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Tsai JF, Yu FY, Liu BH. Citrinin disrupts microtubule assembly in cardiac cells: Impact on mitochondrial organization and function. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 365:143352. [PMID: 39293683 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/31/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Citrinin (CTN) is a mycotoxin commonly present in various foods and feeds worldwide, as well as dietary supplements in Asian countries, but the risks and cellular mechanisms associated with its cardiotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, RNA-seq analysis of CTN-treated H9c2 cardiac cells demonstrated significant perturbations in pathways related to microtubule cytoskeleton and mitochondrial network organization. CTN disrupted microtubule polymerization and downregulated mRNA levels of microtubule-assembling genes, Map2 and Tpx2, in H9c2 cardiac cells. Additionally, CTN interfered with the distribution of mitochondrial network along the microtubules, leading to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria characterized by elevated superoxide levels and reduced membrane potential. This disruption also caused the buildup of lysosomes and ubiquitinated proteins, which hindered waste clearance in microtubule-disassembled H9c2 cells. Molecular docking analysis indicated that CTN could bind to the colchicine binding site on β-tubulin, thereby mimicking the microtubule-disrupting effect of colchicine. This study provides morphological, transcriptomic, and mechanistic evidence to elucidate the cardiotoxic mechanisms of CTN, which involve the dysregulated microtubule network, subsequent mitochondrial mislocalization, and impaired proteolysis of damaged proteins/organelles in cardiac cells. Our findings may enhance the fundamental understanding and facilitate future risk assessment of CTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Feng Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Biing-Hui Liu
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Waneka G, Stewart J, Anderson JR, Li W, Wilusz J, Argueso JL, Sloan DB. UV damage induces production of mitochondrial DNA fragments with specific length profiles. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae070. [PMID: 38722894 PMCID: PMC11228841 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
UV light is a potent mutagen that induces bulky DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Photodamage and other bulky lesions occurring in nuclear genomes can be repaired through nucleotide excision repair (NER), where incisions on both sides of a damaged site precede the removal of a single-stranded oligonucleotide containing the damage. Mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) are also susceptible to damage from UV light, but current evidence suggests that the only way to eliminate bulky mtDNA damage is through mtDNA degradation. Damage-containing oligonucleotides excised during NER can be captured with antidamage antibodies and sequenced (XR-seq) to produce high-resolution maps of active repair locations following UV exposure. We analyzed previously published datasets from Arabidopsis thaliana, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Drosophila melanogaster to identify reads originating from the mtDNA (and plastid genome in A. thaliana). In A. thaliana and S. cerevisiae, the mtDNA-mapping reads have unique length distributions compared to the nuclear-mapping reads. The dominant fragment size was 26 nt in S. cerevisiae and 28 nt in A. thaliana with distinct secondary peaks occurring in regular intervals. These reads also show a nonrandom distribution of di-pyrimidines (the substrate for CPD formation) with TT enrichment at positions 7-8 of the reads. Therefore, UV damage to mtDNA appears to result in production of DNA fragments of characteristic lengths and positions relative to the damaged location. The mechanisms producing these fragments are unclear, but we hypothesize that they result from a previously uncharacterized DNA degradation pathway or repair mechanism in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gus Waneka
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80521, CO, USA
| | - Joseph Stewart
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80521, CO, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80521, CO, USA
| | - John R Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80521, CO, USA
| | - Wentao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wilusz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80521, CO, USA
| | - Juan Lucas Argueso
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80521, CO, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80521, CO, USA
| | - Daniel B Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80521, CO, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80521, CO, USA
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Cheng Q, Liu QQ, Lu CA. A state-of-the-science review of using mitochondrial DNA copy number as a biomarker for environmental exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123642. [PMID: 38402934 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are bioenergetic, biosynthetic, and signaling organelles in eukaryotes, and contain their own genomes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), to supply energy to cells by generating ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, the threat to mitochondria' integrity and health resulting from environmental exposure could induce adverse health effects in organisms. In this review, we summarized the association between mtDNA copy number (mtDNAcn), and environmental exposures as reported in the literature. We conducted a literature search in the Web of Science using [Mitochondrial DNA copy number] and [Exposure] as two keywords and employed three selection criteria for the final inclusion of 97 papers for review. The consensus of data was that mtDNAcn could be used as a plausible biomarker for cumulative exposures to environmental chemical and physical agents. In order to furtherly expand the application of mtDNAcn in ecological and environmental health research, we suggested a series of algorithms aiming to standardize the calculation of mtDNAcn based on the PCR results in this review. We also discussed the pitfalls of using whole blood/plasma samples for mtDNAcn measurements and regard buccal cells a plausible and practical alternative. Finally, we recognized the importance of better understanding the mechanistic analysis and regulatory mechanism of mtDNAcn, in particular the signals release and regulation pathways. We believe that the development of using mtDNAcn as an exposure biomarker will revolutionize the evaluation of chronic sub-lethal toxicity of chemicals to organisms in ecological and environmental health research that has not yet been implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cheng
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Qing Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China
| | - Chensheng Alex Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, People's Republic of China; School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Kotarska K, Gąsior Ł, Rudnicka J, Polański Z. Long-run real-time PCR analysis of repetitive nuclear elements as a novel tool for DNA damage quantification in single cells: an approach validated on mouse oocytes and fibroblasts. J Appl Genet 2024; 65:181-190. [PMID: 38110826 PMCID: PMC10789673 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-023-00817-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Since DNA damage is of great importance in various biological processes, its rate is frequently assessed both in research studies and in medical diagnostics. The most precise methods of quantifying DNA damage are based on real-time PCR. However, in the conventional version, they require a large amount of genetic material and therefore their usefulness is limited to multicellular samples. Here, we present a novel approach to long-run real-time PCR-based DNA-damage quantification (L1-LORD-Q), which consists in amplification of long interspersed nuclear elements (L1) and allows for analysis of single-cell genomes. The L1-LORD-Q was compared with alternative methods of measuring DNA breaks (Bioanalyzer system, γ-H2AX foci staining), which confirmed its accuracy. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the L1-LORD-Q is sensitive enough to distinguish between different levels of UV-induced DNA damage. The method was validated on mouse oocytes and fibroblasts, but the general idea is universal and can be applied to various types of cells and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kotarska
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Gąsior
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Trace Elements, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Rudnicka
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Polański
- Laboratory of Genetics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Leon Kropf V, Albany CJ, Zoccarato A, Green HLH, Yang Y, Brewer AC. TET3 is a positive regulator of mitochondrial respiration in Neuro2A cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294187. [PMID: 38227585 PMCID: PMC10790995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Ten-Eleven-Translocase (TET) enzymes contribute to the regulation of the methylome via successive oxidation of 5-methyl cytosine (5mC) to derivatives which can be actively removed by base-excision-repair (BER) mechanisms in the absence of cell division. This is particularly important in post-mitotic neurons where changes in DNA methylation are known to associate with changes in neural function. TET3, specifically, is a critical regulator of both neuronal differentiation in development and mediates dynamic changes in the methylome of adult neurons associated with cognitive function. While DNA methylation is understood to regulate transcription, little is known of the specific targets of TET3-dependent catalytic activity in neurons. We report the results of an unbiased transcriptome analysis of the neuroblastoma-derived cell line; Neuro2A, in which Tet3 was silenced. Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) was identified as the most significantly down-regulated functional canonical pathway, and these findings were confirmed by measurements of oxygen consumption rate in the Seahorse bioenergetics analyser. The mRNA levels of both nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded OxPhos genes were reduced by Tet3-silencing, but we found no evidence for differential (hydroxy)methylation deposition at these gene loci. However, the mRNA expression of genes known to be involved in mitochondrial quality control were also shown to be significantly downregulated in the absence of TET3. One of these genes; EndoG, was identified as a direct target of TET3-catalytic activity at non-CpG methylated sites within its gene body. Accordingly, we propose that aberrant mitochondrial homeostasis may contribute to the decrease in OxPhos, observed upon Tet3-downregulation in Neuro2A cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Leon Kropf
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caraugh J. Albany
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Zoccarato
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah L. H. Green
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Youwen Yang
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C. Brewer
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre of Excellence, London, United Kingdom
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Yuan S, Che Y, Wang Z, Xing K, Xie X, Chen Y. Mitochondrion-targeted carboxymethyl chitosan hybrid nanoparticles loaded with Coenzyme Q10 protect cardiac grafts against cold ischaemia‒reperfusion injury in heart transplantation. J Transl Med 2023; 21:925. [PMID: 38124174 PMCID: PMC10734076 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart transplantation (HT) has been approved as an optimal therapeutic regimen for patients with terminal-stage cardiac failure. However, cold ischaemia‒reperfusion (I/R) injury remains an unavoidable and outstanding challenge, which is a major factor in early graft dysfunction and an obstacle to long-term survival in HT. Cold I/R injury induces cardiac graft injury by promoting mitochondrial dysfunction and augmenting free radical production and inflammatory responses. We therefore designed a mitochondrion-targeted nanocarrier loaded with Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) (CoQ10@TNPs) for treatment of cold I/R injury after cardiac graft in a murine heterotopic cardiac transplantation model. METHODS Hybrid nanoparticles composed of CaCO3/CaP/biotinylated-carboxymethylchitosan (CaCO3/CaP/BCMC) were synthesized using the coprecipitation method, and the mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide SS31 was incorporated onto the surface of the hybrid nanoparticles through biotin-avidin interactions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis were used for characterisation. In vitro, the hypoxia-reoxygenation model of H9c2 cells was employed to replicate in vivo cold I/R injury and treated with CoQ10@TNPs. The impact of CoQ10@TNPs on H9c2 cell injury was assessed by analysis of oxidative damage and apoptosis. In vivo, donor hearts (DHs) were perfused with preservation solution containing CoQ10@TNPs and stored in vitro at 4 °C for 12 h. The DHs were heterotopically transplanted and analysed for graft function, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and inflammatory markers 1 day post-transplantation. RESULTS CoQ10@TNPs were successfully synthesized and delivered CoQ10 to the mitochondria of the cold ischaemic myocardium. In vitro experiments demonstrated that CoQ10@TNPs was taken up by H9c2 cells at 4 °C and localized within the mitochondria, thus ameliorating oxidative stress damage and mitochondrial injury in cold I/R injury. In vivo experiments showed that CoQ10@TNPs accumulated in DH tissue at 4 °C, localized within the mitochondria during cold storage and improved cardiac graft function by attenuating mitochondrial oxidative injury and inflammation. CONCLUSIONS CoQ10@TNPs can precisely deliver CoQ10 to the mitochondria of cold I/R-injured cardiomyocytes to effectively eliminate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), thus reducing oxidative injury and inflammatory reactions in cold I/R-injured graft tissues and finally improving heart graft function. Thus, CoQ10@TNPs offer an effective approach for safeguarding cardiac grafts against extended periods of cold ischaemia, emphasizing the therapeutic potential in mitigating cold I/R injury during HT. These findings present an opportunity to enhance existing results following HT and broaden the range of viable grafts for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanjia Che
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Xing
