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Werle J, Buresova K, Cepova J, Bjørklund G, Fortova M, Prusa R, Fernandez C, Dunovska K, Klapkova E, Kizek R, Kotaska K. Spectrophotometric and chromatographic analysis of creatine:creatinine crystals in urine. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 322:124689. [PMID: 38996762 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Creatinine is the end product of the catabolism of creatine and creatine phosphate. Creatine phosphate serves as a reservoir of high-energy phosphate, especially in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Besides typical known changes in serum and urinary creatinine concentrations, rare cases associated with changes in serum and urinary creatine levels have been described in the literature in humans. These cases are mostly linked to an excessive intake of creatine ethyl ester or creatine monohydrate, often resulting in increased urine creatinine concentrations. In addition, it is known that at such elevated creatinine concentrations, creatinine crystallisation may occur in the urine. Analysis of crystals and urinary concrements, often of heterogenous chemical composition, may provide diagnostic and therapeutic hints to the benefit of the patient. The aim of the present work was to analyze urine crystals of unclear composition with microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. On routine microscopic analysis of urine, a preliminary suspicion of uric acid or creatinine crystals was expressed. The crystals were of a cuboid shape and showed polarization effects in microscopy. The dried urine sample was whitish-orange in colour, odourless and dissolved well in water. Protein concentration in dry weight (DW) urine was about 0.3 mg/mg. The measured zinc content in the studied sample was approximately 660 µg/g DW sample and copper content was approximately 64 µg/g DW sample. A lead signal of around 10 µg/g DW sample was also observed. UV-Vis analysis showed a maximum creatine peak around 220 nm, compatible with the spectrum of creatinine with a maximum peak of 230 nm. Using HPLC technique, an extreme high ratio of creatine to creatinine of about 38 was measured, which led to the conclusion of the occurrence of rare creatine crystals in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Werle
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Kristyna Buresova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Jana Cepova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Geir Bjørklund
- Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine (CONEM), Mo i Rana, Norway
| | - Magdalena Fortova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Richard Prusa
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Carlos Fernandez
- School of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Garthdee Road, Aberdeen AB107QB, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Dunovska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Eva Klapkova
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia
| | - Karel Kotaska
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czechia.
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de Guingand DL, Palmer KR, Callahan DL, Snow RJ, Davies-Tuck ML, Ellery SJ. Creatine and pregnancy outcomes: a prospective cohort study of creatine metabolism in low-risk pregnant females. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:838-849. [PMID: 38432717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiological adaptations during pregnancy alter nutrient and energy metabolism. Creatine may be important for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis throughout pregnancy. However, the impact of pregnancy on endogenous and exogenous creatine availability has never been comprehensively explored. OBJECTIVES To undertake a prospective cohort study and determine the physiological ranges of creatine and associated metabolites throughout human pregnancy. METHODS Females with a singleton low-risk pregnancy were recruited at an Australian health service. Maternal blood and urine were collected at 5-time points from 10-36 weeks of gestation, and cord blood and placental samples were collected at birth. Creatine and associated amino acids and metabolites of creatine synthesis were analyzed. Dietary data were captured to determine effects of exogenous creatine intake. Associations between creatine metabolism and neonatal growth parameters were examined. RESULTS Two hundred and eighty-two females were included. Maternal plasma creatine remained stable throughout pregnancy [β: -0.003 μM; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.07, 0.07; P = 0.94], though urinary creatine declined in late gestation (β: 0.38 μM/mmol/L creatinine (CRN); 95% CI: -0.47, -0.29; P < 0.0001). Plasma guanidinoacetate (GAA; the precursor to creatine during endogenous synthesis) fell from 10-29 weeks of gestation before rising until birth (β: -0.38 μM/mmol/L CRN; 95% CI: -0.47, -0.29; P < 0.0001). Urinary GAA followed an opposing pattern (β: 2.52 μM/mmol/L CRN; 95% CI: 1.47, 3.58, P < 0.001). Animal protein intake was positively correlated with maternal plasma creatine until ∼32 weeks of gestation (β: 0.07-0.18 μM; 95% CI: 0.006, 0.25; P ≤ 0.001). There were no links between creatine and neonatal growth, but increased urinary GAA in early pregnancy was associated with a slight reduction in head circumference at birth (β: -0.01 cm; 95% CI: -0.02, -0.004; P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Although maternal plasma creatine concentrations were highly conserved, creatine metabolism appears to adjust throughout pregnancy. An ability to maintain creatine concentrations through diet and shifts in endogenous synthesis may impact fetal growth. This trial was registered at [registry name] as ACTRN12618001558213.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L de Guingand
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kirsten R Palmer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Monash Women and Newborn, Monash Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Damien L Callahan
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rod J Snow
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Miranda L Davies-Tuck
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stacey J Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Ostojic SM, Jorga J. Guanidinoacetic acid in human nutrition: Beyond creatine synthesis. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:1606-1611. [PMID: 37051340 PMCID: PMC10084987 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a nutrient that has been used in human nutrition since the early 1950s. Recommended for its role in creatine biosynthesis, GAA demonstrated beneficial energy-boosting effects in various clinical conditions. Dietary GAA has also been suggested to trigger several creatine-independent mechanisms. Besides acting as a direct precursor of high-energy phosphagen creatine, dietary GAA is suggested to reduce blood glucose concentration by acting as an insulinotropic food compound, spare amino acid arginine for other metabolic purposes (including protein synthesis), modulate taste, and perhaps alter methylation and fat deposition in various organs including the liver. GAA as a food component can have several important metabolic roles beyond creatine biosynthesis; future studies are highly warranted to address GAA overall role in human nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M. Ostojic
- Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health University of Agder Kristiansand Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - Jagoda Jorga
