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He X, Chen Y, Xia Y, Hong X, You H, Zhang R, Liang Z, Cui Q, Zhang S, Zhou M, Yang D. DNA methylation regulates biosynthesis of tanshinones and phenolic acids during growth of Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:2086-2100. [PMID: 37879117 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation plays a crucial role in the regulation of plant growth and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) is a valuable Chinese herbal medicine commonly used to treat cardiovascular diseases; its active ingredients are tanshinones and phenolic acids, which primarily accumulate in roots. Here, we conducted a targeted metabolic analysis of S. miltiorrhiza roots at 3 distinct growth stages: 40 d old (r40), 60 d old (r60), and 90 d old (r90). The contents of tanshinones (cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, tanshinone IIA, and rosmariquinone) and phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B) gradually increased during plant development. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and transcriptome sequencing of roots at the 3 growth stages revealed an increased level of DNA methylation in the CHH context (H represents A, T, or C) context at r90 compared with r40 and r60. Increased DNA methylation levels were associated with elevated expression of various genes linked to epigenetic regulations, including CHROMOMETHYLASE2 (SmCMT2), Decrease in DNA Methylation 1 (SmDDM1), Argonaute 4 (SmAGO4), and DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 1 (SmDRM1). Moreover, expression levels of many genes involved in tanshinone and salvianolic acid biosynthesis, such as copalyldiphosphate synthase 5 (SmCPS5), cytochrome P450-related enzyme (SmCYP71D464), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (SmGGPPS1), geranyl diphosphate synthase (SmGPPS), hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase (SmHPPR), and hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (SmHPPD), were altered owing to hyper-methylation, indicating that DNA methylation plays an important role in regulating tanshinone and phenolic acid accumulation. Our data shed light on the epigenetic regulation of root growth and the biosynthesis of active ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza, providing crucial clues for further improvement of active compound production via molecular breeding in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu He
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuting Xia
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xinyu Hong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Huaqian You
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qi Cui
- Laboratory of Ornamental Plants, Department of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shuncang Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Shaoxing Biomedical Research Institute of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Co., Ltd, Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for the Development Technology of Medicinal and Edible Homologous Health Food, Shaoxing 312075, China
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Yousefian S, Esmaeili F, Lohrasebi T. A Comprehensive Review of the Key Characteristics of the Genus Mentha, Natural Compounds and Biotechnological Approaches for the Production of Secondary Metabolites. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 21:e3605. [PMID: 38269203 PMCID: PMC10804064 DOI: 10.30498/ijb.2023.380485.3605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Context The genus Mentha is one of the most aromatic and well-known members of the Lamiaceae family. A wide range of bioactive compounds has been reported in mints. Regarding the high economic importance of Mentha plants due to the presence of valuable metabolites, the demand for their products is growing exponentially. Therefore, to supply such demand, new strategies should be adopted to improve the yield and medicinal quality of the products. Evidence Acquisition The current review is written based on scientific literature obtained from online databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science regarding the characteristic features of some species of the genus Mentha, their distribution and cultivation, main uses and benefits, phytochemical composition, biotechnological approaches for the production of secondary metabolites, and strategies for enhanced production of mints secondary metabolites. Results In this article, we offer an overview of the key characteristics, natural compounds, biological properties, and medicinal uses of the genus Mentha. Current research describes biotechnological techniques such as in vitro culture methods for the production of high-value secondary metabolites. This review also highlights the strategies such as elicitation, genetic, and metabolic engineering to improve the secondary compounds production level in mint plants. Overall, it can be concluded that identifying the biosynthetic pathways, leading to the accumulation of pharmaceutically important bioactive compounds, has paved the way for developing highly productive mint plants with improved phytochemical profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tahmineh Lohrasebi
- Department of Plant Bioproducts, National Institude of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
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Yang X, Li A, Xia J, Huang Y, Lu X, Guo G, Sui S. Enhancement of the anthocyanin contents of Caladium leaves and petioles via metabolic engineering with co-overexpression of AtPAP1 and ZmLc transcription factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1186816. [PMID: 37416877 PMCID: PMC10320811 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1186816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Metabolic engineering of anthocyanin synthesis is an active research area for pigment breeding and remains a research hotspot involving AtPAP1 and ZmLc transcription factors. Caladium bicolor is a desirable anthocyanin metabolic engineering receptor, with its abundant leaf color and stable genetic transformation system. Methods We transformed C. bicolor with AtPAP1 and ZmLc and successfully obtained transgenic plants. We then used a combination of metabolome, transcriptome, WGCNA and PPI co-expression analyses to identify differentially expressed anthocyanin components and transcripts between wild-type and transgenic lines. Results Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and peonidin-3-O-rutinoside are the main components of anthocyanins in the leaves and petioles of C. bicolor. Exogenous introduction of AtPAP1 and ZmLc resulted in significant changes in pelargonidins, particularly pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside in C. bicolor. Furthermore, 5 MYB-TFs, 9 structural genes, and 5 transporters were found to be closely associated with anthocyanin synthesis and transport in C. bicolor. Discussion In this study, a network regulatory model of AtPAP1 and ZmLc in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis and transport in C. bicolor was proposed, which provides insights into the color formation mechanisms of C. bicolor, and lays a foundation for the precise regulation of anthocyanin metabolism and biosynthesis for economic plant pigment breeding.
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SmSPL6 Induces Phenolic Acid Biosynthesis and Affects Root Development in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157895. [PMID: 34360660 PMCID: PMC8348295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza is a renowned model medicinal plant species for which 15 SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) family genes have been identified; however, the specific functions of SmSPLs have not been well characterized as of yet. For this study, the expression patterns of SmSPL6 were determined through its responses to treatments of exogenous hormones, including indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA), and abscisic acid (ABA). To characterize its functionality, we obtained SmSPL6-ovexpressed transgenic S. miltiorrhiza plants and found that overexpressed SmSPL6 promoted the accumulation of phenolic acids and repressed the biosynthesis of anthocyanin. Meanwhile, the root lengths of the SmSPL6-overexpressed lines were significantly longer than the control; however, both the fresh weights and lateral root numbers decreased. Further investigations indicated that SmSPL6 regulated the biosynthesis of phenolic acid by directly binding to the promoter regions of the enzyme genes Sm4CL9 and SmCYP98A14 and activated their expression. We concluded that SmSPL6 regulates not only the biosynthesis of phenolic acids, but also the development of roots in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Zheng X, Chen D, Chen B, Liang L, Huang Z, Fan W, Chen J, He W, Chen H, Huang L, Chen Y, Zhu J, Xue T. Insights into salvianolic acid B biosynthesis from chromosome-scale assembly of the Salvia bowleyana genome. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1309-1323. [PMID: 33634943 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Salvia bowleyana is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that is a source of nutritional supplements rich in salvianolic acid B and a potential experimental system for the exploration of salvianolic acid B biosynthesis in the Labiatae. Here, we report a high-quality chromosome-scale genome assembly of S. bowleyana covering 462.44 Mb, with a scaffold N50 value of 57.96 Mb and 44,044 annotated protein-coding genes. Evolutionary analysis revealed an estimated divergence time between S. bowleyana and its close relative S. miltiorrhiza of ~3.94 million years. We also observed evidence of a whole-genome duplication in the S. bowleyana genome. Transcriptome analysis showed that SbPAL1 (PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE1) is highly expressed in roots relative to stem and leaves, paralleling the location of salvianolic acid B accumulation. The laccase gene family in S. bowleyana outnumbered their counterparts in both S. miltiorrhiza and Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting that the gene family has undergone expansion in S. bowleyana. Several laccase genes were also highly expressed in roots, where their encoded proteins may catalyze the oxidative reaction from rosmarinic acid to salvianolic acid B. These findings provide an invaluable genomic resource for understanding salvianolic acid B biosynthesis and its regulation, and will be useful for exploring the evolution of the Labiatae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehai Zheng
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Duo Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Binghua Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Limin Liang
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Wenfang Fan
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Jiannan Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Wenjin He
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Huibin Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Luqiang Huang
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Youqiang Chen
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Jinmao Zhu
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
| | - Ting Xue
- The Public Service Platform for Industrialization Development Technology of Marine Biological Medicine and Products of the State Oceanic Administration, Fujian Key Laboratory of Special Marine Bioresource Sustainable Utilization, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, China
