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An C, Li Z, Chen Y, Huang S, Yang F, Hu Y, Xu T, Zhang C, Ge S. The cGAS-STING pathway in cardiovascular diseases: from basic research to clinical perspectives. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:58. [PMID: 38720328 PMCID: PMC11080250 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) signaling pathway, an important component of the innate immune system, is involved in the development of several diseases. Ectopic DNA-induced inflammatory responses are involved in several pathological processes. Repeated damage to tissues and metabolic organelles releases a large number of damage-associated molecular patterns (mitochondrial DNA, nuclear DNA, and exogenous DNA). The DNA fragments released into the cytoplasm are sensed by the sensor cGAS to initiate immune responses through the bridging protein STING. Many recent studies have revealed a regulatory role of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, atherosclerosis, and aortic dissection/aneurysm. Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that inhibiting the cGAS-STING signaling pathway can significantly inhibit myocardial hypertrophy and inflammatory cell infiltration. Therefore, this review is intended to identify risk factors for activating the cGAS-STING pathway to reduce risks and to simultaneously further elucidate the biological function of this pathway in the cardiovascular field, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng An
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Shaojun Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Shenglin Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No.218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Tran DT, Batchu SN, Advani A. Interferons and interferon-related pathways in heart disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1357343. [PMID: 38665231 PMCID: PMC11043610 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1357343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) and IFN-related pathways play key roles in the defence against microbial infection. However, these processes may also be activated during the pathogenesis of non-infectious diseases, where they may contribute to organ injury, or function in a compensatory manner. In this review, we explore the roles of IFNs and IFN-related pathways in heart disease. We consider the cardiac effects of type I IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs); the emerging role of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway; the seemingly paradoxical effects of the type II IFN, IFN-γ; and the varied actions of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors. Recombinant IFNs and small molecule inhibitors of mediators of IFN receptor signaling are already employed in the clinic for the treatment of some autoimmune diseases, infections, and cancers. There has also been renewed interest in IFNs and IFN-related pathways because of their involvement in SARS-CoV-2 infection, and because of the relatively recent emergence of cGAS-STING as a pattern recognition receptor-activated pathway. Whether these advances will ultimately result in improvements in the care of those experiencing heart disease remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Advani
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Khan MS, Khan SU, Khan SU, Suleman M, Shan Ahmad RU, Khan MU, Tayyeb JZ, Crovella S, Harlina PW, Saeed S. Cardiovascular diseases crossroads: cGAS-STING signaling and disease progression. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102189. [PMID: 37956918 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
It is now widely accepted that inflammation is critical in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Here, studies are being conducted on how cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), a component of innate immunity's DNA-sensing machinery, communicates with the STING receptor, which is involved in activating the immune system's antiviral response. Significantly, a growing body of research in recent years highlights the strong activation of the cGAS-STING signalling pathways in several cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, and myocarditis. This developing collection of research emphasises these pathways' crucial role in initiating and advancing cardiovascular disease. In this extensive narrative, we explore the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in the development of CVD. We elaborate on the basic mechanisms involved in the onset and progression of CVD. This review explores the most recent developments in the recognition and characterization of cGAS-STING pathway. Additionally, it considers the field's future prospects while examining how cGAS-STING pathway might be altered and its clinical applications for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shehzad Khan
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Shatin City, Hong Kong (HKSAR), PR China; Department of Physics, College of Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon City, Hong Kong (HKSAR), PR China
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Department of Biochemistry, Women Medical and Dental College, Khyber Medical University, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 22080, Pakistan.