- Department of Hygiene and Medical Ecology, School of Medicine University of Belgrade Beograd Serbia
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Chen D, Chan W, Zhao S, Li L, Li L. High-Coverage Quantitative Metabolomics of Human Urine: Effects of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Urine Metabolome and Biomarker Discovery. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9880-9887. [PMID: 35758637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Urine sample storage after collection at ultra-low-temperature (e.g., -80 °C) is normally required for comparative metabolome analysis of many samples, and therefore, freeze-thaw cycles (FTCs) are unavoidable. However, the reported effects of FTCs on the urine metabolome are controversial. Moreover, there is no report on the study of how urine FTCs affect biomarker discovery. Herein, we present our study of the FTC effects on the urine metabolome and biomarker discovery using a high-coverage quantitative metabolomics platform. Our study involved two centers located in Hangzhou, China, and Edmonton, Canada, to perform metabolome analysis of two separate cohorts of urine samples. The same workflow of sample preparation and dansylation isotope labeling LC-MS was used for in-depth analysis of the amine/phenol submetabolome. The analysis of 320 samples from the Hangzhou cohort consisting of 80 healthy subjects with each urine being subjected to four FTCs resulted in relative quantification of 3682 metabolites with 3307 identified or mass-matched. The analysis of 176 samples from the Edmonton cohort of 44 subjects with four FTCs quantified 3516 metabolites with 3166 identified or mass-matched. Multivariate and univariate analyses indicated that significant variations (fold change ≥ 1.5 with q-value ≤ 0.05) from FTCs were only observed in a very small fraction of the metabolites (<0.3%). Moreover, various metabolites did not show a consistent pattern of concentration changes from one to four FTCs, allowing the use of two separate cohorts of samples to remove these randomly changed metabolites. Three metabolite biomarkers for separating males and females were discovered, and FTC did not influence their discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deying Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wan Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Ostojic SM. Safety of Dietary Guanidinoacetic Acid: A Villain of a Good Guy? Nutrients 2021; 14:75. [PMID: 35010949 PMCID: PMC8746922 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a natural amino acid derivative that is well-recognized for its central role in the biosynthesis of creatine, an essential compound involved in cellular energy metabolism. GAA (also known as glycocyamine or betacyamine) has been investigated as an energy-boosting dietary supplement in humans for more than 70 years. GAA is suggested to effectively increase low levels of tissue creatine and improve clinical features of cardiometabolic and neurological diseases, with GAA often outcompeting traditional bioenergetics agents in maintaining ATP status during stress. This perhaps happens due to a favorable delivery of GAA through specific membrane transporters (such as SLC6A6 and SLC6A13), previously dismissed as un-targetable carriers by other therapeutics, including creatine. The promising effects of dietary GAA might be countered by side-effects and possible toxicity. Animal studies reported neurotoxic and pro-oxidant effects of GAA accumulation, with exogenous GAA also appearing to increase methylation demand and circulating homocysteine, implying a possible metabolic burden of GAA intervention. This mini-review summarizes GAA toxicity evidence in human nutrition and outlines functional GAA safety through benefit-risk assessment and multi-criteria decision analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M. Ostojic
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway; ; Tel.: +47-38-14-13-64
- FSPE Applied Bioenergetics Lab, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Zhang Y, Sun S, Wang M, Yu W, Chen P, Yuan F, Fang X. Untargeted LC/MS-Based Metabolic Phenotyping of Hypopituitarism in Young Males. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:684869. [PMID: 34305597 PMCID: PMC8295757 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.684869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hypopituitarism (Hypo-Pit) is partial or complete insufficiency of anterior pituitary hormones. Besides hormone metabolism, the global metabolomics in Hypo-Pit are largely unknown. We aimed to explore potential biomarkers to aid in diagnosis and personalized treatment. Methods: Using both univariate and multivariate statistical methods, we identified 72 differentially abundant features through liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry, obtained in 134 males with Hypo-Pit and 90 age matched healthy controls. Results: Hypopituitarism exhibits an increased abundance of metabolites involved in amino acid degradation and glycerophospholipid synthesis, but decreased content of metabolites in steroid hormone synthesis and fatty acid beta-oxidation. Significantly changed metabolites included creatine, creatinine, L-alanine, phosphocholines, androstenedione, hydroprenenolone, and acylcarnitines. In Hypo-Pit patients, the increased ratio of creatine/creatinine suggested reduced creatine uptake and impaired creatine utilization, whereas the decreased level of beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetylcarnitine (C2) and a significantly decreased ratio of decanoylcarnitine (C10) to free carnitine suggested an impaired beta-oxidation. Furthermore, the creatine/creatinine and decanoylcarnitine/carnitine ratio were identified as diagnostic biomarkers for Hypo-Pit with AUCs of 0.976 and 0.988, respectively. Finally, we found that the creatinine and decanoylcarnitine/carnitine ratio could distinguish cases that were sensitive vs. resistant to human chorionic gonadotropin therapy. Conclusion: We provided a global picture of altered metabolic pathways in Hypo-Pit, and the identified biomarkers in creatine metabolism and beta-oxidation might be useful for the preliminary screening and diagnosis of Hypo-Pit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouyue Sun
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Yu
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Peizhan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuqian Fang
- Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ardalan M, Miesner MD, Reinhardt CD, Thomson DU, Armendariz CK, Smith JS, Titgemeyer EC. Effects of guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on nitrogen retention and methionine flux in cattle. