1
|
Li T, Li H, Zhong L, Qin Y, Guo G, Liu Z, Hao N, Ouyang P. Analysis of heterologous expression of phaCBA promotes the acetoin stress response mechanism in Bacillus subtilis using transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:58. [PMID: 38383407 PMCID: PMC10880289 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Acetoin, a versatile platform chemical and popular food additive, poses a challenge to the biosafety strain Bacillus subtilis when produced in high concentrations due to its intrinsic toxicity. Incorporating the PHB synthesis pathway into Bacillus subtilis 168 has been shown to significantly enhance the strain's acetoin tolerance. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of B. subtilis 168-phaCBA to acetoin stress, employing transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. Acetoin stress induces fatty acid degradation and disrupts amino acid synthesis. In response, B. subtilis 168-phaCBA down-regulates genes associated with flagellum assembly and bacterial chemotaxis, while up-regulating genes related to the ABC transport system encoding amino acid transport proteins. Notably, genes coding for cysteine and D-methionine transport proteins (tcyB, tcyC and metQ) and the biotin transporter protein bioY, are up-regulated, enhancing cellular tolerance. Our findings highlight that the expression of phaCBA significantly increases the ratio of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids and modulates intracellular concentrations of amino acids, including L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-leucine, L-threonine, L-methionine, L-glutamic acid, L-proline, D-phenylalanine, L-arginine, and membrane fatty acids, thereby imparting acetoin tolerance. Furthermore, the supplementation with specific exogenous amino acids (L-alanine, L-proline, L-cysteine, L-arginine, L-glutamic acid, and L-isoleucine) alleviates acetoin's detrimental effects on the bacterium. Simultaneously, the introduction of phaCBA into the acetoin-producing strain BS03 addressed the issue of insufficient intracellular cofactors in the fermentation strain, resulting in the successful production of 70.14 g/L of acetoin through fed-batch fermentation. This study enhances our understanding of Bacillus's cellular response to acetoin-induced stress and provides valuable insights for the development of acetoin-resistant Bacillus strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Haixiang Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Yufei Qin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Gege Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhaoxing Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Qian J, Wang Y, Hu Z, Shi T, Wang Y, Ye C, Huang H. Bacillus sp. as a microbial cell factory: Advancements and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108278. [PMID: 37898328 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus sp. is one of the most distinctive gram-positive bacteria, able to grow efficiently using cheap carbon sources and secrete a variety of useful substances, which are widely used in food, pharmaceutical, agricultural and environmental industries. At the same time, Bacillus sp. is also recognized as a safe genus with a relatively clear genetic background, which is conducive to the industrial production of target metabolites. In this review, we discuss the reasons why Bacillus sp. has been so extensively studied and summarize its advances in systems and synthetic biology, engineering strategies to improve microbial cell properties, and industrial applications in several metabolic engineering applications. Finally, we present the current challenges and possible solutions to provide a reliable basis for Bacillus sp. as a microbial cell factory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Qian
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zijian Hu
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Tianqiong Shi
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Yuetong Wang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Chao Ye
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - He Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qian J, Wang Y, Liu X, Hu Z, Xu N, Wang Y, Shi T, Ye C. Improving acetoin production through construction of a genome-scale metabolic model. Comput Biol Med 2023; 158:106833. [PMID: 37015178 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Acetoin was widely used in food, medicine, and other industries, because of its unique fragrance. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was recognized as a safe strain and a promising acetoin producer in fermentation. However, due to the complexity of its metabolic network, it had not been fully utilized. Therefore, a genome-scale metabolic network model (iJYQ746) of B. amyloliquefaciens was constructed in this study, containing 746 genes, 1736 reactions, and 1611 metabolites. The results showed that Mg2+, Mn2+, and Fe2+ have inhibitory effects on acetoin. When the stirring speed was 400 rpm, the maximum titer was 49.8 g L-1. Minimization of metabolic adjustments (MOMA) was used to identify potential metabolic modification targets 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (serC, EC 2.6.1.52) and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (pgi, EC 5.3.1.9). These targets could effectively accumulate acetoin by increasing pyruvate content, and the acetoin synthesis rate was increased by 610% and 10%, respectively. This provides a theoretical basis for metabolic engineering to reasonably transform B. amyloliquefaciens and produce acetoin.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang T, Pan L, Wu W, Pan X, Xu M, Zhang X, Rao Z. N20D/N116E Combined Mutant Downward Shifted the pH Optimum of Bacillus subtilis NADH Oxidase. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040522. [PMID: 37106723 PMCID: PMC10135872 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Cofactor regeneration is indispensable to avoid the addition of large quantities of cofactor NADH or NAD+ in oxidation-reduction reactions. Water-forming NADH oxidase (Nox) has attracted substantive attention as it can oxidize cytosolic NADH to NAD+ without concomitant accumulation of by-products. However, its applications have some limitations in some oxidation-reduction processes when its optimum pH is different from its coupled enzymes. In this study, to modify the optimum pH of BsNox, fifteen relevant candidates of site-directed mutations were selected based on surface charge rational design. As predicted, the substitution of this asparagine residue with an aspartic acid residue (N22D) or with a glutamic acid residue (N116E) shifts its pH optimum from 9.0 to 7.0. Subsequently, N20D/N116E combined mutant could not only downshift the pH optimum of BsNox but also significantly increase its specific activity, which was about 2.9-fold at pH 7.0, 2.2-fold at pH 8.0 and 1.2-fold at pH 9.0 that of the wild-type. The double mutant N20D/N116E displays a higher activity within a wide range of pH from 6 to 9, which is wider than the wide type. The usability of the BsNox and its variations for NAD+ regeneration in a neutral environment was demonstrated by coupling with a glutamate dehydrogenase for α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG) production from L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) at pH 7.0. Employing the variation N20D/N116E as an NAD+ regeneration coenzyme could shorten the process duration; 90% of L-Glu were transformed into α-KG within 40 min vs. 70 min with the wild-type BsNox for NAD+ regeneration. The results obtained in this work suggest the promising properties of the BsNox variation N20D/N116E are competent in NAD+ regeneration applications under a neutral environment.