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoping Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanyang Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238# Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Ma H, Sun Z, Xue L, Zhao X, Zhang J, Zhang H, Yang K, Hu YJ. Simple and Practical DNA Quantification Method for DNA-Encoded Library Synthesis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:48050-48055. [PMID: 38144051 PMCID: PMC10733999 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Over the past three decades, DNA-encoded library (DEL) technologies have become one of the most relevant strategies for hit-finding. Recent advances in synthetic methodologies for DNA-encoded libraries rendered the increased chemical space available, but it is unknown how every variety of chemistry affects DNA's integrity. Available assays to quantify DNA damage are restricted to electrophoresis, ligation efficiency, and mostly qPCR quantification and sequencing, which may contain predisposition and inconsistency. We developed an external standard method through LC-MS analysis to accurately quantify DNA damage throughout the chemical transformations. An assessment was conducted on on-DNA chemical reactions that are frequently employed in DEL synthesis, and these results were compared to traditional qPCR measurements. Our study provides a simple, practicable, and accurate measurement for DNA degradation during DEL synthesis. Our finding reveals substantial disagreement among the usual DNA-damaging assessment methods, which have been largely neglected so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangke Ma
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai Fourth Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336, China
| | - Zhaomei Sun
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai Fourth Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336, China
| | - Lijun Xue
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai Fourth Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai Fourth Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai Fourth Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336, China
| | - Huanqing Zhang
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai Fourth Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336, China
| | - Kexin Yang
- Pharmaron
Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Yun Jin Hu
- Pharmaron
(Ningbo) Technology Development Co., Ltd., No. 800 Bin-Hai Fourth Road, Hangzhou Bay New Zone, Ningbo 315336, China
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8
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Waneka G, Stewart J, Anderson JR, Li W, Wilusz J, Argueso JL, Sloan DB. UV damage induces production of mitochondrial DNA fragments with specific length profiles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.07.566130. [PMID: 37986892 PMCID: PMC10659373 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.07.566130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
UV light is a potent mutagen that induces bulky DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). In eukaryotic cells, photodamage and other bulky lesions occurring in nuclear genomes (nucDNAs) can be repaired through nucleotide excision repair (NER), where dual incisions on both sides of a damaged site precede the removal of a single-stranded oligonucleotide containing the damage. Mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) are also susceptible to damage from UV light, but current views hold that the only way to eliminate bulky DNA damage in mtDNAs is through mtDNA degradation. Damage-containing oligonucleotides excised during NER can be captured with anti-damage antibodies and sequenced (XR-seq) to produce high resolution maps of active repair locations following UV exposure. We analyzed previously published datasets from Arabidopsis thaliana, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Drosophila melanogaster to identify reads originating from the mtDNA (and plastid genome in A. thaliana). In A. thaliana and S. cerevisiae, the mtDNA-mapping reads have unique length distributions compared to the nuclear-mapping reads. The dominant fragment size was 26 nt in S. cerevisiae and 28 nt in A. thaliana with distinct secondary peaks occurring in 2-nt (S. cerevisiae) or 4-nt (A. thaliana) intervals. These reads also show a nonrandom distribution of di-pyrimidines (the substrate for CPD formation) with TT enrichment at positions 7-8 of the reads. Therefore, UV damage to mtDNA appears to result in production of DNA fragments of characteristic lengths and positions relative to the damaged location. We hypothesize that these fragments may reflect the outcome of a previously uncharacterized mechanism of NER-like repair in mitochondria or a programmed mtDNA degradation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gus Waneka
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Joseph Stewart
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - John R Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Wentao Li
- Department of Environmental Health Science, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wilusz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Juan Lucas Argueso
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Daniel B Sloan
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Kozal JS, Jayasundara N, Massarsky A, Lindberg CD, Oliveri AN, Cooper EM, Levin ED, Meyer JN, Giulio RTD. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contribute to cross-generational toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene in Danio rerio. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 263:106658. [PMID: 37722151 PMCID: PMC10591944 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The potential for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to have adverse effects that persist across generations is an emerging concern for human and wildlife health. This study evaluated the role of mitochondria, which are maternally inherited, in the cross-generational toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), a model PAH and known mitochondrial toxicant. Mature female zebrafish (F0) were fed diets containing 0, 12.5, 125, or 1250 μg BaP/g at a feed rate of 1% body weight twice/day for 21 days. These females were bred with unexposed males, and the embryos (F1) were collected for subsequent analyses. Maternally-exposed embryos exhibited altered mitochondrial function and metabolic partitioning (i.e. the portion of respiration attributable to different cellular processes), as evidenced by in vivo oxygen consumption rates (OCRs). F1 embryos had lower basal and mitochondrial respiration and ATP turnover-mediated OCR, and increased proton leak and reserve capacity. Reductions in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, increases in mtDNA damage, and alterations in biomarkers of oxidative stress were also found in maternally-exposed embryos. Notably, the mitochondrial effects in offspring occurred largely in the absence of effects in maternal ovaries, suggesting that PAH-induced mitochondrial dysfunction may manifest in subsequent generations. Maternally-exposed larvae also displayed swimming hypoactivity. The lowest observed effect level (LOEL) for maternal BaP exposure causing mitochondrial effects in offspring was 12.5 µg BaP/g diet (nominally equivalent to 250 ng BaP/g fish). It was concluded that maternal BaP exposure can cause significant mitochondrial impairments in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Kozal
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Andrey Massarsky
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Casey D Lindberg
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Anthony N Oliveri
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ellen M Cooper
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Edward D Levin
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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10
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Darbinian N, Darbinyan A, Merabova N, Kassem M, Tatevosian G, Amini S, Goetzl L, Selzer ME. In utero ethanol exposure induces mitochondrial DNA damage and inhibits mtDNA repair in developing brain. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1214958. [PMID: 37621718 PMCID: PMC10444992 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1214958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mitochondrial dysfunction is postulated to be a central event in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). People with the most severe form of FASD, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) are estimated to live only 34 years (95% confidence interval, 31 to 37 years), and adults who were born with any form of FASD often develop early aging. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, hallmarks of aging, are postulated central events in FASD. Ethanol (EtOH) can cause mtDNA damage, consequent increased oxidative stress, and changes in the mtDNA repair protein 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1). Studies of molecular mechanisms are limited by the absence of suitable human models and non-invasive tools. Methods We compared human and rat EtOH-exposed fetal brain tissues and neuronal cultures, and fetal brain-derived exosomes (FB-Es) from maternal blood. Rat FASD was induced by administering a 6.7% alcohol liquid diet to pregnant dams. Human fetal (11-21 weeks) brain tissue was collected and characterized by maternal self-reported EtOH use. mtDNA was amplified by qPCR. OGG1 and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) mRNAs were assayed by qRT-PCR. Exosomal OGG1 was measured by ddPCR. Results Maternal EtOH exposure increased mtDNA damage in fetal brain tissue and FB-Es. The damaged mtDNA in FB-Es correlated highly with small eye diameter, an anatomical hallmark of FASD. OGG1-mediated mtDNA repair was inhibited in EtOH-exposed fetal brain tissues. IGF-1 rescued neurons from EtOH-mediated mtDNA damage and OGG1 inhibition. Conclusion The correlation between mtDNA damage and small eye size suggests that the amount of damaged mtDNA in FB-E may serve as a marker to predict which at risk fetuses will be born with FASD. Moreover, IGF-1 might reduce EtOH-caused mtDNA damage and neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nune Darbinian
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Armine Darbinyan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Nana Merabova
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Medical College of Wisconsin-Prevea Health, Green Bay, WI, United States
| | - Myrna Kassem
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gabriel Tatevosian
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Laura Goetzl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Michael E. Selzer
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation (Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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11
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Kim SY, Chiara V, Álvarez-Quintero N, da Silva A, Velando A. Maternal effect senescence via reduced DNA repair ability in the three-spined stickleback. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:4648-4659. [PMID: 37291748 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Maternal effect senescence, a decline in offspring viability with maternal age, has been documented across diverse animals, but its mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we test maternal effect senescence and explore its possible molecular mechanisms in a fish. We compared the levels of maternal mRNA transcripts of DNA repair genes and mtDNA copies in eggs and the levels of DNA damage in somatic and germline tissues between young and old female sticklebacks. We also tested, in an in vitro fertilization experiment, whether maternal age and sperm DNA damage level interactively influence the expression of DNA repair genes in early embryos. Old females transferred less mRNA transcripts of DNA repair genes into their eggs than did young females, but maternal age did not influence egg mtDNA density. Despite a higher level of oxidative DNA damage in the skeletal muscle, old females had a similar level of damage in the gonad to young females, suggesting the prioritization for germline maintenance during ageing. The embryos of both old and young mothers increased the expression of DNA repair genes in response to an increased level of oxidative DNA damage in sperm used for their fertilization. The offspring of old mothers showed higher rates of hatching, morphological deformity and post-hatching mortality and had smaller body size at maturity. These results suggest that maternal effect senescence may be mediated by reduced capacity of eggs to detect and repair DNA damages, especially prior to the embryonic genomic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Yeon Kim
- Grupo Ecoloxía Animal, Torre CACTI, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Violette Chiara
- Grupo Ecoloxía Animal, Torre CACTI, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Náyade Álvarez-Quintero
- Grupo Ecoloxía Animal, Torre CACTI, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto da Silva
- Grupo Ecoloxía Animal, Torre CACTI, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alberto Velando
- Grupo Ecoloxía Animal, Torre CACTI, Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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12
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Dai CY, Ng CC, Hung GCC, Kirmes I, Hughes LA, Du Y, Brosnan CA, Ahier A, Hahn A, Haynes CM, Rackham O, Filipovska A, Zuryn S. ATFS-1 counteracts mitochondrial DNA damage by promoting repair over transcription. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:1111-1120. [PMID: 37460695 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01192-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to balance conflicting functional demands is critical for ensuring organismal survival. The transcription and repair of the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) requires separate enzymatic activities that can sterically compete1, suggesting a life-long trade-off between these two processes. Here in Caenorhabditis elegans, we find that the bZIP transcription factor ATFS-1/Atf5 (refs. 2,3) regulates this balance in favour of mtDNA repair by localizing to mitochondria and interfering with the assembly of the mitochondrial pre-initiation transcription complex between HMG-5/TFAM and RPOM-1/mtRNAP. ATFS-1-mediated transcriptional inhibition decreases age-dependent mtDNA molecular damage through the DNA glycosylase NTH-1/NTH1, as well as the helicase TWNK-1/TWNK, resulting in an enhancement in the functional longevity of cells and protection against decline in animal behaviour caused by targeted and severe mtDNA damage. Together, our findings reveal that ATFS-1 acts as a molecular focal point for the control of balance between genome expression and maintenance in the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yang Dai