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6308973. [PMID: 34165572 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine stores high-energy phosphate bonds in muscle and is synthesized in the liver through methylation of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA). Supplementation of GAA may therefore increase methyl group requirements, and this may affect methyl group utilization. Our experiment evaluated the metabolic responses of growing cattle to postruminal supplementation of GAA, in a model where methionine (Met) was deficient, with and without Met supplementation. Seven ruminally cannulated Holstein steers (161 kg initial body weight [BW]) were limit-fed a soybean hull-based diet (2.7 kg/d dry matter) and received continuous abomasal infusions of an essential amino acid (AA) mixture devoid of Met to ensure that no AA besides Met limited animal performance. To provide energy without increasing the microbial protein supply, all steers received ruminal infusions of 200 g/d acetic acid, 200 g/d propionic acid, and 50 g/d butyric acid, as well as abomasal infusions of 300 g/d glucose. Treatments, provided abomasally, were arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial in a split-plot design, and included 0 or 6 g/d of l-Met and 0, 7.5, and 15 g/d of GAA. The experiment included six 10-d periods. Whole body Met flux was measured using continuous jugular infusion of 1-13C-l-Met and methyl-2H3-l-Met. Nitrogen retention was elevated by Met supplementation (P < 0.01). Supplementation with GAA tended to increase N retention when it was supplemented along with Met, but not when it was supplemented without Met. Supplementing GAA linearly increased plasma concentrations of GAA and creatine (P < 0.001), but treatments did not affect urinary excretion of GAA, creatine, or creatinine. Supplementation with Met decreased plasma homocysteine (P < 0.01). Supplementation of GAA tended (P = 0.10) to increase plasma homocysteine when no Met was supplemented, but not when 6 g/d Met was provided. Protein synthesis and protein degradation were both increased by GAA supplementation when no Met was supplemented, but decreased by GAA supplementation when 6 g/d Met were provided. Loss of Met through transsulfuration was increased by Met supplementation, whereas synthesis of Met from remethylation of homocysteine was decreased by Met supplementation. No differences in transmethylation, transsulfuration, or remethylation reactions were observed in response to GAA supplementation. The administration of GAA, when methyl groups are not limiting, has the potential to improve lean tissue deposition and cattle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Ardalan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Matt D Miesner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Christopher D Reinhardt
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Daniel U Thomson
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Cheryl K Armendariz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - J Scott Smith
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Evan C Titgemeyer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Ardalan M, Batista ED, Titgemeyer EC. Effect of post-ruminal guanidinoacetic acid supplementation on creatine synthesis and plasma homocysteine concentrations in cattle. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5802328. [PMID: 32152623 PMCID: PMC7097713 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine stores high-energy phosphate bonds in muscle, which is critical for muscle activity. In animals, creatine is synthesized in the liver from guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) with methylation by S-adenosylmethionine. Because methyl groups are used for the conversion of GAA to creatine, methyl group deficiency may occur as a result of GAA supplementation. With this study, the metabolic responses of cattle to post-ruminal supplementation of GAA were evaluated with and without methionine (Met) supplementation as a source of methyl groups. Six ruminally cannulated Holstein heifers (520 kg) were used in a split-plot design with treatments arranged as a 2 × 5 factorial. The main plot treatments were 0 or 12 g/d of l-Met arranged in a completely randomized design; three heifers received each main plot treatment throughout the entire experiment. Subplot treatments were 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g/d of GAA, with GAA treatments provided in sequence from lowest to highest over five 6-d periods. Treatments were infused continuously to the abomasum. Heifers were limit-fed twice daily a diet consisting of (dry matter basis) 5.3 kg/d rolled corn, 3.6 kg/d alfalfa hay, and 50 g/d trace-mineralized salt. Plasma Met increased (P < 0.01) when Met was supplemented, but it was not affected by supplemental GAA. Supplementing GAA linearly increased plasma arginine (% of total amino acids) and plasma concentrations of GAA and creatinine (P < 0.001). Plasma creatine was increased at all levels of GAA except when 40 g/d of GAA was supplemented with no Met (GAA-quadratic × Met, P = 0.07). Plasma homocysteine was not affected by GAA supplementation when heifers received 12 g/d Met, but it was increased when 30 or 40 g/d of GAA was supplemented without Met (GAA-linear × Met, P = 0.003); increases were modest and did not suggest a dangerous hyperhomocysteinemia. Urinary concentrations of GAA and creatine were increased by all levels of GAA when 12 g/d Met was supplemented; increasing GAA supplementation up to 30 g/d without Met increased urinary GAA and creatine concentrations, but 40 g/d GAA did not affect urine concentrations of GAA and creatine when no Met was supplemented. Overall, post-ruminal GAA supplementation increased creatine supply to cattle. A methyl group deficiency, demonstrated by modest increases in plasma homocysteine, became apparent when 30 or 40 g/d of GAA was supplemented, but it was ameliorated by 12 g/d Met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Ardalan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Erick D Batista
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Evan C Titgemeyer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Mathis D, Beese K, Rüegg C, Plecko B, Hersberger M. LC-MS/MS method for the differential diagnosis of treatable early onset inherited metabolic epilepsies. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:1102-1111. [PMID: 32319100 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis and early specific treatment of metabolic epilepsies due to inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) is crucial to avoid irreversible sequalae. Nowadays, besides the profile analysis of amino- and organic acids, a range of additional targeted assays is used for the selective screening of those diseases. This strategy can lead to long turn-around times, repeated sampling and diagnostic delays. To replace those individual targeted assays, we developed a new liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) for the differential diagnosis of inherited metabolic epilepsies that are potentially treatable. The method was developed to simultaneously quantify 12 metabolites (sulfocysteine, guanidinoacetate, creatine, pipecolic acid, Δ1 -piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C), proline, Δ1 -pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C), and the B6 -vitamers) enabling the diagnosis of nine different treatable IEMs presenting primarily with early-onset epilepsy. Plasma and urine samples were mixed with internal standards, precipitated and the supernatants were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. In comparison with previous assays, no derivatization of the metabolites is necessary for analysis. This LC-MS method was validated for quantitative results for all metabolites except P6C and P5C for which semiquantitative results were obtained due to the absence of commercially available standards. Coefficients of variation for all analytes were below 15% and recovery rates range between 80% and 120%. Analysis of patient samples with known IEMs demonstrated the diagnostic value of the method. The presented assay covers a selected panel of biochemical markers, improves the efficiency in the laboratory, and potentially leads to faster diagnoses and earlier treatment avoiding irreversible damage in patients affected with IEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Déborah Mathis
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karin Beese