| | - Safir Ullah Khan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China
| | - Muhammad Suleman
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center (LARC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Rafi U Shan Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City university of Hong Kong, Kowloon City, Hong Kong (HKSAR), PR China
| | - Munir Ullah Khan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, International Research Center for X Polymers, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, PR China
| | - Jehad Zuhair Tayyeb
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 23890, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergio Crovella
- Laboratory of Animal Research Center (LARC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Putri Widyanti Harlina
- Department of Food Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung 45363, Indonesia
| | - Sumbul Saeed
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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Jin W, Tu F, Dong F, Deng Q, Abudureyimu M, Yu W, Cai GJ, Pei JM, Pei Z, Ren J. Interplay between obesity and aging on myocardial geometry and function: Role of leptin-STAT3-stress signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2023; 1867:130281. [PMID: 36410609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uncorrected obesity facilitates premature aging and cardiovascular anomalies. This study examined the interaction between obesity and aging on cardiac remodeling and contractile function. METHODS Cardiac echocardiographic geometry, function, morphology, intracellular Ca2+ handling, oxidative stress (DHE fluorescence), STAT3 and stress signaling were evaluated in young (3-mo) and old (12- and 18-mo) lean and leptin deficient ob/ob obese mice. Cardiomyocytes from young and old lean and ob/ob mice were treated with leptin (1 nM) for 4 h in vitro prior to assessment of mechanical and biochemical properties. High fat diet (45% calorie from fat) and the leptin receptor mutant db/db obese mice at young and old age were evaluated for comparison. RESULTS Our results displayed reduced survival in ob/ob mice. Obesity but less likely older age dampened echocardiographic, geometric, cardiomyocyte function and intracellular Ca2+ properties, elevated O2- and p47phox NADPH oxidase levels with a more pronounced geometric change at older age. Immunoblot analysis revealed elevated p47phox NADPH oxidase and dampened phosphorylation of STAT3, with a more pronounced response in old ob/ob mice, the effects were restored by leptin. Obesity and aging inhibited phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS, AMPK, and p38 while promoting phosphorylation of JNK and IκB. Leptin reconciled cardiomyocyte dysfunction, O2- yield, p47phox upregulation, STAT3 dephosphorylation and stress signaling in ob/ob mice although its action on stress signaling cascades were lost at old age. High fat diet-induced and db/db obesity displayed aging-associated cardiomyocyte anomalies reminiscent of ob/ob model albeit lost leptin response. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest disparate age-associated obesity response in cardiac remodeling and contractile dysfunction due to phosphorylation of Akt, eNOS and stress signaling-related oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 3330009, China
| | - Fei Tu
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 3330009, China
| | - Feng Dong
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - Qinqin Deng
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 3330009, China
| | - Miyesaier Abudureyimu
- Cardiovascular Department, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China
| | - Guo-Jun Cai
- Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jian-Ming Pei
- Department of Physiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Zhaohui Pei
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 3330009, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China,.
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Liu Y, You F, Song G, Ceylan AF, Deng Q, Jin W, Min J, Burd L, Ren J, Pei Z. Deficiency in Beclin1 attenuates alcohol-induced cardiac dysfunction via inhibition of ferroptosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130245. [PMID: 36126834 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking leads to compromised mitochondrial integrity and contractile function in the heart although little effective remedy is readily available. Given the possible derangement of autophagy in ethanol-induced cardiac anomalies, this study was designed to examine involvement of Beclin1 in acute ethanol-induced cardiac contractile dysfunction, in any, and the impact of Beclin1 haploinsufficiency on ethanol cardiotoxicity with a focus on autophagy-related ferroptosis. METHODS WT and Beclin1 haploinsufficiency (BECN+/-) mice were challenged with ethanol for one week (2 g/kg, i.p. on day 1, 3 and 7) prior to assessment of cardiac injury markers (LDH, CK-MB), cardiac geometry, contractile and mitochondrial integrity, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis and ferroptosis. RESULTS Ethanol exposure compromised cardiac geometry and contractile function accompanied with upregulated Beclin1 and autophagy, mitochondrial injury, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis, and ferroptosis (GPx4, SLC7A11, NCOA4). Although Beclin1 deficiency did not affect cardiac function in the absence of ethanol challenge, it alleviated ethanol-induced changes in cardiac injury biomarkers, cardiomyocyte area, interstitial fibrosis, echocardiographic and cardiomyocyte mechanical properties along with mitochondrial integrity, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis and ferroptosis. Ethanol challenge evoked pronounced ferroptosis (downregulated GPx4, SLC7A11 and elevated NCOA4, lipid peroxidation), the effect was alleviated by Beclin1 haploinsufficiency. Inhibition of ferroptosis using LIP-1 rescued ethanol-induced cardiac mechanical anomalies. In vitro study noted that ferroptosis induction using erastin abrogated Beclin1 haploinsufficiency-induced response against ethanol. CONCLUSIONS In sum, our data suggest that Beclin1 haploinsufficiency benefits acute ethanol challenge-induced myocardial remodeling and contractile dysfunction through ferroptosis-mediated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandong Liu
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 330009, China
| | - Fei You
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an 710003, China
| | - Guoliang Song
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 330009, China
| | - Asli F Ceylan
- Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Qinqin Deng
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 330009, China
| | - Wei Jin
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 330009, China
| | - Jie Min
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 330009, China
| | - Larry Burd
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Zhaohui Pei
- The Second Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Nanchang 330009, China.