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Zhou X, Zhang ZC, Huang YB, Xiao HW, Wu JJ, Qi ZC, Wei YK. Conservation Genomics of Wild Red Sage ( Salvia miltiorrhiza) and Its Endangered Relatives in China: Population Structure and Interspecific Relationships Revealed From 2b-RAD Data. Front Genet 2021; 12:688323. [PMID: 34046061 PMCID: PMC8144715 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.688323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Red sage (Salvia miltiorrhiza) is a widely used medicinal plant for treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Because of excessive excavation by huge market demand and habitat loss by human activities, the wild population resources of S. miltiorrhiza have reduced drastically in recent years. Meanwhile, population status of two closely related species S. bowleyana and S. paramiltiorrhiza were in a trend of decreasing due to their potential replacement of S. miltiorrhiza. Particularly, S. paramiltiorrhiza was threatened and endemic to a small region in eastern China. However, to date there has been no conservation genetic research reported for wild S. miltiorrhiza population and its endangered relatives. Assess the wild germplasm diversity for S. miltiorrhiza and its related species would provide fundamental genetic background for cultivation and molecular breeding of this medicinally important species. In the present study, we investigated the genetic diversity, population structure, and intra/inter-specific differentiation of S. miltiorrhiza and above two relatives using 2b-RAD genome-wide genotyping method. By investigating 81 individuals of S. miltiorrhiza, 55 individuals of S. bowleyana and 15 individuals of S. paramiltiorrhiza from 23 locations in China, we obtained 23,928 SNPs in total. A comparatively high genetic diversity was observed in S. miltiorrhiza (π = 0.0788, H e = 0.0783 ± 0.0007). The observed and expected heterozygosity in populations of these three species ranged from 0.0297 to 0.1481 and 0.0251 to 0.831, respectively. Two major lineage groups were detected in the examined S. miltiorrhiza populations. The results indicated that Dabie Mountain as a genetic diversity center of S. miltiorrhiza and possible complex inter-specific genetic exchange/hybridization occurred between S. miltiorrhiza and the two relatives. We suggest that strategic conservation and germplasm preservation should be considered not only for wild populations of S. miltiorrhiza, but also for its related S. bowleyana and S. paramiltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources and Eastern China Conservation Center for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources and Eastern China Conservation Center for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Bo Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources and Eastern China Conservation Center for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Wen Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources and Eastern China Conservation Center for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhe-Chen Qi
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Shaoxing Academy of Biomedicine of Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Yu-Kun Wei
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources and Eastern China Conservation Center for Wild Endangered Plant Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, China
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Zhou W, Shi M, Deng C, Lu S, Huang F, Wang Y, Kai G. The methyl jasmonate-responsive transcription factor SmMYB1 promotes phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:10. [PMID: 33384411 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00443-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble phenolic acids are major bioactive compounds in the medicinal plant species Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phenolic acid biosynthesis is induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in this important Chinese herb. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying this induction by analyzing a transcriptome library of S. miltiorrhiza in response to MeJA. Global transcriptome analysis identified the MeJA-responsive R2R3-MYB transcription factor-encoding gene SmMYB1. Overexpressing SmMYB1 significantly promoted phenolic acid accumulation and upregulated the expression of genes encoding key enzymes in the phenolic acid biosynthesis pathway, including cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (CYP98A14). Dual-luciferase (dual-LUC) assays and/or an electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) indicated that SmMYB1 activated the expression of CYP98A14, as well as the expression of genes encoding anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway enzymes, including chalcone isomerase (CHI) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS). In addition, SmMYB1 was shown to interact with SmMYC2 to additively promote CYP98A14 expression compared to the action of SmMYB1 alone. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SmMYB1 is an activator that improves the accumulation of phenolic acids and anthocyanins in S. miltiorrhiza. These findings lay the foundation for in-depth studies of the molecular mechanism underlying MeJA-mediated phenolic acid biosynthesis and for the metabolic engineering of bioactive ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changping Deng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sunjie Lu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenfen Huang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China.
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Zhou W, Shi M, Deng C, Lu S, Huang F, Wang Y, Kai G. The methyl jasmonate-responsive transcription factor SmMYB1 promotes phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:10. [PMID: 33384411 PMCID: PMC7775463 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00443-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble phenolic acids are major bioactive compounds in the medicinal plant species Salvia miltiorrhiza. Phenolic acid biosynthesis is induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in this important Chinese herb. Here, we investigated the mechanism underlying this induction by analyzing a transcriptome library of S. miltiorrhiza in response to MeJA. Global transcriptome analysis identified the MeJA-responsive R2R3-MYB transcription factor-encoding gene SmMYB1. Overexpressing SmMYB1 significantly promoted phenolic acid accumulation and upregulated the expression of genes encoding key enzymes in the phenolic acid biosynthesis pathway, including cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (CYP98A14). Dual-luciferase (dual-LUC) assays and/or an electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) indicated that SmMYB1 activated the expression of CYP98A14, as well as the expression of genes encoding anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway enzymes, including chalcone isomerase (CHI) and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS). In addition, SmMYB1 was shown to interact with SmMYC2 to additively promote CYP98A14 expression compared to the action of SmMYB1 alone. Taken together, these results demonstrate that SmMYB1 is an activator that improves the accumulation of phenolic acids and anthocyanins in S. miltiorrhiza. These findings lay the foundation for in-depth studies of the molecular mechanism underlying MeJA-mediated phenolic acid biosynthesis and for the metabolic engineering of bioactive ingredients in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Grants
- This work was supported by National Key R&G Program of China (2018YFC1706200), National Natural Science Fund (81522049, 31571735, 31270007), the ‘Dawn’ Program of Shanghai Education Commission (16SG38), Shanghai Science and Technology Committee Project (17JC1404300, 15430502700), Zhejiang Provincial Ten Thousands Program for Leading Talents of Science and Technology Innovation (2018R52050), Zhejiang Natural Science Fund (LY20H280008), Zhejiang Provincial Program for the Cultivation of High-level Innovative Health talents, Pre-research Projects of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (2018ZG30).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changping Deng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sunjie Lu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fenfen Huang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 310053, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 200234, Shanghai, China.
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Khojasteh A, Mirjalili MH, Alcalde MA, Cusido RM, Eibl R, Palazon J. Powerful Plant Antioxidants: A New Biosustainable Approach to the Production of Rosmarinic Acid. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1273. [PMID: 33327619 PMCID: PMC7765155 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern lifestyle factors, such as physical inactivity, obesity, smoking, and exposure to environmental pollution, induce excessive generation of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the body. These by-products of oxygen metabolism play a key role in the development of various human diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart failure, brain damage, muscle problems, premature aging, eye injuries, and a weakened immune system. Synthetic and natural antioxidants, which act as free radical scavengers, are widely used in the food and beverage industries. The toxicity and carcinogenic effects of some synthetic antioxidants have generated interest in natural alternatives, especially plant-derived polyphenols (e.g., phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, tannins, coumarins, lignins, lignans, quinines, curcuminoids, chalcones, and essential oil terpenoids). This review focuses on the well-known phenolic antioxidant rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester of caffeic acid and (R)-(+)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactic acid, describing its wide distribution in thirty-nine plant families and the potential productivity of plant sources. A botanical and phytochemical description is provided of a new rich source of RA, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad (Lamiaceae). Recently reported approaches to the biotechnological production of RA are summarized, highlighting the establishment of cell suspension cultures of S. khuzistanica as an RA chemical biofactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khojasteh
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII sn, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.K.); (M.A.A.); (R.M.C.)
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran;
| | - Miguel Angel Alcalde
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII sn, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.K.); (M.A.A.); (R.M.C.)
| | - Rosa M. Cusido
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII sn, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.K.); (M.A.A.); (R.M.C.)
| | - Regine Eibl
- Campus Grüental, Institute of Biotechnology, Biotechnological Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, CH-8820 Wädenswill, Switzerland;
| | - Javier Palazon
- Laboratori de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII sn, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.K.); (M.A.A.); (R.M.C.)
