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Vornanen M, Badr A, Haverinen J. Cardiac arrhythmias in fish induced by natural and anthropogenic changes in environmental conditions. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247446. [PMID: 39119881 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
A regular heartbeat is essential for maintaining the homeostasis of the vertebrate body. However, environmental pollutants, oxygen deficiency and extreme temperatures can impair heart function in fish. In this Review, we provide an integrative view of the molecular origins of cardiac arrhythmias and their functional consequences, from the level of ion channels to cardiac electrical activity in living fish. First, we describe the current knowledge of the cardiac excitation-contraction coupling of fish, as the electrical activity of the heart and intracellular Ca2+ regulation act as a platform for cardiac arrhythmias. Then, we compile findings on cardiac arrhythmias in fish. Although fish can experience several types of cardiac arrhythmia under stressful conditions, the most typical arrhythmia in fish - both under heat stress and in the presence of toxic substances - is atrioventricular block, which is the inability of the action potential to progress from the atrium to the ventricle. Early and delayed afterdepolarizations are less common in fish hearts than in the hearts of endotherms, perhaps owing to the excitation-contraction coupling properties of the fish heart. In fish hearts, Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a smaller role than Ca2+ influx through the sarcolemma. Environmental changes and ion channel toxins can induce arrhythmias in fish and weaken their tolerance to environmental stresses. Although different from endotherm hearts in many respects, fish hearts can serve as a translational model for studying human cardiac arrhythmias, especially for human neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matti Vornanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Ahmed Badr
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
| | - Jaakko Haverinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Rinné S, Kiper AK, Jacob R, Ortiz-Bonnin B, Schindler RF, Fischer S, Komadowski M, De Martino E, Schäfer MKH, Cornelius T, Fabritz L, Helker CS, Brand T, Decher N. Popeye domain containing proteins modulate the voltage-gated cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5. iScience 2024; 27:109696. [PMID: 38689644 PMCID: PMC11059135 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Popeye domain containing (POPDC) proteins are predominantly expressed in the heart and skeletal muscle, modulating the K2P potassium channel TREK-1 in a cAMP-dependent manner. POPDC1 and POPDC2 variants cause cardiac conduction disorders with or without muscular dystrophy. Searching for POPDC2-modulated ion channels using a functional co-expression screen in Xenopus oocytes, we found POPDC proteins to modulate the cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5. POPDC proteins downregulate Nav1.5 currents in a cAMP-dependent manner by reducing the surface expression of the channel. POPDC2 and Nav1.5 are both expressed in different regions of the murine heart and consistently POPDC2 co-immunoprecipitates with Nav1.5 from native cardiac tissue. Strikingly, the knock-down of popdc2 in embryonic zebrafish caused an increased upstroke velocity and overshoot of cardiac action potentials. The POPDC modulation of Nav1.5 provides a new mechanism to regulate cardiac sodium channel densities under sympathetic stimulation, which is likely to have a functional impact on cardiac physiology and inherited arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rinné
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 30537 Marburg, Germany
| | - Aytug K. Kiper
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 30537 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Jacob
- Institute of Cytobiology, Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Beatriz Ortiz-Bonnin
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 30537 Marburg, Germany
| | - Roland F.R. Schindler
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sabine Fischer
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Signaling and Dynamics, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marlene Komadowski
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 30537 Marburg, Germany
| | - Emilia De Martino
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 30537 Marburg, Germany
| | - Martin K.-H. Schäfer
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Tamina Cornelius
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 30537 Marburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- University Center of Cardiovascular Sciences & Department of Cardiology, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg and DZHK Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian S.M. Helker
- Faculty of Biology, Cell Signaling and Dynamics, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Brand
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Niels Decher
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology, Philipps-University of Marburg, 30537 Marburg, Germany
