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Pochini L, Galluccio M, Console L, Scalise M, Eberini I, Indiveri C. Inflammation and Organic Cation Transporters Novel (OCTNs). Biomolecules 2024; 14:392. [PMID: 38672410 PMCID: PMC11048549 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a physiological condition characterized by a complex interplay between different cells handled by metabolites and specific inflammatory-related molecules. In some pathological situations, inflammation persists underlying and worsening the pathological state. Over the years, two membrane transporters namely OCTN1 (SLC22A4) and OCTN2 (SLC22A5) have been shown to play specific roles in inflammation. These transporters form the OCTN subfamily within the larger SLC22 family. The link between these proteins and inflammation has been proposed based on their link to some chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma, Crohn's disease (CD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Moreover, the two transporters show the ability to mediate the transport of several compounds including carnitine, carnitine derivatives, acetylcholine, ergothioneine, and gut microbiota by-products, which have been specifically associated with inflammation for their anti- or proinflammatory action. Therefore, the absorption and distribution of these molecules rely on the presence of OCTN1 and OCTN2, whose expression is modulated by inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors typically activated by inflammation. In the present review, we wish to provide a state of the art on OCTN1 and OCTN2 transport function and regulation in relationships with inflammation and inflammatory diseases focusing on the metabolic signature collected in different body districts and gene polymorphisms related to inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Lara Console
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Molecular Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), University of Calabria, Via Bucci 4C, 6C, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; (M.G.); (L.C.); (M.S.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Sánchez-Quintero MJ, Rodríguez-Díaz C, Rodríguez-González FJ, Fernández-Castañer A, García-Fuentes E, López-Gómez C. Role of Mitochondria in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17124. [PMID: 38069446 PMCID: PMC10707203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key cellular organelles whose main function is maintaining cell bioenergetics by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. However, mitochondria are involved in a much higher number of cellular processes. Mitochondria are the home of key metabolic pathways like the tricarboxylic acid cycle and β-oxidation of fatty acids, as well as biosynthetic pathways of key products like nucleotides and amino acids, the control of the redox balance of the cell and detoxifying the cell from H2S and NH3. This plethora of critical functions within the cell is the reason mitochondrial function is involved in several complex disorders (apart from pure mitochondrial disorders), among them inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IBD are a group of chronic, inflammatory disorders of the gut, mainly composed of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In this review, we present the current knowledge regarding the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of IBD. The role of mitochondria in both intestinal mucosa and immune cell populations are discussed, as well as the role of mitochondrial function in mechanisms like mucosal repair, the microbiota- and brain-gut axes and the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Sánchez-Quintero
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (M.J.S.-Q.); (C.R.-D.); (A.F.-C.)
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Díaz
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (M.J.S.-Q.); (C.R.-D.); (A.F.-C.)
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Rodríguez-González
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (M.J.S.-Q.); (C.R.-D.); (A.F.-C.)
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alejandra Fernández-Castañer
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (M.J.S.-Q.); (C.R.-D.); (A.F.-C.)
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (M.J.S.-Q.); (C.R.-D.); (A.F.-C.)
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Gómez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina-IBIMA Plataforma BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (M.J.S.-Q.); (C.R.-D.); (A.F.-C.)
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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3
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Chamseddine D, Mahmud SA, Westfall AK, Castoe TA, Berg RE, Pellegrino MW. The mitochondrial UPR regulator ATF5 promotes intestinal barrier function via control of the satiety response. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111789. [PMID: 36516750 PMCID: PMC9805788 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms use several strategies to mitigate mitochondrial stress, including the activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). The UPRmt in Caenorhabditis elegans, regulated by the transcription factor ATFS-1, expands on this recovery program by inducing an antimicrobial response against pathogens that target mitochondrial function. Here, we show that the mammalian ortholog of ATFS-1, ATF5, protects the host during infection with enteric pathogens but, unexpectedly, by maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Intriguingly, ATF5 supports intestinal barrier function by promoting a satiety response that prevents obesity and associated hyperglycemia. This consequently averts dysregulated glucose metabolism that is detrimental to barrier function. Mechanistically, we show that intestinal ATF5 stimulates the satiety response by transcriptionally regulating the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin, which promotes the secretion of the hormone leptin. We propose that ATF5 protects the host from enteric pathogens by promoting intestinal barrier function through a satiety-response-mediated metabolic control mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douja Chamseddine
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Siraje A Mahmud
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Aundrea K Westfall
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Todd A Castoe
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA
| | - Rance E Berg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Mark W Pellegrino
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA.
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Goudie L, Mancini NL, Shutt TE, Holloway GP, Mu C, Wang A, McKay DM, Shearer J. Impact of experimental colitis on mitochondrial bioenergetics in intestinal epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7453. [PMID: 35523978 PMCID: PMC9076608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis is highly dependent on optimal epithelial barrier function and permeability. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) regulate these properties acting as cellular gatekeepers by selectively absorbing nutrients and controlling the passage of luminal bacteria. These functions are energy demanding processes that are presumably met through mitochondrial-based processes. Routine methods for examining IEC mitochondrial function remain sparse, hence, our objective is to present standardized methods for quantifying mitochondrial energetics in an immortalized IEC line. Employing the murine IEC4.1 cell line, we present adapted methods and protocols to examine mitochondrial function using two well-known platforms: the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer and Oxygraph-2 k. To demonstrate the applicability of these protocols and instruments, IEC were treated with and without the murine colitogenic agent, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 2% w/v). Profound impairments with DSS treatment were found with both platforms, however, the Oxygraph-2 k allowed greater resolution of affected pathways including short-chain fatty acid metabolism. Mitochondrial functional analysis is a novel tool to explore the relationship between IEC energetics and functional consequences within the contexts of health and disease. The outlined methods offer an introductory starting point for such assessment and provide the investigator with insights into platform-specific capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Goudie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole L Mancini
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy E Shutt
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HMRB 228, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graham P Holloway
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Chunlong Mu
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HMRB 228, Alberta, Canada
| | - Arthur Wang
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Departments of Medical Genetics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HMRB 228, Alberta, Canada.
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5
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Blagov A, Zhigmitova EB, Sazonova MA, Mikhaleva LM, Kalmykov V, Shakhpazyan NK, Orekhova VA, Orekhov AN. Novel Models of Crohn's Disease Pathogenesis Associated with the Occurrence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Intestinal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095141. [PMID: 35563530 PMCID: PMC9102004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn’s disease remains one of the challenging problems of modern medicine, and the development of new and effective and safer treatments against it is a dynamic field of research. To make such developments possible, it is important to understand the pathologic processes underlying the onset and progression of Crohn’s disease at the molecular and cellular levels. During the recent years, the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and associated chronic inflammation in these processes became evident. In this review, we discuss the published works on pathogenetic models of Crohn’s disease. These models make studying the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the disease pathogenesis possible and advances the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Blagov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (M.A.S.); (V.K.)
| | - Elena B. Zhigmitova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology”, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.Z.); (L.M.M.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Margarita A. Sazonova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (M.A.S.); (V.K.)
| | - Liudmila M. Mikhaleva
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology”, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.Z.); (L.M.M.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Vladislav Kalmykov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (A.B.); (M.A.S.); (V.K.)
| | - Nikolay K. Shakhpazyan
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology”, 117418 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.Z.); (L.M.M.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Varvara A. Orekhova
- Skolkovo Innovative Center, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.A.O.); (A.N.O.); Tel.: +7-9057506815 (A.N.O.)
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Skolkovo Innovative Center, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, 121609 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.A.O.); (A.N.O.); Tel.: +7-9057506815 (A.N.O.)