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Deng C, Wang Y, Huang F, Lu S, Zhao L, Ma X, Kai G. SmMYB2 promotes salvianolic acid biosynthesis in the medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1688-1702. [PMID: 32343491 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
MYB transcription factors play vital roles in plant growth and metabolism. The phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) promotes phenolic acid accumulation in the medicinal herb Salvia miltiorrhiza, but the regulatory mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we identified the MeJA-responsive R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene SmMYB2 from a transcriptome library produced from MeJA-treated S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. SmMYB2 expression was tightly correlated with the expression of key salvianolic acid biosynthetic genes including CYP98A14. SmMYB2 was highly expressed in the periderm of S. miltiorrhiza and SmMYB2 localized to the nucleus. Overexpressing SmMYB2 in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots significantly increased the levels of salvianolic acids (including rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B) by upregulating salvianolic acid biosynthetic genes such as CYP98A14. SmMYB2 binds to the MYB-binding motifs in the promoter of CYP98A14, as confirmed by a dual-luciferase assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Anthocyanin contents were significantly higher in SmMYB2-overexpressing hairy root lines than the control, primarily due to the increased expression of CHI, DFR, and ANS. These findings reveal the novel regulatory role of SmMYB2 in MeJA-mediated phenolic acid biosynthesis, providing a useful target gene for metabolic engineering and shedding light on the salvianolic acid regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Deng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Fenfen Huang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Sunjie Lu
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Limei Zhao
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
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11
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Deng C, Shi M, Fu R, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Ma X, Kai G. ABA-responsive transcription factor bZIP1 is involved in modulating biosynthesis of phenolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5948-5962. [PMID: 32589719 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids and tanshinones are major bioactive ingredients in Salvia miltiorrhiza, which possess pharmacological activities with great market demand. However, transcriptional regulation of phenolic acid and tanshinone biosynthesis remains poorly understood. Here, a basic leucine zipper transcription factor (TF) named SmbZIP1 was screened from the abscisic acid (ABA)-induced transcriptome library. Overexpression of SmbZIP1 positively promoted phenolic acid biosynthesis by enhancing expression of biosynthetic genes such as cinnamate-4-hydroxylase (C4H1). Furthermore, biochemical experiments revealed that SmbZIP1 bound the G-Box-like1 element in the promoter of the C4H1 gene. Meanwhile, SmbZIP1 inhibited accumulation of tanshinones mainly by suppressing the expression of biosynthetic genes including geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) which was confirmed as a target gene by in vitro and in vivo experiments. In contrast, the phenolic acid content was reduced and tanshinone was enhanced in CRISPR/Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9]-mediated knockout lines. In addition, the previously reported positive regulator of tanshinone biosynthesis, SmERF1L1, was found to be inhibited in SmbZIP1 overexpression lines indicated by RNA sequencing, and was proven to be the target of SmbZIP1. In summary, this work uncovers a novel regulator and deepens our understanding of the transcriptional and regulatory mechanisms of phenolic acid and tanshinone biosynthesis, and also sheds new light on metabolic engineering in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changping Deng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Rong Fu
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
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Nouemssi SB, Ghribi M, Beauchemin R, Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Germain H, Desgagné-Penix I. Rapid and Efficient Colony-PCR for High Throughput Screening of Genetically Transformed Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:E186. [PMID: 32927613 PMCID: PMC7554959 DOI: 10.3390/life10090186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae biotechnologies are rapidly developing into new commercial settings. Several high value products already exist on the market, and biotechnological development is focused on genetic engineering of microalgae to open up future economic opportunities for food, fuel and pharmacological production. Colony-polymerase chain reaction (colony-PCR or cPCR) is a critical method for screening genetically transformed microalgae cells. However, the ability to rapidly screen thousands of transformants using the current colony-PCR method, becomes a very laborious and time-consuming process. Herein, the non-homologous transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using the electroporation and glass beads methods generated more than seven thousand transformants. In order to manage this impressive number of clones efficiently, we developed a high-throughput screening (HTS) cPCR method to rapidly maximize the detection and selection of positively transformed clones. For this, we optimized the Chlamydomonas transformed cell layout on the culture media to improve genomic DNA extraction and cPCR in 96-well plate. The application of this optimized HTS cPCR method offers a rapid, less expensive and reliable method for the detection and selection of microalgae transformants. Our method, which saves up to 80% of the experimental time, holds promise for evaluating genetically transformed cells and selection for microalgae-based biotechnological applications such as synthetic biology and metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Basile Nouemssi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (S.B.N.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (F.M.-M.); (H.G.)
| | - Manel Ghribi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (S.B.N.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (F.M.-M.); (H.G.)
| | - Rémy Beauchemin
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (S.B.N.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (F.M.-M.); (H.G.)
| | - Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (S.B.N.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (F.M.-M.); (H.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (S.B.N.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (F.M.-M.); (H.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Isabel Desgagné-Penix
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada; (S.B.N.); (M.G.); (R.B.); (F.M.-M.); (H.G.)
- Groupe de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351, boul. des Forges, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7, Canada
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Wei T, Deng K, Gao Y, Chen L, Song W, Zhang Y, Wang C, Chen C. SmKSL overexpression combined with elicitor treatment enhances tanshinone production from Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Huang W, Sun D, Fu J, Zhao H, Wang R, An Y. Effects of Continuous Sugar Beet Cropping on Rhizospheric Microbial Communities. Genes (Basel) 2019; 11:E13. [PMID: 31877827 PMCID: PMC7017100 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous cropping of sugar beet can result in soil degradation and a decrease in the sugar beet yield and quality. However, the role of continuous sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. saccharifera) cropping in shaping the structure and function of the rhizosphere microbial community remains poorly investigated. In this study, we comparatively investigated the impact of different numbers of years of continuous sugar beet cropping on structural and functional changes in the microbial community of the rhizosphere using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. We collected rhizosphere soils from fields continuously cropped for one-year (T1), five-year (T5), and thirty-year (T30) periods, as well as one bulk soil (T0), in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The results demonstrated that continuous sugar beet cropping resulted in a significant decline in the community diversity of soil bacterial and fungal populations from T1 to T5. With continuous change in the structure of the microbial community, the Shannon diversity and observed species were increased in T30. With an abundance of pathogenic microbes, including Acidobacteria, Alternaria, and Fusarium, that were highly enriched in T30, soil-borne diseases could be accelerated, deduced by functional predictions based on 16S rRNA genes. Continuous sugar beet cropping also led to significant declines in beneficial bacteria, including Actinobacteria, Pseudomonas spp., and Bacillus spp. In addition, we profiled and analyzed predictive metabolic characteristics (metabolism and detoxification). The abundance of phenolic acid decarboxylase involved in the phenolic acid degradation pathway was significantly lower in groups T5 and T30 than that in T0 and T1, which could result in the phenolic compounds becoming excessive in long-term continuous cropping soil. Our results provide a deeper understanding of the rhizosphere soil microbial community's response to continuous sugar beet cropping, which is important in evaluating the sustainability of this agricultural practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijuan Huang
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Province Pesticide-fertilizer Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510316, China; (W.H.)
| | - Donglei Sun
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Province Pesticide-fertilizer Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510316, China; (W.H.)
| | - Jiantao Fu
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Province Pesticide-fertilizer Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510316, China; (W.H.)
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Province Pesticide-fertilizer Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510316, China; (W.H.)
| | - Ronghua Wang
- Shihezi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Yuxing An
- Guangdong Bioengineering Institute (Guangzhou Sugarcane Industry Research Institute), Guangdong Province Pesticide-fertilizer Technology Research Center, Guangzhou 510316, China; (W.H.)
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Liu X, Jin M, Zhang M, Li T, Sun S, Zhang J, Dai J, Wang Y. The application of combined 1H NMR-based metabolomics and transcriptomics techniques to explore phenolic acid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 172:126-138. [PMID: 31035094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a traditional Chinese medicine, and its water-soluble phenolic acid active compounds have very important medicinal value; however, the synthesis pathways of the main active ingredients remain unknown. Here, we employed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics and transcriptomics techniques to study the biosynthesis mechanism of salvianolic acids. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with NMR showed an improvement over traditional techniques, and 54 metabolites were detected. The results of the multivariate statistical analysis showed that salvianolic acid B (SAB), rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeic acid, succinate, and citrate were among the multiple compounds that were increased in the methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-elicited group; the levels of sucrose, fructose, glutamine, and tyrosine were decreased. Combined with the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) found by transcriptome sequencing, we speculate that the synthesis of RA after MeJA treatment mostly occurred through caffeic acid and bypassed 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid. This provides useful information for the study of salvianolic acids synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Mengxia Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Tianqi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Jinyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Jungui Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, BJ, China
| | - Yinghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Xiannongtan Street, Beijing, BJ, China.
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16
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Overexpression of SmANS Enhances Anthocyanin Accumulation and Alters Phenolic Acids Content in Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge f. alba Plantlets. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092225. [PMID: 31064132 PMCID: PMC6539416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids play multiple roles in plant coloration and stress resistance and are closely associated with human health. Flavonoids and non-flavonoids (such as phenolic acids) are produced via the phenylpropanoid-derived pathway. Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) catalyzes the synthesis of anthocyanins from leucoanthocyanidin in the flavonoids branched pathway. In this study, SmANS from Salvia miltiorrhiza was cloned and mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plastids, Golgi, plasma membrane, and nucleus of tobacco epidermal cells, and was most highly expressed in purple petals in S. miltiorrhiza, whereas it showed almost no expression in white petals, green calyxes, and pistils in S. miltiorrhiza Bge f. alba. Overexpressed SmANS enhanced anthocyanin accumulation but reduced salvianolic acid B (SAB) and rosmarinic acid (RA) biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza and S. miltiorrhiza Bge f. alba plantlets, meanwhile, it restored the purple-red phenotype in S. miltiorrhiza Bge f. alba. These changes were due to reallocation of the metabolic flow, which was influenced by the SmANS gene. These findings indicate that SmANS not only plays a key role in anthocyanin accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza, but also acts as a “switch” for the coloration of S. miltiorrhiza Bge f. alba. This study provides baseline information for further research on flavonoids metabolism and improvement of anthocyanin or phenolic acid production by genetic engineering.