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Deenathayalan U, Nandita R, Kavithaa K, Kavitha VS, Govindasamy C, Al-Numair KS, Alsaif MA, Cheon YP, Arul N, Brindha D. Evaluation of Developmental Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Caused by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Zebra Fish Embryos/ Larvae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04791-5. [PMID: 37987950 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04791-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are used in various fields, including biological ones. ZnO NPs are eventually disposed of in the environment where they may affect natural systems, and there is no international law to regulate their manufacture, usage, and disposal. Hence, this present study is carried out to synthesise a more non-toxic and bioactive ZnO NPs from the marine algae Sargassum polycystum. The ZnO NPs were biologically produced using the marine algae Sargassum polycystum. The dynamic light scattering result describes that synthesised particles' average size is about 100 nm in diameter. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated the rod-like morphology of ZnO NPs. Fourier tranform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results revealed the presence of functional groups in ZnO NPs. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results strongly suggested the ZnO NPs crystallinity. ZnO NPs surface morphology and compositions were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM- EDX) values. To analyse the toxicity of synthesised nanoparticles, zebra fish larvae were used, which involved subjecting embryos to various ZnO NPs concentrations at 1 hpf and analysing the results at 96 hpf. The 60 and 80 ppm sub-lethal doses were chosen for further studies based on the LC50 (82.23 ppm). In the ZnO NPs-treated groups, a significant slowdown in pulse rate and a delay in hatching were seen, both of which impacted the embryonic processes. A teratogenic study revealed a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of developmental deformities in the treated groups. Along with increased oxidants and a corresponding reduction in antioxidant enzymes, Na+ K+-ATPase and AChE activity changes were seen in ZnO NPs-treated zebra fish larvae groups. The apoptosis process was increased in ZnO NPs-treated groups revealed by acridine orange staining. These results indicate that the green synthesis process cannot mitigate the oxidative stress induced by ZnO NPs on oxidative signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uvarajan Deenathayalan
- Department of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravichandran Nandita
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnamoorthy Kavithaa
- Department of Biotechnology, Hindusthan College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Chandramohan Govindasamy
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, KingSaud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Al-Numair
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, KingSaud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Alsaif
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, KingSaud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yong Pil Cheon
- Division of Developmental Biology and Physiology, Department of Biotechnology, Sungshin University, Seoul, 02844, South Korea
| | - Narayanasamy Arul
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Durairaj Brindha
- Department of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts & Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ni X, Yin X, Qi C, Liu C, Chen H, Zhou Y, Ao W, Bao S, Xue J, Yang J, Dong W. Cardiotoxicity of (-)-borneol, (+)-borneol, and isoborneol in zebrafish embryos is associated with Na + /K + -ATPase and Ca 2+ -ATPase inhibition. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:373-386. [PMID: 36062847 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Borneol is an example of traditional Chinese medicine widely used in Asia. There are different isomers of chiral borneol in the market, but its toxicity and effects need further study. In this study, we used zebrafish embryos to examine the effects of exposure to three isomers of borneol [(-)-borneol, (+)-borneol, and isoborneol] on heart development and the association with Na+ /K+ -ATPase from 4 h post-fertilization (4 hpf). The results showed that the three isomers of borneol increased mortality and decreased hatching rate when the zebrafish embryo developed to 72 hpf. All three isomers of borneol (0.01-1.0 mM) significantly reduced heart rate from 48 to 120 hpf and reduced the expression of genes related to Ca2+ -ATPase (cacna1ab and cacna1da) and Na+ /K+ -ATPase (atp1b2b, atp1a3b, and atp1a2). At the same time, the three isomers of borneol significantly reduced the activities of Ca2+ -ATPase and Na+ /K+ -ATPase at 0.1 to 1.0 mM. (+)-Borneol caused the most significant reduction (p < 0.05), followed by isoborneol and (-)-borneol. Na+ /K+ -ATPase was mainly expressed in otic vesicles and protonephridium. All three isomers of borneol reduced Na+ /K+ -ATPase mRNA expression, but isoborneol was the most significant (p < 0.01). Our results indicated that (+)-borneol was the least toxic of the three isomers while the isoborneol showed the most substantial toxic effect, closely related to effects on Na+ /K+ -ATPase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ni
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yin
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Chelimuge Qi
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Yini Zhou
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Wuliji Ao
- Inner Mongolia Research Institute of Traditional Mongolian Medicine Engineering technology/College of Mongolian Medicine and Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Shuyin Bao