Collapse
|
5
|
Moxley WC, Brown RE, Eiteman MA. Escherichia coli aceE variants coding pyruvate dehydrogenase improve the generation of pyruvate-derived acetoin. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2200054. [PMID: 36874610 PMCID: PMC9978916 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202200054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Several chromosomally expressed AceE variants were constructed in Escherichia coli ΔldhA ΔpoxB ΔppsA and compared using glucose as the sole carbon source. These variants were examined in shake flask cultures for growth rate, pyruvate accumulation, and acetoin production via heterologous expression of the budA and budB genes from Enterobacter cloacae ssp. dissolvens. The best acetoin-producing strains were subsequently studied in controlled batch culture at the one-liter scale. PDH variant strains attained up to four-fold greater acetoin than the strain expressing the wild-type PDH. In a repeated batch process, the H106V PDH variant strain attained over 43 g/L of pyruvate-derived products, acetoin (38.5 g/L) and 2R,3R-butanediol (5.0 g/L), corresponding to an effective concentration of 59 g/L considering the dilution. The acetoin yield from glucose was 0.29 g/g with a volumetric productivity of 0.9 g/L·h (0.34 g/g and 1.0 g/L·h total products). The results demonstrate a new tool in pathway engineering, the modification of a key metabolic enzyme to improve the formation of a product via a kinetically slow, introduced pathway. Direct modification of the pathway enzyme offers an alternative to promoter engineering in cases where the promoter is involved in a complex regulatory network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Chris Moxley
- Department of Microbiology University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Rachel E Brown
- School of Chemical Materials and Biomedical Engineering University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Mark A Eiteman
- Department of Microbiology University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA.,School of Chemical Materials and Biomedical Engineering University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Metabolic Engineering of Microorganisms to Produce Pyruvate and Derived Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031418. [PMID: 36771084 PMCID: PMC9919917 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate is a hub of various endogenous metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, TCA cycle, amino acid, and fatty acid biosynthesis. It has also been used as a precursor for pyruvate-derived compounds such as acetoin, 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD), butanol, butyrate, and L-alanine biosynthesis. Pyruvate and derivatives are widely utilized in food, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, feed additives, and bioenergy industries. However, compounds such as pyruvate, acetoin, and butanol are often chemically synthesized from fossil feedstocks, resulting in declining fossil fuels and increasing environmental pollution. Metabolic engineering is a powerful tool for producing eco-friendly chemicals from renewable biomass resources through microbial fermentation. Here, we review and systematically summarize recent advances in the biosynthesis pathways, regulatory mechanisms, and metabolic engineering strategies for pyruvate and derivatives. Furthermore, the establishment of sustainable industrial synthesis platforms based on alternative substrates and new tools to produce these compounds is elaborated. Finally, we discuss the potential difficulties in the current metabolic engineering of pyruvate and derivatives and promising strategies for constructing efficient producers.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun Y, Kokko M, Vassilev I. Anode-assisted electro-fermentation with Bacillus subtilis under oxygen-limited conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:6. [PMID: 36627716 PMCID: PMC9832610 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacillus subtilis is generally regarded as a ubiquitous facultative anaerobe. Oxygen is the major electron acceptor of B. subtilis, and when oxygen is absent, B. subtilis can donate electrons to nitrate or perform fermentation. An anode electrode can also be used by microorganisms as the electron sink in systems called anodic electro-fermentation. The facultative anaerobic character of B. subtilis makes it an excellent candidate to explore with different electron acceptors, such as an anode. This study aimed to optimise industrial aerobic bioprocesses using alternative electron acceptors. In particular, different end product spectrum of B. subtilis with various electron acceptors, including anode from the electro-fermentation system, was investigated. RESULTS B. subtilis was grown using three electron acceptors, i.e. oxygen, nitrate and anode (poised at a potential of 0.7 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode). The results showed oxygen had a crucial role for cells to remain metabolically active. When nitrate or anode was applied as the sole electron acceptor anaerobically, immediate cell lysis and limited glucose consumption were observed. In anode-assisted electro-fermentation with a limited aeration rate, acetoin, as the main end product showed the highest yield of 0.78 ± 0.04 molproduct/molglucose, two-fold higher than without poised potential (0.39 ± 0.08 molproduct/molglucose). CONCLUSIONS Oxygen controls B. subtilis biomass growth, alternative electron acceptors utilisation and metabolites formation. Limited oxygen/air supply enabled the bacteria to donate excess electrons to nitrate or anode, leading to steered product spectrum. The anode-assisted electro-fermentation showed its potential to boost acetoin production for future industrial biotechnology applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Marika Kokko
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Igor Vassilev
- grid.502801.e0000 0001 2314 6254Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 8, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
High production of acetoin from glycerol by Bacillus subtilis 35. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:175-185. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
|
9
|
Wang Q, Zhang X, Ren K, Han R, Lu R, Bao T, Pan X, Yang T, Xu M, Rao Z. Acetoin production from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates with a modular metabolic engineering system in Bacillus subtilis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:87. [PMID: 36002902 PMCID: PMC9400278 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Acetoin (AC) is a vital platform chemical widely used in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. With increasing concern over non-renewable resources and environmental issues, using low-cost biomass for acetoin production by microbial fermentation is undoubtedly a promising strategy.
Results
This work reduces the disadvantages of Bacillus subtilis during fermentation by regulating genes involved in spore formation and autolysis. Then, optimizing intracellular redox homeostasis through Rex protein mitigated the detrimental effects of NADH produced by the glycolytic metabolic pathway on the process of AC production. Subsequently, multiple pathways that compete with AC production are blocked to optimize carbon flux allocation. Finally, the population cell density-induced promoter was used to enhance the AC synthesis pathway. Fermentation was carried out in a 5-L bioreactor using bagasse lignocellulosic hydrolysate, resulting in a final titer of 64.3 g/L, which was 89.5% of the theoretical yield.
Conclusions
The recombinant strain BSMAY-4-PsrfA provides an economical and efficient strategy for large-scale industrial production of acetoin.
Collapse
|
10
|
Genomic and Transcriptional Characteristics of Strain Rum-meliibacillus sp. TYF-LIM-RU47 with an Aptitude of Directly Producing Acetoin from Lignocellulose. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8080414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rummeliibacillus sp. TYF-LIM-RU47, isolated from the fermentation substrate of grain vinegar, could produce acetoin using a variety of carbon sources, including pentose, hexose and lignocellulose. The draft genome of TYF-LIM-RU47 was constructed and the genomic information revealed that TYF-LIM-RU47 contains genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, the oxidative phosphorylation metabolic pathway and lignocellulosic metabolism. The acetoin anabolic pathway of TYF-LIM-RU47 has been deduced from the sequencing results, and acetoin is produced from α-acetolactate via decarboxylation and diacetyl reductase catalytic steps. The results of quantitative real-time PCR tests showed that the synthesis and degradation of acetoin had a dynamic balance in acetoin metabolism, and the transcription of the α-acetolactate synthase gene might exist to the extent of feedback regulation. This study can help researchers to better understand the bioinformation of thermophilic-lignocellulosic bacteria and the mechanisms of the acetoin biosynthesis pathway.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ding X, Zheng Z, Zhao G, Wang L, Wang H, Yang Q, Zhang M, Li L, Wang P. Bottom-up synthetic biology approach for improving the efficiency of menaquinone-7 synthesis in Bacillus subtilis. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:101. [PMID: 35643569 PMCID: PMC9148487 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01823-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Menaquinone-7 (MK-7), which is associated with complex and tightly regulated pathways and redox imbalances, is produced at low titres in Bacillus subtilis. Synthetic biology provides a rational engineering principle for the transcriptional optimisation of key enzymes and the artificial creation of cofactor regeneration systems without regulatory interference. This holds great promise for alleviating pathway bottlenecks and improving the efficiency of carbon and energy utilisation.