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Rüegg
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Ostojic SM. Short-term GAA loading: Responders versus nonresponders analysis. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:4446-4448. [PMID: 32884724 PMCID: PMC7455984 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) has been suggested to be advantageous for favorable changes in tissue bioenergetics in terms of responder versus nonresponder performance, yet no studies so far explored the proportion of two distinct populations following short-term GAA intervention. A secondary analysis of previously completed guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) trials has been carried out in aim to classify individuals into responders and nonresponders using cut-off criteria for an increase in intramuscular creatine. A total of 30 individuals (mean age = 34.5 years, women 66.7%) who were supplemented with up to 3 g/day of GAA for at least 28 days with total muscle creatine evaluated using 1.5 T magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies were included in this examination. Pre-post measures included total creatine content (creatine plus phosphocreatine) determined from the quadriceps muscle, with participants were classified by arbitrary cut-off points in three categories, including responders (>10% increase in total creatine content at follow-up), quasi-responders (5%-10% increase), and nonresponders (<5% increase in total intramuscular creatine at postadministration). An average change in total creatine content after GAA supplementation was 22.9%, with 13.3% participants were categorized as nonresponders, 6.6% as quasi-responders, and 80.0% as responders (p < .001). A fairly high prevalence of individuals sensitive to dietary GAA advances this innovative agent as a rather effective tool to improve muscle creatine levels for at least 10% or more during 28-day loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M. Ostojic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical EducationUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PecsPecsHungary
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Maric B, Vranes M, Ostojic SM. Comparison between the effects of continuous and intermittent aerobic exercise on biomarkers of creatine metabolism and oxidative-antioxidant balance in female athletes. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2020. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.19.04015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Ostojic SM, Stajer V, Ratgeber L, Betlehem J, Acs P, Olah A. Serum GAA as a Possible Biomarker of Exhaustive Exercise? Front Physiol 2020; 10:1506. [PMID: 31920711 PMCID: PMC6921704 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Valdemar Stajer
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Laszlo Ratgeber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Betlehem
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pongras Acs
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Andras Olah
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pécs, Hungary
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13
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Ostojic SM, Ratgeber L, Olah A, Betlehem J, Acs P. Guanidinoacetic acid deficiency: a new entity in clinical medicine? Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:2544-2550. [PMID: 33029096 PMCID: PMC7532483 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA, also known as glycocyamine or betacyamine) is a naturally-occurring derivative of glycine and a direct metabolic precursor of creatine, a key player in high-phosphate cellular bioenergetics. GAA is found in human serum and urine, with circulating GAA likely reflects an equilibrium between its endogenous production and utilization/excretion. GAA deficiency (as indicated by low serum GAA) has been reported in various conditions yet this intriguing clinical entity appears to be poorly characterized as yet, either as a primary deficit or a sequel of secondary disease. This minireview article summarizes the inherited and acquired disorders with apparent GAA deficiency and discusses a possible relevance of GAA shortfall in clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- FSPE Applied Bioenergetics Lab, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Ratgeber
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andras Olah
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Jozsef Betlehem
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Pongras Acs
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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Olah A, Stajer V, Ratgeber L, Betlehem J, Ostojic SM. Age-Related Changes in Serum Guanidinoacetic Acid in Women. Physiol Res 2019; 68:1033-1036. [PMID: 31647299 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is a fundamental intermediate in cellular bioenergetics, with circulating levels of GAA often reflects disturbances in its conversion due to many intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including gender or age. Here, we evaluated serum GAA in 172 healthy women aged 18 to 65 years, with age found to significantly predict serum GAA concentrations (r=0.29; P=0.03). This perhaps nominates serum GAA as a novel gender-specific proxy of impaired bioenergetics with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Olah
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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15
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Identification of gender-related metabolic disturbances in autism spectrum disorders using urinary metabolomics. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 115:105594. [PMID: 31449876 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are a highly heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders that are more commonly diagnosed in boys than in girls. The reasons for gender differences in ASD are unknown and no definitive current evidence can explain male predominance. Therefore, in search for laboratory biomarkers responsible for ASD, a comprehensive metabolomics study was performed by metabolic profiling of urine samples in 51 ASD subjects and 51 age- and sex-matched children with typical development. Orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) models with poor quality failed to perform the analysis based on gender in the ASD and control groups. OPLS-DA models based on single-sex samples, especially in female subjects, had better clustering between the ASD and control groups with an increase in the R2 and Q2 values compared with those in the whole group. Significantly increased levels of adenine, 2-Methylguanosine, creatinine, and 7alpha-hydroxytestololactone and a decrease in creatine were observed in the female ASD subjects. In particular, 7alpha-hydroxytestololactone, which has a structure similar to that of testolactone, was positively correlated with adenine (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.738, p < 0.01), creatinine (r = 0.826, p < 0.01), and 2-Methylguanosine (r = 0.757, p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with creatine (r=-0.413, p < 0.05). A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis using the creatinine:creatine ratio yielded an area under the curve of 0.913 (95% CI: 0.806-1). These metabolites may be sex-related or sex-sensitive to an extent and can be valuable for identification of the molecular pathways involved in the gender bias in manifestation of ASD. The creatinine:creatine ratio has a potential to be a good predictor of ASD in the female subjects.