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Sünderhauf A, Hicken M, Schlichting H, Skibbe K, Ragab M, Raschdorf A, Hirose M, Schäffler H, Bokemeyer A, Bettenworth D, Savitt AG, Perner S, Ibrahim S, Peerschke EI, Ghebrehiwet B, Derer S, Sina C. Loss of Mucosal p32/gC1qR/HABP1 Triggers Energy Deficiency and Impairs Goblet Cell Differentiation in Ulcerative Colitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:229-250. [PMID: 33515804 PMCID: PMC8135049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cell differentiation in the colonic crypt is driven by a metabolic switch from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidation. Mitochondrial and goblet cell dysfunction have been attributed to the pathology of ulcerative colitis (UC). We hypothesized that p32/gC1qR/HABP1, which critically maintains oxidative phosphorylation, is involved in goblet cell differentiation and hence in the pathogenesis of UC. METHODS Ex vivo, goblet cell differentiation in relation to p32 expression and mitochondrial function was studied in tissue biopsies from UC patients versus controls. Functional studies were performed in goblet cell-like HT29-MTX cells in vitro. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex V-deficient, ATP8 mutant mice were utilized as a confirmatory model. Nutritional intervention studies were performed in C57BL/6 mice. RESULTS In UC patients in remission, colonic goblet cell differentiation was significantly decreased compared to controls in a p32-dependent manner. Plasma/serum L-lactate and colonic pAMPK level were increased, pointing at high glycolytic activity and energy deficiency. Consistently, p32 silencing in mucus-secreting HT29-MTX cells abolished butyrate-induced differentiation and induced a shift towards glycolysis. In ATP8 mutant mice, colonic p32 expression correlated with loss of differentiated goblet cells, resulting in a thinner mucus layer. Conversely, feeding mice an isocaloric glucose-free, high-protein diet increased mucosal energy supply that promoted colonic p32 level, goblet cell differentiation and mucus production. CONCLUSION We here describe a new molecular mechanism linking mucosal energy deficiency in UC to impaired, p32-dependent goblet cell differentiation that may be therapeutically prevented by nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Sünderhauf
- Division of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maren Hicken
- Division of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heidi Schlichting
- Division of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kerstin Skibbe
- Division of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mohab Ragab
- Division of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Annika Raschdorf
- Division of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Misa Hirose
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Holger Schäffler
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine II, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Arne Bokemeyer
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Bettenworth
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anne G Savitt
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Sven Perner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Pathology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Saleh Ibrahim
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology and Center for Research on Inflammation of the Skin, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ellinor I Peerschke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Stefanie Derer
- Division of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Christian Sina
- Division of Nutritional Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Division of Nutritional Medicine, 1st Department of Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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7
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Khaloian S, Rath E, Hammoudi N, Gleisinger E, Blutke A, Giesbertz P, Berger E, Metwaly A, Waldschmitt N, Allez M, Haller D. Mitochondrial impairment drives intestinal stem cell transition into dysfunctional Paneth cells predicting Crohn's disease recurrence. Gut 2020; 69:1939-1951. [PMID: 32111634 PMCID: PMC7569388 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reduced Paneth cell (PC) numbers are observed in inflammatory bowel diseases and impaired PC function contributes to the ileal pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD). PCs reside in proximity to Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISC) and mitochondria are critical for ISC-renewal and differentiation. Here, we characterise ISC and PC appearance under inflammatory conditions and describe the role of mitochondrial function for ISC niche-maintenance. DESIGN Ileal tissue samples from patients with CD, mouse models for mitochondrial dysfunction (Hsp60Δ/ΔISC) and CD-like ileitis (TNFΔARE), and intestinal organoids were used to characterise PCs and ISCs in relation to mitochondrial function. RESULTS In patients with CD and TNFΔARE mice, inflammation correlated with reduced numbers of Lysozyme-positive granules in PCs and decreased Lgr5 expression in crypt regions. Disease-associated changes in PC and ISC appearance persisted in non-inflamed tissue regions of patients with CD and predicted the risk of disease recurrence after surgical resection. ISC-specific deletion of Hsp60 and inhibition of mitochondrial respiration linked mitochondrial function to the aberrant PC phenotype. Consistent with reduced stemness in vivo, crypts from inflamed TNFΔARE mice fail to grow into organoids ex vivo. Dichloroacetate-mediated inhibition of glycolysis, forcing cells to shift to mitochondrial respiration, improved ISC niche function and rescued the ability of TNFΔARE mice-derived crypts to form organoids. CONCLUSION We provide evidence that inflammation-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in the intestinal epithelium triggers a metabolic imbalance, causing reduced stemness and acquisition of a dysfunctional PC phenotype. Blocking glycolysis might be a novel drug target to antagonise PC dysfunction in the pathogenesis of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevana Khaloian
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Eva Rath
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Nassim Hammoudi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, INSERM U1160, Université de Paris 1, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Elisabeth Gleisinger
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Andreas Blutke
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Pieter Giesbertz
- Chair of Nutrition Physiology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Emanuel Berger
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Amira Metwaly
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Nadine Waldschmitt
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Matthieu Allez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, INSERM U1160, Université de Paris 1, Paris, Île-de-France, France
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany .,ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
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8
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Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Perspective on Intracellular Response Mechanisms. GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/gidisord2030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves perturbation of intestinal immune homeostasis in genetically susceptible individuals. A mutual interplay between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and gut resident microbes maintains a homeostatic environment across the gut. An idiopathic gastrointestinal (GI) complication triggers aberrant physiological stress in the epithelium and peripheral myeloid cells, leading to a chronic inflammatory condition. Indeed, events in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria contribute to orchestrating intracellular mechanisms such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and oxidative stress, respectively, to resolve aberrant cellular stress. This review highlights the signaling cascades encrypted within ER and mitochondria in IECs and/or myeloid cells to dissipate chronic stress in maintaining intestinal homeostasis.
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9
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Mitochondria, the gut microbiome and ROS. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109737. [PMID: 32810578 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the connections between mitochondria and the gut microbiome provided by reactive oxygen species (ROS). We examine the mitochondrion as an endosymbiotic organelle that is a hub for energy production, signaling, and cell homeostasis. Maintaining a diverse gut microbiome is generally associated with organismal fitness, intestinal health and resistance to environmental stress. In contrast, gut microbiome imbalance, termed dysbiosis, is linked to a reduction in organismal well-being. ROS are essential signaling molecules but can be damaging when present in excess. Increasing ROS levels have been shown to influence human health, homeostasis of gut cells, and the gastrointestinal microbial community's biodiversity. Reciprocally, gut microbes can affect ROS levels, mitochondrial homeostasis, and host health. We propose that mechanistic understanding of the suite of bi-directional interactions between mitochondria and the gut microbiome will facilitate innovative interdisciplinary studies examining evolutionary divergence and provide novel treatments and therapeutics for disease. GLOSS: In this review, we focus on the nexus between mitochondria and the gut microbiome provided by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondria are a cell organelle that is derived from an ancestral alpha-proteobacteria. They generate around 80% of the adenosine triphosphate that an organism needs to function and release a range of signaling molecules essential for cellular homeostasis. The gut microbiome is a suite of microorganisms that are commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic to their host. ROS are one predominant group of essential signaling molecules that can be harmful in excess. We suggest that the mitochondria- microbiome nexus is a frontier of research that has cross-disciplinary benefits in understanding genetic divergence and human well-being.
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10
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Sun K, Meng Z, Chen L. The SLC transporter in nutrient and metabolic sensing, regulation, and drug development. J Mol Cell Biol 2020; 11:1-13. [PMID: 30239845 PMCID: PMC6359923 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjy052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic diseases is growing worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that solute carrier (SLC) transporters contribute to the etiology of various metabolic diseases. Consistent with metabolic characteristics, the top five organs in which SLC transporters are highly expressed are the kidney, brain, liver, gut, and heart. We aim to understand the molecular mechanisms of important SLC transporter-mediated physiological processes and their potentials as drug targets. SLC transporters serve as ‘metabolic gate’ of cells and mediate the transport of a wide range of essential nutrients and metabolites such as glucose, amino acids, vitamins, neurotransmitters, and inorganic/metal ions. Gene-modified animal models have demonstrated that SLC transporters participate in many important physiological functions including nutrient supply, metabolic transformation, energy homeostasis, tissue development, oxidative stress, host defense, and neurological regulation. Furthermore, the human genomic studies have identified that SLC transporters are susceptible or causative genes in various diseases like cancer, metabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, immunological disorders, and neurological dysfunction. Importantly, a number of SLC transporters have been successfully targeted for drug developments. This review will focus on the current understanding of SLCs in regulating physiology, nutrient sensing and uptake, and risk of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Advanced Biotechnology and Application Research Center, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Meng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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11
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Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiome plays a pivotal role in physiological homeostasis of the intestine as well as in the pathophysiology of diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota signal to the mitochondria of mucosal cells, including epithelial cells and immune cells. Gut microbiota signaling to mitochondria has been shown to alter mitochondrial metabolism, activate immune cells, induce inflammasome signaling, and alter epithelial barrier function. Both dysbiosis of the gut microbiota and mitochondrial dysfunction are associated with chronic intestinal inflammation and CRC. This review discusses mitochondrial metabolism of gut mucosal cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, and known gut microbiota-mediated mitochondrial alterations during IBD and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota N. Jackson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Arianne L. Theiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA,CONTACT Arianne L. Theiss Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, 250 Hoblitzelle, 3500 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX75246, USA
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12
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Abstract
The transport of materials across membranes is a vital process for all aspects of cellular function, including growth, metabolism, and communication. Protein transporters are the molecular gates that control this movement and serve as key points of regulation for these processes, thus representing an attractive class of therapeutic targets. With more than 400 members, the solute carrier (SLC) membrane transport proteins are the largest family of transporters, yet, they are pharmacologically underexploited relative to other protein families and many of the available chemical tools possess suboptimal selectivity and efficacy. Fortuitously, there is increased interest in elucidating the physiological roles of SLCs as well as growing recognition of their therapeutic potential. This Perspective provides an overview of the SLC superfamily, including their biochemical and functional features, as well as their roles in various human diseases. In particular, we explore efforts and associated challenges toward drugging SLCs, as well as highlight opportunities for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Leandro Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Appaso Jadhav
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Richard Hawkins
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Christopher G Parker
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Dietary Walnut Supplementation Alters Mucosal Metabolite Profiles During DSS-Induced Colonic Ulceration. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11051118. [PMID: 31137456 PMCID: PMC6566840 DOI: 10.3390/nu11051118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Walnuts contain a complex array of natural compounds and phytochemicals that exhibit a wide range of health benefits, including protection against inflammation and colon cancer. In this study, we assess the effects of dietary supplementation with walnuts on colonic mucosal injury induced in mice by the ulcerogenic agent, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). C57Bl/6J mice were started on the Total Western Diet supplemented with freshly-ground whole walnuts (0, 3.5, 7 and 14% g/kg) 2 weeks prior to a 5-day DSS treatment and walnut diets were continued throughout the entire experimental period. Mice were examined at 2 days or 10 days after withdrawal of DSS. In a separate study, a discovery-based metabolite profiling analysis using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed on fecal samples and colonic mucosa following two weeks of walnut supplementation. Dietary walnut supplementation showed significant effects in the 10-day post-DSS recovery-phase study, in which the extent of ulceration was significantly reduced (7.5% vs. 0.3%, p < 0.05) with 14% walnuts. In the metabolite-profiling analysis, walnuts caused a significant increase in several polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 9-oxo-10(E),12(E)-octadecadienoic acid (9-oxoODA), as well as kynurenic acid. In colon tissue samples, walnuts caused a significant increase in the levels of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) and betaine, important components of fatty acid β-oxidation. These metabolite changes may contribute in part to the observed protection against DSS-induced inflammatory tissue injury.
