in heart failure has been emphasized. It is suggested that combination therapy to inhibit different proteases may prove useful for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison L Müller
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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22
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Nakatani Y, Nishida K, Sakabe M, Kataoka N, Sakamoto T, Yamaguchi Y, Iwamoto J, Mizumaki K, Fujiki A, Inoue H. Tranilast prevents atrial remodeling and development of atrial fibrillation in a canine model of atrial tachycardia and left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 61:582-8. [PMID: 23273396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to assess the effects of tranilast on atrial remodeling in a canine atrial fibrillation (AF) model. BACKGROUND Tranilast inhibits transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and prevents fibrosis in many pathophysiological settings. However, the effects of tranilast on atrial remodeling remain unclear. METHODS Beagles were subjected to atrial tachypacing (400 beats/min) for 4 weeks while treated with placebo (control dogs, n = 8) or tranilast (tranilast dogs, n = 10). Sham dogs (n = 6) did not receive atrial tachypacing. Atrioventricular conduction was preserved. Ventricular dysfunction developed in the control and tranilast dogs due to rapid ventricular responses. RESULTS Atrial fibrillation duration (211 ± 57 s) increased, and AF cycle length and atrial effective refractory period shortened in controls, but these changes were suppressed in tranilast dogs (AF duration, 18 ± 10 s, p < 0.01 vs. control). The L-type calcium channel α1c (Cav1.2) micro ribonucleic acid expression decreased in control dogs (sham 1.38 ± 0.24 vs. control 0.65 ± 0.12, p < 0.01), but not in tranilast dogs (0.97 ± 0.14, p = not significant vs. sham). Prominent atrial fibrosis (fibrous tissue area, sham 0.8 ± 0.1 vs. control 9.3 ± 1.3%, p < 0.01) and increased expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase protein 1 were observed in control dogs but not in tranilast dogs (fibrous tissue area, 1.4 ± 0.2%, p < 0.01 vs. control). The TGF-β1 (sham 1.00 ± 0.07 vs. control 3.06 ± 0.87, p < 0.05) and Rac1 proteins were overexpressed in control dogs, but their overexpression was inhibited in tranilast dogs (TGF-β1, 1.28 ± 0.20, p < 0.05 vs. control). CONCLUSIONS Tranilast prevented atrial remodeling and suppressed AF development in a canine model. Its inhibition of TGF-β1 and Rac1 overexpression may contribute to its antiremodeling effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Nakatani
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Rosenberg
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) (M.A.R., W.J.M.) and Radiology (W.J.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Warren J. Manning
- From the Departments of Medicine (Cardiovascular Division) (M.A.R., W.J.M.) and Radiology (W.J.M.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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24
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Bellini C, Di Martino ES. A mechanical characterization of the porcine atria at the healthy stage and after ventricular tachypacing. J Biomech Eng 2012; 134:021008. [PMID: 22482675 DOI: 10.1115/1.4006026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a cardiac arrhythmia that highly increases the risk of stroke and is associated with significant but still unexplored changes in the mechanical behavior of the tissue. Planar biaxial tests were performed on tissue specimens from pigs at the healthy stage and after ventricular tachypacing (VTP), a procedure applied to reproduce the relevant features of AF. The local arrangement of the fiber bundles in the tissue was investigated on specimens from rabbit atria by means of circularly polarized light. Based on this, mechanical data were fitted to two anisotropic constitutive relationships, including a four-parameter Fung-type model and a microstructurally-motivated model. Accounting for the fiber-induced anisotropy brought average R(2) = 0.807 for the microstructurally-motivated model and average R(2) = 0.949 for the Fung model. Validation of the fitted constitutive relationships was performed by means of FEM simulations coupled to FORTRAN routines. The performances of the two material models in predicting the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress were comparable, with average errors <3.1%. However, the Fung model outperformed the other in the prediction of the Green-Lagrange strain, with 9.2% maximum average error. To increase model generality, a proper averaging procedure accounting for nonlinearities was used to obtain average material parameters. In general, a stiffer behavior after VTP was noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bellini
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Engineering, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N1N4, Canada.