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16
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Benoit R, Samir M, Boutin J, Samuel A, Brigitte C, Dominique D, Isabelle RV. LC-MS/MS measurements of urinary guanidinoacetic acid and creatine: Method optimization by deleting derivatization step. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 493:148-155. [PMID: 30858092 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral Creatine deficiency syndromes (CCDS) include three hereditary diseases affecting the metabolism of creatine (Cr): arginine glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, guanidinoacetate methyltransferase deficiency and disorders of creatine transporter. These pathologies cause a brain creatine deficiency responsible of non-specific neurological impairments with mental retardation. LC-MS/MS measurements of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) and creatine in urine and plasma are an important screening test to identify the deficit. Analysis of this polar and basic molecules not hold on standard column requires a derivatization step to butyl-esters. To overcome this long and fastidious derivatization, an ion pairing (IP) method was chosen in this study. METHOD IP method was validated using Comité francais d'accréditation (COFRAC) recommendations. Then, urine GAA and creatine of 15 patients with a CDS deficiency suspected were tested y LC-MS/MS using IP technique, and performances were assessed with reference laboratory method (butylation method). Moreover, references values were suggested y the study of 100 urines samples of healthy patients. RESULTS The method developed provided a good accuracy and precision with intra and inter-day coefficients of variation (CVs) <15%. The curve was linear for the biological and pathological concentrations. The comparison with the reference method did not reveal any significant difference for analytical performances but showed a simplification of the preparation of samples. CONCLUSION The use of IP technique that we have developed demonstrated a good correlation with the butylation method. Moreover, this new method not only allows a simplification of the technique, but also decreases in run time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucheton Benoit
- Metabolic Biochemistry Department, Pitié Salpêtrière University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France.
| | - Mesli Samir
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Inherited Metabolic Diseases, CHU Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julian Boutin
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Inherited Metabolic Diseases, CHU Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Amintas Samuel
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Inherited Metabolic Diseases, CHU Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Colombies Brigitte
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Inherited Metabolic Diseases, CHU Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Ducint Dominique
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Inherited Metabolic Diseases, CHU Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Redonnet-Vernhet Isabelle
- Clinical Chemistry Department, Inherited Metabolic Diseases, CHU Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France; INSERM U 1211: MRGM Rare diseases, genetic and metabolism, Bordeaux University, 33000 Bordeaux, France
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17
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Effects of single and combined metformin and L-citrulline supplementation on L-arginine-related pathways in Becker muscular dystrophy patients: possible biochemical and clinical implications. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1391-1406. [PMID: 30003335 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The L-arginine/nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway is considered to be altered in muscular dystrophy such as Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). We investigated two pharmacological options aimed to increase nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in 20 male BMD patients (age range 21-44 years): (1) supplementation with L-citrulline (3 × 5 g/d), the precursor of L-arginine which is the substrate of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS); and (2) treatment with the antidiabetic drug metformin (3 × 500 mg/d) which activates nNOS in human skeletal muscle. We also investigated the combined use of L-citrulline (3 × 5 g/d) and metformin (3 × 500 mg/d). Before and after treatment, we measured in serum and urine samples the concentration of amino acids and metabolites of L-arginine-related pathways and the oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA). Compared to healthy subjects, BMD patients have altered NOS, arginine:glycine amidinotransferase (AGAT) and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) pathways. Metformin treatment resulted in concentration decrease of arginine and MDA in serum, and of homoarginine (hArg) and guanidinoacetate (GAA) in serum and urine. L-Citrulline supplementation resulted in considerable increase of the concentrations of amino acids and creatinine in the serum, and in their urinary excretion rates. Combined use of metformin and L-citrulline attenuated the effects obtained from their single administrations. Metformin, L-citrulline or their combination did not alter serum nitrite and nitrate concentrations and their urinary excretion rates. In conclusion, metformin or L-citrulline supplementation to BMD patients results in remarkable antidromic changes of the AGAT and GAMT pathways. In combination, metformin and L-citrulline at the doses used in the present study seem to abolish the biochemical effects of the single drugs in slight favor of L-citrulline.
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18
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Joncquel-Chevalier Curt M, Bout MA, Fontaine M, Kim I, Huet G, Bekri S, Morin G, Moortgat S, Moerman A, Cuisset JM, Cheillan D, Vamecq J. Functional assessment of creatine transporter in control and X-linked SLC6A8-deficient fibroblasts. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 123:463-471. [PMID: 29478817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Creatine transporter is currently the focus of renewed interest with emerging roles in brain neurotransmission and physiology, and the bioenergetics of cancer metastases. We here report on amendments of a standard creatine uptake assay which might help clinical chemistry laboratories to extend their current range of measurements of creatine and metabolites in body fluids to functional enzyme explorations. In this respect, short incubation times and the use of a stable-isotope-labeled substrate (D3-creatine) preceded by a creatine wash-out step from cultured fibroblast cells by removal of fetal bovine serum (rich in creatine) from the incubation medium are recommended. Together, these measures decreased, by a first order of magnitude, creatine concentrations in the incubation medium at the start of creatine-uptake studies and allowed to functionally discriminate between 4 hemizygous male and 4 heterozygous female patients with X-linked SLC6A8 deficiency, and between this cohort of eight patients and controls. The functional assay corroborated genetic diagnosis of SLC6A8 deficiency. Gene anomalies in our small cohort included splicing site (c.912G > A [p.Ile260_Gln304del], c.778-2A > G and c.1495 + 2 T > G), substitution (c.407C > T) [p.Ala136Val] and deletion (c.635_636delAG [p.Glu212Valfs*84] and c.1324delC [p.Gln442Lysfs*21]) variants with reduced creatine transporter function validating their pathogenicity, including that of a previously unreported c.1324delC variant. The present assay adaptations provide an easy, reliable and discriminative manner for exploring creatine transporter activity and disease variations. It might apply to drug testing or other evaluations in the genetic and metabolic horizons covered by the emerging functions of creatine and its transporter, in a way, however, requiring and completed by additional studies on female patients and blood-brain barrier permeability properties of selected compounds. As a whole, the proposed assay of creatine transporter positively adds to currently existing measurements of this transporter activity, and determining on a large scale the extent of its exact suitability to detect female patients should condition in the future its transfer in clinical practice.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/genetics