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14
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Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a multicellular interface in close proximity to a dense microbial milieu that is completely renewed every 3-5 days. Pluripotent stem cells reside at the crypt, giving rise to transient amplifying cells that go through continuous steps of proliferation, differentiation and finally anoikis (a form of programmed cell death) while migrating upwards to the villus tip. During these cellular transitions, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) possess distinct metabolic identities reflected by changes in mitochondrial activity. Mitochondrial function emerges as a key player in cell fate decisions and in coordinating cellular metabolism, immunity, stress responses and apoptosis. Mediators of mitochondrial signalling include molecules such as ATP and reactive oxygen species and interrelate with pathways such as the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (MT-UPR) and AMP kinase signalling, in turn affecting cell cycle progression and stemness. Alterations in mitochondrial function and MT-UPR activation are integral aspects of pathologies, including IBD and cancer. Mitochondrial signalling and concomitant changes in metabolism contribute to intestinal homeostasis and regulate IEC dedifferentiation-differentiation programmes in the context of diseases, suggesting that mitochondrial function as a cellular checkpoint critically contributes to disease outcome. This Review highlights mitochondrial function and MT-UPR signalling in epithelial cell stemness, differentiation and lineage commitment and illustrates mitochondrial function in intestinal diseases.
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15
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Corridoni D, Chapman T, Ambrose T, Simmons A. Emerging Mechanisms of Innate Immunity and Their Translational Potential in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018. [PMID: 29515999 PMCID: PMC5825991 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the innate immune system through pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) signaling plays a pivotal role in the early induction of host defense following exposure to pathogens. Loss of intestinal innate immune regulation leading aberrant immune responses has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The precise role of PRRs in gut inflammation is not well understood, but considering their role as bacterial sensors and their genetic association with IBD, they likely contribute to dysregulated immune responses to the commensal microbiota. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the emerging functions of PRRs including their functional cross-talk, how they respond to mitochondrial damage, induce mitophagy or autophagy, and influence adaptive immune responses by interacting with the antigen presentation machinery. The review also summarizes some of the recent attempts to harness these pathways for therapeutic approaches in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Corridoni
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Chapman
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Ambrose
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Simmons
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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16
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Potential Use of Chemoprotectants against the Toxic Effects of Cyanotoxins: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9060175. [PMID: 28545227 PMCID: PMC5488025 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9060175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial toxins, particularly microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), are responsible for toxic effects in humans and wildlife. In order to counteract or prevent their toxicity, various strategies have been followed, such as the potential application of chemoprotectants. A review of the main substances evaluated for this aim, as well as the doses and their influence on cyanotoxin-induced toxicity, has been performed. A search of the literature shows that research on MCs is much more abundant than research on CYN. Among chemoprotectants, antioxidant compounds are the most extensively studied, probably because it is well known that oxidative stress is one of the toxic mechanisms common to both toxins. In this group, vitamin E seems to have the strongest protectant effect for both cyanotoxins. Transport inhibitors have also been studied in the case of MCs, as CYN cellular uptake is not yet fully elucidated. Further research is needed because systematic studies are lacking. Moreover, more realistic exposure scenarios, including cyanotoxin mixtures and the concomitant use of chemoprotectants, should be considered.
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17
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Heller S, Penrose HM, Cable C, Biswas D, Nakhoul H, Baddoo M, Flemington E, Crawford SE, Savkovic SD. Reduced mitochondrial activity in colonocytes facilitates AMPKα2-dependent inflammation. FASEB J 2017; 31:2013-2025. [PMID: 28183804 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600976r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation is associated with low levels of mucosal ATP, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial function associated with ATP production in the pathophysiology of the disease. In the inflamed colon of humans and mice, we found decreased levels of mitochondrial complex cytochrome c oxidase I/IV and lower ATP levels. Thus, we generated colonic ρ0 cells with reduced mitochondrial function linked to ATP production by selective depletion of mitochondrial DNA. In these cells, RNA sequencing revealed a substantial number of differentially expressed transcripts, among which 240 belonged to inflammatory pathways activated in human inflamed colon and TNF-α-treated cells (false discovery rate < 0.05). TNF-α treatment of colonic ρ0 cells augmented IL-8 expression by 9-fold (P < 0.01) via NF-κB compared to TNF-α-treated control. Moreover, reduced mitochondrial function facilitated TNF-α-mediated NF-κB luciferase promoter activity as a result of lowered inhibitory IκBα (nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell inhibitor, α), leading to elevated NF-κB. In cells with reduced mitochondrial function, TNF-α facilitated AMPKα2 activation by 8-fold (P < 0.01), which was involved in NF-κB-dependent IL-8 expression. Last, in human and mouse colon, anti-TNF-α treatment restored reduced mitochondria-dependent inflammation. We propose that selective targeting of this novel mechanism provides new treatment opportunities for intestinal inflammation.-Heller, S., Penrose, H. M., Cable, C., Biswas, D., Nakhoul, H., Baddoo, M., Flemington, E., Crawford, S. E., Savkovic, S. D. Reduced mitochondrial activity in colonocytes facilitates AMPKα2-dependent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Heller
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Harrison M Penrose
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chloe Cable
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Debjani Biswas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hani Nakhoul
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Melody Baddoo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Erik Flemington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Susan E Crawford
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore Research Institute, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Suzana D Savkovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA;
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18
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Semba RD, Trehan I, Li X, Moaddel R, Ordiz MI, Maleta KM, Kraemer K, Shardell M, Ferrucci L, Manary M. Environmental Enteric Dysfunction is Associated with Carnitine Deficiency and Altered Fatty Acid Oxidation. EBioMedicine 2017; 17:57-66. [PMID: 28122695 PMCID: PMC5360565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a condition characterized by small intestine inflammation and abnormal gut permeability, is widespread in children in developing countries and a major cause of growth failure. The pathophysiology of EED remains poorly understood. METHODS We measured serum metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in 400 children, aged 12-59months, from rural Malawi. Gut permeability was assessed by the dual-sugar absorption test. FINDINGS 80.7% of children had EED. Of 677 serum metabolites measured, 21 were negatively associated and 56 were positively associated with gut permeability, using a false discovery rate approach (q<0.05, p<0.0095). Increased gut permeability was associated with elevated acylcarnitines, deoxycarnitine, fatty acid β-oxidation intermediates, fatty acid ω-oxidation products, odd-chain fatty acids, trimethylamine-N-oxide, cystathionine, and homocitrulline, and with lower citrulline, ornithine, polyphenol metabolites, hippurate, tryptophan, and indolelactate. INTERPRETATION EED is a syndrome characterized by secondary carnitine deficiency, abnormal fatty acid oxidation, alterations in polyphenol and amino acid metabolites, and metabolic dysregulation of sulfur amino acids, tryptophan, and the urea cycle. Future studies are needed to corroborate the presence of secondary carnitine deficiency among children with EED and to understand how these metabolic derangements may negatively affect the growth and development of young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Indi Trehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ximin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Isabel Ordiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Klaus Kraemer
- Sight and Life, Basel, Switzerland; Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Shardell