- The Medical College of Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Jiangdong Xue
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Jingfeng Yang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Wu Dong
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
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Wei YL, Lei YQ, Ye ZJ, Zhuang XD, Zhu LP, Wang XR, Cao H. Effects of bepridil on early cardiac development of zebrafish. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:375-391. [PMID: 36422735 PMCID: PMC9686465 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03706-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bepridil is a commonly used medication for arrhythmia and heart failure. It primarily exerts hemodynamic effects by inhibiting Na+/K+ movement and regulating the Na+/Ca2+ exchange. In comparison to other Ca2+ inhibitors, bepridil has a long half-life and a complex pharmacology. Additionally, it is widely used in antiviral research and the treatment of various diseases. However, the toxicity of this compound and its other possible effects on embryonic development are unknown. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of bepridil on rat myocardial H9c2 cells. After treatment with bepridil, the cells became overloaded with Ca2+ and entered a state of cytoplasmic vacuolization and nuclear abnormality. Bepridil treatment resulted in several morphological abnormalities in zebrafish embryo models, including pericardium enlargement, yolk sac swelling, and growth stunting. The hemodynamic effects on fetal development resulted in abnormal cardiovascular circulation and myocardial weakness. After inhibiting the Ca2+ transmembrane, the liver of zebrafish larvae also displayed an ectopic and deficient spatial location. Additionally, the results of the RNA-seq analysis revealed the detailed gene expression profiles and metabolic responses to bepridil treatment in zebrafish embryonic development. Taken together, our study provides an important evaluation of antiarrhythmic agents for clinical use in prenatal heart patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lan Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350013, China
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Yu-Qing Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350013, China
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Zhou-Jie Ye
- NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350013, China
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhuang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350013, China
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Li-Ping Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350013, China
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China
| | - Xin-Rui Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350013, China.
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
| | - Hua Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350013, China.
- College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350001, China.
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Sudhagar A, El-Matbouli M, Kumar G. Genome-wide alternative splicing profile in the posterior kidney of brown trout (Salmo trutta) during proliferative kidney disease. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:446. [PMID: 35710345 PMCID: PMC9204890 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08685-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cnidarian myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae causes chronic proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in salmonids. This parasite is a serious threat to wild and cultured salmonids. T. bryosalmonae undergoes intra-luminal sporogonic development in the kidney of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and the viable spores are released via urine. We investigated the alternative splicing pattern in the posterior kidney of brown trout during PKD. RESULTS RNA-seq data were generated from the posterior kidney of brown trout collected at 12 weeks post-exposure to T. bryosalmonae. Subsequently, this data was mapped to the brown trout genome. About 153 significant differently expressed alternatively spliced (DEAS) genes, (delta PSI = 5%, FDR P-value < 0.05) were identified from 19,722 alternatively spliced events. Among the DEAS genes, the least and most abundant alternative splicing types were alternative 5' splice site (5.23%) and exon skipping (70.59%), respectively. The DEAS genes were significantly enriched for sodium-potassium transporter activity and ion homeostasis (ahcyl1, atp1a3a, atp1a1a.1, and atp1a1a.5). The protein-protein interaction network analysis enriched two local network clusters namely cation transporting ATPase C-terminus and Sodium/potassium ATPase beta chain cluster, and mixed inclusion of Ion homeostasis and EF-hand domain cluster. Furthermore, the human disease-related salmonella infection pathway was significantly enriched in the protein-protein interaction network. CONCLUSION This study provides the first baseline information about alternative splicing in brown trout during PKD. The generated data lay a foundation for further functional molecular studies in PKD - brown trout infection model. The information generated from the present study can help to develop therapeutic strategies for PKD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sudhagar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR - National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi, Kerala, 682 018, India