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Sun M, Shi M, Wang Y, Huang Q, Yuan T, Wang Q, Wang C, Zhou W, Kai G. The biosynthesis of phenolic acids is positively regulated by the JA-responsive transcription factor ERF115 in Salvia miltiorrhiza. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:243-254. [PMID: 30299490 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are important secondary metabolites produced in the Chinese medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza, but little is known about the transcription factors involved in the regulation of tanshinone and phenolic acid biosynthesis. Here, a novel AP2/ERF transcription factor SmERF115 was isolated and functionally characterized. SmERF115 was most responsive to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment and was localized in the nucleus. The phenolic acid production was increased in SmERF115-overexpressing hairy roots, but with a decrease in tanshinone content. In contrast, silencing of SmERF115 reduced the phenolic acid level, but increased tanshinone content. The expression of the key biosynthetic gene SmRAS1 was up-regulated in SmERF115 overexpression lines but was down-regulated in SmERF115-RNAi lines. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay and EMSA showed that SmERF115 directly binds to the promoter of SmRAS1, while dual-luciferase assays showed that SmERF115 could activate expression of SmRAS1 in vivo. Furthermore, global transcriptomic analysis by RNA sequencing revealed that expression of other genes such as PAL3, 4CL5, TAT3, and RAS4 was also increased in the overexpression line, implying that they were potentially involved in the SmERF115-mediated pathway. Our data show that SmERF115 is a positive regulator of phenolic acid biosynthesis, and may be a potential target for further metabolic engineering of phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Sun
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Min Shi
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Tingpan Yuan
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Can Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Wang B, Niu J, Li B, Huang Y, Han L, Liu Y, Zhou W, Hu S, Li L, Wang D, Wang S, Cao X, Wang Z. Molecular Characterization and Overexpression of SmJMT Increases the Production of Phenolic Acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3788. [PMID: 30487420 PMCID: PMC6321555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) carboxyl methyltransferase (JMT), a key enzyme in jasmonate-regulated plant responses, may be involved in plant defense and development by methylating JA to MeJA, thus influencing the concentrations of MeJA in plant. In this study, we isolated the JMT gene from Salvia miltiorrhiza, an important medicinal plant widely used to treat cardiovascular disease. We present a genetic manipulation strategy to enhance the production of phenolic acids by overexpresion SmJMT in S. miltiorrhiza. Global transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing showed that the expression levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of phenolic acids and MeJA were upregulated in the overexpression lines. In addition, the levels of endogenous MeJA, and the accumulation of rosmarinic acid (RA) and salvianolic acid (Sal B), as well as the concentrations of total phenolics and total flavonoids in transgenic lines, were significantly elevated compared with the untransformed control. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of SmJMT promotes the production of phenolic acids through simultaneously activating genes encoding key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of phenolic acids and enhancing the endogenous MeJA levels in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
- College of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, NanChang 330013, China.
| | - Junfeng Niu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Bin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Yaya Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Limin Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Yuanchu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Wen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Suying Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Lin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Donghao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
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19
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Xu Y, Geng L, Zhao S. Biosynthesis of bioactive ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhiza and advanced biotechnologies for their production. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2018.1532318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Xu
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Geng
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Swamy MK, Sinniah UR, Ghasemzadeh A. Anticancer potential of rosmarinic acid and its improved production through biotechnological interventions and functional genomics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:7775-7793. [PMID: 30022261 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a highly valued natural phenolic compound that is very commonly found in plants of the families Lamiaceae and Boraginaceae, including Coleus blumei, Heliotropium foertherianum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Perilla frutescens, and Salvia officinalis. RA is also found in other members of higher plant families and in some fern and horned liverwort species. The biosynthesis of RA is catalyzed by the enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase and cytochrome P450-dependent hydroxylase using the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. Chemically, RA can be produced via methods involving the esterification of 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid and caffeic acid. Some of the derivatives of RA include melitric acid, salvianolic acid, lithospermic acid, and yunnaneic acid. In plants, RA is known to have growth-promoting and defensive roles. Studies have elucidated the varied pharmacological potential of RA and its derived molecules, including anticancer, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The demand for RA is therefore, very high in the pharmaceutical industry, but this demand cannot be met by plants alone because RA content in plant organs is very low. Further, many plants that synthesize RA are under threat and near extinction owing to biodiversity loss caused by unscientific harvesting, over-collection, environmental changes, and other inherent features. Moreover, the chemical synthesis of RA is complicated and expensive. Alternative approaches using biotechnological methodologies could overcome these problems. This review provides the state of the art information on the chemistry, sources, and biosynthetic pathways of RA, as well as its anticancer properties against different cancer types. Biotechnological methods are also discussed for producing RA using plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures and hairy-root cultures using flasks and bioreactors. The recent developments and applications of the functional genomics approach and heterologous production of RA in microbes are also highlighted. This chapter will be of benefit to readers aiming to design studies on RA and its applicability as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallappa Kumara Swamy
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Uma Rani Sinniah
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ali Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Li S, Wu Y, Kuang J, Wang H, Du T, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Cao X, Wang Z. SmMYB111 Is a Key Factor to Phenolic Acid Biosynthesis and Interacts with Both SmTTG1 and SmbHLH51 in Salvia miltiorrhiza. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8069-8078. [PMID: 30001627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors that include myeloblastosis (MYB), basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and tryptophan-aspartic acid (WD)-repeat protein often form a ternary complex to regulate the phenylpropanoid pathway. However, only a few MYB and bHLH members involved in the biosynthesis of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) have been reported, and little is known about Sal B pathway regulation by the WD40 protein transparent testa glabra 1 (TTG1)-dependent transcriptional complexes in Salvia miltiorrhiza. We isolated SmTTG1 from that species for detailed functional characterization. Enhanced or reduced expression of SmTTG1 was achieved by gain- or loss-of-function assays, respectively, revealing that SmTTG1 is necessary for Sal B biosynthesis. Interaction partners of the SmTTG1 protein were screened by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays with the cDNA library of S. miltiorrhiza. A new R2R3-MYB transcription factor, SmMYB111, was found through this screening. Transgenic plants overexpressing or showing reduced expression of SmMYB111 upregulated or deregulated, respectively, the yields of Sal B. Both Y2H and bimolecular fluorescent complementation experiments demonstrated that SmMYB111 interacts with SmTTG1 and SmbHLH51, a positive regulator of the phenolic acid pathway. Our data verified the function of SmTTG1 and SmMYB111 in regulating phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza. Furthermore, ours is the first report of the potential ternary transcription complex SmTTG1-SmMYB111-SmbHLH51, which is involved in the production of Sal B in that species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yucui Wu
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering , Hebei University of Engineering , Handan , Hebei 056038 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Kuang
- Ningxia Polytechnic , Yinchuan , Ningxia 750001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiqin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tangzhi Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yaya Huang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710062 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Shaanxi Normal University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710062 , People's Republic of China
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Shi M, Huang F, Deng C, Wang Y, Kai G. Bioactivities, biosynthesis and biotechnological production of phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:953-964. [PMID: 29746788 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1474170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen in Chinese), is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal plant, which is used as not only human medicine but also health-promotion food. Danshen has been extensively used for the treatment of various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. As a major group of bioactive constituents from S. miltiorrhiza, water-soluble phenolic acids such as salvianolic acid B possessed good bioactivities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and other health-promoting activities. It is of significance to improve the production of phenolic acids by modern biotechnology approaches to meet the increasing market demand. Significant progresses have been made in understanding the biosynthetic pathway and regulation mechanism of phenolic acids in S.miltiorrhiza, which will facilitate the process of targeted metabolic engineering or synthetic biology. Furthermore, multiple biotechnology methods such as in vitro culture, elicitation, hairy roots, endophytic fungi and bioreactors have been also used to obtain pharmaceutically active phenolic acids from S. miltiorrhiza. In this review, recent advances in bioactivities, biosynthetic pathway and biotechnological production of phenolic acid ingredients were summarized and future prospective was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- a Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , People's Republic of China
| | - Fenfen Huang
- b Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Changping Deng
- b Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wang
- b Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- a Laboratory of Medicinal Plant Biotechnology, College of pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang , People's Republic of China.,b Institute of Plant Biotechnology, Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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Pei T, Ma P, Ding K, Liu S, Jia Y, Ru M, Dong J, Liang Z. SmJAZ8 acts as a core repressor regulating JA-induced biosynthesis of salvianolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1663-1678. [PMID: 29281115 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are important plant hormones that regulate a variety of plant development and defense processes, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins act as negative regulators in the JA signaling pathways of plants. We first verified that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) enhanced the accumulation of both salvianolic acids and tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) hairy roots by inducing the expression of their biosynthetic pathway genes. Nine JAZ genes were cloned from Danshen and their expression levels in hairy roots were all increased by treatment with MeJA. When analyzed in detail, however, SmJAZ8 showed the strongest expression in the induced hairy roots. Overexpression or RNAi of SmJAZ8 deregulated or up-regulated the yields of salvianolic acids and tanshinones in the MeJA-induced transgenic hairy roots, respectively, and transcription factors and biosynthetic pathway genes showed an expression pattern that mirrored the production of the compounds. Genetic transformation of SmJAZ8 altered the expression of other SmJAZ genes, suggesting evidence of crosstalk occurring in JAZ-regulated secondary metabolism. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis revealed a primary-secondary metabolism balance regulated by SmJAZ8. Altogether, we propose a novel role for SmJAZ8 as a negative feedback loop controller in the JA-induced biosynthesis of salvianolic acids and tanshinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Pei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Kai Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sijia Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Mei Ru
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Juane Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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Du T, Niu J, Su J, Li S, Guo X, Li L, Cao X, Kang J. SmbHLH37 Functions Antagonistically With SmMYC2 in Regulating Jasmonate-Mediated Biosynthesis of Phenolic Acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1720. [PMID: 30524467 PMCID: PMC6262058 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are integral to various defense responses and induce biosynthesis of many secondary metabolites. MYC2, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor (TF), acts as a transcriptional activator of JA signaling. MYC2 is repressed by the JASMONATE ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins in the absence of JA, but de-repressed by the protein complex SCFCOI1 on perception of JA. We previously reported that overexpression of SmMYC2 promotes the production of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) in Salvia miltiorrhiza. However, the responsible molecular mechanism is unclear. Here, we showed that SmMYC2 binds to and activates the promoters of its target genes SmTAT1, SmPAL1, and SmCYP98A14 to activate Sal B accumulations. SmbHLH37, a novel bHLH gene significantly up-regulated by constitutive expression of SmMYC2, was isolated from S. miltiorrhiza for detailed functional characterization. SmbHLH37 forms a homodimer and interacts with SmJAZ3/8. Overexpression of SmbHLH37 substantially decreased yields of Sal B. SmbHLH37 binds to the promoters of its target genes SmTAT1 and SmPAL1 and blocks their expression to suppress the pathway for Sal B biosynthesis. These results indicate that SmbHLH37 negatively regulates JA signaling and functions antagonistically with SmMYC2 in regulating Sal B biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza.