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Du Y, Zhang H, Nie X, Qi Y, Shi S, Han Y, Zhou W, He C, Wang L. Link between sterile inflammation and cardiovascular diseases: Focus on cGAS-STING pathway in the pathogenesis and therapeutic prospect. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:965726. [PMID: 36072862 PMCID: PMC9441773 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.965726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation characterized by unresolved chronic inflammation is well established to promote the progression of multiple autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, collectively termed as sterile inflammatory diseases. In recent years, substantial evidence has revealed that the inflammatory response is closely related to cardiovascular diseases. Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway which is activated by cytoplasmic DNA promotes the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) or nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), thus leading to upregulation of the levels of inflammatory factors and interferons (IFNs). Therefore, studying the role of inflammation caused by cGAS-STING pathway in cardiovascular diseases could provide a new therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on that cGAS-STING-mediated inflammatory response in the progression of cardiovascular diseases and the prospects of cGAS or STING inhibitors for treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Nie
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajun Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi Shi
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Han
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenchen Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaoyong He
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Chaoyong He
| | - Lintao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- Lintao Wang
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Qin X, Fei J, Duan Y, Ceylan AF, Zhang F, Ren J. Beclin1 haploinsufficiency compromises mesenchymal stem cell-offered cardioprotection against myocardial infarction. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 11:21. [PMID: 35650374 PMCID: PMC9160171 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00121-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapy has displayed some promises in ischemia heart diseases although its efficacy may be affected by changes in surrounding environments. This study evaluated the role of autophagy insufficiency using Beclin1 haploinsufficiency (BECN+/-) on intra-myocardial MSC transplantation-evoked effect against myocardial infarction. Donor MSCs from C57BL/6 mice were labelled with cell-tracker CM Dil and were delivered into LV free wall adjacent to infarct region in wild-type (WT) and BECN+/- recipient mice following ligation of left main coronary artery (MI-MSCs). Ten days following MI, myocardial function was assessed using echocardiography. Cardiomyocyte contractility and intracellular Ca2+ were monitored using cardiomyocytes from the area-at-risk adjacent to infarct. CM-Dil labeled cells were tracked in MSCs recipient mice using fluorescence microscopy. Lectin, Masson trichrome staining and Western blot analysis were employed to determine cardiomyocyte area, scar fibrosis, apoptosis and inflammation. MI insult triggered scar fibrosis, LV chamber dilation, decreased fractional shortening, ejection fraction, cardiomyocyte shortening, maximal velocity of shortening and relengthening as well as prolonged relengthening, which were abrogated or attenuated by MSCs therapy in WT but not BECN+/- mice. MI decreased intracellular Ca2+ rise and decay in response to electrical stimuli without affecting resting intracellular Ca2+, which were reconciled by MSCs in WT but not BECN+/- mice. MSCs further attenuated MI-induced mitochondrial ultrastructural injury, apoptosis, inflammation and autophagy defects in peri-infarct area in WT but not BECN+/- mice. Collectively, our results suggested that autophagy insufficiency dampened in MSCs-elicited cardioprotection associated with dampened apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juanjuan Fei
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Asli F Ceylan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Faculty of Medicine, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fuyang Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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de Castro Brás LE, Schibalski RS, Ilatovskaya DV, O'Meara CC, DeLeon-Pennell KY. Editorial: Role of Molecular Modulators in Combatting Cardiac Injury and Disease: Prevention, Repair and Regeneration. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:861442. [PMID: 35509270 PMCID: PMC9058098 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.861442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra E. de Castro Brás