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chai Chee Ng
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Grace Ching Ching Hung
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ina Kirmes
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laetitia A Hughes
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yunguang Du
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worchester, MA, USA
| | - Christopher A Brosnan
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arnaud Ahier
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anne Hahn
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cole M Haynes
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worchester, MA, USA
| | - Oliver Rackham
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Curtin Medical School and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Filipovska
- Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, QEII Medical Centre, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Northern Entrance, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Steven Zuryn
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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13
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Rickard BP, Overchuk M, Chappell VA, Kemal Ruhi M, Sinawang PD, Nguyen Hoang TT, Akin D, Demirci U, Franco W, Fenton SE, Santos JH, Rizvi I. Methods to Evaluate Changes in Mitochondrial Structure and Function in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2564. [PMID: 37174030 PMCID: PMC10177605 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are regulators of key cellular processes, including energy production and redox homeostasis. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with various human diseases, including cancer. Importantly, both structural and functional changes can alter mitochondrial function. Morphologic and quantifiable changes in mitochondria can affect their function and contribute to disease. Structural mitochondrial changes include alterations in cristae morphology, mitochondrial DNA integrity and quantity, and dynamics, such as fission and fusion. Functional parameters related to mitochondrial biology include the production of reactive oxygen species, bioenergetic capacity, calcium retention, and membrane potential. Although these parameters can occur independently of one another, changes in mitochondrial structure and function are often interrelated. Thus, evaluating changes in both mitochondrial structure and function is crucial to understanding the molecular events involved in disease onset and progression. This review focuses on the relationship between alterations in mitochondrial structure and function and cancer, with a particular emphasis on gynecologic malignancies. Selecting methods with tractable parameters may be critical to identifying and targeting mitochondria-related therapeutic options. Methods to measure changes in mitochondrial structure and function, with the associated benefits and limitations, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany P. Rickard
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marta Overchuk
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Vesna A. Chappell
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Mustafa Kemal Ruhi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul 34684, Turkey
| | - Prima Dewi Sinawang
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tina Thuy Nguyen Hoang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence for Translational Diagnostics (CCNE-TD), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Walfre Franco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Suzanne E. Fenton
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Janine H. Santos
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Imran Rizvi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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14
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Tripathi D, Oldenburg DJ, Bendich AJ. Oxidative and Glycation Damage to Mitochondrial DNA and Plastid DNA during Plant Development. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040891. [PMID: 37107266 PMCID: PMC10135910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative damage to plant proteins, lipids, and DNA caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has long been studied. The damaging effects of reactive carbonyl groups (glycation damage) to plant proteins and lipids have also been extensively studied, but only recently has glycation damage to the DNA in plant mitochondria and plastids been reported. Here, we review data on organellar DNA maintenance after damage from ROS and glycation. Our focus is maize, where tissues representing the entire range of leaf development are readily obtained, from slow-growing cells in the basal meristem, containing immature organelles with pristine DNA, to fast-growing leaf cells, containing mature organelles with highly-fragmented DNA. The relative contributions to DNA damage from oxidation and glycation are not known. However, the changing patterns of damage and damage-defense during leaf development indicate tight coordination of responses to oxidation and glycation events. Future efforts should be directed at the mechanism by which this coordination is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diwaker Tripathi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Arnold J. Bendich
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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15
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Pan L, Xue Y, Wang K, Zheng X, Boldogh I. Detection of Oxidatively Modified Base Lesion(s) in Defined DNA Sequences by FLARE Quantitative PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2701:115-134. [PMID: 37574478 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3373-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of DNA base and strand damage can be determined using a quantitative PCR assay that is based on the concept that damage blocks the progression of a thermostable polymerase thus resulting in decreased amplification. However, some of the mutagenic DNA base lesions cause little or no distortion in Watson-Crick base pairing. One of the most abundant such lesion is 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo(d)Gua), although it affects the thermodynamic stability of the DNA, duplex 8-oxo(d)Gua does not inhibit DNA synthesis or arrest most of DNA or RNA polymerases during replication and transcription. When unrepaired, it is a pre-mutagenic base as it pairs with adenine in anti-syn conformation. Recent studies considered 8-oxo(d)Gua as an epigenetic-like mark and along with 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase1 (OGG1) and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease1 (APE1) has roles in gene expression via nucleating transcription factor's promoter occupancy. Here, we introduce its identification through fragment length analysis with repair enzyme (FLARE)-coupled quantitative (q)-PCR. One of the strengths of the assay is that 8-oxo(d)Gua can be identified within short stretches of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in ng quantities. Bellow we describe the benefits and limits of using FLARE qPCR to assess DNA damage in mammalian cells and provide a detailed protocol of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Pan
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yaoyao Xue
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Xu Zheng
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
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16
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De Meulemeester AS, Heylen L, Siekierska A, Mills JD, Romagnolo A, Van Der Wel NN, Aronica E, de Witte PAM. Hyperactivation of mTORC1 in a double hit mutant zebrafish model of tuberous sclerosis complex causes increased seizure susceptibility and neurodevelopmental abnormalities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:952832. [PMID: 36238691 PMCID: PMC9552079 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.952832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multisystem genetic disorder caused by pathogenic variants in TSC1 and TSC2 genes. TSC patients present with seizures and brain abnormalities such as tubers and subependymal giant cells astrocytoma (SEGA). Despite common molecular and clinical features, the severity of the disease varies greatly, even intrafamilially. The second hit hypothesis suggests that an additional, inactivating mutation in the remaining functional allele causes a more severe phenotype and therefore explains the phenotypic variability. Recently, second hit mutations have been detected frequently in mTORopathies. To investigate the pathophysiological effects of second hit mutations, several mouse models have been developed. Here, we opted for a double mutant zebrafish model that carries a LOF mutation both in the tsc2 and the depdc5 gene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a second-hit model has been studied in zebrafish. Significantly, the DEP domain-containing protein 5 (DEPDC5) gene has an important role in the regulation of mTORC1, and the combination of a germline TSC2 and somatic DEPDC5 mutation has been described in a TSC patient with intractable epilepsy. Our depdc5−/−x tsc2−/− double mutant zebrafish line displayed greatly increased levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTORC1) activity, augmented seizure susceptibility, and early lethality which could be rescued by rapamycin. Histological analysis of the brain revealed ventricular dilatation in the tsc2 and double homozygotes. RNA-sequencing showed a linear relation between the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the degree of mTORC1 hyperactivity. Enrichment analysis of their transcriptomes revealed that many genes associated with neurological developmental processes were downregulated and mitochondrial genes were upregulated. In particular, the transcriptome of human SEGA lesions overlapped strongly with the double homozygous zebrafish larvae. The data highlight the clinical relevance of the depdc5−/− x tsc2−/− double mutant zebrafish larvae that showed a more severe phenotype compared to the single mutants. Finally, analysis of gene-drug interactions identified interesting pharmacological targets for SEGA, underscoring the value of our small zebrafish vertebrate model for future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lise Heylen
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - James D. Mills
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
- Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Romagnolo
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicole N. Van Der Wel
- Department of Medical Biology, Electron Microscopy Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instelling Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Peter A. M. de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Peter A. M. de Witte,
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17
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Huynh TKT, Mai TTT, Huynh MA, Yoshida H, Yamaguchi M, Dang TTP. Crucial Roles of Ubiquitin Carboxy-Terminal Hydrolase L1 in Motor Neuronal Health by Drosophila Model. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:257-273. [PMID: 35343238 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) plays an important role in the ubiquitin-proteasome system and is distributed mostly in the brain. Previous studies have shown that mutated forms or reduction of UCH-L1 are related to neurodegenerative disorders, but the mechanisms of pathogenesis are still not well understood. To study its roles in motor neuronal health, we utilized the Drosophila model in which dUCH, a homolog of human UCH-L1, was specifically knocked down in motor neurons. Results: The reduction of Drosophila ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase (dUCH) in motor neurons induced excessive reactive oxygen species production and multiple aging-like phenotypes, including locomotive defects, muscle degeneration, enhanced apoptosis, and shortened longevity. In addition, there is a decrease in the density of the synaptic active zone and glutamate receptor area at the neuromuscular junction. Interestingly, all these defects were rescued by vitamin C treatment, suggesting a close association with oxidative stress. Strikingly, the knockdown of dUCH at motor neurons exhibited aberrant morphology and function of mitochondria, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion, an increase in mitochondrial size, and overexpression of antioxidant enzymes. Innovation: This research indicates a new, possible pathogenesis of dUCH deficiency in the ventral nerve cord and peripheral nervous systems, which starts with abnormal mitochondria, leading to oxidative stress and accumulation aging-like defects in general. Conclusion: Taken together, by using the Drosophila model, our findings strongly emphasize how the UCH-L1 shortage affects motor neurons and further demonstrate the crucial roles of UCH-L1 in neuronal health. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 257-273.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoa Kim Truong Huynh
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Trinh Thi Thu Mai
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Man Anh Huynh
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Thao Thi Phuong Dang
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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18
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Liensinine Inhibits Cell Growth and Blocks Autophagic Flux in Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:1533779. [PMID: 35813859 PMCID: PMC9270144 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1533779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Liensinine is a bioactive component of Plumula Nelumbinis extracted from the green embryo of the mature seeds of Nelumbonaceae and exhibits therapeutic functions and noteworthy anti-tumor effects in recent studies. However, the potential anti-tumor property and the underlying mechanisms of liensinine in nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been illustrated. In this study, we demonstrated that liensinine has the potential anti-tumor property, and it could inhibit growth of NSCLC in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we found that although it induced significant accumulation of autophagosomes, liensinine could quench them for degradation and blocked autophagic flux. Importantly, we observed that liensinine inhibited the normal function of mitochondrial energy supply and impaired the lysosomal function. This research firstly provides a possibility insight that liensinine could be a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.