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You H, Yang S, Zhang L, Hu X, Li O. Promotion of phenolic compounds production in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots by six strains of rhizosphere bacteria. Eng Life Sci 2017; 18:160-168. [PMID: 32624895 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is an important herb for the treatment of cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases with bioactive compounds (phenolic acids and tanshinones). Abundant studies showed that tanshinones could be stimulated by biotic and abiotic stresses, but limited information is available on biosynthesis of phenolic acids promoted by biotic stresses. The aim of the present work was to isolate and identify rhizosphere bacteria which stimulated phenolic compound in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots and investigated the internal mechanism, providing a potential means to enhance content of pharmaceuticals in S. miltiorrhiza. The results showed that six bacteria, namely, HYR1, HYR26, SCR22, 14DSR23, DS6, and LNHR13, belonging to the genus Pseudomonas and Pantoea, significantly promoted the growth and content of major phenolic acids, RA and SAB. Bacteria LNHR13 was the most effective one, with the contents of RA and SAB reaching ∼2.5-fold (30.1 mg/g DW) and ∼2.3-fold (48.3 mg/g DW) as those of the control, respectively. Phytohormones and polysaccharides produced by bacteria showed potential responsibility for the growth and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites of S. miltiorrhiza. Meanwhile, we found that the more abundant the types and contents of phytohormones, the stronger their stimulating effect on the content of salvianolic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong You
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation College of Life Science Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Suijuan Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation College of Life Science Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation College of Life Science Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiufang Hu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation College of Life Science Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Ou Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation College of Life Science Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou P. R. China
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Yang N, Zhou W, Su J, Wang X, Li L, Wang L, Cao X, Wang Z. Overexpression of SmMYC2 Increases the Production of Phenolic Acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1804. [PMID: 29230228 PMCID: PMC5708653 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
MYC2 is a core transcription factor in the plant response to jasmonates. It also functions in secondary metabolism and various processes for growth and development. However, the knowledge about its role in Salvia miltiorrhiza is still very limited. We determined that the biosynthesis of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) was strongly induced in 2-month-old transgenic plants that over-expressed SmMYC2. In the roots of transgenic line 12 that over-expressed SmMYC2 (OEM-12), the Sal B concentration was as high as 5.95 ± 0.07 mg g-1, a level that was 1.88-fold higher than that in control plants that had been transformed with an empty vector. Neither tanshinone IIA nor cryptotanshinone was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography in any of the genotypes. Global transcriptomic analysis using RNA sequencing revealed that most enzyme-encoding genes for the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were up-regulated in the overexpression lines. Furthermore, both the phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis pathways were activated in those transgenics. Our data demonstrate that overexpression of SmMYC2 promotes the production of phenolic acids by simultaneously activating both primary and secondary pathways for metabolism in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiaoyan Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
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Characterization of phenolic compounds in chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds, fiber flour and oil. Food Chem 2017; 232:295-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Zhang J, Zhou L, Zheng X, Zhang J, Yang L, Tan R, Zhao S. Overexpression of SmMYB9b enhances tanshinone concentration in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1297-1309. [PMID: 28508121 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A Salvia miltiorrhiza R2R3-MYB gene, SmMYB9b , has been cloned and characterized. Overexpression of SmMYB9b resulted in a significant improvement of tanshinones, the lipophilic active ingredients in danshen hairy roots. Plant R2R3-MYB transcription factors play important roles in various physiological and biochemical processes. Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge) is a valuable medicinal herb with tanshinones and salvianolic acids as the principal bioactive ingredients. A number of putative R2R3-MYB transcription factors have been identified in the plant, but their function remains to be studied. Here, we report the cloning of SmMYB9b, an S20 R2R3-MYB member and its regulatory properties. SmMYB9b contains an open reading frame of 792 bp in length and encodes a 264-amino acid protein. Its transcripts were most abundant in blooming flowers (except for calyces) and increased with flower development. Exogenous abscisic acid strongly activated its transcription. Gibberellins and methyl jasmonate also showed a time-dependent activation effect on its transcription, but to a weaker degree. Overexpression of SmMYB9b in danshen hairy roots enhanced tanshinone concentration to 2.16 ± 0.39 mg/g DW, a 2.2-fold improvement over the control. In addition to increased tanshinone concentration, the hairy root growth and lateral hairy root formation were also suppressed. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis with de novo RNAseq data indicated that stress-response-related metabolic pathways, such as the terpenoid and plant hormone signal transduction pathways, were significantly enriched, implying possible implication of SmMYB9b in such processes. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the transcription of terpenoid biosynthetic genes SmDXS2, SmDXR, SmGGPPS, and SmKSL1 was significantly up-regulated in danshen hairy roots over expressing SmMYB9b. These data suggest that overexpression of SmMYB9b results in enhanced tanshinone concentration through stimulation of the MEP pathway. The present findings shed new light on elucidating the roles of R2R3-MYB in the biosynthesis of diterpenoids in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Zhang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang High Tech, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lubin Zhou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang High Tech, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang High Tech, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jinjia Zhang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang High Tech, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang High Tech, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ronghui Tan
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang High Tech, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Zhangjiang High Tech, Pudong District, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Ding K, Pei T, Bai Z, Jia Y, Ma P, Liang Z. SmMYB36, a Novel R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor, Enhances Tanshinone Accumulation and Decreases Phenolic Acid Content in Salvia miltiorrhiza Hairy Roots. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5104. [PMID: 28698552 PMCID: PMC5506036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04909-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic acids and tanshinones are two major bioactive components in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. A novel endogenous R2R3-MYB transcription factor, SmMYB36, was identified in this research. This transcript factor can simultaneously influence the content of two types of components in SmMYB36 overexpression hairy roots. SmMYB36 was mainly localized in the nucleus of onion epidermis and it has transactivation activity. The overexpression of SmMYB36 promoted tanshinone accumulation but inhibited phenolic acid and flavonoid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots. The altered metabolite content was due to changed metabolic flow which was regulated by transcript expression of metabolic pathway genes. The gene transcription levels of the phenylpropanoid general pathway, tyrosine derived pathway, methylerythritol phosphate pathway and downstream tanshinone biosynthetic pathway changed significantly due to the overexpression of SmMYB36. The wide distribution of MYB binding elements (MBS, MRE, MBSI and MBSII) and electrophoretic mobility shift assay results indicated that SmMYB36 may be an effective tool to regulate metabolic flux shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianlin Pei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengqing Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Ru M, Wang K, Bai Z, Peng L, He S, Wang Y, Liang Z. A tyrosine aminotransferase involved in rosmarinic acid biosynthesis in Prunella vulgaris L. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4892. [PMID: 28687763 PMCID: PMC5501851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05290-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) and its derivants are medicinal compounds that comprise the active components of several therapeutics. We isolated and characterised a tyrosine aminotransferase of Prunella vulgaris (PvTAT). Deduced PvTAT was markedly homologous to other known/putative plant TATs. Cytoplasmic localisation of PvTAT was observed in tobacco protoplasts. Recombinantly expressed and purified PvTAT had substrates preference for L-tyrosine and phenylpyruvate, with apparent K m of 0.40 and 0.48 mM, and favoured the conversion of tyrosine to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. In vivo activity was confirmed by functional restoration of the Escherichia coli tyrosine auxotrophic mutant DL39. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated antisense/sense expression of PvTAT in hairy roots was used to evaluate the contribution of PvTAT to RA synthesis. PvTAT were reduced by 46-95% and RA were decreased by 36-91% with low catalytic activity in antisense transgenic hairy root lines; furthermore, PvTAT were increased 0.77-2.6-fold with increased 1.3-1.8-fold RA and strong catalytic activity in sense transgenic hairy root lines compared with wild-type counterparts. The comprehensive physiological and catalytic evidence fills in the gap in RA-producing plants which didn't provide evidence for TAT expression and catalytic activities in vitro and in vivo. That also highlights RA biosynthesis pathway in P. vulgaris and provides useful information to engineer natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ru
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences&Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Kunru Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences&Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Zhenqing Bai
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences&Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Liang Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Shannxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710000, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxuan He
- Ecological Environmental Monitoring Station, Environmental Protection Agency, Dazu, 402360, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences&Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences&Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, 712100, P.R. China.