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/metabolism
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cohort Studies
- Creatine/deficiency
- Creatine/genetics
- Creatine/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Infant
- Male
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/genetics
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/metabolism
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/pathology
- Mutation
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/deficiency
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/genetics
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Joncquel-Chevalier Curt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hormonology, Metabolism-Nutrition & Oncology (HMNO), Center of Biology and Pathology (CBP) Pierre-Marie Degand, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - Marie-Adélaïde Bout
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hormonology, Metabolism-Nutrition & Oncology (HMNO), Center of Biology and Pathology (CBP) Pierre-Marie Degand, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - Monique Fontaine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hormonology, Metabolism-Nutrition & Oncology (HMNO), Center of Biology and Pathology (CBP) Pierre-Marie Degand, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hormonology, Metabolism-Nutrition & Oncology (HMNO), Center of Biology and Pathology (CBP) Pierre-Marie Degand, CHRU, Lille, France
| | - Guillemette Huet
- Cell Culture Department, Center of Biology-Pathology, CHRU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Soumeya Bekri
- Inserm U1245, UNIROUEN, Normandie Univ, Normandy Centre for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, France.Department of Metabolic Biochemistry, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Gilles Morin
- EA 4666, Département de génétique, Université de Picardie-Jules-Verne, CHU d'Amiens, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Stéphanie Moortgat
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, Charleroi, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Moerman
- Service de Génétique Clinique Guy Fontaine, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marie Cuisset
- Service de Neurologie Infantile, Hôpital Roger Salengro, CHRU Lille, 59037 Lille, France
| | - David Cheillan
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire Grand Est, Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, 69677 Bron, France and Université de Lyon, INSERM U1060, CarMen; Medical Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, CHRU Lille, France
| | - Joseph Vamecq
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Hormonology, Metabolism-Nutrition & Oncology (HMNO), Center of Biology and Pathology (CBP) Pierre-Marie Degand, CHRU, Lille, France; Inserm, Lille, France; Université de Lyon, INSERM U1060 CarMeN, Lyon, France.; Univ. Lille, RADEME - Maladies RAres du Développement et du Métabolisme : du phénotype au génotype et à la Fonction, Lille, EA 7364, France.
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Guanidinoacetic Acid and Creatine are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Healthy Men and Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10010087. [PMID: 29342866 PMCID: PMC5793315 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) conversion to creatine is thought to be involved in cardiometabolic disturbances through its role in biological methylation and insulin secretion. We evaluated the association of serum GAA and creatine with cardiometabolic risk factors in a cohort of 151 apparently healthy adults (82 women and 69 men) aged 18–63 years. Serum levels of GAA and creatine were measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A multiple linear regression model adjusted for age and sex was employed to examine the relationship of serum GAA and creatine with cardiometabolic risk factors. Higher GAA levels were associated with an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile (higher insulin, higher total homocysteine, and higher body fat percentage), while having elevated serum creatine levels (≥31.1 µmol/L) was associated with being overweight (body mass index ≥ 25.0 kg/m). The results from our study suggest a possible role of the GAA–creatine axis in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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20
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Wierinckx A, Delgrange E, Bertolino P, François P, Chanson P, Jouanneau E, Lachuer J, Trouillas J, Raverot G. Sex-Related Differences in Lactotroph Tumor Aggressiveness Are Associated With a Specific Gene-Expression Signature and Genome Instability. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:706. [PMID: 30555413 PMCID: PMC6283894 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-related differences have been reported in various cancers, in particular men with lactotroph tumors have a worse prognosis than women. While the underlying mechanism of this sexual dimorphism remains unclear, it has been suggested that a lower estrogen receptor alpha expression may drive the sex differences observed in aggressive and malignant lactotroph tumors that are resistant to dopamine agonists. Based on this observation, we aimed to explore the molecular importance of the estrogen pathway through a detailed analysis of the transcriptomic profile of lactotroph tumors from 20 men and 10 women. We undertook gene expression analysis of the selected lactotroph tumors following their pathological grading using the five-tiered classification. Chromosomic alterations were further determined in 13 tumors. Functional analysis showed that there were differences between tumors from men and women in gene signatures associated with cell morphology, cell growth, cell proliferation, development, and cell movement. Hundred-forty genes showed an increased or decreased expression with a minimum 2-fold change. A large subset of those genes belonged to the estrogen receptor signaling pathway, therefore confirming the potent role of this pathway in lactotroph tumor sex-associated aggressiveness. Genes belonging to the X chromosome, such as CTAG2, FGF13, and VEGF-D, were identified as appealing candidates with a sex-linked dysregulation in lactotroph tumors. Through our comparative genomic hybridization analyses (CGH), chromosomic gain, in particular chromosome 19p, was found only in tumors from men, while deletion of chromosome 11 was sex-independent, as it was found in most (5/6) of the aggressive and malignant tumors. Comparison of transcriptomic and CGH analysis revealed four genes (CRB3, FAM138F, MATK, and STAP2) located on gained regions of chromosome 19 and upregulated in lactotroph tumors from men. MATK and STAP2 are both implicated in cell growth and are reported to be associated with the estrogen signaling pathway. Our work confirms the proposed involvement of the estrogen signaling pathway in favoring the increased aggressiveness of lactotroph tumors in men. More importantly, we highlight a number of ER-related candidate genes and further identify a series of target molecules with sex-specific expression that could contribute to the aggressive behavior of lactotroph tumors in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wierinckx
- Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- ProfileXpert, SFR-Est, CNRS UMR-S3453, INSERM US7, Lyon, France
- *Correspondence: Anne Wierinckx
| | - Etienne Delgrange
- Service d'Endocrinologie, CHU UCL Namur, Université catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Philippe Bertolino
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Philippe Chanson
- Service d'Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l'Hypophyse, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR S-1185, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Emmanuel Jouanneau
- Service de Neurochirurgie Groupement Hospitalier Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Joël Lachuer
- Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- ProfileXpert, SFR-Est, CNRS UMR-S3453, INSERM US7, Lyon, France
| | - Jacqueline Trouillas
- Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gérald Raverot