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19
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Cassaro A, Pacelli C, Baqué M, Cavalazzi B, Gasparotto G, Saladino R, Botta L, Böttger U, Rabbow E, de Vera JP, Onofri S. Investigation of fungal biomolecules after Low Earth Orbit exposure: a testbed for the next Moon missions. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2938-2950. [PMID: 35437941 PMCID: PMC9540993 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Moon is characterized by extremely harsh conditions due to ultraviolet irradiation, wide temperature extremes, vacuum resulting from the absence of an atmosphere and high ionizing radiation. Therefore, its surface may provide a unique platform to investigate the effects of such conditions. For lunar exploration with the Lunar Gateway platform, exposure experiments in Low Earth Orbit are useful testbeds to prepare for lunar space experiments and to understand how and if potential biomarkers are influenced by extra‐terrestrial conditions. During the BIOMEX (BIOlogy and Mars EXperiment) project, dried colonies of the fungus Cryomyces antarcticus grown on Lunar Regolith Analogue (LRA) were exposed to space conditions for 16 months aboard the EXPOSE‐R2 payload outside the International Space Station. In this study, we investigated the stability/degradation of fungal biomarkers in LRA after exposure to (i) simulated space and (ii) real space conditions, using Raman spectroscopy, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and DNA amplification. The results demonstrated that fungal biomarkers were detectable after 16 months of real space exposure. This work will contribute to the interpretation of data from future biological experiments in the Cislunar orbit with the Lunar Gateway platform and/or on the lunar surface, in preparation for the next step of human exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Cassaro
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Claudia Pacelli
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, Viterbo, 01100, Italy.,Human Spaceflight and Scientific Research Unit, Italian Space Agency, via del Politecnico, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Mickael Baqué
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Planetary Laboratories Department, Rutherfordstraße 2, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Cavalazzi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, Bologna, 40126, Italy.,Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.,Le Studium Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies, Rue Dupanloup 1, Orléans, France
| | - Giorgio Gasparotto
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 67, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
| | - Ute Böttger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Optical Sensor Systems, Rutherfordstraße 2, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elke Rabbow
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Linder Höhe, Cologne, 51147, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre de Vera
- Space Operations and Astronaut Training, MUSC, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Linder Höhe, Cologne, 51147, Germany
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, Viterbo, 01100, Italy
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20
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Ayer A, Fazakerley DJ, James DE, Stocker R. The role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in insulin resistance. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:339-362. [PMID: 34775001 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is one of the earliest pathological features of a suite of diseases including type 2 diabetes collectively referred to as metabolic syndrome. There is a growing body of evidence from both pre-clinical studies and human cohorts indicating that reactive oxygen species, such as the superoxide radical anion and hydrogen peroxide are key players in the development of insulin resistance. Here we review the evidence linking mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generated within mitochondria with insulin resistance in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, two major insulin sensitive tissues. We outline the relevant mitochondria-derived reactive species, how the mitochondrial redox state is regulated, and methodologies available to measure mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Importantly, we highlight key experimental issues to be considered when studying the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in insulin resistance. Evaluating the available literature on both mitochondrial reactive oxygen species/redox state and insulin resistance in a variety of biological systems, we conclude that the weight of evidence suggests a likely role for mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the etiology of insulin resistance in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. However, major limitations in the methods used to study reactive oxygen species in insulin resistance as well as the lack of data linking mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and cytosolic insulin signaling pathways are significant obstacles in proving the mechanistic link between these two processes. We provide a framework to guide future studies to provide stronger mechanistic information on the link between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and insulin resistance as understanding the source, localization, nature, and quantity of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, their targets and downstream signaling pathways may pave the way for important new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ayer
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel J Fazakerley
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- Heart Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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21
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van der Slikke EC, Star BS, Quinten VM, Ter Maaten JC, Ligtenberg JJM, van Meurs M, Gansevoort RT, Bakker SJL, Chao MR, Henning RH, Bouma HR. Association between oxidized nucleobases and mitochondrial DNA damage with long-term mortality in patients with sepsis. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:156-163. [PMID: 34952158 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis not only leads to short-term mortality during hospitalization, but is also associated with increased mortality during long-term follow-up after hospital discharge. Metabolic stress during sepsis may cause oxidative damage to both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and RNA, which could affect long-term health and life span. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the association of sepsis with oxidized nucleobases and (mt)DNA damage and long-term all-cause mortality in septic patients. METHODS 91 patients with sepsis who visited the emergency department (ED) of the University Medical Center Groningen between August 2012 and June 2013 were included. Urine and plasma were collected during the ED visit. Septic patients were matched with 91 healthy controls. Death rate was obtained until June 2020.The degree of oxidation of DNA, RNA and free nucleobases were assessed in urine by mass-spectrometry. Lipid peroxidation was assessed in plasma using a TBAR assay. Additionally, plasma levels of mtDNA and damage to mtDNA were determined by qPCR. RESULTS Sepsis patients denoted higher levels of oxidated DNA, RNA, free nucleobases and lipid peroxidation than controls (all p < 0.01). Further, sepsis patients displayed an increase in plasma mtDNA with an increase in mtDNA damage compared to matched controls (p < 0.01). Kaplan meier survival analyses revealed that high degrees of RNA- and nucleobase oxidation were associated with higher long-term all-cause mortality after sepsis (p < 0.01 and p = 0.01 respectively). Of these two, high RNA oxidation was associated with long-term all-cause mortality, independent of adjustment for age, medical history and sepsis severity (HR 1.29 [(1.17-1.41, 95% CI] p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Sepsis is accompanied with oxidation of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and RNA, where RNA oxidation is an independent predictor of long-term all-cause mortality. In addition, sepsis causes mtDNA damage and an increase in cell free mtDNA in plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth C van der Slikke
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan S Star
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Quinten
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan C Ter Maaten
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jack J M Ligtenberg
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Matijs van Meurs
- Department of Critical Care, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron T Gansevoort
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Robert H Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hjalmar R Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.
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22
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Liu Z, Li Y, Li C, Yu L, Chang Y, Qu M. Delivery of coenzyme Q10 with mitochondria-targeted nanocarrier attenuates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 131:112536. [PMID: 34857313 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury causes high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. I/R induces acute kidney injury through exacerbating the mitochondrial damage and increasing inflammatory and oxidative responses. Here, we developed the mitochondria-targeted nanocarrier to delivery of Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) for renal I/R treatment in animal model. The mitochondria-targeted TPP CoQ10 nanoparticles (T-NPCoQ10) were synthesized through ABC miktoarm polymers method and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The I/R mouse model and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (D/R) model were created to examine the role of T-NPCoQ10 on renal I/R. Mitochondrial DNA damage, apoptosis, and inflammatory cytokines were measured in I/R injury mice. Plasma creatinine, urea nitrogen, tubular injury score was tested to assess the renal function. T-NPCoQ10 nanoparticles could be delivered to renal mitochondria preciously and efficiently. T-NPCoQ10 administration attenuated oxidative injury in both cell and animal models significantly, alleviated mtDNA damage, suppressed inflammatory and apoptotic responses, and improved renal function. The mitochondria specific CoQ10 delivery provided a precious and efficient method for protecting inflammatory and oxidative responses of I/R-induced renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Yulin Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
| | - Min Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
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23
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Yin Y, Zhang K, Wei L, Chen D, Chen Q, Jiao M, Li X, Huang J, Gong Z, Kang N, Li F. The Molecular Mechanism of Antioxidation of Huolisu Oral Liquid Based on Serum Analysis and Network Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:710976. [PMID: 34790116 PMCID: PMC8591200 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.710976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huolisu Oral Liquid (HLS), a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, is an over-the-counter drug that is registered and approved by the State Food and Drug Administration (Approval No. Z51020381). HLS has been widely applied in the clinical treatment of cognitive disorders and has effects on delaying aging. The antioxidant effects of HLS are closely related to its antiaging activities, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, the potential antioxidant ingredients of HLS were screened based on serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology, and the potential mechanisms involved in HLS antioxidant effects were preliminarily explored. Further, the antioxidant effects of HLS were verified by in vivo and in vitro experiments. The results showed that potential antioxidant ingredients could affect the toxic advanced glycation end products-receptor for advanced glycation end products (TAGE-RAGE) signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, interleukin (IL)-17 signaling, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, toll-like receptors (TLRs), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 signaling, and other related pathways by regulating GAPDH, AKT1, TP53, MAPK1, JUN, and other associated targets. Thus, HLS may reduce inflammation, control the release of inflammatory cytokines, and regulate mitochondrial autophagy and metabolic abnormalities to ultimately play an antioxidant role. This is the first study attempting to construct a multilevel network of "HLS-antioxidant targets" based on serum pharmacochemistry and network pharmacology to explore the relationship between HLS and antioxidation and the molecular mechanisms of antioxidation combined with bioinformatics functional analysis and lays a foundation for further elucidating the antioxidant mechanisms of HLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longyin Wei
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongling Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjie Jiao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhexi Gong
- School of Management, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Nianxin Kang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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24
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Emerging methods for and novel insights gained by absolute quantification of mitochondrial DNA copy number and its clinical applications. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:107995. [PMID: 34592204 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The past thirty years have seen a surge in interest in pathophysiological roles of mitochondria, and the accurate quantification of mitochondrial DNA copy number (mCN) in cells and tissue samples is a fundamental aspect of assessing changes in mitochondrial health and biogenesis. Quantification of mCN between studies is surprisingly variable due to a combination of physiological variability and diverse protocols being used to measure this endpoint. The advent of novel methods to quantify nucleic acids like digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) and high throughput sequencing offer the ability to measure absolute values of mCN. We conducted an in-depth survey of articles published between 1969 -- 2020 to create an overview of mCN values, to assess consensus values of tissue-specific mCN, and to evaluate consistency between methods of assessing mCN. We identify best practices for methods used to assess mCN, and we address the impact of using specific loci on the mitochondrial genome to determine mCN. Current data suggest that clinical measurement of mCN can provide diagnostic and prognostic value in a range of diseases and health conditions, with emphasis on cancer and cardiovascular disease, and the advent of means to measure absolute mCN should improve future clinical applications of mCN measurements.
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25
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Yu Y, Zheng C, Lu X, Deng C, Xu Q, Guo W, Wu Q, Wang Q, Liu C, Huang X, Song J. GB1a Ameliorates Ulcerative Colitis via Regulation of the NF-κB and Nrf2 Signaling Pathways in an Experimental Model. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:654867. [PMID: 34557497 PMCID: PMC8452853 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.654867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. The intake of African Garcinia Kola nuts has been reported as a therapy for diarrhea and dysentery in the African population. However, the mechanism of action through which Garcinia Kola nuts act to ameliorates UC remains unknown. GB1a is the main active component of Garcinia Kola nuts. In this study, we explored the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanism of GB1a on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced UC. Human Colonic Epithelial Cells (HCoEpic) were challenged with TNF-α to test the effects of GB1a in protecting against oxidative stress and inflammation in vitro. Our data showed that GB1a significantly attenuated DSS-induced colonic inflammatory injury manifested as reversed loss of body weight and disease activity index (DAI) scores in UC mice. We also showed that GB1a improved the permeability of the intestinal epithelium by modulating the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, Occludin). Mechanistically, GB1a may activate the Nrf2 antioxidant signaling pathway and suppress the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in reduced oxidative stress and expression of inflammatory genes induced by TNF-α in HCoEpic cells. Our study suggests that GB1a alleviates inflammation, oxidative stress and the permeability of the colonic epithelial mucosa in UC mice via the repression of NF-κB and activation of Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congmin Zheng
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changsheng Deng
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital and The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Xu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital and The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Guo
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital and The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingye Wu
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changhui Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Huang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital and The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Song
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital and The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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26
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Mitochondrial DNA as a Sensitive Biomarker of UV-Induced Cellular Damage in Human Skin. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34080161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been demonstrated to be a reliable biomarker of UV-induced genetic damage in both animal and human skin. Properties of the mitochondrial genome which allow for its use as a biomarker of damage include its presence in multiple copies within a cell, its limited repair mechanisms, and its lack of protective histones. To measure UV-induced mtDNA damage (particularly in the form of strand breaks), real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) is used, based on the observation that PCR amplification efficiency is decreased in the presence of high levels of damage. Here, we describe the measurement of UV-induced mtDNA damage which includes the extraction of cellular DNA, qPCR to determine the relative amount of mtDNA, qPCR to determine UV-induced damage within a long strand of mtDNA, and the verification of the amplification process using gel electrophoresis.