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310000, P.R. China.
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Liu Y, Sun G, Zhong Z, Ji L, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zheng X, Deng K. Overexpression of AtEDT1 promotes root elongation and affects medicinal secondary metabolite biosynthesis in roots of transgenic Salvia miltiorrhiza. PROTOPLASMA 2017; 254:1617-1625. [PMID: 27915455 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-016-1045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal secondary metabolites (salvianolic acids and tanshinones) are valuable natural bioactive compounds in Salvia miltiorrhiza and have widespread applications. Improvement of medicinal secondary metabolite accumulation through biotechnology is necessary and urgent to satisfy their increasing demand. Herein, it was demonstrated that the overexpression of the transcription factor Arabidopsis thaliana-enhanced drought tolerance 1 (AtEDT1) could affect medicinal secondary metabolite accumulation. In this study, we observed that the transgenic lines significantly conferred drought tolerance phenotype. Meanwhile, we found that the overexpression of AtEDT1 promoted root elongation in S. miltiorrhiza. Interestingly, we also found that the overexpression of AtEDT1 determined the accumulation of salvianolic acids, such as rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid, salvianolic acid B, and total salvianolic acids due to the induction of the expression levels of salvianolic acid biosynthetic genes. Conversely, S. miltiorrhiza plants overexpressing the AtEDT1 transgene showed a decrease in tanshinone synthesis. Our results demonstrated that the overexpression of AtEDT1 significantly increased the accumulation of salvianolic acids in S. miltiorrhiza. Further studies are required to better elucidate the functional role of AtEDT1 in the regulation of phytochemical compound synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Geng Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhong
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Linyi Ji
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Xuelian Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
| | - Kejun Deng
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
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Comparative RNA-Sequence Transcriptome Analysis of Phenolic Acid Metabolism in Salvia miltiorrhiza, a Traditional Chinese Medicine Model Plant. Int J Genomics 2017; 2017:9364594. [PMID: 28194403 PMCID: PMC5282420 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9364594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is an important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). In this study, two S. miltiorrhiza genotypes (BH18 and ZH23) with different phenolic acid concentrations were used for de novo RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). A total of 170,787 transcripts and 56,216 unigenes were obtained. There were 670 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified between BH18 and ZH23, 250 of which were upregulated in ZH23, with genes involved in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway being the most upregulated genes. Nine genes involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway were upregulated in BH18 and thus result in higher lignin content in BH18. However, expression profiles of most genes involved in the core common upstream phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were higher in ZH23 than that in BH18. These results indicated that genes involved in the core common upstream phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway might play an important role in downstream secondary metabolism and demonstrated that lignin biosynthesis was a putative partially competing pathway with phenolic acid biosynthesis. The results of this study expanded our understanding of the regulation of phenolic acid biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Wei T, Deng K, Zhang Q, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yang M, Zhang L, Zheng X, Wang C, Liu Z, Chen C, Zhang Y. Modulating AtDREB1C Expression Improves Drought Tolerance in Salvia miltiorrhiza. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:52. [PMID: 28174590 PMCID: PMC5259653 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Dehydration responsive element binding proteins are transcription factors of the plant-specific AP2 family, many of which contribute to abiotic stress responses in several plant species. We investigated the possibility of increasing drought tolerance in the traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza, through modulating the transcriptional regulation of AtDREB1C in transgenic plants under the control of a constitutive (35S) or drought-inducible (RD29A) promoter. AtDREB1C transgenic S. miltiorrhiza plants showed increased survival under severe drought conditions compared to the non-transgenic wild-type (WT) control. However, transgenic plants with constitutive overexpression of AtDREB1C showed considerable dwarfing relative to WT. Physiological tests suggested that the higher chlorophyll content, photosynthetic capacity, and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activity in the transgenic plants enhanced plant drought stress resistance compared to WT. Transcriptome analysis of S. miltiorrhiza following drought stress identified a number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the AtDREB1C transgenic lines and WT. These DEGs are involved in photosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, ribosome, starch and sucrose metabolism, and other metabolic pathways. The modified pathways involved in plant hormone signaling are thought to be one of the main causes of the increased drought tolerance of AtDREB1C transgenic S. miltiorrhiza plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
| | - Kejun Deng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
| | - Qingxia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
| | - Meiling Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Xuelian Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Chengbin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Chengbin Chen, Yong Zhang,
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
- Center for Informational Biology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Chengbin Chen, Yong Zhang,
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Jia Y, Bai Z, Pei T, Ding K, Liang Z, Gong Y. The Protein Kinase SmSnRK2.6 Positively Regulates Phenolic Acid Biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza by Interacting with SmAREB1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1384. [PMID: 28848585 PMCID: PMC5552723 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Subclass III members of the sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) play essential roles in both the abscisic acid signaling and abiotic stress responses of plants by phosphorylating the downstream ABA-responsive element (ABRE)-binding proteins (AREB/ABFs). This comprehensive study investigated the function of new candidate genes, namely SmSnRK2.3, SmSnRK2.6, and SmAREB1, with a view to breeding novel varieties of Salvia miltiorrhiza with improved stress tolerance stresses and more content of bioactive ingredients. Exogenous ABA strongly induced the expression of these genes. PlantCARE predicted several hormones and stress response cis-elements in their promoters. SmSnRK2.6 and SmAREB1 showed the highest expression levels in the leaves of S. miltiorrhiza seedlings, while SmSnRK2.3 exhibited a steady expression in their roots, stems, and leaves. A subcellular localization assay revealed that both SmSnRK2.3 and SmSnRK2.6 were located in the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus, whereas SmAREB1 was exclusive to the nucleus. Overexpressing SmSnRK2.3 did not significantly promote the accumulation of rosmarinic acid (RA) and salvianolic acid B (Sal B) in the transgenic S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. However, overexpressing SmSnRK2.6 and SmAREB1 increased the contents of RA and Sal B, and regulated the expression levels of structural genes participating in the phenolic acid-branched and side-branched pathways, including SmPAL1, SmC4H, Sm4CL1, SmTAT, SmHPPR, SmRAS, SmCHS, SmCCR, SmCOMT, and SmHPPD. Furthermore, SmSnRK2.3 and SmSnRK2.6 interacted physically with SmAREB1. In summary, our results indicate that SmSnRK2.6 is involved in stress responses and can regulate structural gene transcripts to promote greater metabolic flux to the phenolic acid-branched pathway, via its interaction with SmAREB1, a transcription factor. In this way, SmSnRK2.6 contributes to the positive regulation of phenolic acids in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhenqing Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Tianlin Pei
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Kai Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zongsuo Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech UniversityHangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zongsuo Liang, Yuehua Gong,
| | - Yuehua Gong
- Sichuan Tea College, Yibin UniversityYibin, China
- *Correspondence: Zongsuo Liang, Yuehua Gong,
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Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for microbial synthesis of monolignols. Metab Eng 2017; 39:102-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chen C, Zhang Y, Qiakefu K, Zhang X, Han LM, Hua WP, Yan YP, Wang ZZ. Overexpression of Tomato Prosystemin (LePS) Enhances Pest Resistance and the Production of Tanshinones in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:7760-7769. [PMID: 27690419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones are a group of active diterpenes with pharmacological properties that are widely used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Jasmonate (JA) acts as an elicitor to enhance tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza. However, because of high labor costs and undesirable chemical characteristics, the use of JA elicitation is still in the experimental stage. In our experiments, the overexpression of Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) Prosystemin (LePS) in transgenic plants of S. miltiorrhiza increased their JA concentrations, significantly enhanced the production of tanshinone, and activated the expression of key genes in the tanshinone biosynthesis pathway. Meanwhile, the relative levels of metabolites related to defense such as sterols, terpenes, and phenolic acids were also increased in our OEP lines. In addition, when the larvae of cotton bollworms (Heliothis armigera) were fed with leaves from transgenic lines, their mortality rates rose by nearly 4-fold when compared to that of larvae exposed to leaves from the nontransformed wild type. Our study provides a new strategy for genetic engineering by which tanshinone production and pest resistance can be improved in S. miltiorrhiza. This is accomplished by simulating the wounding signal that increases the endogenous levels of JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Kuliman Qiakefu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Li-Min Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Shaanxi Xueqian Normal University , 710110, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ping Hua
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Shaanxi Xueqian Normal University , 710110, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Zhe-Zhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University , 710119, Xi'an, P. R. China
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Function Analysis of Caffeoyl-CoA O-Methyltransferase for Biosynthesis of Lignin and Phenolic Acid in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:562-572. [PMID: 27613617 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we cloned a full-length cDNA and the genomic DNA sequence of SmCCoAOMT (GenBank ID JQ007585) from Salvia miltiorrhiza. The 744-bp open-reading frame encodes a protein of 247 amino acids that shares 95 % similarity with one in Vitis vinifera. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis revealed that SmCCoAOMT is most highly expressed in the stems and can be induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and XC-1 treatment. To evaluate its function in vivo, we generated RNA interference transgenic plants through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. Compared with untransformed control plants, the transgenics had significantly less lignin and the expression of lignin-biosynthetic genes SmCCR and SmCOMT was depressed. In 90-day-old roots from plants of transgenic line M5, accumulations of rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B (Sal B) were greatly reduced by 0.89- and 0.69-fold, respectively. This low-Sal B phenotype was stable in the roots, with the level of accumulation being approximately 43.58 mg g-1 dry weight, which was 52 % of the amount measured in the untransformed control. Our results suggest that SmCCoAOMT is involved in lignin biosynthesis and affects the accumulation of phenolic acids. This study also provides potential guidance for using lignin-related genes to genetically engineer Salvia miltiorrhiza.