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Thirumurthi NA, Raghunath A, Balasubramanian S, Perumal E. Evaluation of Maghemite Nanoparticles-Induced Developmental Toxicity and Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos/Larvae. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2349-2364. [PMID: 34297274 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maghemite nanoparticles ([Formula: see text] NPs) have a wide array of applications in various industries including biomedical field. There is an absence of legislation globally for the regulation of the production, use, and disposal of such NPs as they are eventually dumped into the environment where these NPs might affect the living systems. This study evaluates the effect of the [Formula: see text] NP-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos/larvae. The commercially available Fe2O3 NPs were purchased, and zebrafish embryos toxicity test was done by exposing embryos to various concentrations of [Formula: see text] NPs at 1 hpf and analyzed at 96 hpf. Based on the LC50 value (60.17 ppm), the sub-lethal concentrations of 40 and 60 ppm were used for further experiments. Hatching, lethality, developmental malformations, and heartbeat rate were measured in the control and treated embryos/larvae. The ionic Fe content in the media, and the larvae was quantified using ICP-MS and AAS. The biomolecular alterations in the control and treated groups were analyzed using FT-IR. The Fe ions present in the larvae were visualized using SEM-EDXS. In situ detection of AChE and apoptotic bodies was done using staining techniques. Biochemical markers (total protein content, AChE, and Na+ K+-ATPase) along with oxidants and antioxidants were assessed. A significant decrease in the heartbeat rate and hatching delay was observed in the treated groups affecting the developmental processes. Teratogenic analysis showed increased developmental deformity incidence in treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. The accumulation of Fe was evidenced from the ICP-MS, AAS, and SEM-EDXS. Alterations in AChE and Na+ K+-ATPase activity were observed along with an increment in the oxidants level with a concomitant decrease in antioxidant enzymes. These results show [Formula: see text] NP exposure leads to developmental malformation and results in the alteration of redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azhwar Raghunath
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
| | | | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India.
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Thyroid hormones regulate cardiac repolarization and QT-interval related gene expression in hiPSC cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:568. [PMID: 35022468 PMCID: PMC8755773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04659-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolongation of cardiac repolarization (QT interval) represents a dangerous and potentially life-threatening electrical event affecting the heart. Thyroid hormones (THs) are critical for cardiac development and heart function. However, little is known about THs influence on ventricular repolarization and controversial effects on QT prolongation are reported. Human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) and multielectrode array (MEA) systems were used to investigate the influence of 3,3',5-triiodo-L-Thyronine (T3) and 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodo-L-Thyronine (T4) on corrected Field Potential Duration (FPDc), the in vitro analog of QT interval, and on local extracellular Action Potential Duration (APD). Treatment with high THs doses induces a significant prolongation of both FPDc and APD, with the strongest increase reached after 24 h exposure. Preincubation with reverse T3 (rT3), a specific antagonist for nuclear TH receptor binding, significantly reduces T3 effects on FPDc, suggesting a TRs-mediated transcriptional mechanism. RNA-seq analysis showed significant deregulation in genes involved in cardiac repolarization pathways, including several QT-interval related genes. In conclusion, long-time administration of high THs doses induces FPDc prolongation in hiPSC-CMs probably through the modulation of genes linked to QT-interval regulation. These results open the way to investigate new potential diagnostic biomarkers and specific targeted therapies for cardiac repolarization dysfunctions.
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Gauvrit S, Bossaer J, Lee J, Collins MM. Modeling Human Cardiac Arrhythmias: Insights from Zebrafish. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9010013. [PMID: 35050223 PMCID: PMC8779270 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmia, or irregular heart rhythm, is associated with morbidity and mortality and is described as one of the most important future public health challenges. Therefore, developing new models of cardiac arrhythmia is critical for understanding disease mechanisms, determining genetic underpinnings, and developing new therapeutic strategies. In the last few decades, the zebrafish has emerged as an attractive model to reproduce in vivo human cardiac pathologies, including arrhythmias. Here, we highlight the contribution of zebrafish to the field and discuss the available cardiac arrhythmia models. Further, we outline techniques to assess potential heart rhythm defects in larval and adult zebrafish. As genetic tools in zebrafish continue to bloom, this model will be crucial for functional genomics studies and to develop personalized anti-arrhythmic therapies.