Results
We used a bottom-up synthetic biology approach for the synthetic redesign of central carbon and to improve the adaptability between material and energy metabolism in MK-7 synthesis pathways. First, the rate-limiting enzymes, 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), isopentenyl-diphosphate delta-isomerase (Fni), 1-deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate reductase (DXR), isochorismate synthase (MenF), and 3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase (AroA) in the MK-7 pathway were sequentially overexpressed. Promoter engineering and fusion tags were used to overexpress the key enzyme MenA, and the titre of MK-7 was 39.01 mg/L. Finally, after stoichiometric calculation and optimisation of the cofactor regeneration pathway, we constructed two NADPH regeneration systems, enhanced the endogenous cofactor regeneration pathway, and introduced a heterologous NADH kinase (Pos5P) to increase the availability of NADPH for MK-7 biosynthesis. The strain expressing pos5P was more efficient in converting NADH to NADPH and had excellent MK-7 synthesis ability. Following three Design-Build-Test-Learn cycles, the titre of MK-7 after flask fermentation reached 53.07 mg/L, which was 4.52 times that of B. subtilis 168. Additionally, the artificially constructed cofactor regeneration system reduced the amount of NADH-dependent by-product lactate in the fermentation broth by 9.15%. This resulted in decreased energy loss and improved carbon conversion.
Conclusions
In summary, a "high-efficiency, low-carbon, cofactor-recycling" MK-7 synthetic strain was constructed, and the strategy used in this study can be generally applied for constructing high-efficiency synthesis platforms for other terpenoids, laying the foundation for the large-scale production of high-value MK-7 as well as terpenoids.
Collapse
|
12
|
A Review on the Production of C4 Platform Chemicals from Biochemical Conversion of Sugar Crop Processing Products and By-Products. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8050216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The development and commercialization of sustainable chemicals from agricultural products and by-products is necessary for a circular economy built on renewable natural resources. Among the largest contributors to the final cost of a biomass conversion product is the cost of the initial biomass feedstock, representing a significant challenge in effective biomass utilization. Another major challenge is in identifying the correct products for development, which must be able to satisfy the need for both low-cost, drop-in fossil fuel replacements and novel, high-value fine chemicals (and/or commodity chemicals). Both challenges can be met by utilizing wastes or by-products from biomass processing, which have very limited starting cost, to yield platform chemicals. Specifically, sugar crop processing (e.g., sugarcane, sugar beet) is a mature industry that produces high volumes of by-products with significant potential for valorization. This review focuses specifically on the production of acetoin (3-hydroxybutanone), 2,3-butanediol, and C4 dicarboxylic (succinic, malic, and fumaric) acids with emphasis on biochemical conversion and targeted upgrading of sugar crop products/by-products. These C4 compounds are easily derived from fermentations and can be converted into many different final products, including food, fragrance, and cosmetic additives, as well as sustainable biofuels and other chemicals. State-of-the-art literature pertaining to optimization strategies for microbial conversion of sugar crop byproducts to C4 chemicals (e.g., bagasse, molasses) is reviewed, along with potential routes for upgrading and valorization. Directions and opportunities for future research and industrial biotechnology development are discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Li J, Lu J, Ma Z, Li J, Chen X, Diao M, Xie N. A Green Route for High-Yield Production of Tetramethylpyrazine From Non-Food Raw Materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:792023. [PMID: 35145961 PMCID: PMC8823705 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.792023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is an active pharmaceutical ingredient originally isolated from Ligusticum wallichii for curing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and is widely used as a popular flavoring additive in the food industry. Hence, there is a great interest in developing new strategies to produce this high-value compound in an ecological and economical way. Herein, a cost-competitive combinational approach was proposed to accomplish green and high-efficiency production of TMP. First, microbial cell factories were constructed to produce acetoin (3-hydroxy-2-butanone, AC), an endogenous precursor of TMP, by introducing a biosynthesis pathway coupled with an intracellular NAD+ regeneration system to the wild-type Escherichia coli. To further improve the production of (R)-AC, the metabolic pathways of by-products were impaired or blocked stepwise by gene manipulation, resulting in 40.84 g/L (R)-AC with a high optical purity of 99.42% in shake flasks. Thereafter, an optimal strain designated GXASR11 was used to convert the hydrolysates of inexpensive feedstocks into (R)-AC and achieved a titer of 86.04 g/L within 48 h in a 5-L fermenter under optimized fermentation conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest (R)-AC production with high optical purity (≥98%) produced from non-food raw materials using recombinant E. coli. The supernatant of fermentation broth was mixed with diammonium phosphate (DAP) to make a total volume of 20 ml and transferred to a high-pressure microreactor. Finally, 56.72 g/L TMP was obtained in 3 h via the condensation reaction with a high conversion rate (85.30%) under optimal reaction conditions. These results demonstrated a green and sustainable approach to efficiently produce high-valued TMP, which realized value addition of low-cost renewables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Life Science and Technology College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Life Science and Technology College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhilin Ma
- Life Science and Technology College, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xianrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Xianrui Chen, ; Mengxue Diao,
| | - Mengxue Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Xianrui Chen, ; Mengxue Diao,
| | - Nengzhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Non-food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Biomass Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The growing need for industrial production of bio-based acetoin and 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BD) is due to both environmental concerns, and their widespread use in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. Acetoin is a common spice added to many foods, but also a valuable reagent in many chemical syntheses. Similarly, 2,3-BD is an indispensable chemical on the platform in the production of synthetic rubber, printing inks, perfumes, antifreeze, and fuel additives. This state-of-the-art review focuses on representatives of the genus Bacillus as prospective producers of acetoin and 2,3-BD. They have the following important advantages: non-pathogenic nature, unpretentiousness to growing conditions, and the ability to utilize a huge number of substrates (glucose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, and inulin hydrolysates), sugars from the composition of lignocellulose (cellobiose, mannose, galactose, xylose, and arabinose), as well as waste glycerol. In addition, these strains can be improved by genetic engineering, and are amenable to process optimization. Bacillus spp. are among the best acetoin producers. They also synthesize 2,3-BD in titer and yield comparable to those of the pathogenic producers. However, Bacillus spp. show relatively lower productivity, which can be increased in the course of challenging future research.