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Wei T, Deng K, Liu D, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yang M, Zhang L, Zheng X, Wang C, Song W, Chen C, Zhang Y. Ectopic Expression of DREB Transcription Factor, AtDREB1A, Confers Tolerance to Drought in Transgenic Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1593-609. [PMID: 27485523 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Drought decreases crop productivity more than any other type of environmental stress. Transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles in regulating plant abiotic stress responses. The Arabidopsis thaliana gene DREB1A/CBF3, encoding a stress-inducible TF, was introduced into Salvia miltiorrhiza Ectopic expression of AtDREB1A resulted in increased drought tolerance, and transgenic lines had higher relative water content and Chl content, and exhibited an increased photosynthetic rate when subjected to drought stress. AtDREB1A transgenic plants generally displayed lower malondialdehyde (MDA), but higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities under drought stress. In particular, plants with ectopic AtDREB1A expression under the control of the stress-induced RD29A promoter exhibited more tolerance to drought compared with p35S::AtDREB1A transgenic plants, without growth inhibition or phenotypic aberrations. Differential gene expression profiling of wild-type and pRD29A::AtDREB1A transgenic plants following drought stress revealed that the expression levels of various genes associated with the stress response, photosynthesis, signaling, carbohydrate metabolism and protein protection were substantially higher in transgenic plants. In addition, the amount of salvianolic acids and tanshinones was significantly elevated in AtDREB1A transgenic S. miltiorrhiza roots, and most of the genes in the related biosynthetic pathways were up-regulated. Together, these results demonstrated that inducing the expression of a TF can effectively regulate multiple genes in the stress response pathways and significantly improve the resistance of plants to abiotic stresses. Our results also suggest that genetic manipulation of a TF can improve production of valuable secondary metabolites by regulating genes in associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Kejun Deng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Dongqing Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Meiling Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xuelian Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Wenqin Song
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Chengbin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
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Wei T, Deng K, Gao Y, Liu Y, Yang M, Zhang L, Zheng X, Wang C, Song W, Chen C, Zhang Y. Arabidopsis DREB1B in transgenic Salvia miltiorrhiza increased tolerance to drought stress without stunting growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 104:17-28. [PMID: 27002402 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Multiple stress response genes are controlled by transcription factors in a coordinated manner; therefore, these factors can be used for molecular plant breeding. CBF1/DREB1B, a known stress-inducible gene, was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana and introduced into Salvia miltiorrhiza under the control of the CaMV35S or RD29A promoter. Under drought stress, relative water content, chlorophyll content, and the net photosynthetic rate were observed to be higher in the transgenic lines than in the wild type (WT). Moreover, O2(-) and H2O2 accumulation was observed to be lower in the transgenic lines. Additional analyses revealed that the AtDREB1B transgenic plants generally displayed lesser malondialdehyde (MDA) but higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) activities than the WT under drought stress. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction of a subset of genes involved in photosynthesis, stress response, carbohydrate metabolism, and cell protection further verified that AtDREB1B could enhance tolerance to drought by activating different downstream DREB/CBF genes in the transgenic plants. Furthermore, no growth inhibition was detected in transgenic S. miltiorrhiza plants that expressed AtDREB1B driven by either the constitutive CaMV35S promoter or the stress-inducible RD29A promoter. Together, these results suggest that AtDREB1B is a good candidate gene for increasing drought tolerance in transgenic S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China; School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Kejun Deng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Yonghong Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Meiling Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Lipeng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Xuelian Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Chunguo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Wenqin Song
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China
| | - Chengbin Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, PR China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China.
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40
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Xu H, Song J, Luo H, Zhang Y, Li Q, Zhu Y, Xu J, Li Y, Song C, Wang B, Sun W, Shen G, Zhang X, Qian J, Ji A, Xu Z, Luo X, He L, Li C, Sun C, Yan H, Cui G, Li X, Li X, Wei J, Liu J, Wang Y, Hayward A, Nelson D, Ning Z, Peters RJ, Qi X, Chen S. Analysis of the Genome Sequence of the Medicinal Plant Salvia miltiorrhiza. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:949-52. [PMID: 27018390 PMCID: PMC5517341 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujun Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qiushi Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chi Song
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guoan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Aijia Ji
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liu He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chuyuan Li
- Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holding Limited, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Chao Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haixia Yan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guanghong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiwen Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xian'en Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juyan Liu
- Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holding Limited, Guangzhou 510140, China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Alice Hayward
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - David Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Zemin Ning
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
| | - Xiaoquan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Effect of Genotype and Environment on Salvia miltiorrhiza Roots Using LC/MS-Based Metabolomics. Molecules 2016; 21:414. [PMID: 27023512 PMCID: PMC6273704 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza (S. miltiorrhiza) Bunge is broadly used as herbal medicine for the clinical treatments of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Despite its commercial and medicinal values, few systematic studies on the metabolome of S. miltiorrhiza roots have been carried out so far. We systematically described the metabolic profiles of S. miltiorrhiza using high pressure liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) in conjunction with multivariate statistical analyses, aimed at monitoring their biological variations of secondary metabolites related to three locations and four S. miltiorrhiza genotypes. A total of 40 bioactive constituents were putatively annotated in S. miltiorrhiza root samples. This study found that both the same S. miltiorrhiza genotype growing at three different locations and four S. miltiorrhiza genotypes growing at the same location had significant metabonomic differences identified by the principal component analysis (PCA) approach. By using orthogonal projection to latent structure with discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), 16 and 14 secondary metabolites can be used as potential location-specific and genotype-specific markers in S. miltiorrhiza, respectively. The specificity of LC/MS profiles offered a powerful tool to discriminate S. miltiorrhiza samples according to genotypes or locations.
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Biosynthesis and Regulation of Active Compounds in Medicinal Model Plant Salvia miltiorrhiza. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(16)60002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Zhao S, Zhang J, Tan R, Yang L, Zheng X. Enhancing diterpenoid concentration in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots through pathway engineering with maize C1 transcription factor. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:7211-26. [PMID: 26355149 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones are valuable natural diterpenoids from danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge). Here, it was demonstrated that maize transcription factor C1 improved the accumulation of tanshinones by comprehensively upregulating the pathway genes, especially SmMDC and SmPMK in danshen hairy roots, yielding total tanshinones up to 3.59mg g(-1) of dry weight in line C1-6, a 3.4-fold increase compared with the control. Investigation of 2024bp of the SmMDC promoter fragment revealed that C1-mediated upregulation of terpenoid genes was possibly due to the direct interaction of C1 with its recognition sequences. The increase of tanshinones was accompanied by a decrease of salvianolic acid production, the other bioactive ingredient in danshen, by up to 37% compared with the control. This was the result of the downregulation of SmTAT, the entry-point gene of the tyrosine pathway, which promoted metabolic flow to anthocyanins rather than to salvianolic acids. Based on the findings of the present study, it was concluded that cis-acting elements shared by terpenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes are partially responsible for the C1-stimulated variation of tanshinone and salvianolic acid concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Jinjia Zhang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Ronghui Tan
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Li Yang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Complex Prescription, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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Ge Q, Zhang Y, Hua WP, Wu YC, Jin XX, Song SH, Wang ZZ. Combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveals a JAZ repressor in the jasmonate signaling pathway of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14048. [PMID: 26388160 PMCID: PMC4585666 DOI: 10.1038/srep14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are plant-specific key signaling molecules that respond to various stimuli and are involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites. However, little is known about the JA signal pathway, especially in economically significant medicinal plants. To determine the functions of novel genes that participate in the JA-mediated accumulation of secondary metabolites, we examined the metabolomic and transcriptomic signatures from Salvia miltiorrhiza. For the metabolome, 35 representative metabolites showing significant changes in rates of accumulation were extracted and identified. We also screened out 2131 differentially expressed unigenes, of which 30 were involeved in the phenolic secondary metabolic pathway, while 25 were in the JA biosynthesis and signal pathways. Among several MeJA-induced novel genes, SmJAZ8 was selected for detailed functional analysis. Transgenic plants over-expressing SmJAZ8 exhibited a JA-insensitive phenotype, suggesting that the gene is a transcriptional regulator in the JA signal pathway of S. miltiorrhiza. Furthermore, this transgenic tool revealed that JAZ genes have novel function in the constitutive accumulation of secondary metabolites. Based on these findings, we propose that the combined strategy of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses is valuable for efficient discovery of novel genes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ge
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen-Ping Hua
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Cui Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin-Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuang-Hong Song
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba regions' sustainable development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhe-Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
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Production of herbicide-resistant medicinal plant Salvia miltiorrhiza transformed with the bar gene. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:1456-65. [PMID: 26364310 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we successfully performed Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Salvia miltiorrhiza and produced herbicide-resistant transformants. Leaf discs of S. miltiorrhiza were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA105 harboring pCAMBIA 3301. The pCAMBIA 3301 includes an intron-containing gus reporter and a bar selection marker. To increase stable transformation efficiency, a two-step selection was employed which consists of herbicide resistance and gus expression. Here, we put more attention to the screening step of herbicide resistance. The current study provides an efficient screening system for the transformed plant of S. miltiorrhiza harboring bar gene. To determine the most suitable phosphinothricin concentration for plant selection, non-transformed leaf discs were grown on selection media containing six different phosphinothricin concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/l). Based on the above results of non-transformed calluses, the sensitivity of phosphinothricin (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 mg/l) was tested in the screening of transgenic S. miltiorrhiza. We identified that 0.6 mg/l phosphinothricin should be suitable for selecting putatively transformed callus because non-transformed callus growth was effectively inhibited under this concentrations. When sprayed with Basta, the transgenic S. miltiorrhiza plants were tolerant to the herbicide. Hence, we report successful transformation of the bar gene conferring herbicide resistance to S. miltiorrhiza.