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Wiegand J, Cheng V, Reddam A, Avila-Barnard S, Volz DC. Triphenyl phosphate-induced pericardial edema is associated with elevated epidermal ionocytes within zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 89:103776. [PMID: 34798236 PMCID: PMC8724387 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) is an organophosphate ester-based plasticizer and flame retardant. The objective of this study was to identify the potential role of epidermal ionocytes in mediating TPHP-induced pericardial edema within zebrafish embryos. Exposure to TPHP from 24 to 72 h post fertilization (hpf) resulted in a significant increase in pericardial edema and the number of ionocytes at 72 hpf relative to time-matched embryos treated with vehicle. In addition, co-exposure of embryos to mannitol (an osmotic diuretic) blocked TPHP-induced pericardial edema and effects on ionocyte abundance. However, knockdown of ATPase1a1.4 - an abundant Na+/K+-ATPase localized to epidermal ionocytes - mitigated TPHP-induced effects on ionocyte abundance but not pericardial edema, whereas co-exposure of embryos to ouabain - a Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor - enhanced TPHP-induced pericardial edema but not ionocyte abundance. Overall, our findings suggest that TPHP may have multiple mechanisms of toxicity leading to an increase in ionocyte abundance and pericardial edema within developing zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Wiegand
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Vanessa Cheng
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Aalekhya Reddam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sarah Avila-Barnard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Minhas R, Loeffler-Wirth H, Siddiqui YH, Obrębski T, Vashisht S, Abu Nahia K, Paterek A, Brzozowska A, Bugajski L, Piwocka K, Korzh V, Binder H, Winata CL. Transcriptome profile of the sinoatrial ring reveals conserved and novel genetic programs of the zebrafish pacemaker. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:715. [PMID: 34600492 PMCID: PMC8487553 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sinoatrial Node (SAN) is part of the cardiac conduction system, which controls the rhythmic contraction of the vertebrate heart. The SAN consists of a specialized pacemaker cell population that has the potential to generate electrical impulses. Although the SAN pacemaker has been extensively studied in mammalian and teleost models, including the zebrafish, their molecular nature remains inadequately comprehended. RESULTS To characterize the molecular profile of the zebrafish sinoatrial ring (SAR) and elucidate the mechanism of pacemaker function, we utilized the transgenic line sqet33mi59BEt to isolate cells of the SAR of developing zebrafish embryos and profiled their transcriptome. Our analyses identified novel candidate genes and well-known conserved signaling pathways involved in pacemaker development. We show that, compared to the rest of the heart, the zebrafish SAR overexpresses several mammalian SAN pacemaker signature genes, which include hcn4 as well as those encoding calcium- and potassium-gated channels. Moreover, genes encoding components of the BMP and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as members of the Tbx family, which have previously been implicated in pacemaker development, were also overexpressed in the SAR. Among SAR-overexpressed genes, 24 had human homologues implicated in 104 different ClinVar phenotype entries related to various forms of congenital heart diseases, which suggest the relevance of our transcriptomics resource to studying human heart conditions. Finally, functional analyses of three SAR-overexpressed genes, pard6a, prom2, and atp1a1a.2, uncovered their novel role in heart development and physiology. CONCLUSION Our results established conserved aspects between zebrafish and mammalian pacemaker function and revealed novel factors implicated in maintaining cardiac rhythm. The transcriptome data generated in this study represents a unique and valuable resource for the study of pacemaker function and associated heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Minhas
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henry Loeffler-Wirth
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yusra H Siddiqui
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Human Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Tomasz Obrębski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shikha Vashisht
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karim Abu Nahia
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alexandra Paterek
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Angelika Brzozowska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Bugajski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Cytometry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piwocka
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Laboratory of Cytometry, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vladimir Korzh
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cecilia Lanny Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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Long-Chain Acyl-Carnitines Interfere with Mitochondrial ATP Production Leading to Cardiac Dysfunction in Zebrafish. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168468. [PMID: 34445174 PMCID: PMC8395116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human heart, the energy supplied by the production of ATP is predominately accomplished by ß-oxidation in mitochondria, using fatty acids (FAs) as the primary fuel. Long-chain acylcarnitines (LCACs) are intermediate forms of FA transport that are essential for FA delivery from the cytosol into mitochondria. Here, we analyzed the impact of the LCACs C18 and C18:1 on mitochondrial function and, subsequently, on heart functionality in the in vivo vertebrate model system of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Since LCACs are formed and metabolized in mitochondria, we assessed mitochondrial morphology, structure and density in C18- and C18:1-treated zebrafish and found no mitochondrial alterations compared to control-treated (short-chain acylcarnitine, C3) zebrafish embryos. However, mitochondrial function and subsequently ATP production was severely impaired in C18- and C18:1-treated zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, we found that C18 and C18:1 treatment of zebrafish embryos led to significantly impaired cardiac contractile function, accompanied by reduced heart rate and diminished atrial and ventricular fractional shortening, without interfering with cardiomyocyte differentiation, specification and growth. In summary, our findings provide insights into the direct role of long-chain acylcarnitines on vertebrate heart function by interfering with regular mitochondrial function and thereby energy allocation in cardiomyocytes.