Collapse
|
15
|
Genetically encoded probiotic EcN 1917 alleviates alcohol-induced acute liver injury and restore gut microbiota homeostasis. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
16
|
Maina S, Prabhu AA, Vivek N, Vlysidis A, Koutinas A, Kumar V. Prospects on bio-based 2,3-butanediol and acetoin production: Recent progress and advances. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107783. [PMID: 34098005 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The bio-based platform chemicals 2,3-butanediol (BDO) and acetoin have various applications in chemical, cosmetics, food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries, whereas the derivatives of BDO could be used as fuel additives, polymer and synthetic rubber production. This review summarizes the novel technological developments in adapting genetic and metabolic engineering strategies for selection and construction of chassis strains for BDO and acetoin production. The valorization of renewable feedstocks and bioprocess development for the upstream and downstream stages of bio-based BDO and acetoin production are discussed. The techno-economic aspects evaluating the viability and industrial potential of bio-based BDO production are presented. The commercialization of bio-based BDO and acetoin production requires the utilization of crude renewable resources, the chassis strains with high fermentation production efficiencies and development of sustainable purification or conversion technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Maina
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos, 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Ashish A Prabhu
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Narisetty Vivek
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Anestis Vlysidis
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos, 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Apostolis Koutinas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos, 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Production of proteins and commodity chemicals using engineered Bacillus subtilis platform strain. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:173-185. [PMID: 34028523 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently, increasing demand of biochemicals produced from renewable resources has motivated researchers to seek microbial production strategies instead of traditional chemical methods. As a microbial platform, Bacillus subtilis possesses many advantages including the generally recognized safe status, clear metabolic networks, short growth cycle, mature genetic editing methods and efficient protein secretion systems. Engineered B. subtilis strains are being increasingly used in laboratory research and in industry for the production of valuable proteins and other chemicals. In this review, we first describe the recent advances of bioinformatics strategies during the research and applications of B. subtilis. Secondly, the applications of B. subtilis in enzymes and recombinant proteins production are summarized. Further, the recent progress in employing metabolic engineering and synthetic biology strategies in B. subtilis platform strain to produce commodity chemicals is systematically introduced and compared. Finally, the major limitations for the further development of B. subtilis platform strain and possible future directions for its research are also discussed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang J, Zhu Q, Xu F, Yang M, Du H, Bian X, Lu Z, Lu Y, Lu F. Genome Mining, Heterologous Expression, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Lipoamides and Amicoumacins from Compost-Associated Bacillus subtilis fmb60. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071892. [PMID: 33810551 PMCID: PMC8036425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis fmb60, which has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, was isolated from plant straw compost. A hybrid NRPS/PKS cluster was screened from the genome. Sixteen secondary metabolites produced by the gene cluster were isolated and identified using LC-HRMS and NMR. Three lipoamides D–F (1–3) and two amicoumacin derivatives, amicoumacins D, E (4, 5), were identified, and are reported here for the first time. Lipoamides D–F exhibited strong antibacterial activities against harmful foodborne bacteria, with the MIC ranging from 6.25 to 25 µg/mL. Amicoumacin E scavenged 38.8% of ABTS+ radicals at 1 mg/mL. Direct cloning and heterologous expression of the NRPS/PKS and ace gene cluster identified its importance for the biosynthesis of amicoumacins. This study demonstrated that there is a high potential for biocontrol utilization of B. subtilis fmb60, and genome mining for clusters of secondary metabolites of B. subtilis fmb60 has revealed a greater biosynthetic potential for the production of novel natural products than previously anticipated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (F.X.)
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
- Jiangsu Marine Resources Development Research Institute, Lianyungang 222000, China
| | - Qingzheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (F.X.)
| | - Feng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (F.X.)
| | - Ming Yang
- Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (M.Y.); (X.B.)
| | - Hechao Du
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.D.); (Z.L.)
| | - Xiaoying Bian
- Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (M.Y.); (X.B.)
| | - Zhaoxin Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.D.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yingjian Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210003, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (F.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-258-439-5155 (Y.L.); +86-258-439-5963 (F.L.)
| | - Fengxia Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China; (H.D.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (F.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-258-439-5155 (Y.L.); +86-258-439-5963 (F.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen C, Cui Z, Zhao J, Li S, Ren X, Chen T, Wang Z. Improving diacetyl production in Corynebacterium glutamicum via modifying respiratory chain. J Biotechnol 2021; 332:20-28. [PMID: 33771625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To explore the suitability of Corynebacterium glutamicum as a chassis for diacetyl production from glucose, diacetyl metabolic pathway and the respiratory chain were linked to achieve redox balance. The carbon flux was redirected from pyruvate to diacetyl by overexpressing the α-acetolactate synthase, in combination with disruption the biosynthetic pathways of lactate, acetoin, 2,3-butanediol and acetate in C. glutamicum ATCC 13032. These modifications resulted in a sharp increase of the NADH/NAD+ ratio from 0.53 to 1.10, and produced 0.58 g/L diacetyl under aerobic conditions, representing a 58-fold increase over the wild type. Although the modification of the by-product pathways is an effective strategy, these disruption led to intracellular cofactor imbalance. NADH re-oxidization was further successfully solved by overexpressing of cytochrome bd oxidase. We constructed an efficient respiration-dependent cell factory by modification of the respiratory chain, improving diacetyl titer to 1.29 g/L in CGC11, decreased NADH/NAD+ ratio to 0.45, increased the ATP concentration from 8.51 to 10.64 μM/gDCW. To our best knowledge, this is the first report of diacetyl synthesis in C. glutamicum. Intracellular cofactor imbalance can be reduced by modification of the respiratory chain for production of diacetyl as well as other bio-based products with cofactor imbalance in C. glutamicum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhenzhen Cui
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Juntao Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shuting Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaoting Ren
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Guo ZW, Ou XY, Liang S, Gao HF, Zhang LY, Zong MH, Lou WY. Recruiting a Phosphite Dehydrogenase/Formamidase-Driven Antimicrobial Contamination System in Bacillus subtilis for Nonsterilized Fermentation of Acetoin. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2537-2545. [PMID: 32786356 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microbial contamination, especially in large-scale processes, is partly a life-or-death issue for industrial fermentation. Therefore, the aim of this research was to create an antimicrobial contamination system in Bacillus subtilis 168 (an ideal acetoin producer for its safety and acetoin synthesis potential). First, introduction of the formamidase (FmdA) from Helicobacter pylori and the phosphite dehydrogenase (PtxD) from Pseudomonas stutzeri enabled the engineered Bacillus subtilis to simultaneously assimilate formamide and phosphite as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) sources. Thus, the engineered B. subtilis became the dominant population in a potentially contaminated system, while contaminated microbes were starved of key nutrients. Second, stepwise metabolic engineering via chromosome-based overexpression of the relevant glycolysis and acetoin biosynthesis genes led to a 1.12-fold increment in acetoin titer compared with the starting host. Finally, with our best acetoin producer, 25.56 g/L acetoin was synthesized in the fed-batch fermentation, with a productivity of 0.33 g/L/h and a yield of 0.37 g/g under a nonsterilized and antibiotic-free system. More importantly, our work fulfills many key criteria of sustainable chemistry since sterilization is abolished, contributing to the simplified fermentation operation with lower energy consumption and cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Wang Guo