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Ryan S. Schibalski
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | | | - Caitlin C. O'Meara
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Center, Genomics Sciences and Precision Medicine Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Kristine Y. DeLeon-Pennell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States
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9
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Bao T, Liu J, Leng J, Cai L. The cGAS-STING pathway: more than fighting against viruses and cancer. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:209. [PMID: 34906241 PMCID: PMC8670263 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the classic Cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, downstream signals can control the production of type I interferon and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells to promote the activation of pro-inflammatory molecules, which are mainly induced during antiviral responses. However, with progress in this area of research, studies focused on autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammatory conditions that may be relevant to cGAS–STING pathways have been conducted. This review mainly highlights the functions of the cGAS–STING pathway in chronic inflammatory diseases. Importantly, the cGAS–STING pathway has a major impact on lipid metabolism. Different research groups have confirmed that the cGAS–STING pathway plays an important role in the chronic inflammatory status in various organs. However, this pathway has not been studied in depth in diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Current research on the cGAS–STING pathway has shown that the targeted therapy of diseases that may be caused by inflammation via the cGAS–STING pathway has promising outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terigen Bao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,Department of Pediatrics, The Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jiyan Leng
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.,Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
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10
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Prizad H, Sheikholeslami F, Mahmoudi M, Fazeli M, Fadajan Z. The role of assaying recombinant Beclin1 by in vitro and in vivo tests. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Aortic Valve Calcification Score in Patients with Arterial Hypertension Environmentally Exposed to Tobacco Smoke. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2021; 21:869-879. [PMID: 34309797 PMCID: PMC8478724 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of our study was to determine the relationship between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and the value of the aortic valve calcification score (AVCS) in people suffering from arterial hypertension (AH). 107 non-smokers with AH (mean age 67.16 ± 8.48 years) were qualified for the study. The degree of exposure to ETS was assessed using the Second-hand Smoke Exposure Scale (SHSES) questionnaire. Study group was divided depending on ETS exposure: A—no exposure, B—low, C—medium and D—high. AVCS was measured based on the aortic valve plane multiplanar reconstruction from the non-contrast phase of the cardiac computed tomography. The Agatston algorithm was used, in which calcifications were considered changes with a density exceeding 130 HU. The mean AVCS value in the study group of patients was 213.59 ± 304.86. The AVCS was significantly lower in subgroup A than in subgroups C and D. In subgroup A, the lack of aortic valve calcification (AVCS = 0) was observed significantly more frequently than in subgroups C and D. There was a positive correlation between the number of SHSES points and the AVCS value (r = 0.37, p < 0.05). Based on the ROC curve, the SHSES value was determined as the optimal cut-off point for the prediction of AVCS = 0, amounting to 3 points. The accuracy of SHSES < 3 as the predictor of AVCS = 0 was set at 62.18%. Hypertensive patients have an unfavourable relationship between the amount of exposure to ETS, determined on the SHSES scale, and the AVCS value.