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13
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Rattka M, Westphal S, Gahr BM, Just S, Rottbauer W. Spen deficiency interferes with Connexin 43 expression and leads to heart failure in zebrafish. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 155:25-35. [PMID: 33549680 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies identified Spen as a putative modifier of cardiac function, however, the precise function of Spen in the cardiovascular system is not known yet. Here, we analyzed for the first time the in vivo role of Spen in zebrafish and found that targeted Spen inactivation led to progressive impairment of cardiac function in the zebrafish embryo. In addition to diminished cardiac contractile force, Spen-deficient zebrafish embryos developed bradycardia, atrioventricular block and heart chamber fibrillation. Assessment of cardiac-specific transcriptional profiles identified Connexin 43 (Cx43), a cardiac gap junction protein and crucial regulator of cardiomyocyte-to-cardiomyocyte communication, to be significantly diminished in Spen-deficient zebrafish embryos. Similar to the situation in Spen-deficient embryos, Morpholino-mediated knockdown of cx43 in zebrafish resulted in cardiac contractile dysfunction, bradycardia, atrioventricular block and fibrillation of the cardiac chambers. Furthermore, ectopic overexpression of cx43 in Spen deficient embryos led to the reconstitution of cardiac contractile function and suppression of cardiac arrhythmia. Additionally, sensitizing experiments by simultaneously injecting sub-phenotypic concentrations of spen- and cx43-Morpholinos into zebrafish embryos resulted in pathological supra-additive effects. In summary, our findings highlight a crucial role of Spen in controlling cx43 expression and demonstrate the Spen-Cx43 axis to be a vital regulatory cascade that is indispensable for proper heart function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rattka
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Sören Westphal
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Bernd M Gahr
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Steffen Just
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Rottbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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14
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Sieliwonczyk E, Matchkov VV, Vandendriessche B, Alaerts M, Bakkers J, Loeys B, Schepers D. Inherited Ventricular Arrhythmia in Zebrafish: Genetic Models and Phenotyping Tools. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 184:33-68. [PMID: 34533615 DOI: 10.1007/112_2021_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In the last years, the field of inheritable ventricular arrhythmia disease modelling has changed significantly with a push towards the use of novel cellular cardiomyocyte based models. However, there is a growing need for new in vivo models to study the disease pathology at the tissue and organ level. Zebrafish provide an excellent opportunity for in vivo modelling of inheritable ventricular arrhythmia syndromes due to the remarkable similarity between their cardiac electrophysiology and that of humans. Additionally, many state-of-the-art methods in gene editing and electrophysiological phenotyping are available for zebrafish research. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of the published zebrafish genetic models for primary electrical disorders and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. We summarise and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different technical approaches for the generation of genetically modified zebrafish disease models, as well as the electrophysiological approaches in zebrafish phenotyping. By providing this detailed overview, we aim to draw attention to the potential of the zebrafish model for studying arrhythmia syndromes at the organ level and as a platform for personalised medicine and drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sieliwonczyk
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Vladimir V Matchkov
- Department of Biomedicine, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bert Vandendriessche
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maaike Alaerts
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Loeys
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dorien Schepers
- Center of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Laboratory for Molecular, Cellular and Network Excitability, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Abstract
Inherited cardiac arrhythmias contribute substantially to sudden cardiac death in the young. The underlying pathophysiology remains incompletely understood because of the lack of representative study models and the labour-intensive nature of electrophysiological patch clamp experiments. Whereas patch clamp is still considered the gold standard for investigating electrical properties in a cell, optical mapping of voltage and calcium transients has paved the way for high-throughput studies. Moreover, the development of human-induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) has enabled the study of patient specific cell lines capturing the full genomic background. Nevertheless, hiPSC-CMs do not fully address the complex interactions between various cell types in the heart. Studies using in vivo models, are therefore necessary. Given the analogies between the human and zebrafish cardiovascular system, zebrafish has emerged as a cost-efficient model for arrhythmogenic diseases. In this review, we describe how hiPSC-CM and zebrafish are employed as models to study primary electrical disorders. We provide an overview of the contemporary electrophysiological phenotyping tools and discuss in more depth the different strategies available for optical mapping. We consider the current advantages and disadvantages of both hiPSC-CM and zebrafish as a model and optical mapping as phenotyping tool and propose strategies for further improvement. Overall, the combination of experimental readouts at cellular (hiPSC-CM) and whole organ (zebrafish) level can raise our understanding of the complexity of inherited cardiac arrhythmia disorders to the next level.