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27
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Shu L, Hu C, Xu M, Yu J, He H, Lin J, Sha H, Lu B, Engelender S, Guan M, Song Z. ATAD3B is a mitophagy receptor mediating clearance of oxidative stress-induced damaged mitochondrial DNA. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106283. [PMID: 33665835 PMCID: PMC8047441 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes several key components of respiratory chain complexes that produce cellular energy through oxidative phosphorylation. mtDNA is vulnerable to damage under various physiological stresses, especially oxidative stress. mtDNA damage leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysfunctional mitochondria can be removed by mitophagy, an essential process in cellular homeostasis. However, how damaged mtDNA is selectively cleared from the cell, and how damaged mtDNA triggers mitophagy, remain mostly unknown. Here, we identified a novel mitophagy receptor, ATAD3B, which is specifically expressed in primates. ATAD3B contains a LIR motif that binds to LC3 and promotes oxidative stress-induced mitophagy in a PINK1-independent manner, thus promoting the clearance of damaged mtDNA induced by oxidative stress. Under normal conditions, ATAD3B hetero-oligomerizes with ATAD3A, thus promoting the targeting of the C-terminal region of ATAD3B to the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Oxidative stress-induced mtDNA damage or mtDNA depletion reduces ATAD3B-ATAD3A hetero-oligomerization and leads to exposure of the ATAD3B C-terminus at the mitochondrial outer membrane and subsequent recruitment of LC3 for initiating mitophagy. Furthermore, ATAD3B is little expressed in m.3243A > G mutated cells and MELAS patient fibroblasts showing endogenous oxidative stress, and ATAD3B re-expression promotes the clearance of m.3243A > G mutated mtDNA. Our findings uncover a new pathway to selectively remove damaged mtDNA and reveal that increasing ATAD3B activity is a potential therapeutic approach for mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chao Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Meng Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jianglong Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - He He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of NeurologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Hongying Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyInstitute of Brain ScienceShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Bin Lu
- Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial BiomedicineSchool of Life SciencesWenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
| | - Simone Engelender
- Department of BiochemistryRappaport Faculty of MedicineTechnion‐Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifaIsrael
| | - Minxin Guan
- Institute of GeneticsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Zhiyin Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisCollege of Life SciencesFrontier Science Center for Immunology and MetabolismWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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28
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p53 is required for nuclear but not mitochondrial DNA damage-induced degeneration. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:104. [PMID: 33473103 PMCID: PMC7817838 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03373-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While the consequences of nuclear DNA damage have been well studied, the exact consequences of acute and selective mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage are less understood. DNA damaging chemotherapeutic drugs are known to activate p53-dependent apoptosis in response to sustained nuclear DNA damage. While it is recognized that whole-cell exposure to these drugs also damages mtDNA, the specific contribution of mtDNA damage to cellular degeneration is less clear. To examine this, we induced selective mtDNA damage in neuronal axons using microfluidic chambers that allow for the spatial and fluidic isolation of neuronal cell bodies (containing nucleus and mitochondria) from the axons (containing mitochondria). Exposure of the DNA damaging drug cisplatin selectively to only the axons induced mtDNA damage in axonal mitochondria, without nuclear damage. We found that this resulted in the selective degeneration of only the targeted axons that were exposed to DNA damage, where ROS was induced but mitochondria were not permeabilized. mtDNA damage-induced axon degeneration was not mediated by any of the three known axon degeneration pathways: apoptosis, axon pruning, and Wallerian degeneration, as Bax-deficiency, or Casp3-deficiency, or Sarm1-deficiency failed to protect the degenerating axons. Strikingly, p53, which is essential for degeneration after nuclear DNA damage, was also not required for degeneration induced with mtDNA damage. This was most evident when the p53-deficient neurons were globally exposed to cisplatin. While the cell bodies of p53-deficient neurons were protected from degeneration in this context, the axons farthest from the cell bodies still underwent degeneration. These results highlight how whole cell exposure to DNA damage activates two pathways of degeneration; a faster, p53-dependent apoptotic degeneration that is triggered in the cell bodies with nuclear DNA damage, and a slower, p53-independent degeneration that is induced with mtDNA damage.
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29
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Leuthner TC, Hartman JH, Ryde IT, Meyer JN. PCR-Based Determination of Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Multiple Species. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2310:91-111. [PMID: 34096001 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1433-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is a critical component of overall mitochondrial health. In this chapter, we describe methods for simultaneous isolation of mtDNA and nuclear DNA (nucDNA), and measurement of their respective copy numbers using quantitative PCR. Methods differ depending on the species and cell type of the starting material, and availability of specific PCR reagents. We also briefly describe factors that affect mtDNA copy number and discuss caveats to its use as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess C Leuthner
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jessica H Hartman
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ian T Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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30
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Koschnitzki D, Moeller R, Leuko S, Przybyla B, Beblo-Vranesevic K, Wirth R, Huber H, Rachel R, Rettberg P. Questioning the radiation limits of life: Ignicoccus hospitalis between replication and VBNC. Arch Microbiol 2020; 203:1299-1308. [PMID: 33325001 PMCID: PMC8055635 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-020-02125-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Radiation of ionizing or non-ionizing nature has harmful effects on cellular components like DNA as radiation can compromise its proper integrity. To cope with damages caused by external stimuli including radiation, within living cells, several fast and efficient repair mechanisms have evolved. Previous studies addressing organismic radiation tolerance have shown that radiotolerance is a predominant property among extremophilic microorganisms including (hyper-) thermophilic archaea. The analysis of the ionizing radiation tolerance of the chemolithoautotrophic, obligate anaerobic, hyperthermophilic Crenarchaeon Ignicoccus hospitalis showed a D10-value of 4.7 kGy, fourfold exceeding the doses previously determined for other extremophilic archaea. The genome integrity of I. hospitalis after γ-ray exposure in relation to its survival was visualized by RAPD and qPCR. Furthermore, the discrimination between reproduction, and ongoing metabolic activity was possible for the first time indicating that a potential viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state may also account for I. hospitalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Koschnitzki
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Ralf Moeller
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Leuko
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Bartos Przybyla
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wirth
- Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Harald Huber
- Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Institute for Microbiology and Archaea Centre, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rachel
- Faculty for Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Centre for Electron Microscopy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Rettberg
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR e.V.), Linder Hoehe, 51147, Cologne, Germany
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31
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Gombeau K, Bonzom JM, Cavalié I, Camilleri V, Orjollet D, Dubourg N, Beaugelin-Seiller K, Bourdineaud JP, Lengagne T, Armant O, Ravanat JL, Adam-Guillermin C. Dose-dependent genomic DNA hypermethylation and mitochondrial DNA damage in Japanese tree frogs sampled in the Fukushima Daiichi area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 225:106429. [PMID: 33059178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The long-term consequences of the nuclear disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) that occurred on March 2011, have been scarcely studied on wildlife. We sampled Japanese tree frogs (Dryophytes japonicus), in a 50 -km area around the FDNPP to test for an increase of DNA damages and variation of DNA methylation level. The ambient dose rate ranged between 0.4 and 2.8 μGy h-1 and the total estimated dose rate absorbed by frogs ranged between 0.3 and 7.7 μGy h-1. Frogs from contaminated sites exhibited a dose-dependent increase of global genomic DNA methylation level (5-mdC and 5-hmdC) and of mitochondrial DNA damages. Such DNA damages may indicate a genomic instability, which may induce physiological adaptations governed by DNA methylation changes. This study stresses the need for biological data combining targeted molecular methods and classic ecotoxicology, in order to better understand the impacts on wildlife of long term exposure to low ionizing radiation levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewin Gombeau
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13115, France; University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR5095 CNRS, Institute for Cellular Biochemistry and Genetics, 1 Rue Camille Saint Saëns, CS 61390, 33077, Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Marc Bonzom
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13115, France
| | - Isabelle Cavalié
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13115, France
| | - Virginie Camilleri
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13115, France
| | - Daniel Orjollet
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LR2T, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13115, France
| | - Nicolas Dubourg
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13115, France
| | - Karine Beaugelin-Seiller
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13115, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR MFP 5234, European Institute of Chemistry and Biology, 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Thierry Lengagne
- Université de Lyon, UMR5023 Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés, Université Lyon 1, ENTPE, CNRS, 6 Rue Raphaël Dubois, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Armant
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LECO, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, 13115, France
| | - Jean-Luc Ravanat
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SCIB, 38000, Grenoble, France; CEA, INAC-SCIB Laboratoire des Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, 38000, Grenoble, France
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Sonavane M, Hayat F, Makarov M, Migaud ME, Gassman NR. Dihydronicotinamide riboside promotes cell-specific cytotoxicity by tipping the balance between metabolic regulation and oxidative stress. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242174. [PMID: 33166357 PMCID: PMC7652347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), the essential cofactor derived from vitamin B3, is both a coenzyme in redox enzymatic processes and substrate in non-redox events; processes that are intimately implicated in all essential bioenergetics. A decrease in intracellular NAD+ levels is known to cause multiple metabolic complications and age-related disorders. One NAD+ precursor is dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH), which increases NAD+ levels more potently in both cultured cells and mice than current supplementation strategies with nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or vitamin B3 (nicotinamide and niacin). However, the consequences of extreme boosts in NAD+ levels are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate the cell-specific effects of acute NRH exposure in mammalian cells. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG3) cells show dose-dependent cytotoxicity when supplemented with 100–1000 μM NRH. Cytotoxicity was not observed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells over the same dose range of NRH. PUMA and BAX mediate the cell-specific cytotoxicity of NRH in HepG3. When supplementing HepG3 with 100 μM NRH, a significant increase in ROS was observed concurrent with changes in the NAD(P)H and GSH/GSSG pools. NRH altered mitochondrial membrane potential, increased mitochondrial superoxide formation, and induced mitochondrial DNA damage in those cells. NRH also caused metabolic dysregulation, altering mitochondrial respiration. Altogether, we demonstrated the detrimental consequences of an extreme boost of the total NAD (NAD+ + NADH) pool through NRH supplementation in HepG3. The cell-specific effects are likely mediated through the different metabolic fate of NRH in these cells, which warrants further study in other systemic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Sonavane
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States of America
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Faisal Hayat
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States of America
| | - Mikhail Makarov
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States of America
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States of America
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL, United States of America
- University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Maremonti E, Brede DA, Olsen AK, Eide DM, Berg ES. Ionizing radiation, genotoxic stress, and mitochondrial DNA copy-number variation in Caenorhabditis elegans: droplet digital PCR analysis. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2020; 858-860:503277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Williamson J, Hughes CM, Cobley JN, Davison GW. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ, attenuates exercise-induced mitochondrial DNA damage. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101673. [PMID: 32810739 PMCID: PMC7452004 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity exercise damages mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in skeletal muscle. Whether MitoQ - a redox active mitochondrial targeted quinone - can reduce exercise-induced mtDNA damage is unknown. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design, twenty-four healthy male participants consisting of two groups (placebo; n = 12, MitoQ; n = 12) performed an exercise trial of 4 x 4-min bouts at 90–95% of heart rate max. Participants completed an acute (20 mg MitoQ or placebo 1-h pre-exercise) and chronic (21 days of supplementation) phase. Blood and skeletal muscle were sampled immediately pre- and post-exercise and analysed for nuclear and mtDNA damage, lipid hydroperoxides, lipid soluble antioxidants, and the ascorbyl free radical. Exercise significantly increased nuclear and mtDNA damage across lymphocytes and muscle (P < 0.05), which was accompanied with changes in lipid hydroperoxides, ascorbyl free radical, and α-tocopherol (P < 0.05). Acute MitoQ treatment failed to impact any biomarker likely due to insufficient initial bioavailability. However, chronic MitoQ treatment attenuated nuclear (P < 0.05) and mtDNA damage in lymphocytes and muscle tissue (P < 0.05). Our work is the first to show a protective effect of chronic MitoQ supplementation on the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes in lymphocytes and human muscle tissue following exercise, which is important for genome stability. Exercise damages mitochondrial DNA in lymphocytes and muscle tissue. Acute MitoQ ingestion has no impact on biomarkers of oxidative stress. Chronic MitoQ supplementation protects mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Williamson
- Ulster University, Sport and Exercise Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ciara M Hughes
- Ulster University, Nursing and Health Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - James N Cobley
- Free Radical Research Group, University of the Highlands and Islands, Centre for Health Sciences, Inverness, IV2 3JH, UK
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Ulster University, Sport and Exercise Research Institute, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland, UK.