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12
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Rech L, Rainer PP. The Innate Immune cGAS-STING-Pathway in Cardiovascular Diseases - A Mini Review. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:715903. [PMID: 34381828 PMCID: PMC8349977 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.715903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a central role in cardiovascular diseases (CVD). One pathway under investigation is the innate immune DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and its downstream receptor stimulator of interferon genes (STING). cGAS-STING upregulates type I interferons in response to pathogens. Recent studies show that also self-DNA may activate cGAS-STING, for instance, DNA released from nuclei or mitochondria during obesity or myocardial infarction. Here, we focus on emerging evidence describing the interaction of cGAS-STING with cardiovascular risk factors and disease. We also touch on translational therapeutic opportunities and potential further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Rech
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter P Rainer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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13
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Circulating mitochondrial DNA-triggered autophagy dysfunction via STING underlies sepsis-related acute lung injury. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:673. [PMID: 34218252 PMCID: PMC8254453 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The STING pathway and its induction of autophagy initiate a potent immune defense response upon the recognition of pathogenic DNA. However, this protective response is minimal, as STING activation worsens organ damage, and abnormal autophagy is observed during progressive sepsis. Whether and how the STING pathway affects autophagic flux during sepsis-induced acute lung injury (sALI) are currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the level of circulating mtDNA and degree of STING activation are increased in sALI patients. Furthermore, STING activation was found to play a pivotal role in mtDNA-mediated lung injury by evoking an inflammatory storm and disturbing autophagy. Mechanistically, STING activation interferes with lysosomal acidification in an interferon (IFN)-dependent manner without affecting autophagosome biogenesis or fusion, aggravating sepsis. Induction of autophagy or STING deficiency alleviated lung injury. These findings provide new insights into the role of STING in the regulatory mechanisms behind extrapulmonary sALI.
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Zhang R, Kang R, Tang D. The STING1 network regulates autophagy and cell death. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:208. [PMID: 34078874 PMCID: PMC8172903 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death and immune response are at the core of life. In past decades, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein STING1 (also known as STING or TMEM173) was found to play a fundamental role in the production of type I interferons (IFNs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to DNA derived from invading microbial pathogens or damaged hosts by activating multiple transcription factors. In addition to this well-known function in infection, inflammation, and immunity, emerging evidence suggests that the STING1-dependent signaling network is implicated in health and disease by regulating autophagic degradation or various cell death modalities (e.g., apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, mitotic cell death, and immunogenic cell death [ICD]). Here, we outline the latest advances in our understanding of the regulating mechanisms and signaling pathways of STING1 in autophagy and cell death, which may shed light on new targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Zhang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Yin Z, Ding G, Chen X, Qin X, Xu H, Zeng B, Ren J, Zheng Q, Wang S. Beclin1 haploinsufficiency rescues low ambient temperature-induced cardiac remodeling and contractile dysfunction through inhibition of ferroptosis and mitochondrial injury. Metabolism 2020; 113:154397. [PMID: 33058849 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cold exposure provokes cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Autophagy participates in cold stress-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. This study was designed to examine the impact of Beclin1 haploinsufficiency (BECN+/-) in cold stress-induced cardiac geometric and contractile responses. METHODS AND MATERIALS Wild-type (WT) and BECN+/- mice were assigned to normal or cold exposure (4 °C) environment for 4 weeks prior to evaluation of cardiac geometry, contractile and mitochondrial properties. Autophagy, apoptosis and ferroptosis were evaluated. RESULTS Our data revealed that cold stress triggered cardiac remodeling, compromised myocardial contractile capacity including ejection fraction, fractional shortening, peak shortening and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening, duration of shortening and relengthening, intracellular Ca2+ release, intracellular Ca2+ decay, mitochondrial ultrastructural disarray, superoxide production, unchecked autophagy, apoptosis and ferroptosis, the effects of which were negated by Beclin1 haploinsufficiency. Circulating levels of corticosterone were elevated in both WT and BECN+/- mice. Treatment of corticosterone synthesis inhibitor metyrapone or ferroptosis inhibitor liproxstatins-1 rescued cold stress-induced cardiac dysfunction and mitochondrial injury. In vitro study noted that corticosterone challenge compromised cardiomyocyte function, provoked lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial injury, the effects of which were nullified by Beclin1 haploinsufficiency, inhibitors of lipoxygenase, ferroptosis and autophagy. In addition, ferroptosis inducer erastin abrogated Beclin1 deficiency-offered cardioprotection. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Beclin1 haploinsufficiency protects against cold exposure-induced cardiac dysfunction possibly through corticosterone- and ferroptosis-mediated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Gangbing Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xing Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Biru Zeng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Qijun Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Shuyi Wang
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
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