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mark Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University at St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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19
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Guzmán-Guillén R, Prieto Ortega AI, Moyano R, Blanco A, Vasconcelos V, Cameán AM. Dietary l-carnitine prevents histopathological changes in tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) exposed to cylindrospermopsin. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:241-254. [PMID: 26714798 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cytotoxin highly water-soluble, which is easily taken up by several aquatic organisms. CYN acts as a potent protein and glutathione synthesis inhibitor, as well as inducing genotoxicity, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations. This is the first study reporting the protective effect of a l-carnitine (LC) pretreatment (400 or 880 mg LC/kg bw fish/day, for 21 days) on the histopathological alterations induced by pure CYN or Aphanizomenon ovalisporum lyophilized cells (400 µg CYN/kg bw fish) in liver, kidney, heart, intestines, and gills of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) acutely exposed to the toxin by oral route. The main histopathological changes induced by CYN were disorganized parenchyma with presence of glycogen and lipids in the cytoplasm (liver), glomerulonephritis, glomerular atrophy, and dilatation of Bowman's capsule (kidney), myofibrolysis, loss of myofibrils, with edema and hemorrhage (heart), intestinal villi with necrotic enterocytes and partial loss of microvilli (gastrointestinal tract), and hyperemia and hemorrhage (gills). LC pretreatment was able to totally prevent those CYN-induced alterations from 400 mg LC/kg bw fish/day in almost all organs, except in the heart, where 880 mg LC/kg bw fish/day were needed. In addition, the morphometric study indicated that LC managed to recover totally the affectation in the cross sections of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules in CYN-exposed fish. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 241-254, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remedios Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Ana I Prieto Ortega
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Rosario Moyano
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Legal and Forensic Medicine, University of Córdoba. Campus De Rabanales Carretera Madrid-Cádiz S/N, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology and Anatomy, University of Córdoba, Campus De Rabanales Carretera Madrid-Cádiz S/N, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto, 4050-123, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
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20
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Saribas GS, Erdogan D, Goktas G, Akyol SN, Hirfanoglu IM, Gurgen SG, Coskun N, Ozogul C. Examining the protective effects of acetyll-carnitine on cisplatin-induced uterine tube toxicity. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2016; 36:1086-1092. [DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2016.1209174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Mouse models of intestinal inflammation and cancer. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2109-2130. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1747-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular oxidative stress and genetic susceptibility have been implicated in the multifactorial etiology of ulcerative colitis (UC). The nuclear genome association with UC has been intensely investigated, but the role of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has received far less attention and may account for part of the missing heritability. This study is a comprehensive analysis of the mtDNA contribution to UC susceptibility. METHODS The association of mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms (mtSNPs) and haplogroups with UC was tested in 488 cases and 833 controls of European ancestry from the NIDDK IBD Genetics Consortium Ulcerative Colitis Genome-Wide Association Study available through dbGaP and from the Illumina Genotype Control Database (studies 64 and 65). RESULTS No evidence of population stratification could be detected using 218 ancestry informative markers for European Americans. Seven of the 58 tested mtSNPs were nominally associated with UC, and A10550G in MT-ND4L withstands the Bonferroni correction (P = 1.29E-06, odds ratio [ORG] [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 4.80 [2.54-9.05], 10550G allele: 8.1% of patients and 1.9% of controls). A10550G remains equally associated after conditional analyses on the 11 UC genome-wide association studies (GWAS) top SNPs (6.35E-07 < Pcond < 4.58E-06), which suggests that it constitutes an independent risk factor from nuclear-encoded susceptibility loci. We detected additive (but not multiplicative) epistatic interactions between A10550G and all 11 top GWAS hits. Subhaplogroup K1 (P = 0.021, OR [95% CI] = 1.71 [1.08-2.69]) increased the risk for UC, whereas the U5b lineage conferred protection (P = 0.016, OR [95% CI] = 0.34 [0.14-0.82]). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that UC has a dual mitochondrial and nuclear genetic control that warrants further replication in independent data sets and reinforces its etiopathogenic complexity.
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23
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Novak EA, Mollen KP. Mitochondrial dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2015; 3:62. [PMID: 26484345 PMCID: PMC4589667 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) represents a group of idiopathic disorders characterized by chronic or recurring inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. While the exact etiology of disease is unknown, IBD is recognized to be a complex, multifactorial disease that results from an intricate interplay of genetic predisposition, an altered immune response, changes in the intestinal microbiota, and environmental factors. Together, these contribute to a destruction of the intestinal epithelial barrier, increased gut permeability, and an influx of immune cells. Given that most cellular functions as well as maintenance of the epithelial barrier is energy-dependent, it is logical to assume that mitochondrial dysfunction may play a key role in both the onset and recurrence of disease. Indeed several studies have demonstrated evidence of mitochondrial stress and alterations in mitochondrial function within the intestinal epithelium of patients with IBD and mice undergoing experimental colitis. Although the hallmarks of mitochondrial dysfunction, including oxidative stress and impaired ATP production are known to be evident in the intestines of patients with IBD, it is as yet unclear whether these processes occur as a cause of consequence of disease. We provide a current review of mitochondrial function in the setting of intestinal inflammation during IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Novak
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin P Mollen
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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24
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Abstract
Potential drug-drug interactions mediated by the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and solute carrier (SLC) transporter families are of clinical and regulatory concern. However, the endogenous functions of these drug transporters are not well understood. Discussed here is evidence for the roles of ABC and SLC transporters in the handling of diverse substrates, including metabolites, antioxidants, signalling molecules, hormones, nutrients and neurotransmitters. It is suggested that these transporters may be part of a larger system of remote communication ('remote sensing and signalling') between cells, organs, body fluid compartments and perhaps even separate organisms. This broader view may help to clarify disease mechanisms, drug-metabolite interactions and drug effects relevant to diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, gout, liver disease, neuropsychiatric disorders, inflammatory syndromes and organ injury, as well as prenatal and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0693, USA
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25
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Brinkworth JF, Barreiro LB. The contribution of natural selection to present-day susceptibility to chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:66-78. [PMID: 25458997 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases have been the focus of many genome-wide association studies (GWAS) because they represent a significant cause of illness and morbidity, and many are heritable. Almost a decade of GWAS studies suggests that the pathological inflammation associated with these diseases is controlled by a limited number of networked immune system genes. Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are enigmatic from an evolutionary perspective because they exert a negative affect on reproductive fitness. The persistence of these conditions may be partially explained by the important roles the implicated immune genes play in pathogen defense and other functions thought to be under strong natural selection in humans. The evolutionary reasons for chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease persistence and uneven distribution across populations are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Brinkworth
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Luis B Barreiro
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Centre, Montréal, Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada.