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Darbinian N, Darbinyan A, Merabova N, Selzer ME, Amini S. HIV-1 and HIV-1-Tat Induce Mitochondrial DNA Damage in Human Neurons. JOURNAL OF HIV AND AIDS 2020; 6:176. [PMID: 33506104 PMCID: PMC7837619 DOI: 10.16966/2380-5536.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mitochondrial dysregulation is a key event in HIV-1 infection. Recent studies have suggested that age-related neurodegenerative disorders are associated with increased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. As accelerated ageing was found in HIV-1 patients, we hypothesized that HIV-1 infection or HIV-1 proteins can lead to mtDNA damage. Unrepaired mtDNA impairs mitochondrial function, which can lead to oxidative stress and cell death. Investigations of mechanisms of mtDNA damage are limited by the lack of available human models. METHODS We compared mtDNA or nDNA (nuclear DNA) damage in human cortical neurons and PBMC cells. Primary neuronal cultures were incubated with conditioned media from HIV-1 infected PBMC, or HIV-1 viral proteins Tat or Vpr. Total genomic DNA (nuclear and mtDNA) was isolated using the QIAamp Kit. Nuclear and mtDNA were amplified using the long q-PCR/Gene Amp XL Kit. Real-Time RT-PCR using mitochondrial energy metabolism array was performed to assess mitochondrial energy metabolism markers. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in neuronal cells was measured by the OxiSelect SOD Activity Assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by the confocal microscopy. ATP levels were analyzed using ATP determination biochemical assay. Mitochondrial, cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins were studied by quantitative western-blot assay. RESULTS We show that both treatment of neuronal cells with HIV-1 conditioned media, or infection of PBMC with HIV-1 increase mtDNA damage in cells. mtDNA damage was also seen in neuronal cells, incubated with HIV-1 proteins, Tat and Vpr. Next, we confirmed that mtDNA damage was also increased in neuronal cells transfected by Tat expressing plasmids. We showed that mtDNA was not damaged in neuronal cells following treatment with heat inactivated HIV-1 or Tat protein. Further, we demonstrated that HIV-1 or Tat caused more mtDNA damage compared to nuclear DNA damage in neuronal cells. Finally, we showed that Tat dysregulates RNA expression of several genes regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism, suggesting involvement of Tat in mitochondrial bioenergetics in human neurons. Finally, our hypothesis was confirmed by qWestern analysis of mitochondrial and apoptotic proteins demonstrating the accumulation of apoptotic Bax and Bad proteins in mitochondrial fraction of Tat-treated neuronal cells, suggesting toxic effects of Tat on mitochondrial survival. CONCLUSION We showed an increase of mtDNA damage in primary neurons, treated with HIV-1 proteins and in PBMC, infected with HIV-1. Increased mtDNA damage can lead to neurodegeneration, and cause neuronal apoptosis. Our system presents a suitable model to study mtDNA changes during HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nune Darbinian
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Armine Darbinyan
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA
| | - Nana Merabova
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Michael E Selzer
- Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
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Ayuda-Durán B, González-Manzano S, González-Paramás AM, Santos-Buelga C. Caernohabditis elegans as a Model Organism to Evaluate the Antioxidant Effects of Phytochemicals. Molecules 2020; 25:E3194. [PMID: 32668705 PMCID: PMC7397024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caernohabditis elegans was introduced as a model organism in biological research by Sydney Brenner in the 1970s. Since then, it has been increasingly used for investigating processes such as ageing, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, or inflammation, for which there is a high degree of homology between C. elegans and human pathways, so that the worm offers promising possibilities to study mechanisms of action and effects of phytochemicals of foods and plants. In this paper, the genes and pathways regulating oxidative stress in C. elegans are discussed, as well as the methodological approaches used for their evaluation in the worm. In particular, the following aspects are reviewed: the use of stress assays, determination of chemical and biochemical markers (e.g., ROS, carbonylated proteins, lipid peroxides or altered DNA), influence on gene expression and the employment of mutant worm strains, either carrying loss-of-function mutations or fluorescent reporters, such as the GFP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Ayuda-Durán
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; (B.A.-D.); (S.G.-M.); (A.M.G.-P.)
| | - Susana González-Manzano
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; (B.A.-D.); (S.G.-M.); (A.M.G.-P.)
- Unidad de Excelencia Producción, Agrícola y Medioambiente (AGRIENVIRONMENT), Parque Científico, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana M. González-Paramás
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; (B.A.-D.); (S.G.-M.); (A.M.G.-P.)
- Unidad de Excelencia Producción, Agrícola y Medioambiente (AGRIENVIRONMENT), Parque Científico, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37185 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Celestino Santos-Buelga
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain; (B.A.-D.); (S.G.-M.); (A.M.G.-P.)
- Unidad de Excelencia Producción, Agrícola y Medioambiente (AGRIENVIRONMENT), Parque Científico, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37185 Salamanca, Spain
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Das S, Joshi MB, Parashiva GK, Rao SBS. Stimulation of cytoprotective autophagy and components of mitochondrial biogenesis / proteostasis in response to ionizing radiation as a credible pro-survival strategy. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:715-727. [PMID: 31968231 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The present study illustrates mitochondria-mediated impact of ionizing radiation which is paralleled by activation of several pro-adaptive responses in normal human dermal fibroblast cells. Irradiation of cells with X-rays (5 Gy) led to an increase in fragmentation and mitochondrial mass. Distinct temporal changes in cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were noted in response to radiation, which was associated with depletion in mitochondrial membrane potential followed by decrease in ATP levels. Long Amplicon-Polymerase Chain Reaction (LA-PCR) analysis showed time-dependent increase in mitochondrial DNA damage that preceded mitochondrial ROS generation. Irradiation of cells led to an initial G2/M arrest at 8 h that persisted till 16 h, with subsequent block at G0/G1 measured at 48 and 72 h time points. Interestingly, cells activated autophagy as a countermeasure against radiation-mediated cellular insults and aided in removal of damaged mitochondria. Blocking autophagy using 3-methyladenine led to cell death via activation of enhanced ROS, PARP-1 and caspase 3 cleavage. Upregulation of mitochondrial biogenesis factors Nrf1/PGC-1α, following irradiation was observed. Irradiated cells exhibited an increase in the phosphorylation of GCN2, PERK and eIF2α that might be responsible for the up-regulation of ATF4 and CHOP thereby regulating autophagy and components of integrated stress response. Apart from this, we measured accumulation of mitochondrial chaperones (HSP60/HSP10) and ATF5 which is a major molecule involved in mitochondrial stress. Taken together, mitochondria are one of the major cytoplasmic targets for ionizing radiation and possibly act as an early indicator of cellular insult. The findings also show that stressed mitochondria might influence endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-related signalling leading to the activation of adaptive mechanisms like cytoprotective autophagy, and molecules responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis and protein quality control in order to replenish mitochondrial pool and maintain cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Das
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Manjunath B Joshi
- Department of Aging Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Guruprasad K Parashiva
- Department of Aging Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Satish B S Rao
- Department of Radiation Biology & Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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Kesäniemi J, Lavrinienko A, Tukalenko E, Moutinho AF, Mappes T, Møller AP, Mousseau TA, Watts PC. Exposure to environmental radionuclides alters mitochondrial DNA maintenance in a wild rodent. Evol Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-019-10028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractMitochondria are sensitive to oxidative stress, including that derived from ionizing radiation. To quantify the effects of exposure to environmental radionuclides on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) dynamics in wildlife, bank voles (Myodes glareolus) were collected from the chernobyl exclusion zone (CEZ), where animals are exposed to elevated levels of radionuclides, and from uncontaminated areas within the CEZ and elsewhere in Ukraine. Brains of bank voles from outside the CEZ were characterized by low mtDNA copy number and low mtDNA damage; by contrast, bank voles within the CEZ had high mtDNA copy number and high mtDNA damage, consistent with putative damaging effects of elevated radiation and a compensatory response to maintain sufficient functioning mitochondria. In animals outside the CEZ, the expression levels of PGC-1α gene and mtDNA copy number were positively correlated as expected from this gene’s prominent role in mitochondrial biogenesis; this PGC-1α-mtDNA copy number association is absent in samples from the CEZ. Our data imply that exposure to radionuclides is associated with altered mitochondrial dynamics, evident in level of mtDNA and mtDNA damage and the level of activity in mitochondrial synthesis.