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Ou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Liang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Fang Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Liao-Yuan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Yong Lou
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, No. 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xu J, Yu H, Chen X, Liu L, Zhang W. Accelerated Green Process of 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine Production from Glucose by Genetically Modified Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2576-2587. [PMID: 32841563 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
2,5-Dimethylpyrazine (2,5-DMP) is an indispensable additive for flavoring in the food industry and an important substrate for producing hypoglycemic and antilipolytic drugs. However, 2,5-DMP is produced by chemical synthesis in industry. Herein, a "green" strategy to produce 2,5-DMP has been reported for the first time. To do this, we rewrote the de novo 2,5-DMP biosynthesis pathway and substrate transmembrane transport in an l-threonine high-yielding strain to promote highly efficient 2,5-DMP production from glucose by submerged fermentation. The final strain T6-47-7 could produce 1.43 ± 0.07 g/L of 2,5-DMP with a carbon yield of 6.78% and productivity of 0.715 g/(L·d) in shake-flask fermentation using a phase-wise manner of hypoxia-inducible expression. The design-based strategy for constructing the 2,5-DMP high-yielding strain reported here could serve as a general concept for breeding high-yielding strains that produce some other type of alkylpyrazine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, WuXi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, WuXi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, WuXi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, WuXi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, WuXi 214122, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Man Z, Guo J, Zhang Y, Cai Z. Regulation of intracellular ATP supply and its application in industrial biotechnology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1151-1162. [PMID: 32862717 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1813071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Efficient cell factories are the core of industrial biotechnology. In recent years, synthetic biology develops rapidly, and more and more modified microbial cell factories are employed in industrial biotechnology. ATP plays vital roles in biosynthesis, metabolism regulation, and cellular maintenance. Regulating cellular ATP supply can effectively modify cellular metabolism. This paper presents a review of recent studies on the regulation of the intracellular ATP supply and its application in industrial biotechnology. Detailed strategies for regulating the ATP supply and the resulting impact on bioproduction are introduced. It is observed that regulating the cellular ATP supply can provide great possibilities for making microbial cells into efficient factories. Future perspectives for further understanding the function of ATP are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaiwei Man
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,Zaozhuang Key Laboratory of Corn Bioengineering, Zaozhuang Science and Technology Collaborative Innovation Center of Enzyme, Shandong Hengren Gongmao Co. Ltd, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yingyang Zhang
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- Advanced Catalysis and Green Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Science, Changzhou University, Changzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Li X, Chu J, Jensen PR. The Expression of NOX From Synthetic Promoters Reveals an Important Role of the Redox Status in Regulating Secondary Metabolism of Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:818. [PMID: 32766231 PMCID: PMC7379104 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox cofactors play a pivotal role in primary cellular metabolism, whereas the clear link between redox status and secondary metabolism is still vague. In this study we investigated effects of redox perturbation on the production of erythromycin in Saccharopolyspora erythraea by expressing the water-forming NADH oxidase (NOX) from Streptococcus pneumonia at different levels with synthetic promoters. The expression of NOX reduced the intracellular [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio significantly in S. erythraea which resulted in an increased production of erythromycin by 19∼29% and this increment rose to 60% as more oxygen was supplied. In contrast, the lower redox ratio resulted in a decreased production of another secondary metabolite, the reddish pigment 7-O-rahmnosyl flaviolin. The metabolic shifts of secondary metabolism results in a higher NADH availability which compensates for its oxidization via NOX. The expression of the erythromycin biosynthesis gene cluster (BGC) in the NOX-expression strains was upregulated as the activity of diguanylate cyclase was inhibited moderately by NADH. This study also suggested that lower intracellular [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio benefits the biosynthesis of erythromycin by potentially affecting the biosynthesis of the secondary messenger, bis-(3'-5')-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP), which may stimulate the positive regulation of erythromycin BGC via BldD. The present work provides a basis for future cofactor manipulation in S. erythraea to improve the industrial production of erythromycin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ju Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter R Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu JM, Chen L, Dorau R, Lillevang SK, Jensen PR, Solem C. From Waste to Taste-Efficient Production of the Butter Aroma Compound Acetoin from Low-Value Dairy Side Streams Using a Natural (Nonengineered) Lactococcus lactis Dairy Isolate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5891-5899. [PMID: 32363876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis is widely used in dairy fermentations as it can form the butter aroma compounds acetoin and diacetyl from citrate in milk. Here, we explore the possibility of producing acetoin from the more abundant lactose. Starting from a dairy isolate of L. lactis biovar diacetylactis, we obtained a series of mutants with low lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activity. One isolate, RD1M5, only had a single insertion mutation in the ldh gene compared to its parental strain as revealed by whole genome resequencing. We tested the ability of RD1M5 to produce acetoin in milk. With aeration, all the lactose could be consumed, and the only product was acetoin. In a simulated cheese fermentation, a 50% increase in acetoin concentration could be achieved. RD1M5 turned out to be an excellent cell factory for acetoin and was able to convert lactose in dairy waste into acetoin with high titer (41 g/L) and high yield (above 90% of the theoretical yield). Summing up, RD1M5 was found to be highly robust and to grow excellently in milk or dairy waste. Being natural in origin opens up for applications within dairies as well as for safe production of food-grade acetoin from low-cost substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Liu
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lin Chen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Robin Dorau
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Ruhdal Jensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Christian Solem
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu L, Mao Y, Kou M, Cui Z, Jin B, Chang Z, Wang Z, Ma H, Chen T. Engineering central pathways for industrial-level (3R)-acetoin biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:102. [PMID: 32398078 PMCID: PMC7216327 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetoin, especially the optically pure (3S)- or (3R)-enantiomer, is a high-value-added bio-based platform chemical and important potential pharmaceutical intermediate. Over the past decades, intense efforts have been devoted to the production of acetoin through green biotechniques. However, efficient and economical methods for the production of optically pure acetoin enantiomers are rarely reported. Previously, we systematically engineered the GRAS microorganism Corynebacterium glutamicum to efficiently produce (3R)-acetoin from glucose. Nevertheless, its yield and average productivity were still unsatisfactory for industrial bioprocesses. RESULTS In this study, cellular carbon fluxes in the acetoin producer CGR6 were further redirected toward acetoin synthesis using several metabolic engineering strategies, including blocking anaplerotic pathways, attenuating key genes of the TCA cycle and integrating additional copies of the alsSD operon into the genome. Among them, the combination of attenuation of citrate synthase and inactivation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase showed a significant synergistic effect on acetoin production. Finally, the optimal engineered strain CGS11 produced a titer of 102.45 g/L acetoin with a yield of 0.419 g/g glucose at a rate of 1.86 g/L/h in a 5 L fermenter. The optical purity of the resulting (3R)-acetoin surpassed 95%. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest titer of highly enantiomerically enriched (3R)-acetoin, together with a competitive product yield and productivity, achieved in a simple, green processes without expensive additives or substrates. This process therefore opens the possibility to achieve easy, efficient, economical and environmentally-friendly production of (3R)-acetoin via microbial fermentation in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxue Lu