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26
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Wojtal KA, Cee A, Lang S, Götze O, Frühauf H, Geier A, Pastor-Anglada M, Torres-Torronteras J, Martí R, Fried M, Lutz TA, Maggiorini M, Gassmann M, Rogler G, Vavricka SR. Downregulation of duodenal SLC transporters and activation of proinflammatory signaling constitute the early response to high altitude in humans. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G673-88. [PMID: 24970780 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00353.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters mediate the uptake of biologically active compounds in the intestine. Reduced oxygenation (hypoxia) is an important factor influencing intestinal homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the pathophysiological consequences of hypoxia on the expression and function of SLCs in human intestine. Hypoxia was induced in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro (0.2; 1% O2 or CoCl2). For human in vivo studies, duodenal biopsies and serum samples were obtained from individuals (n = 16) acutely exposed to 4,554 meters above sea levels. Expression of relevant targets was analyzed by quantitative PCR, Western blotting, or immunofluorescence. Serum levels of inflammatory mediators and nucleosides were determined by ELISA and LC/MS-MS, respectively. In the duodenum of volunteers exposed to high altitude we observed decreased mRNA levels of apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT), concentrative nucleoside transporters 1/2 (CNT1/2), organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1), organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2), peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), serotonin transporter (SERT), and higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-17A. Serum levels of IL-10, IFN-γ, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and serotonin were elevated, whereas the levels of uridine decreased upon exposure to hypoxia. Hypoxic IECs showed reduced levels of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2), OCTN2, and SERT mRNAs in vitro, which was confirmed on the protein level and was accompanied by activation of ERK1/2, increase of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) proteins, and production of IL-8 mRNA. Costimulation with IFN-γ and IL-6 during hypoxia further decreased the expression of SERT, ENT2, and CNT2 in vitro. Reduced oxygen supply affects the expression pattern of duodenal SLCs that is accompanied by changes in serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and biologically active compounds demonstrating that intestinal transport is affected during systemic exposure to hypoxia in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper A Wojtal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Alexandra Cee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Lang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Götze
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Frühauf
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Triemli, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Clinic Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine and Oncology Programme, National Biomedical Research Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Disease (CIBER EHD), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders Unit, and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Martí
- Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders Unit, and Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael Fried
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Maggiorini
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cayetano Heredia University (UPCH), Lima, Peru; and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan R Vavricka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Triemli, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Organic anions and cations (OAs and OCs, respectively) comprise an extraordinarily diverse array of compounds of physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological importance. The kidney, primarily the renal proximal tubule, plays a critical role in regulating the plasma concentrations of these organic electrolytes and in clearing the body of potentially toxic xenobiotics agents, a process that involves active, transepithelial secretion. This transepithelial transport involves separate entry and exit steps at the basolateral and luminal aspects of renal tubular cells. Basolateral and luminal OA and OC transport reflects the concerted activity of a suite of separate proteins arranged in parallel in each pole of proximal tubule cells. The cloning of multiple members of several distinct transport families, the subsequent characterization of their activity, and their subcellular localization within distinct regions of the kidney, now allows the development of models describing the molecular basis of the renal secretion of OAs and OCs. New information on naturally occurring genetic variation of many of these processes provides insight into the basis of observed variability of drug efficacy and unwanted drug-drug interactions in human populations. The present review examines recent work on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Pelis
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., Translational Sciences, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
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Bär F, Bochmann W, Widok A, von Medem K, Pagel R, Hirose M, Yu X, Kalies K, König P, Böhm R, Herdegen T, Reinicke AT, Büning J, Lehnert H, Fellermann K, Ibrahim S, Sina C. Mitochondrial gene polymorphisms that protect mice from colitis. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1055-1063.e3. [PMID: 23872498 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dysregulated energy homeostasis in the intestinal mucosa frequently is observed in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Intestinal tissues from these patients have reduced activity of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complex, so mitochondrial dysfunction could contribute to the pathogenesis of UC. However, little is known about the mechanisms by which OXPHOS activity could be altered. We used conplastic mice, which have identical nuclear but different mitochondrial genomes, to investigate activities of the OXPHOS complex. METHODS Colitis was induced in C57BL/6J wild-type (B6.B6) and 3 strains of conplastic mice (B6.NZB, B6.NOD, and B6.AKR) by administration of dextran sodium sulfate or rectal application of trinitrobenzene sulfonate. Colon tissues were collected and analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemical analysis, and immunoblot analysis; we also measured mucosal levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reactive oxygen species, OXPHOS complex activity, and epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS We identified mice with increased mucosal OXPHOS complex activities and levels of ATP. These mice developed less-severe colitis after administration of dextran sodium sulfate or trinitrobenzene sulfonate than mice with lower mucosal levels of ATP. Colon tissues from these mice also had increased enterocyte proliferation and transcription factor nuclear factor-κB activity, which have been shown to protect the mucosal barrier-defects in these processes have been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. CONCLUSIONS Variants in mitochondrial DNA that increase mucosal levels of ATP protect mice from colitis. Increasing mitochondrial ATP synthesis in intestinal epithelial cells could be a therapeutic approach for UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bär
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Koepsell H. The SLC22 family with transporters of organic cations, anions and zwitterions. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:413-35. [PMID: 23506881 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The SLC22 family contains 13 functionally characterized human plasma membrane proteins each with 12 predicted α-helical transmembrane domains. The family comprises organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic zwitterion/cation transporters (OCTNs), and organic anion transporters (OATs). The transporters operate as (1) uniporters which mediate facilitated diffusion (OCTs, OCTNs), (2) anion exchangers (OATs), and (3) Na(+)/zwitterion cotransporters (OCTNs). They participate in small intestinal absorption and hepatic and renal excretion of drugs, xenobiotics and endogenous compounds and perform homeostatic functions in brain and heart. Important endogeneous substrates include monoamine neurotransmitters, l-carnitine, α-ketoglutarate, cAMP, cGMP, prostaglandins, and urate. It has been shown that mutations of the SLC22 genes encoding these transporters cause specific diseases like primary systemic carnitine deficiency and idiopathic renal hypouricemia and are correlated with diseases such as Crohn's disease and gout. Drug-drug interactions at individual transporters may change pharmacokinetics and toxicities of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Koellikerstr. 6, 97070 Würzburg, Germany.
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Enzymes involved in L-carnitine biosynthesis are expressed by small intestinal enterocytes in mice: implications for gut health. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:e197-205. [PMID: 22999781 PMCID: PMC3644392 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnitine is essential for mitochondrial β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. Deficiency of carnitine leads to severe gut atrophy, ulceration and inflammation in animal models of carnitine deficiency. Genetic studies in large populations have linked mutations in the carnitine transporters OCTN1 and OCTN2 with Crohn's disease (CD), while other studies at the same time have failed to show a similar association and report normal serum carnitine levels in CD patients. METHODS In this report, we have studied the expression of carnitine-synthesizing enzymes in intestinal epithelial cells to determine the capability of these cells to synthesize carnitine de novo. We studied expression of five enzymes involved in carnitine biosynthesis, namely 6-N-trimethyllysine dioxygenase (TMLD), 4-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase (TMABADH), serine hydroxymethyltransferase 1 and 2 (SHMT1 and 2) and γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBH) by real-time PCR in mice (C3H strain). We also measured activity of γ-BBH in the intestine using an ex vivo assay and localized its expression by in situ hybridization. RESULTS Our investigations show that mouse intestinal epithelium expresses all five enzymes required for de novo carnitine biosynthesis; the expression is localized mainly in villous surface epithelial cells throughout the intestine. The final rate-limiting enzyme γ-BBH is highly active in the small intestine; its activity was 9.7 ± 3.5 pmol/mg/min, compared to 22.7 ± 7.3 pmol/mg/min in the liver. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that mouse gut epithelium is able to synthesize carnitine de novo. This capacity to synthesize carnitine in the intestine may play an important role in gut health and can help explain lack of clinical carnitine deficiency signs in subjects with mutations with OCTN transporters.
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Dionne S, Elimrani I, Roy MJ, Qureshi IA, Sarma DR, Levy E, Seidman EG. Studies on the chemopreventive effect of carnitine on tumorigenesis in vivo, using two experimental murine models of colon cancer. Nutr Cancer 2013; 64:1279-87. [PMID: 23163856 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.722247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Carnitine is known for its essential role in intermediary metabolism. In vitro studies suggest that its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are potentially beneficial toward cancer prevention. This study tested effects of carnitine on the development of colon cancer in vivo using 2 murine models: azoxymethane (AOM) treatment as a model of carcinogen-induced colon cancer and a genetically induced model using Apc (Min/+) mice. AOM and Apc (Min/+) mice divided into dietary groups varying in lipid content, with or without carnitine supplementation (0.08%). AOM-exposed mice on a high butterfat diet had significantly increased aberrant crypts (ACF) (9.3 ± 0.88 vs. 6.3 ± 0.65), and macroscopic tumors (3.8 ± 0.95 vs. 2.0 ± 0.25) compared to mice on a control diet. In AOM mice fed the high butterfat diet, carnitine supplementation inhibited ACF (4.9 ± 0.7 vs. 9.3 ± 0.88, P < 0.001), crypt multiciplicity (1.6 ± 0.08 vs. 1.92 ± 0.1, P < 0.01) and tumors (1.5 ± 0.38 vs. 3.8 ± 0.95, P < 0.001). Carnitine supplementation resulted in significantly increased tissue carnitine and acylcarnitine levels. Carnitine inhibited the development of precancerous lesions and macroscopic colonic tumors in AOM-treated mice. However, carnitine did not exert protective effects on intestinal tumors in Apc (Min/+) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Dionne
- Division of Gastroenterology, Research Institute, McGill University Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Carnitine deficiency in OCTN2-/- newborn mice leads to a severe gut and immune phenotype with widespread atrophy, apoptosis and a pro-inflammatory response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47729. [PMID: 23112839 PMCID: PMC3480427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the gross, microscopic and molecular effects of carnitine deficiency in the neonatal gut using a mouse model with a loss-of-function mutation in the OCTN2 (SLC22A5) carnitine transporter. The tissue carnitine content of neonatal homozygous (OCTN2−/−) mouse small intestine was markedly reduced; the intestine displayed signs of stunted villous growth, early signs of inflammation, lymphocytic and macrophage infiltration and villous structure breakdown. Mitochondrial β-oxidation was active throughout the GI tract in wild type newborn mice as seen by expression of 6 key enzymes involved in β-oxidation of fatty acids and genes for these 6 enzymes were up-regulated in OCTN2−/− mice. There was increased apoptosis in gut samples from OCTN2−/− mice. OCTN2−/− mice developed a severe immune phenotype, where the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes became atrophied secondary to increased apoptosis. Carnitine deficiency led to increased expression of CD45-B220+ lymphocytes with increased production of basal and anti-CD3-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines in immune cells. Real-time PCR array analysis in OCTN2−/− mouse gut epithelium demonstrated down-regulation of TGF-β/BMP pathway genes. We conclude that carnitine plays a major role in neonatal OCTN2−/− mouse gut development and differentiation, and that severe carnitine deficiency leads to increased apoptosis of enterocytes, villous atrophy, inflammation and gut injury.