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Han X, Ji X, Ma X, Liu JL, He ZY, Chang W, Tang F, Liu AL. An investigation of changes in water quality throughout the drinking water production/distribution chain using toxicological and fluorescence analyses. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 87:310-318. [PMID: 31791504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Changes in water quality from source water to finished water and tap water at two conventional drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) were monitored. Beside the routine water quality testing, Caenorhabditis elegans-based toxicity assays and the fluorescence excitation-emission matrices technique were also applied. Both DWTPs supplied drinking water that met government standards. Under current test conditions, both the investigated finished water and tap water samples exhibited stronger lethal, genotoxic and reprotoxic potential than the relative source water sample, and the tap water sample was more lethal but tended to be less genotoxic than the corresponding finished water sample. Meanwhile, the nearly complete removal of tryptophan-like substances and newly generated tyrosine-like substances were observed after the treatment of drinking water, and humic-like substances were identified in the tap water. Based on these findings, toxic pollutants, including genotoxic/reproductive toxicants, are produced in the drinking water treatment and/or distribution processes. Moreover, further studies are needed to clarify the potentially important roles of tyrosine-like and humic-like substances in mediating drinking water toxicity and to identify the potential sources of these contaminants. Additionally, tryptophan-like fluorescence may be adopted as a useful parameter to monitor the treatment performance of DWTPs. Our observations provided insights into the importance of utilizing biotoxicity assays and fluorescence spectroscopy as tools to complement the routine evaluation of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jun-Ling Liu
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Zhen-Yu He
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Wei Chang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Hargitai R, Roivainen P, Kis D, Luukkonen J, Sáfrány G, Seppälä J, Szatmári T, Virén T, Vuolukka K, Salomaa S, Lumniczky K. Mitochondrial DNA damage in the hair bulb: can it be used as a noninvasive biomarker of local exposure to low LET ionizing radiation? Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 96:491-501. [PMID: 31846382 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1704910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Our aim was to evaluate whether mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage in hair bulbs could be a suitable biomarker for the detection of local exposure to ionizing radiation.Materials and methods: Mouse hair was collected 4 and 24 hours, 3 and 10 days after single whole-body exposure to 0, 0.1, and 2 Gy radiation. Pubic hair (treated area) and scalp hair (control area) were collected from 13 prostate cancer patients before and after fractioned radiotherapy with an average total dose of 2.7 Gy to follicles after five fractions. Unspecified lesion frequency of mtDNA was analyzed with long PCR, large mtDNA deletion levels were tested with real-time PCR.Results: Unspecified lesion frequency of mtDNA significantly increased in mouse hair 24 hours after irradiation with 2 Gy, but variance among samples was high. No increase in lesion frequency could be detected after 0.1 Gy irradiation. In prostate cancer patients, there was no significant change in either the unspecified lesion frequency or in the proportion of 4934-bp deleted mtDNA in pubic hair after radiotherapy. The proportions of murine 3860-bp common deletion, human 4977-bp common deletion and 7455-bp deleted mtDNA were too low to be analyzed reliably.Conclusions: Our results suggest that the unspecified lesion frequency and proportion of large deletions of mtDNA in hair bulbs are not suitable biomarkers of exposure to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Hargitai
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Päivi Roivainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Dávid Kis
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jukka Luukkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Géza Sáfrány
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jan Seppälä
- Center of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tünde Szatmári
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tuomas Virén
- Center of Oncology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Sisko Salomaa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katalin Lumniczky
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, National Public Health Centre, Budapest, Hungary
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Lindberg CD, Di Giulio RT. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and hypoxia exposures result in mitochondrial dysfunction in zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 216:105298. [PMID: 31586484 PMCID: PMC6917040 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organisms are routinely subjected to a variety of environmental and chemical perturbations simultaneously. Often, multi-stressor exposures result in unpredictable toxicity that occurs through unidentified mechanisms. Here, we focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hypoxia, two environmental and physiological stressors that are known to co-occur in the environment. The aim of this study was to assess whether interactive mitochondrial dysfunction resulted from co-exposures of PAHs and hypoxia. Zebrafish embryos were co-exposed to non-teratogenic concentrations of an environmental PAH mixture and hypoxia beginning at 6 hpf for an acute period of 24 h and afterwards were given either no recovery period, 45 min, 5 -hs, or 18 -hs of recovery time in clean conditions. Mitochondrial function and integrity were assessed through the use of both in ovo and in vitro assays. Hypoxia exposures resulted in drastic reductions in parameters relating to mitochondrial respiration, ATP turnover, and mitochondrial DNA integrity. PAH exposures affected ATP production and content, as well as mitochondrial membrane dynamics and lactate content. While PAH and hypoxia exposures caused a broad range of effects, there appeared to be very little interaction between the two stressors in the co-exposure group. However, because hypoxia significantly altered mitochondrial function, the possibility remains that these effects may limit an individual's ability to respond to PAH toxicity and therefore could cause downstream interactive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey D Lindberg
- Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Richard T Di Giulio
- Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Leung MCK, Meyer JN. Mitochondria as a target of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides: Revisiting common mechanisms of action with new approach methodologies. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89:83-92. [PMID: 31315019 PMCID: PMC6766410 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial toxicity has been proposed as a potential cause of developmental defects in humans. We evaluated 51 organophosphate and carbamate pesticides using the U.S. EPA ToxCast and Tox21 databases. Only a small number of them bind directly to cholinesterases in the parent form. The hydrophobicity of organophosphate pesticides is correlated significantly to TSPO binding affinity, mitochondrial membrane potential reduction in HepG2 cells, and developmental toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans and Danio rerio (p < 0.05). Structural analysis suggests that in some cases the Krebs cycle is a potential target of organophosphate and carbamate exposure at early life stages. The results support the hypothesis that mitochondrial effects of some organophosphate pesticides-particularly those that require enzymatic activation to the oxon form-may augment the documented effects of disruption of acetylcholine signaling. This study provides a proof of concept for applying new approach methodologies to interrogate mechanisms of action for cumulative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell C K Leung
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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The effect of cysteine oxidation on DJ-1 cytoprotective function in human alveolar type II cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:638. [PMID: 31474749 PMCID: PMC6717737 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
DJ-1 is a multifunctional protein with cytoprotective functions. It is localized in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and mitochondria. The conserved cysteine residue at position 106 (Cys106) within DJ-1 serves as a sensor of redox state and can be oxidized to both the sulfinate (-SO2−) and sulfonate (-SO3−) forms. DJ-1 with Cys106-SO2− has cytoprotective activity but high levels of reactive oxygen species can induce its overoxidation to Cys106-SO3−. We found increased oxidative stress in alveolar type II (ATII) cells isolated from emphysema patients as determined by 4-HNE expression. DJ-1 with Cys106-SO3− was detected in these cells by mass spectrometry analysis. Moreover, ubiquitination of Cys106-SO3− DJ-1 was identified, which suggests that this oxidized isoform is targeted for proteasomal destruction. Furthermore, we performed controlled oxidation using H2O2 in A549 cells with DJ-1 knockout generated using CRISPR-Cas9 strategy. Lack of DJ-1 sensitized cells to apoptosis induced by H2O2 as detected using Annexin V and propidium iodide by flow cytometry analysis. This treatment also decreased both mitochondrial DNA amount and mitochondrial ND1 (NADH dehydrogenase 1, subunit 1) gene expression, as well as increased mitochondrial DNA damage. Consistent with the decreased cytoprotective function of overoxidized DJ-1, recombinant Cys106-SO3− DJ-1 exhibited a loss of its thermal unfolding transition, mild diminution of secondary structure in CD spectroscopy, and an increase in picosecond–nanosecond timescale dynamics as determined using NMR. Altogether, our data indicate that very high oxidative stress in ATII cells in emphysema patients induces DJ-1 overoxidation to the Cys106-SO3− form, leading to increased protein flexibility and loss of its cytoprotective function, which may contribute to this disease pathogenesis.