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Ma XH, Ma Y, Tang JF, He YL, Liu YC, Ma XJ, Shen Y, Cui GH, Lin HX, Rong QX, Guo J, Huang LQ. The Biosynthetic Pathways of Tanshinones and Phenolic Acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza. Molecules 2015; 20:16235-54. [PMID: 26370949 PMCID: PMC6332233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200916235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites from plants play key roles in human medicine and chemical industries. Due to limited accumulation of secondary metabolites in plants and their important roles, characterization of key enzymes involved in biosynthetic pathway will enable metabolic engineering or synthetic biology to improve or produce the compounds in plants or microorganisms, which provides an alternative for production of these valuable compounds. Salvia miltiorrhiza, containing tanshinones and phenolic acids as its active compounds, has been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The biosynthetic analysis of secondary metabolites in S. miltiorrhiza has made great progress due to the successful genetic transformation system, simplified hairy roots system, and high-throughput sequencing. The cloned genes in S. miltiorrhiza had provided references for functional characterization of the post-modification steps involved in biosynthesis of tanshinones and phenolic acids, and further utilization of these steps in metabolic engineering. The strategies used in these studies could provide solid foundation for elucidation of biosynthetic pathways of diterpenoids and phenolic acids in other species. The present review systematically summarizes recent advances in biosynthetic pathway analysis of tanshinones and phenolic acids as well as synthetic biology and metabolic engineering applications of the rate-limiting genes involved in the secondary metabolism in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hui Ma
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ying Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Protection and Application of Chinese Medicinal Resources, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jin-Fu Tang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ya-Li He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yu-Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Pharmaceutical College, Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Xiao-Jing Ma
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Ye Shen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Guang-Hong Cui
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Hui-Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Qi-Xian Rong
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Lu-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Li D, Shao F, Lu S. Identification and characterization of mRNA-like noncoding RNAs in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANTA 2015; 241:1131-43. [PMID: 25601000 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Identification and characterization of 5,446 mlncRNAs from Salvia miltiorrhiza showed that the majority of identified mlncRNAs were stress responsive, providing a framework for elucidating mlncRNA functions in S. miltiorrhiza. mRNA-like noncoding RNAs (mlncRNAs) are transcribed by RNA polymerase II and are polyadenylated, capped and spliced. They play important roles in plant development and defense responses. However, there is no information available for mlncRNAs in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, the first Chinese medicinal material entering the international market. To perform a transcriptome-wide identification of S. miltiorrhiza mlncRNAs, we assembled over 8 million RNA-seq reads from GenBank database and 5,624 ESTs from PlantGDB into 44422 unigenes. Using a computational identification pipeline, we identified 5446 S. miltiorrhiza mlncRNA candidates from the assembled unigenes. Of the 5446 mlncRNAs, 2 are primary transcripts of conserved miRNAs, and 2030 can be grouped into 470 families with at least two members in a family. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of mlncRNAs with at least 900 nt showed that the majority were differentially expressed in roots, stems, leaves and flowers and responsive to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment in S. miltiorrhiza. Analysis of published RNA-seq data showed that a total of 3,044 mlncRNAs were expressed in hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza and the expression of 1,904 of the 3,044 mlncRNAs was altered by yeast extract and Ag(+) treatment. The results indicate that the majority of mlncRNAs are involved in plant response to stress. This study provides a framework for understanding the roles of mlncRNAs in S. miltiorrhiza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiao Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China,
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Li C, Li D, Shao F, Lu S. Molecular cloning and expression analysis of WRKY transcription factor genes in Salvia miltiorrhiza. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:200. [PMID: 25881056 PMCID: PMC4371873 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background WRKY proteins comprise a large family of transcription factors and play important regulatory roles in plant development and defense response. The WRKY gene family in Salvia miltiorrhiza has not been characterized. Results A total of 61 SmWRKYs were cloned from S. miltiorrhiza. Multiple sequence alignment showed that SmWRKYs could be classified into 3 groups and 8 subgroups. Sequence features, the WRKY domain and other motifs of SmWRKYs are largely conserved with Arabidopsis AtWRKYs. Each group of WRKY domains contains characteristic conserved sequences, and group-specific motifs might attribute to functional divergence of WRKYs. A total of 17 pairs of orthologous SmWRKY and AtWRKY genes and 21 pairs of paralogous SmWRKY genes were identified. Maximum likelihood analysis showed that SmWRKYs had undergone strong selective pressure for adaptive evolution. Functional divergence analysis suggested that the SmWRKY subgroup genes and many paralogous SmWRKY gene pairs were divergent in functions. Various critical amino acids contributed to functional divergence among subgroups were detected. Of the 61 SmWRKYs, 22, 13, 4 and 1 were predominantly expressed in roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, respectively. The other 21 were mainly expressed in at least two tissues analyzed. In S. miltiorrhiza roots treated with MeJA, significant changes of gene expression were observed for 49 SmWRKYs, of which 26 were up-regulated, 18 were down-regulated, while the other 5 were either up-regulated or down-regulated at different time-points of treatment. Analysis of published RNA-seq data showed that 42 of the 61 identified SmWRKYs were yeast extract and Ag+-responsive. Through a systematic analysis, SmWRKYs potentially involved in tanshinone biosynthesis were predicted. Conclusion These results provide insights into functional conservation and diversification of SmWRKYs and are useful information for further elucidating SmWRKY functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1411-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caili Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Dongqiao Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Fenjuan Shao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Shanfa Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Guo H, Zhu N, Deyholos MK, Liu J, Zhang X, Dong J. Calcium mobilization in salicylic acid-induced Salvia miltiorrhiza cell cultures and its effect on the accumulation of rosmarinic acid. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 175:2689-702. [PMID: 25561058 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ca(2+) serves as a second messenger in plant responses to different signals, and salicylic acid (SA) has been recognized as a signal mediating plant responses to many stresses. We recently found that SA treatment led to the cytoplasmic acidification of Salvia miltiorrhiza cells and alkalinization of extracellular medium. Here, we demonstrate that SA can rapidly induce Ca(2+) mobilization in protoplasts, but the induction can be blocked with a channel blocker of either plasma or organellar membranes. Following SA, A 23187, or 10 mmol/L Ca(2+) treatment, rosmarinic acid (RA) accumulation reached the highest level at 16 h, whereas the peak was found at 10 h if plasma membrane channel blockers were used. By contrast, the highest accumulation of RA occurred at 16 h when organellar channels were blocked, exhibiting the same tendency with SA-induced cells. In agreement with these observations, both phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity and its gene expression detected by real-time PCR also showed the same patterns. These results indicate that SA treatment firstly results in calcium release from internal stores, which in turn leads to PAL activity increase, RA accumulation, and a large amount of Ca(2+) influx from apoplast after 10 h of SA induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
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Khojasteh A, Mirjalili MH, Hidalgo D, Corchete P, Palazon J. New trends in biotechnological production of rosmarinic acid. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:2393-406. [PMID: 25214214 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl lactic acid, is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Interest in it is growing due to its promising biological activities, including cognitive-enhancing effects and slowing the development of Alzheimer's disease, cancer chemoprotection or anti-inflammatory activity, among others. In order to meet the increasing demand for this compound, several biotechnological approaches to its production based on plant cell and hairy root cultures have been developed. Empirical strategies are currently being combined with metabolic engineering tools to increase RA production in plant cell platforms in a more rational way. Discussed here are the latest advances in the field, together with recent trends in plant biotechnology, such as the application of single use technology and the use of biosensors in downstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Khojasteh
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Campus Grüental, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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