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are chronically relapsing, immune-mediated disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. A major challenge in the treatment of IBD is the heterogenous nature of these pathologies. Both, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are of multifactorial etiology and feature a complex interaction of host genetic susceptibility and environmental factors such as diet and gut microbiota. Genome-wide association studies identified disease-relevant single-nucleotide polymorphisms in approximately 100 genes, but at the same time twin studies also clearly indicated a strong environmental impact in disease development. However, attempts to link dietary factors to the risk of developing IBD, based on epidemiological observations showed controversial outcomes. Yet, emerging high-throughput technologies implying complete biological systems might allow taking nutrient-gene interactions into account for a better classification of patient subsets in the future. In this context, 2 new scientific fields, "nutrigenetics" and "nutrigenomics" have been established. "Nutrigenetics," studying the effect of genetic variations on nutrient-gene interactions and "Nutrigenomics," describing the impact of nutrition on physiology and health status on the level of gene transcription, protein expression, and metabolism. It is hoped that the integration of both research areas will promote the understanding of the complex gene-environment interaction in IBD etiology and in the long-term will lead to personalized nutrition for disease prevention and treatment. This review briefly summarizes data on the impact of nutrients on intestinal inflammation, highlights nutrient-gene interactions, and addresses the potential of applying "omic" technologies in the context of IBD.
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Merra G, Gasbarrini G, Laterza L, Pizzoferrato M, Poscia A, Scaldaferri F, Arena V, Fiore F, Cittadini A, Sgambato A, Franceschi F, Gasbarrini A. Propionyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride for treatment of mild to moderate colonic inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:5065-71. [PMID: 23049215 PMCID: PMC3460333 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i36.5065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess clinical and endoscopic response to propionyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (PLC) in colonic inflammatory bowel disease.
METHODS: Patients suffering from mild to moderate ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD) colitis, with disease activity index (DAI) between 3 and 10 and under stable therapy with oral aminosalicylates, mercaptopurine or azathioprine, for at least 8 wk prior to baseline assessments, were considered suitable for enrollment. Fourteen patients were enrolled to assume PLC 2 g/d (two active tablets twice daily) orally. Clinical-endoscopic and histological activity were assessed by DAI and histological index (HI), respectively, following a colonoscopy performed immediately before and after 4 wk treatment. Clinical response was defined as a lowering of at least 3 points in DAI and clinical remission as a DAI score ≤ 2. Histological response was defined as an improvement of HI of at least 1 point. We used median values for the analysis. Differences pre- and post-treatment were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank test.
RESULTS: All patients enrolled completed the study. One patient, despite medical advice, took deflazacort 5 d before follow-up colonoscopy examination. No side effects were reported by patients during the trial. After treatment, 71% (SE 12%) of patients achieved clinical response, while 64% (SE 13%) obtained remission. Separating UC from CD patients, we observed a clinical response in 60% (SE 16%) and 100%, respectively. Furthermore 60% (SE 16%) of UC patients and 75% (SE 25%) of CD patients were in clinical remission after therapy. The median DAI was 7 [interquartile range (IQR): 4-8] before treatment and decreased to 2 (IQR: 1-3) (P < 0.01) after treatment. Only patients with UC showed a significant reduction of DAI, from a median 6.5 (IQR: 4-9) before treatment to 2 (IQR: 1-3) after treatment (P < 0.01). Conversely, in CD patients, although displaying a clear reduction of DAI from 7 (IQR: 5.5-7.5) before therapy to 1.5 (IQR: 0.5-2.5) after therapy, differences observed were not significant (P = 0.06). Seventy-nine percent (SE 11%) of patients showed improvement of HI of at least 1 point, while only one CD and two UC patients showed HI stability; none showed HI worsening. Median HI decreased from 1 (IQR: 1-2), to 0.5 (IQR: 0-1) at the endoscopic control in the whole population (P < 0.01), while it changed from 1 (IQR: 1-2) to 0.5 (IQR: 0-1) in UC patients (P < 0.01) and from 1.5 (IQR: 1-2) to 0.5 (IQR: 0-1) in CD patients (P = not significant). The two sample tests of proportions showed no significant differences in clinical and histological response or in clinical remission between UC and CD patients. No side effects were reported during treatment or at 4 wk follow-up visit.
CONCLUSION: PLC improves endoscopic and histological activity of mild to moderate UC. Further studies are required to evaluate PLC efficacy in colonic CD patients.
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Rath E, Berger E, Messlik A, Nunes T, Liu B, Kim SC, Hoogenraad N, Sans M, Sartor RB, Haller D. Induction of dsRNA-activated protein kinase links mitochondrial unfolded protein response to the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. Gut 2012; 61:1269-1278. [PMID: 21997551 PMCID: PMC4514769 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) feature multiple cellular stress responses, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein responses (UPRs). UPRs represent autoregulatory pathways that adjust organelle capacity to cellular demand. A similar mechanism, mitochondrial UPR (mtUPR), has been described for mitochondria. ER UPR in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) contributes to the development of intestinal inflammation, and since mitochondrial alterations and dysfunction are implicated in the pathogenesis of IBDs, the authors characterised mtUPR in the context of intestinal inflammation. METHODS Truncated ornithine transcarbamylase was used to selectively induce mtUPR in a murine IEC line. Dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) was administered to PKR (double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase) knockout mice to induce IEC stress in vivo and to test for their susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. Expression levels of the mitochondrial chaperone chaperonin 60 (CPN60) and PKR were quantified in IECs from patients with IBDs and from murine models of colitis using immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Selective mtUPR induction by truncated ornithine transcarbamylase transfection triggered the phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 2α and cJun through the recruitment of PKR. Using pharmacological inhibitors and small inhibitory RNA, the authors identified mtUPR-induced eIF2α phosphorylation and transcription factor activation (cJun/AP1) as being dependent on the activities of the mitochondrial protease ClpP and the cytoplasmic kinase PKR. Pkr(-/-) mice failed to induce CPN60 in IECs upon DSS treatment at early time points and subsequently showed an almost complete resistance to DSS-induced colitis. Under inflammatory conditions, primary IECs from patients with IBDs and two murine models of colitis exhibited a strong induction of the mtUPR marker protein CPN60 associated with enhanced expression of PKR. CONCLUSION PKR integrates mtUPR into the disease-relevant ER UPR via eIF2α phosphorylation and AP1 activation. Induction of mtUPR and PKR was observed in IECs from murine models and patients with IBDs. The authors' results indicate that PKR might link mitochondrial stress to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rath
- Chair for Biofunctionality, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science (ZIEL), Center for Diet and Disease (CDD), Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Emanuel Berger
- Chair for Biofunctionality, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science (ZIEL), Center for Diet and Disease (CDD), Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Anja Messlik
- Chair for Biofunctionality, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science (ZIEL), Center for Diet and Disease (CDD), Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Tiago Nunes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic i Provincial/IDIBAPS, CIBER EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bo Liu
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sandy C Kim
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nick Hoogenraad
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Miquel Sans
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Clínic i Provincial/IDIBAPS, CIBER EHD, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Balfour Sartor
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dirk Haller
- Chair for Biofunctionality, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science (ZIEL), Center for Diet and Disease (CDD), Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Rath E, Haller D. Mitochondria at the interface between danger signaling and metabolism: role of unfolded protein responses in chronic inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:1364-77. [PMID: 22183876 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), like many other chronic diseases, feature multiple cellular stress responses including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) unfolded protein response (UPR). Maintaining protein homeostasis is indispensable for cell survival and, consequently, distinct signaling pathways have evolved to transmit organelle stress. While the ER UPR, aiming to restore ER homeostasis after challenges to ER function, has been extensively studied in the context of chronic diseases, only recently the related mitochondrial UPR (mtUPR), induced by disturbances of mitochondrial proteostasis, has drawn some attention. ER and mitochondria are in close contact and interact physically and functionally. Accumulating data have placed mitochondria at the center of diverse cellular functions and suggest mitochondria as integrators of signaling pathways such as autophagy and inflammation. Consequently, it is likely that mitochondrial stress and ER stress cannot be regarded separately and that mitochondrial stress, as well as ER stress, participates in the pathology of IBD. Protein homeostasis is particularly sensitive toward infections, oxidative stress, and energy deficiency. Thus, environmental disturbances impacting organelle function lead to the concerted activation of distinct UPRs. The metabolic status might therefore serve as an innate mechanism to sense the epithelial environment, including luminal-derived and host-derived factors. This review highlights mtUPR and its interrelation with ER UPR, focuses on recent studies identifying mitochondria as integrators of cellular danger signaling, and, furthermore, illustrates the importance ER UPR and mitochondrial dysfunction in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rath
- Technische Universität München, Chair for Biofunctionality, ZIEL, Research Center for Nutrition and Food Science, CDD, Center for Diet and Disease, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Diekman EF, Boelen CCA, Prinsen BHCMT, Ijlst L, Duran M, de Koning TJ, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA, Wijburg FA, Visser G. Necrotizing enterocolitis and respiratory distress syndrome as first clinical presentation of mitochondrial trifunctional protein deficiency. JIMD Rep 2012; 7:1-6. [PMID: 23430487 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2012_128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newborn screening (NBS) for long-chain 3-hydroxy acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCHAD) deficiency does not discriminate between isolated LCHAD deficiency, isolated long-chain keto acyl-CoA (LCKAT) deficiency and general mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) deficiency. Therefore, screening for LCHAD deficiency inevitably comprises screening for MTP deficiency, which is much less amenable to treatment. Furthermore, absence of a clear classification system for these disorders is still lacking. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two newborns screened positive for LCHAD deficiency died at the age of 10 and 31 days, respectively. One due to severe necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), cardiomyopathy and multiorgan failure and the other due to severe infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. (Keto)-acylcarnitine concentration and enzymatic analysis of LCHAD and LCKAT suggested MTP deficiency in both patients. Mutation analysis revealed a homozygous HADHB c.357+5delG mutation in one patient and a homozygous splice-site HADHB mutation c.212+1G>C in the other patient.Data on enzymatic and mutation analysis of 40 patients with presumed LCHAD, LCKAT or MTP deficiency were used to design a classification to distinguish between these disorders. DISCUSSION NEC as presenting symptom in MTP deficiency has not been reported previously. High expression of long-chain fatty acid oxidation enzymes reported in lungs and gut of human foetuses suggests that the severe NEC and IRDS observed in our patients are related to the enzymatic deficiency in these organs during crucial stages of development.Furthermore, as illustrated by the cases we propose a classification system to discriminate LCHAD, LCKAT and MTP deficiency based on enzymatic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugène F Diekman