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Han L, Chen M, Wang Y, Wu H, Quan Y, Bai T, Li K, Duan G, Gao Y, Hu Z, Xia K, Guo H. Pathogenic missense mutation pattern of forkhead box genes in neurodevelopmental disorders. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00789. [PMID: 31199603 PMCID: PMC6625093 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Forkhead box (FOX) proteins are a family of transcription factors. Mutations of three FOX genes, including FOXP1, FOXP2, and FOXG1, have been reported in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). However, due to the lack of site‐specific statistical significance, the pathogenicity of missense mutations of these genes is difficult to determine. Methods DNA and RNA were extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes. The mutation was detected by single‐molecule molecular inversion probe‐based targeted sequencing, and the variant was validated by Sanger sequencing. Real‐time quantitative PCR and western blot were performed to assay the expression of the mRNA and protein. To assess the pattern of disorder‐related missense mutations of NDD‐related FOX genes, we manually curated de novo and inherited missense or inframeshift variants within FOXP1, FOXP2, and FOXG1 that co‐segregated with phenotypes in NDDs. All variants were annotated by ANNOVAR. Results We detected a novel de novo missense mutation (NM_001244815: c.G1444A, p.E482K) of FOXP1 in a patient with intellectual disability and severe speech delay. Real‐time PCR and western blot revealed a dramatic reduction of mRNA and protein expression in patient‐derived lymphocytes, indicating a loss‐of‐function mechanism. We observed that the majority of the de novo or transmitted missense variants were located in the FOX domains, and 95% were classified as pathogenic mutations. However, 10 variants were located outside of the FOX domain and were classified as likely pathogenic or variants of uncertain significance. Conclusion Our study shows the pathogenicity of missense and inframeshift variants of NDD‐related FOX genes, which is important for clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling. Functional analysis is needed to determine the pathogenicity of the variants with uncertain clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Han
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Meilin Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yazhe Wang
- Center of Children Psychology and Behavior, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huidan Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingting Quan
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Bai
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kuokuo Li
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiqin Duan
- Center of Children Psychology and Behavior, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Child Psychobehavioural Rehabilitation Department, Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kun Xia
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research, Central South University, Changsha, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligences Technology (CEBSIT), Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Wang N, Luo Z, Jin M, Sheng W, Wang HT, Long X, Wu Y, Hu P, Xu H, Zhang X. Exploration of age-related mitochondrial dysfunction and the anti-aging effects of resveratrol in zebrafish retina. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:3117-3137. [PMID: 31105084 PMCID: PMC6555466 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is currently believed that aging is closely linked with mitochondrial dysfunction, and that resveratrol exhibits anti-aging and neuroprotective effects by improving mitochondrial function, even though the mechanisms are not well defined. This study explored mitochondrial quality (mitochondrial DNA integrity and copy number), mitochondrial function (fusion/fission, mitophagy/autophagy), antioxidant system and activity of the Akt/mTOR and Ampk/Sirt1/Pgc1α pathways, and inflammation in aging zebrafish retinas to identify the probable mechanisms of resveratrol's anti-aging and neuroprotective effects. mtDNA integrity, mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial fusion regulators, mitophagy, and antioxidant-related genes were all decreased whereas Akt/mTOR activity and inflammation was increased upon aging in zebrafish retinas. Resveratrol was shown to not only increase mitochondrial quality and function, but also to suppress Akt/mTOR activity in zebrafish retinas. These results support the notion that mitochondrial dysfunction and increased Akt/mTOR activity are major players in age-related retinal neuropathy in zebrafish, and demonstrate a trend towards mitochondrial fragmentation in the aging retina. Importantly, resveratrol promoted mitochondrial function, up-regulating Ampk/Sirt1/Pgc1α, and down-regulated Akt/mTOR pathway activity in zebrafish retinas, suggesting that it may be able to prevent age-related oculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nanchang, China
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Zhiwen Luo
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nanchang, China
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Ming Jin
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nanchang, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Weiwei Sheng
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nanchang, China
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Han-Tsing Wang
- Institute of Life Science of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Life Sciences of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Xinyi Long
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nanchang, China
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nanchang, China
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Piaopiao Hu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Hong Xu
- Institute of Life Science of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Life Sciences of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Research Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular, Digestive and Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Nanchang, China
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Zheng J, Croteau DL, Bohr VA, Akbari M. Diminished OPA1 expression and impaired mitochondrial morphology and homeostasis in Aprataxin-deficient cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:4086-4110. [PMID: 30986824 PMCID: PMC6486572 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia with oculomotor apraxia type 1 (AOA1) is an early onset progressive spinocerebellar ataxia caused by mutation in aprataxin (APTX). APTX removes 5'-AMP groups from DNA, a product of abortive ligation during DNA repair and replication. APTX deficiency has been suggested to compromise mitochondrial function; however, a detailed characterization of mitochondrial homeostasis in APTX-deficient cells is not available. Here, we show that cells lacking APTX undergo mitochondrial stress and display significant changes in the expression of the mitochondrial inner membrane fusion protein optic atrophy type 1, and components of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes. At the cellular level, APTX deficiency impairs mitochondrial morphology and network formation, and autophagic removal of damaged mitochondria by mitophagy. Thus, our results show that aberrant mitochondrial function is a key component of AOA1 pathology. This work corroborates the emerging evidence that impaired mitochondrial function is a characteristic of an increasing number of genetically diverse neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zheng
- Center for Healthy Aging, SUND, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Deborah L Croteau
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Vilhelm A Bohr
- Center for Healthy Aging, SUND, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Mansour Akbari
- Center for Healthy Aging, SUND, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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47
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Ng LF, Ng LT, van Breugel M, Halliwell B, Gruber J. Mitochondrial DNA Damage Does Not Determine C. elegans Lifespan. Front Genet 2019; 10:311. [PMID: 31031801 PMCID: PMC6473201 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial free radical theory of aging (mFRTA) proposes that accumulation of oxidative damage to macromolecules in mitochondria is a causative mechanism for aging. Accumulation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage may be of particular interest in this context. While there is evidence for age-dependent accumulation of mtDNA damage, there have been only a limited number of investigations into mtDNA damage as a determinant of longevity. This lack of quantitative data regarding mtDNA damage is predominantly due to a lack of reliable assays to measure mtDNA damage. Here, we report adaptation of a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay for the detection of sequence-specific mtDNA damage in C. elegans and apply this method to investigate the role of mtDNA damage in the aging of nematodes. We compare damage levels in old and young animals and also between wild-type animals and long-lived mutant strains or strains with modifications in ROS detoxification or production rates. We confirm an age-dependent increase in mtDNA damage levels in C. elegans but found that there is no simple relationship between mtDNA damage and lifespan. MtDNA damage levels were high in some mutants with long lifespan (and vice versa). We next investigated mtDNA damage, lifespan and healthspan effects in nematode subjected to exogenously elevated damage (UV- or γ-radiation induced). We, again, observed a complex relationship between damage and lifespan in such animals. Despite causing a significant elevation in mtDNA damage, γ-radiation did not shorten the lifespan of nematodes at any of the doses tested. When mtDNA damage levels were elevated significantly using UV-radiation, nematodes did suffer from shorter lifespan at the higher end of exposure tested. However, surprisingly, we also found hormetic lifespan and healthspan benefits in nematodes treated with intermediate doses of UV-radiation, despite the fact that mtDNA damage in these animals was also significantly elevated. Our results suggest that within a wide physiological range, the level of mtDNA damage does not control lifespan in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fang Ng
- Ageing Research Laboratory, Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Theng Ng
- Ageing Research Laboratory, Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michiel van Breugel
- Environmental Science Laboratory, Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Barry Halliwell
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jan Gruber
- Ageing Research Laboratory, Science Division, Yale-NUS College, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Mitra J, Guerrero EN, Hegde PM, Liachko NF, Wang H, Vasquez V, Gao J, Pandey A, Taylor JP, Kraemer BC, Wu P, Boldogh I, Garruto RM, Mitra S, Rao KS, Hegde ML. Motor neuron disease-associated loss of nuclear TDP-43 is linked to DNA double-strand break repair defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4696-4705. [PMID: 30770445 PMCID: PMC6410842 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1818415116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome damage and their defective repair have been etiologically linked to degenerating neurons in many subtypes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients; however, the specific mechanisms remain enigmatic. The majority of sporadic ALS patients feature abnormalities in the transactivation response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43), whose nucleo-cytoplasmic mislocalization is characteristically observed in spinal motor neurons. While emerging evidence suggests involvement of other RNA/DNA binding proteins, like FUS in DNA damage response (DDR), the role of TDP-43 in DDR has not been investigated. Here, we report that TDP-43 is a critical component of the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathway. TDP-43 is rapidly recruited at DSB sites to stably interact with DDR and NHEJ factors, specifically acting as a scaffold for the recruitment of break-sealing XRCC4-DNA ligase 4 complex at DSB sites in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived motor neurons. shRNA or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated conditional depletion of TDP-43 markedly increases accumulation of genomic DSBs by impairing NHEJ repair, and thereby, sensitizing neurons to DSB stress. Finally, TDP-43 pathology strongly correlates with DSB repair defects, and damage accumulation in the neuronal genomes of sporadic ALS patients and in Caenorhabditis elegans mutant with TDP-1 loss-of-function. Our findings thus link TDP-43 pathology to impaired DSB repair and persistent DDR signaling in motor neuron disease, and suggest that DSB repair-targeted therapies may ameliorate TDP-43 toxicity-induced genome instability in motor neuron disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Erika N Guerrero
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, India
| | - Pavana M Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Nicole F Liachko
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
- Institute of Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Velmarini Vasquez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur 522510, India
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Arvind Pandey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Chevy Chase, MD 20815
| | - Brian C Kraemer
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Ralph M Garruto
- Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - K S Rao
- Center for Neuroscience, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030;
- Institute of Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10065
- Houston Methodist Neurological Institute, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030
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Velando A, Noguera JC, da Silva A, Kim SY. Redox-regulation and life-history trade-offs: scavenging mitochondrial ROS improves growth in a wild bird. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2203. [PMID: 30778088 PMCID: PMC6379414 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that animals usually restrain their growth because fast growth leads to an increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS), which can damage mitochondrial DNA and promote mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we explicitly test whether this occurs in a wild bird by supplementing chicks with a mitochondria-targeted ROS scavenger, mitoubiquinone (mitoQ), and examining growth rates and mtDNA damage. In the yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis, mitoQ supplementation increased the early growth rate of chicks but did not reduce mtDNA damage. The level of mtDNA damage was negatively correlated with chick mass, but this relationship was not affected by the mitoQ treatment. We also found that chick growth was positively correlated with both mtDNA copy number and the mitochondrial enzymatic activity of citrate synthase, suggesting a link between mitochondrial content and growth. Additionally, we found that MitoQ supplementation increased mitochondrial content (in males), altered the relationship between mtDNA copy number and damage, and downregulated some transcriptional pathways related to cell rejuvenation, suggesting that scavenging mtROS during development enhanced growth rates but at the expense of cellular turnover. Our study confirms the central role of mitochondria modulating life-history trade-offs during development by other mechanisms than mtROS-inflicted damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Velando
- Animal Ecology Group (GEA), Lab 97, Torre CACTI, Campus As Lagoas, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.
| | - Jose C Noguera
- Animal Ecology Group (GEA), Lab 97, Torre CACTI, Campus As Lagoas, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Alberto da Silva
- Animal Ecology Group (GEA), Lab 97, Torre CACTI, Campus As Lagoas, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sin-Yeon Kim
- Animal Ecology Group (GEA), Lab 97, Torre CACTI, Campus As Lagoas, Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Mao M, Yang X, Bennett GM. Evolution of host support for two ancient bacterial symbionts with differentially degraded genomes in a leafhopper host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E11691-E11700. [PMID: 30463949 PMCID: PMC6294904 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1811932115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sap-feeding insects (Hemiptera) rely on bacterial symbionts for nutrition absent in their diets. These bacteria experience extreme genome reduction and require genetic resources from their hosts, particularly for basic cellular processes other than nutrition synthesis. The host-derived mechanisms that complete these processes have remained poorly understood. It is also unclear how hosts meet the distinct needs of multiple bacterial partners with differentially degraded genomes. To address these questions, we investigated the cell-specific gene-expression patterns in the symbiotic organs of the aster leafhopper (ALF), Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Cicadellidae). ALF harbors two intracellular symbionts that have two of the smallest known bacterial genomes: Nasuia (112 kb) and Sulcia (190 kb). Symbionts are segregated into distinct host cell types (bacteriocytes) and vary widely in their basic cellular capabilities. ALF differentially expresses thousands of genes between the bacteriocyte types to meet the functional needs of each symbiont, including the provisioning of metabolites and support of cellular processes. For example, the host highly expresses genes in the bacteriocytes that likely complement gene losses in nucleic acid synthesis, DNA repair mechanisms, transcription, and translation. Such genes are required to function in the bacterial cytosol. Many host genes comprising these support mechanisms are derived from the evolution of novel functional traits via horizontally transferred genes, reassigned mitochondrial support genes, and gene duplications with bacteriocyte-specific expression. Comparison across other hemipteran lineages reveals that hosts generally support the incomplete symbiont cellular processes, but the origins of these support mechanisms are generally specific to the host-symbiont system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Mao
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343;
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Xiushuai Yang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
| | - Gordon M Bennett
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822
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