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Faculté de Médecine Lyon-Est, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Département d'Endocrinologie, Centre de Référence pour les Maladies Hypophysaires Rares (HYPO), Groupement Hospitalier EST, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
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21
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Ostojic SM, Ostojic J, Drid P, Vranes M, Jovanov P. Dietary guanidinoacetic acid increases brain creatine levels in healthy men. Nutrition 2016; 33:149-156. [PMID: 27497517 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) is an experimental dietary additive that might act as a creatine source in tissues with high-energy requirements. In this case study, we evaluated brain levels of creatine in white matter, gray matter, cerebellum, and thalamus during 8 wk oral GAA administration in five healthy men and monitored the prevalence and severity of side effects of the intervention. METHODS Volunteers were supplemented daily with 36 mg/kg body weight (BW) of GAA for the first 4 wk of the intervention; afterward GAA dosage was titrated ≤60 mg/kg BW of GAA daily. At baseline, 4, and 8 wk, the participants underwent brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy, clinical chemistry studies, and open-ended questionnaire for side-effect prevalence and severity. RESULTS Brain creatine levels increased in similar fashion in cerebellum, and white and gray matter after GAA supplementation, with an initial increase of 10.7% reported after 4 wk, and additional upsurge (7.7%) from the weeks 4 to 8 follow-up (P < 0.05). Thalamus creatine levels decreased after 4 wk for 6.5% (P = 0.02), and increased nonsignificantly after 8 wk for 8% (P = 0.09). GAA induced an increase in N-acetylaspartate levels at 8-wk follow-up in all brain areas evaluated (P < 0.05). No participants reported any neurologic adverse event (e.g., seizures, tingling, convulsions) during the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Supplemental GAA led to a region-dependent increase of the creatine pool in the human brain. This might be relevant for restoring cellular bioenergetics in disorders characterized by low brain creatine and functional enzymatic machinery for creatine synthesis, including neurodegenerative diseases, brain tumors, or cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- Faculty of Sport and PE, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia; University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Ostojic
- University Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Patrik Drid
- Faculty of Sport and PE, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Milan Vranes
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Pavle Jovanov
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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22
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Huemer M, Carvalho DR, Brum JM, Ünal Ö, Coskun T, Weisfeld-Adams JD, Schrager NL, Scholl-Bürgi S, Schlune A, Donner MG, Hersberger M, Gemperle C, Riesner B, Ulmer H, Häberle J, Karall D. Clinical phenotype, biochemical profile, and treatment in 19 patients with arginase 1 deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:331-340. [PMID: 27038030 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arginase 1 (ARG1) deficiency is a rare urea cycle disorder (UCD). This hypothesis-generating study explored clinical phenotypes, metabolic profiles, molecular genetics, and treatment approaches in a cohort of children and adults with ARG1 deficiency to add to our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. METHODS Clinical data were retrieved retrospectively from physicians using a questionnaire survey. Plasma aminoacids, guanidinoacetate (GAA), parameters indicating oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis as well as asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) were measured at a single study site. RESULTS Nineteen individuals with ARG1 deficiency and 19 matched controls were included in the study. In patients, paraparesis, cognitive impairment, and seizures were significantly associated suggesting a shared underlying pathophysiology. In patients plasma GAA exceeded normal ranges and plasma ADMA was significantly elevated. Compared to controls, nitrate was significantly higher, and the nitrite:nitrate ratio significantly lower in subjects with ARG1 deficiency suggesting an advantage for NO synthesis by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) over endothelial NOS (eNOS). Logistic regression revealed no significant impact of any of the biochemical parameters (including arginine, nitrates, ADMA, GAA, oxidative stress) or protein restriction on long-term outcome. CONCLUSION Three main hypotheses which must be evaluated in a hypothesis driven confirmatory study are delineated from this study: 1) clinical manifestations in ARG1 deficiency are not correlated with arginine, protein intake, ADMA, nitrates or oxidative stress. 2) GAA is elevated and may be a marker or an active part of the pathophysiology of ARG1 deficiency. 3) Perturbations of NO metabolism merit future attention in ARG1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Huemer
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Radiz - Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Paediatrics, Landeskrankenhaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria.
| | - Daniel R Carvalho
- Genetic Unit, SARAH Network of Rehabilitation Hospital, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Jaime M Brum
- Molecular Pathology Department, Rede Sarah de Hospitais de Reabilitação, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Özlem Ünal
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara Children's Hospital, Haematology-Oncology Research and Education Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turgay Coskun
- Department of Paediatrics, Division of Paediatric Nutrition and Metabolism, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - James D Weisfeld-Adams
- Program for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Section of Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Nina L Schrager
- Program for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sabine Scholl-Bürgi
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Schlune
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus G Donner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious diseases, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Hersberger
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Gemperle
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brunhilde Riesner
- Department of Paediatrics, Landeskrankenhaus Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Hanno Ulmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolic Diseases and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Radiz - Rare Disease Initiative Zurich, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Karall
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Joncquel-Chevalier Curt M, Voicu PM, Fontaine M, Dessein AF, Porchet N, Mention-Mulliez K, Dobbelaere D, Soto-Ares G, Cheillan D, Vamecq J. Creatine biosynthesis and transport in health and disease. Biochimie 2015; 119:146-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Ostojic SM. Guanidinoacetic acid as a performance-enhancing agent. Amino Acids 2015; 48:1867-75. [PMID: 26445773 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA; also known as glycocyamine or guanidinoacetate) is the natural precursor of creatine, and under investigation as a novel dietary agent. It was first identified as a natural compound in humans ~80 years ago. In the 1950s, GAA's use as a therapeutic agent was explored, showing that supplemental GAA improved patient-reported outcomes and work capacity in clinical populations. Recently, a few studies have examined the safety and efficacy of GAA and suggest potential ergogenic benefits for physically active men and women. The purpose of this review is to examine possible applications of GAA supplementation for exercise performance enhancement, safety, and legislation issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Lovcenska 16, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia. .,University of Belgrade School of Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia.