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16
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Yan J, Chen S, Zuo Z, He C, Yi M. Graphene oxide quantum dot exposure induces abnormalities in locomotor activities and mechanisms in zebrafish (
Danio rerio
). J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:794-803. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Yan
- School of KinesiologyShanghai University of Sport Shanghai China
- College of Physical EducationJimei University Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Shujing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life SciencesXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Zhenghong Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life SciencesXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Chengyong He
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life SciencesXiamen University Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Muqing Yi
- School of KinesiologyShanghai University of Sport Shanghai China
- Center for Sports NutritionNational Institute of Sports Medicine Beijing China
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17
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Pott A, Rottbauer W, Just S. Streamlining drug discovery assays for cardiovascular disease using zebrafish. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 15:27-37. [PMID: 31570020 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1671351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: In the last decade, our armamentarium of cardiovascular drug therapy has expanded significantly. Using innovative functional genomics strategies such as genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 as well as high-throughput assays to identify bioactive small chemical compounds has significantly facilitated elaboration of the underlying pathomechanism in various cardiovascular diseases. However, despite scientific progress approvals for cardiovascular drugs has stagnated significantly compared to other fields of drug discovery and therapy during the past years.Areas covered: In this review, the authors discuss the aspects and pitfalls during the early phase of cardiovascular drug discovery and describe the advantages of zebrafish as an in vivo organism to model human cardiovascular diseases (CVD) as well as an in vivo platform for high-throughput chemical compound screening. They also highlight the emerging, promising techniques of automated read-out systems during high-throughput screening (HTS) for the evaluation of important cardiac functional parameters in zebrafish with the potential to streamline CVD drug discovery.Expert opinion: The successful identification of novel drugs to treat CVD is a major challenge in modern biomedical and clinical research. In this context, the definition of the etiologic fundamentals of human cardiovascular diseases is the prerequisite for an efficient and straightforward drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pott
- Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany.,Molecular Cardiology, Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Steffen Just
- Molecular Cardiology, Internal Medicine II, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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18
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Zhao Y, Zhang K, Sips P, MacRae CA. Screening drugs for myocardial disease in vivo with zebrafish: an expert update. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:343-353. [PMID: 30836799 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1577815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our understanding of the complexity of cardiovascular disease pathophysiology remains very incomplete and has hampered cardiovascular drug development over recent decades. The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and their increasing global burden call for novel strategies to address disease biology and drug discovery. Areas covered: This review describes the recent history of cardiovascular drug discovery using in vivo phenotype-based screening in zebrafish. The rationale for the use of this model is highlighted and the initial efforts in the fields of disease modeling and high-throughput screening are illustrated. Finally, the advantages and limitations of in vivo zebrafish screening are discussed, highlighting newer approaches, such as genome editing technologies, to accelerate our understanding of disease biology and the development of precise disease models. Expert opinion: Full understanding and faithful modeling of specific cardiovascular disease is a rate-limiting step for cardiovascular drug discovery. The resurgence of in vivo phenotype screening together with the advancement of systems biology approaches allows for the identification of lead compounds which show efficacy on integrative disease biology in the absence of validated targets. This strategy bypasses current gaps in knowledge of disease biology and paves the way for successful drug discovery and downstream molecular target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University , Shanghai , China.,c Cardiovascular Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University , Shanghai , China.,c Cardiovascular Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Patrick Sips
- d Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Calum A MacRae
- c Cardiovascular Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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