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25
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Schotten U, Verheule S, Kirchhof P, Goette A. Pathophysiological mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: a translational appraisal. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:265-325. [PMID: 21248168 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 860] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia that can occur as the result of numerous different pathophysiological processes in the atria. Some aspects of the morphological and electrophysiological alterations promoting AF have been studied extensively in animal models. Atrial tachycardia or AF itself shortens atrial refractoriness and causes loss of atrial contractility. Aging, neurohumoral activation, and chronic atrial stretch due to structural heart disease activate a variety of signaling pathways leading to histological changes in the atria including myocyte hypertrophy, fibroblast proliferation, and complex alterations of the extracellular matrix including tissue fibrosis. These changes in electrical, contractile, and structural properties of the atria have been called "atrial remodeling." The resulting electrophysiological substrate is characterized by shortening of atrial refractoriness and reentrant wavelength or by local conduction heterogeneities caused by disruption of electrical interconnections between muscle bundles. Under these conditions, ectopic activity originating from the pulmonary veins or other sites is more likely to occur and to trigger longer episodes of AF. Many of these alterations also occur in patients with or at risk for AF, although the direct demonstration of these mechanisms is sometimes challenging. The diversity of etiological factors and electrophysiological mechanisms promoting AF in humans hampers the development of more effective therapy of AF. This review aims to give a translational overview on the biological basis of atrial remodeling and the proarrhythmic mechanisms involved in the fibrillation process. We pay attention to translation of pathophysiological insights gained from in vitro experiments and animal models to patients. Also, suggestions for future research objectives and therapeutical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schotten
- Department of Physiology, University Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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De Souza AI, Cardin S, Wait R, Chung YL, Vijayakumar M, Maguy A, Camm AJ, Nattel S. Proteomic and metabolomic analysis of atrial profibrillatory remodelling in congestive heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2010; 49:851-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Levine RA, Nattel S. Looking into the left atrial crystal ball: a ray of hope for patients with organic mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56:579-81. [PMID: 20688213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Nishida K, Michael G, Dobrev D, Nattel S. Animal models for atrial fibrillation: clinical insights and scientific opportunities. Europace 2009; 12:160-72. [PMID: 19875395 DOI: 10.1093/europace/eup328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in clinical practice. A variety of animal models have been used to study the pathophysiology of AF, including molecular basis, ion-current determinants, anatomical features, and macroscopic mechanisms. In addition, animal models play a key role in the development of new therapeutic approaches, whether drug-based, molecular therapeutics, or device-related. This article discusses the various types of animal models that have been used for AF research, reviews the principle mechanisms governing atrial arrhythmias in each model, and provides some guidelines for model selection for various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Nishida
- Department of Medicine, Montréal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Su H, Wang X. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in cardiac proteinopathy: a quality control perspective. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 85:253-62. [PMID: 19696071 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control (PQC) depends on elegant collaboration between molecular chaperones and targeted proteolysis in the cell. The latter is primarily carried out by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, but recent advances in this area of research suggest a supplementary role for the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in PQC-related proteolysis. The (patho)physiological significance of PQC in the heart is best illustrated in cardiac proteinopathy, which belongs to a family of cardiac diseases caused by expression of aggregation-prone proteins in cardiomyocytes. Cardiac proteasome functional insufficiency (PFI) is best studied in desmin-related cardiomyopathy, a bona fide cardiac proteinopathy. Emerging evidence suggests that many common forms of cardiomyopathy may belong to proteinopathy. This review focuses on examining current evidence, as it relates to the hypothesis that PFI impairs PQC in cardiomyocytes and contributes to the progression of cardiac proteinopathies to heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabo Su