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yufeng Mao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Mengyun Kou
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhenzhen Cui
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Biao Jin
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhishuai Chang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering of Ministry of Education, SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lü C, Ge Y, Cao M, Guo X, Liu P, Gao C, Xu P, Ma C. Metabolic Engineering of Bacillus licheniformis for Production of Acetoin. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:125. [PMID: 32154242 PMCID: PMC7047894 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetoin is a potential platform compound for a variety of chemicals. Bacillus licheniformis MW3, a thermophilic and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) microorganism, can produce 2,3-butanediol with a high concentration, yield, and productivity. In this study, B. licheniformis MW3 was metabolic engineered for acetoin production. After deleting two 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenases encoding genes budC and gdh, an engineered strain B. licheniformis MW3 (ΔbudCΔgdh) was constructed. Using fed-batch fermentation of B. licheniformis MW3 (ΔbudCΔgdh), 64.2 g/L acetoin was produced at a productivity of 2.378 g/[L h] and a yield of 0.412 g/g from 156 g/L glucose in 27 h. The fermentation process exhibited rather high productivity and yield of acetoin, indicating that B. licheniformis MW3 (ΔbudCΔgdh) might be a promising acetoin producer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjuan Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongsheng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Menghao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peihai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cui Z, Mao Y, Zhao Y, Zheng M, Wang Z, Ma H, Chen T. One-pot efficient biosynthesis of (3 R)-acetoin from pyruvate by a two-enzyme cascade. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01332c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Opening the possibility of sustainable industrial (3R)-acetoin biomanufacturing in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Cui
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- SynBio Research Platform
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
| | - Yufeng Mao
- Biodesign Center
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Tianjin 300308
| | - Yujiao Zhao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- SynBio Research Platform
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
| | - Meiyu Zheng
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- SynBio Research Platform
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- SynBio Research Platform
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Biodesign Center
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Tianjin 300308
| | - Tao Chen
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education)
- SynBio Research Platform
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shao M, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Yang T, Xu M, Zhang X, Rao Z. Intracellular Environment Improvement of Mycobacterium neoaurum for Enhancing Androst-1,4-Diene-3,17-Dione Production by Manipulating NADH and Reactive Oxygen Species Levels. Molecules 2019; 24:E3841. [PMID: 31731395 PMCID: PMC6864555 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most significant steroid hormone precursors, androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (ADD) could be used to synthesize many valuable hormone drugs. The microbial transformation of sterols to ADD has received extensive attention in recent years. In a previous study, Mycobacterium neoaurum JC-12 was isolated and converted sterols to the major product, ADD. In this work, we enhanced ADD yield by improving the cell intracellular environment. First, we introduced a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase from Bacillus subtilis to balance the intracellular NAD+ availability in order to strengthen the ADD yield. Then, the catalase gene from M. neoaurum was also over-expressed to simultaneously scavenge the generated H2O2 and eliminate its toxic effects on cell growth and sterol transformation. Finally, using a 5 L fermentor, the recombinant strain JC-12yodC-katA produced 9.66 g/L ADD, which increased by 80% when compared with the parent strain. This work shows a promising way to increase the sterol transformation efficiency by regulating the intracellular environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Shao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.S.); (T.Y.); (M.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Youxi Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomass Waste Resource Utilization, College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 10023, China;
| | - Yu Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.S.); (T.Y.); (M.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.S.); (T.Y.); (M.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.S.); (T.Y.); (M.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.S.); (T.Y.); (M.X.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (M.S.); (T.Y.); (M.X.); (X.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Systems Metabolic Engineering Strategies: Integrating Systems and Synthetic Biology with Metabolic Engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:817-837. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
30
|
Dib W, Grar H, Gourine H, El Mecherfi KE, Negaoui H, Biscola V, Kaddouri H, Chobert JM, Haertlé T, Saidi D, Kheroua O. Prophylactic properties of Bacillus subtilis in a bovine β-lactoglobulin sensitized mice model. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
31
|
Shao M, Zhang X, Rao Z, Xu M, Yang T, Xu Z, Yang S. Identification of steroid C27 monooxygenase isoenzymes involved in sterol catabolism and stepwise pathway engineering of Mycobacterium neoaurum for improved androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 46:635-647. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-018-02135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Cholesterol oxidase, steroid C27 monooxygenase and 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase are key enzymes involved in microbial catabolism of sterols. Here, three isoenzymes of steroid C27 monooxygenase were firstly characterized from Mycobacterium neoaurum as the key enzyme in sterol C27-hydroxylation. Among these three isoenzymes, steroid C27 monooxygenase 2 exhibits the strongest function in sterol catabolism. To improve androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione production, cholesterol oxidase, steroid C27 monooxygenase 2 and 3-ketosteroid-Δ1-dehydrogenase were coexpressed to strengthen the metabolic flux to androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, and 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione catabolism, was disrupted to block the androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione degradation pathway in M. neoaurum JC-12. Finally, the recombinant strain JC-12S2-choM-ksdd/ΔkshA produced 20.1 g/L androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, which is the highest reported production with sterols as substrate. Therefore, this work is hopes to pave the way for efficient androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione production through metabolic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minglong Shao
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian Zhang
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Taowei Yang
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 1800 Lihu Avenue 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- 0000 0001 0708 1323 grid.258151.a Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University 214122 Wuxi Jiangsu Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Shangtian Yang