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25
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Mørkrid L, Rowe AD, Elgstoen KBP, Olesen JH, Ruijter G, Hall PL, Tortorelli S, Schulze A, Kyriakopoulou L, Wamelink MMC, van de Kamp JM, Salomons GS, Rinaldo P. Continuous Age- and Sex-Adjusted Reference Intervals of Urinary Markers for Cerebral Creatine Deficiency Syndromes: A Novel Approach to the Definition of Reference Intervals. Clin Chem 2015; 61:760-8. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2014.235564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Urinary concentrations of creatine and guanidinoacetic acid divided by creatinine are informative markers for cerebral creatine deficiency syndromes (CDSs). The renal excretion of these substances varies substantially with age and sex, challenging the sensitivity and specificity of postanalytical interpretation.
METHODS
Results from 155 patients with CDS and 12 507 reference individuals were contributed by 5 diagnostic laboratories. They were binned into 104 adjacent age intervals and renormalized with Box–Cox transforms (Ξ). Estimates for central tendency (μ) and dispersion (σ) of Ξ were obtained for each bin. Polynomial regression analysis was used to establish the age dependence of both μ[log(age)] and σ[log(age)]. The regression residuals were then calculated as z-scores = {Ξ − μ[log(age)]}/σ[log(age)]. The process was iterated until all z-scores outside Tukey fences ±3.372 were identified and removed. Continuous percentile charts were then calculated and plotted by retransformation.
RESULTS
Statistically significant and biologically relevant subgroups of z-scores were identified. Significantly higher marker values were seen in females than males, necessitating separate reference intervals in both adolescents and adults. Comparison between our reconstructed reference percentiles and current standard age-matched reference intervals highlights an underlying risk of false-positive and false-negative events at certain ages.
CONCLUSIONS
Disease markers depending strongly on covariates such as age and sex require large numbers of reference individuals to establish peripheral percentiles with sufficient precision. This is feasible only through collaborative data sharing and the use of appropriate statistical methods. Broad application of this approach can be implemented through freely available Web-based software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Mørkrid
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander D Rowe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katja B P Elgstoen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jess H Olesen
- Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George Ruijter
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Silvia Tortorelli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Lianna Kyriakopoulou
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jiddeke M van de Kamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Piero Rinaldo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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26
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Ostojic SM, Vojvodic-Ostojic A. Single-dose oral guanidinoacetic acid exhibits dose-dependent pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Nutr Res 2015; 35:198-205. [PMID: 25622538 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA), the natural precursor of creatine, has potential as a dietary supplement for human nutrition, yet no data are available regarding its dose-dependent pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior. We hypothesized that a single dose of orally administered GAA exhibited dose-dependent PK behavior in healthy volunteers. Forty-eight young adults were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group trial to receive single oral doses of GAA (1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 g) or a placebo. Pharmacokinetic metrics for plasma GAA and creatine were assessed immediately before (0 hours) and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after GAA ingestion. The lag time appeared to be similar after the bolus ingestion of GAA (0.14 ± 0.17 hours for low-dose GAA, 0.31 ± 0.18 hours for medium-dose GAA, and 0.38 ± 0.32 hours for high-dose GAA; P = .05). An increase in the area under the concentration-time curve for plasma GAA was found for the dose range tested, with 2.4- and 9.3-fold increases in the area under the concentration-time curve for every 2-fold increase in the GAA dose (P < .0001). No differences were found for elimination half-time between the low-dose and medium-dose groups (<1.75 hours), whereas the elimination half-time was significantly longer (>2.1 hours) for the high-dose GAA regimen (P = .001). The volume of distribution was affected by the dosage of GAA applied (102.6 ± 17.3 L for low-dose GAA, 97.5 ± 15.7 L for medium-dose GAA, and 61.1 ± 12.7 L for high-dose GAA; P < .0001). Ingestion of GAA elevated plasma creatine by 80%, 116%, and 293% compared with the placebo for the 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 g doses, respectively (P < .0001). Guanidinoacetic acid single-dose PK metrics were nonlinear with respect to dose size. Across the dose range of 1.2 to 4.8 g, systemic exposure to GAA increased in a greater than dose-proportional manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej M Ostojic
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia; Biomedical Sciences Deparment, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Aleksandra Vojvodic-Ostojic
- Environmental Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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27
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van de Kamp JM, Mancini GM, Salomons GS. X-linked creatine transporter deficiency: clinical aspects and pathophysiology. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:715-33. [PMID: 24789340 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Creatine transporter deficiency was discovered in 2001 as an X-linked cause of intellectual disability characterized by cerebral creatine deficiency. This review describes the current knowledge regarding creatine metabolism, the creatine transporter and the clinical aspects of creatine transporter deficiency. The condition mainly affects the brain while other creatine requiring organs, such as the muscles, are relatively spared. Recent studies have provided strong evidence that creatine synthesis also occurs in the brain, leading to the intriguing question of why cerebral creatine is deficient in creatine transporter deficiency. The possible mechanisms explaining the cerebral creatine deficiency are discussed. The creatine transporter knockout mouse provides a good model to study the disease. Over the past years several treatment options have been explored but no treatment has been proven effective. Understanding the pathogenesis of creatine transporter deficiency is of paramount importance in the development of an effective treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/drug therapy
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/pathology
- Animals
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/complications
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/genetics
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/physiopathology
- Creatine/deficiency
- Creatine/genetics
- Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/genetics
- Humans
- Intellectual Disability/etiology
- Intellectual Disability/genetics
- Membrane Transport Proteins/deficiency
- Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/complications
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/genetics
- Mental Retardation, X-Linked/physiopathology
- Mice
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/deficiency
- Plasma Membrane Neurotransmitter Transport Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiddeke M van de Kamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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