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Lee Medical Building, 414 E Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Nattel S, Frelin Y, Gaborit N, Louault C, Demolombe S. Ion-channel mRNA-expression profiling: Insights into cardiac remodeling and arrhythmic substrates. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2009; 48:96-105. [PMID: 19631654 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2009.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane ion channels and transporters are key determinants of cardiac electrical function. Their expression is affected by cardiac region, hemodynamic properties, heart-rate changes, neurohormones and cardiac disease. One of the important determinants of ion-channel function is the level of ion-channel subunit mRNA expression, which governs the production of ion-channel proteins that traffic to the cell-membrane to form functional ion-channels. Ion-channel mRNA-expression profiling can be performed with cDNA microarrays or high-throughput reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Expression profiling has been applied to evaluate the dependence of ion-channel expression on cardiac region, revealing the molecular basis of regionally-controlled electrical properties as well as the molecular determinants of specialized electrical functions like pacemaking activity. Ion-channel remodeling occurs with cardiac diseases like heart failure, congenital repolarization abnormalities, and atrial fibrillation, and expression profiling has provided insights into the mechanisms by which these conditions affect cardiac electrical stability. Expression profiling has also shown how hormonal changes, antiarrhythmic drugs, cardiac development and altered heart rate affect ion-channel expression patterns to modify cardiac electrical function and sometimes to produce cardiac rhythm disturbances. This article reviews the information obtained to date with the application of cardiac ion-channel expression profiling. With increasing availability and efficiency of high-throughput PCR methods for ion-channel subunit mRNA-expression characterization, it is likely that the application of ion-channel expression profiling will increase and that it will provide important new insights into the determinants of cardiac electrical function in both physiological and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Nattel
- Department of Medicine and Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Canada.
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Abstract
Activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system has been described in different models of cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac cell growth in response to pressure or volume overload, as well as physiological adaptive hypertrophy, is accompanied by an increase in protein ubiquitination, proteasome subunit expression, and proteasome activity. Importantly, an inhibition of proteasome activity prevents and reverses cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling in vivo. The focus of this review is to provide an update about the mechanisms by which proteasome inhibitors affect cardiac cell growth in adaptive and maladaptive models of cardiac hypertrophy. In the first part, we summarize how the proteasome affects both proteolysis and protein synthesis in a context of cardiac cell growth. In the second part, we show how proteasome inhibition can prevent and reverse cardiac hypertrophy and remodelling in response to different conditions of overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Hedhli
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB G-609, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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McCully JD, Bhasin MK, Daly C, Guerrero MC, Dillon S, Liberman TA, Cowan DB, Mably JD, McGowan FX, Levitsky S. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of global ischemia and cardioprotection in the rabbit heart. Physiol Genomics 2009; 38:125-37. [PMID: 19454556 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00033.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardioplegia is used to partially alleviate the effects of surgically induced global ischemia injury; however, the molecular mechanisms involved in this cardioprotection remain to be elucidated. To improve the understanding of the molecular processes modulating the effects of global ischemia and the cardioprotection afforded by cardioplegia, we constructed rabbit heart cDNA libraries and isolated, sequenced, and identified a compendium of nonredundant cDNAs for use in transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. New Zealand White rabbits were used to compare the effects of global ischemia and cardioplegia compared with control (nonischemic) hearts. The effects of RNA and protein synthesis on the cardioprotection afforded by cardioplegia were investigated separately by preperfusion with either alpha-amanitin or cycloheximide. Our results demonstrate that cardioplegia partially ameliorates the effects of global ischemia and that the cardioprotection is modulated by RNA- and protein-dependent mechanisms. Transcriptomic and proteomic enrichment analyses indicated that global ischemia downregulated genes/proteins associated with mitochondrial function and energy production, cofactor catabolism, and the generation of precursor metabolites of energy. In contrast, cardioplegia significantly increased differentially expressed genes/proteins associated with the mitochondrion and mitochondrial function and significantly upregulated the biological processes of muscle contraction, involuntary muscle contraction, carboxylic acid and fatty acid catabolic processes, fatty acid beta-oxidation, and fatty acid metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D McCully
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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