- 0000 0001 2285 7943 grid.261331.4 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering The Ohio State University 43210 Columbus OH USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Luo Z, Zeng W, Du G, Chen J, Zhou J. Enhanced Pyruvate Production in Candida glabrata by Engineering ATP Futile Cycle System. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:787-795. [PMID: 30856339 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism plays an important role in the growth and central metabolic pathways of cells. Manipulating energy metabolism is an efficient strategy to improve the formation of target products and to understand the effects of altering intracellular energy levels on global metabolic networks. Candida glabrata, as a dominant yeast strain for producing pyruvate, principally converts glucose to pyruvate through the glycolytic pathway. However, this process can be severely inhibited by a high intracellular ATP content. Here, in combination with the physiological characteristics of C. glabrata, efforts have been made to construct an ATP futile cycle system (ATP-FCS) in C. glabrata to decrease the intracellular ATP level without destroying F0F1-ATPase function. ATP-FCS was capable of decreasing the intracellular ATP level by 51.0% in C. glabrata. The decrease in the ATP level directly led to an increased pyruvate production and glycolysis efficiency. Moreover, we further optimized different aspects of the ATP-FCS to maximize pyruvate accumulation. Combining ATP-FCS with further genetic optimization strategies, we achieved a final pyruvate titer of 40.2 g/L, with 4.35 g pyruvate/g dry cell weight and a 0.44 g/g substrate conversion rate in 500 mL flasks, which represented increases of 98.5%, 322.3%, and 160%, respectively, compared with the original strain. Thus, these strategies hold great potential for increasing the synthesis of other organic acids in microbes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Xu JZ, Ruan HZ, Chen XL, Zhang F, Zhang W. Equilibrium of the intracellular redox state for improving cell growth and L-lysine yield of Corynebacterium glutamicum by optimal cofactor swapping. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:65. [PMID: 30943966 PMCID: PMC6448238 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NAD(H/+) and NADP(H/+) are the most important redox cofactors in bacteria. However, the intracellular redox balance is in advantage of the cell growth and production of NAD(P)H-dependent products. Results In this paper, we rationally engineered glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) to switch the nucleotide-cofactor specificity resulting in an increase in final titer [from 85.6 to 121.4 g L−1] and carbon yield [from 0.33 to 0.46 g (g glucose)−1] of l-lysine in strain RGI in fed-batch fermentation. To do this, we firstly analyzed the production performance of original strain JL-6, indicating that the imbalance of intracellular redox was the limiting factor for l-lysine production. Subsequently, we modified the native GAPDH and indicated that recombinant strain RG with nonnative NADP-GAPDH dramatically changed the intracellular levels of NADH and NADPH. However, l-lysine production did not significantly increase because cell growth was harmed at low NADH level. Lastly, the nonnative NAD-IDH was introduced in strain RG to increase the NADH availability and to equilibrate the intracellular redox. The resulted strain RGI showed the stable ratio of NADPH/NADH at about 1.00, which in turn improved cell growth (μmax. = 0.31 h−1) and l-lysine productivity (qLys, max. = 0.53 g g−1 h−1) as compared with strain RG (μmax. = 0.14 h−1 and qLys, max. = 0.42 g g−1 h−1). Conclusions This is the first report of balancing the intracellular redox state by switching the nucleotide-cofactor specificity of GAPDH and IDH, thereby improving cell growth and l-lysine production.![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1114-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Hao-Zhe Ruan
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiu-Lai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800# Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
de Paula RG, Antoniêto ACC, Ribeiro LFC, Srivastava N, O'Donovan A, Mishra PK, Gupta VK, Silva RN. Engineered microbial host selection for value-added bioproducts from lignocellulose. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107347. [PMID: 30771467 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose is a rich and sustainable globally available carbon source and is considered a prominent alternative raw material for producing biofuels and valuable chemical compounds. Enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the crucial steps of lignocellulose degradation. Cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzyme mixes produced by different microorganisms including filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria, are used to degrade the biomass to liberate monosaccharides and other compounds for fermentation or conversion to value-added products. During biomass pretreatment and degradation, toxic compounds are produced, and undesirable carbon catabolic repression (CCR) can occur. In order to solve this problem, microbial metabolic pathways and transcription factors involved have been investigated along with the application of protein engineering to optimize the biorefinery platform. Engineered Microorganisms have been used to produce specific enzymes to breakdown biomass polymers and metabolize sugars to produce ethanol as well other biochemical compounds. Protein engineering strategies have been used for modifying lignocellulolytic enzymes to overcome enzymatic limitations and improving both their production and functionality. Furthermore, promoters and transcription factors, which are key proteins in this process, are modified to promote microbial gene expression that allows a maximum performance of the hydrolytic enzymes for lignocellulosic degradation. The present review will present a critical discussion and highlight the aspects of the use of microorganisms to convert lignocellulose into value-added bioproduct as well combat the bottlenecks to make the biorefinery platform from lignocellulose attractive to the market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renato Graciano de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Liliane Fraga Costa Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Neha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P, India
| | - Anthonia O'Donovan
- School of Science and Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - P K Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi 221005, U.P, India
| | - Vijai K Gupta
- ERA Chair of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Roberto N Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Advances and prospects of Bacillus subtilis cellular factories: From rational design to industrial applications. Metab Eng 2018; 50:109-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
36
|
Gu Y, Lv X, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Chen J, Rodrigo LA, Liu L. Synthetic redesign of central carbon and redox metabolism for high yield production of N-acetylglucosamine in Bacillus subtilis. Metab Eng 2018; 51:59-69. [PMID: 30343048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the primary goals of microbial metabolic engineering is to achieve high titer, yield and productivity (TYP) of engineered strains. This TYP index requires optimized carbon flux toward desired molecule with minimal by-product formation. De novo redesign of central carbon and redox metabolism holds great promise to alleviate pathway bottleneck and improve carbon and energy utilization efficiency. The engineered strain, with the overexpression or deletion of multiple genes, typically can't meet the TYP index, due to overflow of central carbon and redox metabolism that compromise the final yield, despite a high titer or productivity might be achieved. To solve this challenge, we reprogramed the central carbon and redox metabolism of Bacillus subtilis and achieved high TYP production of N-acetylglucosamine. Specifically, a "push-pull-promote" approach efficiently reduced the overflown acetyl-CoA flux and eliminated byproduct formation. Four synthetic NAD(P)-independent metabolic routes were introduced to rewire the redox metabolism to minimize energy loss. Implementation of these genetic strategies led us to obtain a B. subtilis strain with superior TYP index. GlcNAc titer in shake flask was increased from 6.6 g L-1 to 24.5 g L-1, the yield was improved from 0.115 to 0.468 g GlcNAc g-1 glucose, and the productivity was increased from 0.274 to 0.437 g L-1 h-1. These titer and yield are the highest levels ever reported and, the yield reached 98% of the theoretical pathway yield (0.478 g g-1 glucose). The synthetic redesign of carbon metabolism and redox metabolism represent a novel and general metabolic engineering strategy to improve the performance of microbial cell factories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | | | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sun W, Alexander T, Man Z, Xiao F, Cui F, Qi X. Enhancing 2-Ketogluconate Production of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida JUIM01 by Maintaining the Carbon Catabolite Repression of 2-Ketogluconate Metabolism. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102629. [PMID: 30322137 PMCID: PMC6222622 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Ketogluconate (2KGA) is an organic acid that is important for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and environmental applications. Pseudomonas plecoglossicida JUIM01 strain is an important industrial 2KGA producer in China. In this paper, we found that P. plecoglossicida JUIM01 could convert glucose to 2KGA extracellularly, and the formed 2KGA was subsequently consumed after glucose was exhausted during the fermentation process. Experiments of glucose and 2KGA supplementation during fermentation process revealed that, only when glucose was exhausted, the strain started to consume the product 2KGA. Then, the mechanism of this phenomenon was investigated at transcription and protein levels, and the results indicated that P. plecoglossicida JUIM01 possesses carbon catabolite repression of 2KGA metabolism by glucose. Next, increasing the supply of glucose could attenuate 2KGA consumption and enhance the 2KGA yield from glucose. Finally, fed-batch fermentation of P. plecoglossicida JUIM01 resulted in 205.67 g/L of 2KGA with a productivity of 6.86 g/L/h and yield of 0.953 g/g glucose. These results can provide references for the industrial fermentation production of 2KGA and other fermentation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- Parchn Sodium Isovitamin C Co. Ltd., Dexing, 334221, China.
| | - Tjahjasari Alexander
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Zaiwei Man
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Fangfang Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Fengjie Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
- Parchn Sodium Isovitamin C Co. Ltd., Dexing, 334221, China.