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Girardin M, Dionne S, Goyette P, Rioux J, Bitton A, Elimrani I, Charlebois P, Qureshi I, Levy E, Seidman EG. Expression and functional analysis of intestinal organic cation/L-carnitine transporter (OCTN) in Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2012; 6:189-97. [PMID: 22325173 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The IBD5 locus is a genetic risk factor for IBD, particularly Crohn's Disease, coding for the organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTN1 and 2). Two variants of OCTN are associated with susceptibility to Crohn's Disease. Modified transport of carnitine in vitro has been reported for a polymorphism of OCTN1. The aim was to investigate the function of intestinal OCTNs in IBD in relation to genetic polymorphisms. METHODS Intestinal tissue was obtained from endoscopic biopsies and surgical resections from IBD patients (n=33 and 14, resp.) and controls (n=22 and 14, resp.). OCTN protein levels were measured in intestinal biopsies and carnitine transport was quantified in intestinal resections. RESULTS OCTN1 protein levels were significantly higher in ileal versus colonic tissue (2.95% ± 0.4 vs 0.66% ± 0.2, resp.; p<0.0002). OCTN1 expression was higher in Crohn's disease patients with mutant homozygous or heterozygous genotypes (0.6% ± 0.1 vs 3% ± 0.8, resp., p<0.02). Carnitine transport was very rapid and Na+ dependent (10s). It was not different comparing Crohn's Disease and control groups (0.45 ± 0.12 vs 0.51 ± 0.12 nM carnitine/mg prot/min, resp.). Carnitine transport tended to be higher in subjects with mutant homozygous and heterozygous OCTN1 and OCTN2 genotypes (0.19 vs 0.59 and 0.25 vs 0.6, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The present data reveal that OCTN protein levels appear to be similar in intestinal tissue from Crohn's Disease patients and controls. Overall, ileal carnitine transport appears to as well equal in Crohn's Disease and control groups. However, there was a trend towards higher carnitine transport in subjects with OCTN1 and OCTN2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Girardin
- DigestiveLab, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Romick-Rosendale LE, Schibler KR, Kennedy MA. A Potential Biomarker for Acute Kidney Injury in Preterm Infants from Metabolic Profiling. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS & DIAGNOSIS 2012; Suppl 3:001. [PMID: 25035813 PMCID: PMC4096988 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9929.s3-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently used biomarkers for acute kidney injury (AKI), namely Ngal, SCr, and BUN, are inadequate for timely detection of AKI in preterm infants. METHODS Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolic profiling was conducted on urines from 20 preterm infants to determine if novel metabolic biomarkers could be identified for early detection of AKI. Urines were collected from every patient each day for the first 14 days of life. NMR spectra were measured for all urines and metabolic profiling analysis conducted. RESULTS One metabolite, carnitine, increased significantly in urines of three extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants starting on day five of life. The three affected infants either received prolonged antibiotic treatment, extended treatment with indomethacin, or both. One ELBW patient who received both treatments and reached the highest urinary carnitine level died on day 10 of life due to localized gut perforation complicated by suspected AKI. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that carnitine increased in the three neonates in part due to antibiotic- and/or indomethacin-induced AKI. It is hypothesized that combined antibiotic and indomethacin treatment promoted AKI resulting in reduced proximal renal tubule reabsorption of carnitine and that β-lactam antibiotics blocked renal carnitine uptake by human organic cation transporter, hOCTN2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt R. Schibler
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael A. Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Yamamoto-Furusho JK, Mendivil EJ, Villeda-Ramírez MA, Fonseca-Camarillo G, Barreto-Zuñiga R. Gene expression of carnitine organic cation transporters 1 and 2 (OCTN) is downregulated in patients with ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2205-6. [PMID: 21910182 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Palmieri O, Latiano A, Scimeca D, Bossa F, Corritore G, Latiano T, Andriulli A, Annese V. IL23R, ATG16L1, IRGM, OCTN1, and OCTN2 mRNA expression in inflamed and noninflamed mucosa of IBD patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:1832-3. [PMID: 21287663 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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42
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Wu W, Dnyanmote AV, Nigam SK. Remote communication through solute carriers and ATP binding cassette drug transporter pathways: an update on the remote sensing and signaling hypothesis. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 79:795-805. [PMID: 21325265 DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.070607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data from knockouts, human disease, and transport studies suggest that solute carrier (SLC) and ATP binding cassette (ABC) multispecific "drug" transporters maintain effective organ and body fluid concentrations of key nutrients, signaling molecules, and antioxidants. These processes involve transcellular movement of solutes across epithelial barriers and fluid compartments (e.g., blood, cerebrospinal fluid, urine, bile) via "matching" or homologous sets of SLC (e.g., SLC21, SLC22, SLC47) and ABC transporters. As described in the "Remote Sensing and Signaling Hypothesis" (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 323:429-436, 2004; Biochem Biophys Res Commun 351:872-876, 2006; J Biol Chem 282:23841-23853, 2007; Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 3:443-448, 2007; Mol Pharmacol 76:481-490, 2009), highly regulated transporter networks with overlapping substrate preferences are involved in sensing and signaling to maintain homeostasis in response to environmental changes (e.g., substrate imbalance and injury). They function in parallel with (and interact with) the endocrine and autonomic systems. Uric acid (urate), carnitine, prostaglandins, conjugated sex steroids, cGMP, odorants, and enterobiome metabolites are discussed here as examples. Xenobiotics hitchhike on endogenous carrier systems, sometimes leading to toxicity and side effects. By regulation of the expression and/or function of various remote organ multispecific transporters after injury, the overall transport capacity of the remote organ to handle endogenous toxins, metabolites, and signaling molecules may change, aiding in recovery. Moreover, these transporters may play a role in communication between organisms. The specific cellular components involved in sensing and altering transporter abundance or functionality depend upon the metabolite in question and probably involve different types of sensors as well as epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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43
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Wang J, Wang X, Yang H, Wu D, Wang L, Qian J. Contribution of the IBD5 locus to inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Hum Genet 2011; 129:597-609. [PMID: 21279723 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-011-0952-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the association of the IBD5 locus to the predisposition of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), a series of meta-analyses between five IBD5 variants (OCTN1 C1672T, OCTN2 G-207C, OCTN1/2 TC haplotype, IGR2096a_1, IGR2198a_1 and IGR2230a_1) and Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) were performed, which included a total of 26 studies. Overall, five IBD5 variants in a per-allele model of inheritance were significantly associated with elevated CD risk (for OCTN1: OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.16-1.30, P < 0.001; for OCTN2: OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.11-1.30, P < 0.001; for IGR2096a_1: OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.24-1.46, P < 0.001; for IGR2198a_1: OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.24-1.46, P < 0.001; for IGR2230a_1: OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.23-1.48, P < 0.001) and OCTN1/2 TC haplotype (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.22-1.43, P < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis, the statistically significant associations were also observed in adult- and pediatric-onset CD and in Caucasians for five IBD5 variants and the OCTN1/2 TC haplotype. A statistically significant increase in the risk of UC was detected in a recessive model of inheritances for OCTN1 (OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.08-1.40, P < 0.001), OCTN2 (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.05-1.33, P = 0.006), IGR2096a_1 (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.15-1.62, P < 0.001) and IGR2198a_1 (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.10-1.66, P = 0.004); the increased risks of UC were maintained in the adult and Caucasian subgroups, but not the pediatric subgroup. In summary, our results suggested that the IBD5 locus contributes to the susceptibility of CD in a per-allele manner in adults, children and Caucasians, and the locus contributes to the susceptibility of UC in a recessive manner in adult and Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
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Karantanos T, Gazouli M. Inflammatory bowel disease: recent advances on genetics and innate immunity. Ann Gastroenterol 2011; 24:164-172. [PMID: 24713780 PMCID: PMC3959308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are recognized as important causes of gastrointestinal disease in children and adults. Insight into IBD is advancing rapidly owing to a plethora of investigations into intestinal inflammation in animal models, advances in the interrogation of diseases inherited as complex genetic traits, and the development of methods to define the composition of the intestinal microbiota. These advances offer a better understanding of the genetically determined interplay between the commensal microbiota, intestinal cells and the immune system, and the manner in which this interaction might be modified by environmental factors in the pathogenesis of IBD. The present review highlights recent advances in IBD research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece,
Correspondence to: Maria Gazouli, PhD, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Greece, Michalakopoulou 176, 11527 Athens Greece. Tel/Fax: +302107462231; e-mail:
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45
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Abstract
The intestinal barrier is one of the most dynamic surfaces of the body. It is here where a single layer of epithelial cells mediates the intricate encounters that occur between the host's immune system and a multitude of potential threats present in the intestinal lumen. Several key factors play an important role in the final outcome of this interaction, including the state of oxidative stress, the level of activation of the immune cells, and the integrity of the epithelial barrier. This chapter describes the main evidence demonstrating the impact that l-carnitine has on each of these factors. These findings, combined with the demonstrated safety profile of l-carnitine, underscore the potential therapeutic value of l-carnitine supplementation in humans suffering from intestinal inflammation and highlight the functional data supporting an association between Crohn's disease and mutations in the l-carnitine transporter genes.
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46
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Bennett MJ. Pathophysiology of fatty acid oxidation disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2010; 33:533-7. [PMID: 20824345 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-010-9170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation represents an important pathway for energy generation during periods of increased energy demand such as fasting, febrile illness and muscular exertion. In liver, the primary end products of the pathway are ketone bodies, which are released into the circulation and provide energy to tissues that are not able to oxidize fatty acids such as brain. Other tissues, such as cardiac and skeletal muscle are capable of direct utilization of the fatty acids as sources of energy. This article provides an overview of the pathogenesis of fatty acid oxidation disorders. It describes the different tissue involvement with the disease processes and correlates disease phenotype with the nature of the genetic defect for the known disorders of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bennett
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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47
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Kaser A, Zeissig S, Blumberg RS. Genes and environment: how will our concepts on the pathophysiology of IBD develop in the future? Dig Dis 2010; 28:395-405. [PMID: 20926863 PMCID: PMC2980818 DOI: 10.1159/000320393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has long been known to arise from the interplay between host and environmental factors. From this, a picture is currently emerging in which IBD is likely the result of a continuum of diseases that range from mono- and oligogenically inherited familial forms at one extreme to sporadic forms at the other extreme, which are polygenic in origin and strongly influenced by environmental factors and especially those of infectious origin. The recent expansion of knowledge on the genetic underpinning of IBD has revealed several converging and inter-related functional host pathways that are central to the pathogenesis of these disorders. These include pathways such as autophagy, intracellular bacterial sensing and the unfolded protein response, which play specific roles at the interface between the host and the highly complex microbial communities within the intestines. As such they focus on the functional relationship between the intestinal epithelium and the unique microbial and immune environments along its luminal and abluminal surfaces. Thus, the genetic and environmental factors which are relevant to IBD seem to have the common property of influencing disease by virtue of their specific impact upon the functional relationship between these microbial communities and the intestinal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kaser
- Department of Medicine II (Gastroenterology and Hepatology), Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Zeissig
- First Medical Department, Christina Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard S. Blumberg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA,*Richard S. Blumberg, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115 (USA), Tel. +1 617 732 6917, Fax +1 617 264 5185, E-Mail
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48
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D'Argenio G, Petillo O, Margarucci S, Torpedine A, Calarco A, Koverech A, Boccia A, Paolella G, Peluso G. Colon OCTN2 gene expression is up-regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in humans and mice and contributes to local and systemic carnitine homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27078-27087. [PMID: 20558736 PMCID: PMC2930707 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.109678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the large intestine organic cation transporter type-2 (OCTN2) is recognized as a transporter of compounds such as carnitine and colony sporulation factor, promoting health of the colon intestinal epithelium. Recent reports suggest that OCTN2 expression in small intestine is under control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha). However, PPARalpha contribution to colonic OCTN2 expression remains controversial. Here we examined the transcriptional regulation of colon OCTN2 gene by PPARgamma. To exclude any additional modulation of other PPAR to OCTN2 expression, we used both in vivo and in vitro PPAR-null models and specific PPAR inhibitors. The PPARgamma agonists thiazolidinediones increased both OCTN2 mRNA and protein expression in colonic epithelial cell lines independently by PPARalpha expression. The induction was blocked only by PPARgamma antagonists or by gammaORF4, a PPARgamma isoform with dominant negative activity, suggesting a PPARgamma-dependent mechanism. A conserved noncanonical PPAR-responsive element was found by computational analysis in the first intron of human OCTN2 gene and validated by EMSA assay. Promoter-reporter assays further confirmed transcriptional functionality of the putative PPAR response element, whereas selective mutation caused complete loss of responsiveness to PPARgamma activation. Finally, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of constitutively active PPARgamma mutant increased colon OCTN2 expression in PPARalpha(-/-) mice. Interestingly, animals overexpressing colon PPARgamma showed a significant increase in plasma carnitine, thus demonstrating the functional contribution of large intestine to systemic carnitine homeostasis. This study reveals a PPARgamma-dependent absorption machinery in colon that is likely involved in the health of colon epithelium, in the microbiota-host interactions and in the absorption of nutraceuticals and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe D'Argenio
- Gastroenterologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Orsolina Petillo
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Margarucci
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Torpedine
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Calarco
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Boccia
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Federico II University, CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Paolella
- Dipartimento di Biochimica e Biotecnologie Mediche, Federico II University, CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Peluso
- Istituto di Biochimica delle Proteine, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Westbrook AM, Szakmary A, Schiestl RH. Mechanisms of intestinal inflammation and development of associated cancers: lessons learned from mouse models. Mutat Res 2010; 705:40-59. [PMID: 20298806 PMCID: PMC2878867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is strongly associated with approximately 1/5th of all human cancers. Arising from combinations of factors such as environmental exposures, diet, inherited gene polymorphisms, infections, or from dysfunctions of the immune response, chronic inflammation begins as an attempt of the body to remove injurious stimuli; however, over time, this results in continuous tissue destruction and promotion and maintenance of carcinogenesis. Here we focus on intestinal inflammation and its associated cancers, a group of diseases on the rise and affecting millions of people worldwide. Intestinal inflammation can be widely grouped into inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) and celiac disease. Long-standing intestinal inflammation is associated with colorectal cancer and small-bowel adenocarcinoma, as well as extraintestinal manifestations, including lymphomas and autoimmune diseases. This article highlights potential mechanisms of pathogenesis in inflammatory bowel diseases and celiac disease, as well as those involved in the progression to associated cancers, most of which have been identified from studies utilizing mouse models of intestinal inflammation. Mouse models of intestinal inflammation can be widely grouped into chemically induced models; genetic models, which make up the bulk of the studied models; adoptive transfer models; and spontaneous models. Studies in these models have lead to the understanding that persistent antigen exposure in the intestinal lumen, in combination with loss of epithelial barrier function, and dysfunction and dysregulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. Transcriptional changes in this environment leading to cell survival, hyperplasia, promotion of angiogenesis, persistent DNA damage, or insufficient repair of DNA damage due to an excess of proinflammatory mediators are then thought to lead to sustained malignant transformation. With regards to extraintestinal manifestations such as lymphoma, however, more suitable models are required to further investigate the complex and heterogeneous mechanisms that may be at play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya M. Westbrook
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, UCLA School of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Akos Szakmary
- Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert H. Schiestl
- Molecular Toxicology Interdepartmental Program, UCLA School of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Institute for Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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50
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Abstract
Insights into inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are advancing rapidly owing to immunologic investigations of a plethora of animal models of intestinal inflammation, ground-breaking advances in the interrogation of diseases that are inherited as complex genetic traits, and the development of culture-independent methods to define the composition of the intestinal microbiota. These advances are bringing a deeper understanding to the genetically determined interplay between the commensal microbiota, intestinal epithelial cells, and the immune system and the manner in which this interplay might be modified by relevant environmental factors in the pathogenesis of IBD. This review examines these interactions and, where possible, potential lessons from IBD-directed, biologic therapies that may allow for elucidation of pathways that are central to disease pathogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Kaser
- Department of Medicine II, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
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