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fan X, Wu H, Jia Z, Li G, Li Q, Chen N, Xie X. Metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis for the co-production of uridine and acetoin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:8753-8762. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
39
|
The Role of kguT Gene in 2-Ketogluconate-Producing Pseudomonas plecoglossicida JUIM01. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 187:965-974. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
40
|
Xu JZ, Yang HK, Liu LM, Wang YY, Zhang WG. Rational modification of Corynebacterium glutamicum dihydrodipicolinate reductase to switch the nucleotide-cofactor specificity for increasing l-lysine production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1764-1777. [PMID: 29574741 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
l-lysine is an important amino acid in animals and humans and NADPH is a vital cofactor for maximizing the efficiency of l-lysine fermentation. Dihydrodipicolinate reductase (DHDPR), an NAD(P)H-dependent enzyme, shows a variance in nucleotide-cofactor affinity in bacteria. In this study, we rationally engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum DHDPR (CgDHDPR) to switch its nucleotide-cofactor specificity resulting in an increase in final titer (from 82.6 to 117.3 g L-1 ), carbon yield (from 0.35 to 0.44 g [g glucose]-1 ) and productivity (from 2.07 to 2.93 g L-1 hr-1 ) of l-lysine in JL-6 ΔdapB::Ec-dapBC115G,G116C in fed-batch fermentation. To do this, we comparatively analyzed the characteristics of CgDHDPR and Escherichia coli DHDPR (EcDHDPR), indicating that hetero-expression of NADH-dependent EcDHDPR increased l-lysine production. Subsequently, we rationally modified the conserved structure of cofactor-binding motif, and results indicated that introducing the mutation K11A or R13A in CgDHDPR and introducing the mutation R16A or R39A in EcDHDPR modifies the nucleotide-cofactor affinity of DHDPR. Lastly, the effects of these mutated DHDPRs on l-lysine production were investigated. The highest increase (26.2%) in l-lysine production was observed for JL-6 ΔdapB::Ec-dapBC115G,G116C , followed by JL-6 Cg-dapBC37G,G38C (21.4%) and JL-6 ΔdapB::Ec-dapBC46G,G47C (15.2%). This is the first report of a rational modification of DHDPR that enhances the l-lysine production and yield through the modulation of nucleotide-cofactor specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Kun Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Yu Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, WuXi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yang Z, Zhang Z. Recent advances on production of 2, 3-butanediol using engineered microbes. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:569-578. [PMID: 29608949 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a significant platform chemical, 2, 3-butanediol (2, 3-BD) has found wide applications in industry. The success of microbial 2, 3-BD production was limited by the use of pathogenic microorganisms and low titer in engineered hosts. The utilization of cheaply available feedstock such as lignocellulose was another major challenge to achieve economic production of 2, 3-BD. To address those issues, engineering strategies including both genetic modifications and process optimization have been employed. In this review, we summarized the state-of-the-art progress in the biotechnological production of 2, 3-BD. Metabolic engineering and process engineering strategies were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Zisheng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, 161 Louis Pasteur Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Xu Y, Xu C, Li X, Sun B, Eldin AA, Jia Y. A combinational optimization method for efficient synthesis of tetramethylpyrazine by the recombinant Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
43
|
Liu J, Wang Z, Kandasamy V, Lee SY, Solem C, Jensen PR. Harnessing the respiration machinery for high-yield production of chemicals in metabolically engineered Lactococcus lactis. Metab Eng 2017; 44:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
44
|
Jang JW, Jung HM, Im DK, Jung MY, Oh MK. Pathway engineering of Enterobacter aerogenes to improve acetoin production by reducing by-products formation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 106:114-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
45
|
Su L, Shen Y, Zhang W, Gao T, Shang Z, Wang M. Cofactor engineering to regulate NAD +/NADH ratio with its application to phytosterols biotransformation. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:182. [PMID: 29084539 PMCID: PMC5663084 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cofactor engineering is involved in the modification of enzymes related to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides (NADH and NAD+) metabolism, which results in a significantly altered spectrum of metabolic products. Cofactor engineering plays an important role in metabolic engineering but is rarely reported in the sterols biotransformation process owing to its use of multi-catabolic enzymes, which promote multiple consecutive reactions. Androst-4-ene-3, 17-dione (AD) and androst-1, 4-diene-3, 17-dione (ADD) are important steroid medicine intermediates that are obtained via the nucleus oxidation and the side chain degradation of phytosterols by Mycobacterium. Given that the biotransformation from phytosterols to AD (D) is supposed to be a NAD+-dependent process, this work utilized cofactor engineering in Mycobacterium neoaurum and investigated the effect on cofactor and phytosterols metabolism. RESULTS Through the addition of the coenzyme precursor of nicotinic acid in the phytosterols fermentation system, the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio and the AD (D) production of M. neoaurum TCCC 11978 (MNR M3) were higher than in the control. Moreover, the NADH: flavin oxidoreductase was identified and was supposed to exert a positive effect on cofactor regulation and phytosterols metabolism pathways via comparative proteomic profiling of MNR cultured with and without phytosterols. In addition, the NADH: flavin oxidoreductase and a water-forming NADH oxidase from Lactobacillus brevis, were successfully overexpressed and heterologously expressed in MNR M3 to improve the intracellular ratio of NAD+/NADH. After 96 h of cultivation, the expression of these two enzymes in MNR M3 resulted in the decrease in intracellular NADH level (by 51 and 67%, respectively) and the increase in NAD+/NADH ratio (by 113 and 192%, respectively). Phytosterols bioconversion revealed that the conversion ratio of engineered stains was ultimately improved by 58 and 147%, respectively. The highest AD (D) conversion ratio by MNR M3N2 was 94% in the conversion system with soybean oil as reaction media to promote the solubility of phytosterols. CONCLUSIONS The ratio of NAD+/NADH is an important factor for the transformation of phytosterols. Expression of NADH: flavin oxidoreductase and water-forming NADH oxidase in MNR improved AD (D) production. Besides the manipulation of key enzyme activities, which included in phytosterols degradation pathways, maintenance the balance of redox also played an important role in promoting steroid biotransformation. The recombinant MNR strain may be useful in industrial production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiu Su
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Shang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus PX03, an Acetoin-Producing Strain with a Small-Sized Genome. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/37/e00753-17. [PMID: 28912307 PMCID: PMC5597748 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00753-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus PX03 can produce acetoin efficiently. Here, we present a 2.38-Mb assembly of its genome sequence, which might provide further insights into the molecular mechanism of its acetoin biosynthesis to further improve its biotechnological applications.
Collapse
|
47
|
Li L, Wei X, Yu W, Wen Z, Chen S. Enhancement of acetoin production from Bacillus licheniformis by 2,3-butanediol conversion strategy: Metabolic engineering and fermentation control. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
48
|
Zhang J, Zhao X, Zhang J, Zhao C, Liu J, Tian Y, Yang L. Effect of deletion of 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase gene (bdhA) on acetoin production of Bacillus subtilis. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:761-767. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1320293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junjiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xiangying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jiaxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Jinan, PR China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Jinan, PR China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Jinan, PR China
| | - Yanjun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Jinan, PR China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food and Fermentation Engineering of Shandong Province, Shandong Food Ferment Industry Research & Design Institute, Jinan, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yang T, Rao Z, Zhang X, Xu M, Xu Z, Yang ST. Metabolic engineering strategies for acetoin and 2,3-butanediol production: advances and prospects. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 37:990-1005. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1299680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taowei Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute, Rugao, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiming Rao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangnan University (Rugao) Food Biotechnology Research Institute, Rugao, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Meijuan Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhenghong Xu
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shang-Tian Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Coordination of metabolic pathways: Enhanced carbon conservation in 1,3-propanediol production by coupling with optically pure lactate biosynthesis. Metab Eng 2017; 41:102-114. [PMID: 28396036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering has emerged as a powerful tool for bioproduction of both fine and bulk chemicals. The natural coordination among different metabolic pathways contributes to the complexity of metabolic modification, which hampers the development of biorefineries. Herein, the coordination between the oxidative and reductive branches of glycerol metabolism was rearranged in Klebsiella oxytoca to improve the 1,3-propanediol production. After deliberating on the product value, carbon conservation, redox balance, biological compatibility and downstream processing, the lactate-producing pathway was chosen for coupling with the 1,3-propanediol-producing pathway. Then, the other pathways of 2,3-butanediol, ethanol, acetate, and succinate were blocked in sequence, leading to improved d-lactate biosynthesis, which as return drove the 1,3-propanediol production. Meanwhile, efficient co-production of 1,3-propanediol and l-lactate was also achieved by replacing ldhD with ldhL from Bacillus coagulans. The engineered strains PDL-5 and PLL co-produced over 70g/L 1,3-propanediol and over 100g/L optically pure d-lactate and l-lactate, respectively, with high conversion yields of over 0.95mol/mol from glycerol.
Collapse
|