1
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Li WJ, Guo Y, Sun SC. Population genetics of Artemia urmiana species complex (Crustacea, Anostraca): A group with asymmetrical dispersal and gene flow mediated by migratory waterfowl. Gene 2024; 894:147957. [PMID: 37923096 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Bird-mediated dispersal of resting eggs is the main mechanism for Artemia dispersal among catchments. The bisexual populations of Artemia urmiana species complex, which is here considered to be a collection of Artemia genetically close to the so-called "Western Asian Lineage", are mostly distributed in central and western Asia (i.e., in regions falling into the Central Asian Flyway of migratory birds) and live in diversified habitats. Little is known about the genetic relationships among these populations. Aiming to understand the population genetic characteristics and the roles of migratory birds on the dispersal and gene flow of this Artemia group, we evaluated the genetic diversity, genetic differentiation, and gene flow among 14 populations, with their altitudes ranging from 540 to 4870 m above sea level, using 13 microsatellite markers. Almost all populations exhibited high genetic diversity and heterozygote excess, which may be a consequence of combined effects of dispersal and hybridization. The global genetic differentiation (FST) value was 0.092, the pairwise FST values were 0.003-0.246. Discriminant analysis of principal components identified three genetic clusters, consisting of Urmia Lake (Iran), Zhundong (Xinjiang, China), and 12 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau populations, respectively. The among-population genetic differentiation seems to be a consequence of isolation by distance and adaptation to diversified habitats induced by altitudinal gradient. Historical gene flows are asymmetrical, and show an evolutionary source-sink dynamics, with Jingyu Lake (Xinjiang, China) population being the major source. These results support our hypothesis that in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and surrounding areas the bird-mediated dispersal of Artemia may be biased towards from north to south and/or from higher altitude to lower altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Fisheries Research Institute, Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Shi-Chun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), and Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China.
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2
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Bett VK, Macon A, Vicoso B, Elkrewi M. Chromosome-Level Assembly of Artemia franciscana Sheds Light on Sex Chromosome Differentiation. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae006. [PMID: 38245839 PMCID: PMC10827361 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the commercialization of brine shrimp (genus Artemia) in the 1950s, this lineage, and in particular the model species Artemia franciscana, has been the subject of extensive research. However, our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying various aspects of their reproductive biology, including sex determination, is still lacking. This is partly due to the scarcity of genomic resources for Artemia species and crustaceans in general. Here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of A. franciscana (Kellogg 1906), from the Great Salt Lake, United States. The genome is 1 GB, and the majority of the genome (81%) is scaffolded into 21 linkage groups using a previously published high-density linkage map. We performed coverage and FST analyses using male and female genomic and transcriptomic reads to quantify the extent of differentiation between the Z and W chromosomes. Additionally, we quantified the expression levels in male and female heads and gonads and found further evidence for dosage compensation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariana Macon
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Marwan Elkrewi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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3
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Serrão C, Marques-Santos LF. The genus Artemia, the nanoplastics, the microplastics, and their toxic effects: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:83025-83050. [PMID: 37338688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27868-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastic pollution is a threat to the marine environment, the destination of mismanaged plastic. Due to reduced size, microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) can interact with a wide range of organisms. Non-selective filter feeder zooplanktonic microcrustaceans are potential targets for MNP accumulation. Zooplankton is a key group for the food web, linking primary producers to secondary consumers. The genus Artemia has been widely used to investigate the effects of plastic particles on the biota. The present work critically reviewed the ecotoxicological studies about plastic particles and Artemia, pointing out methodological aspects and effects caused by MNPs, highlighting their importance and limitations, and suggesting directions for future research. We analyzed twenty-one parameters into four categories: characteristics of plastic particles, general particularities of brine shrimp, methodologies of the cultures, and toxicological parameters. The principal gaps in the area are the lack of methodological standardization regarding the physicochemical parameters of the particles, the biology of the animals, and culture conditions. Even though few studies performed realistic exposure scenarios, results indicate MNPs as potential harmful contaminants to microcrustaceans. The main effects reported were particle ingestion and accumulation followed by reduced brine shrimp survival/mobility. The present review poses Artemia as suitable animals for investigations concerning the risks of MNP exposure at the individual level and to the ecosystems, although protocol standardization is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Serrão
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento (LABID), Departamento de Biologia Molecular (DBM), Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB, Campus I), Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPGCB), Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB, Campus I), Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Marques-Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento (LABID), Departamento de Biologia Molecular (DBM), Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB, Campus I), Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (PPGCB), Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB, Campus I), Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil.
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4
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Mioduchowska M, Konecka E, Gołdyn B, Pinceel T, Brendonck L, Lukić D, Kaczmarek Ł, Namiotko T, Zając K, Zając T, Jastrzębski JP, Bartoszek K. Playing Peekaboo with a Master Manipulator: Metagenetic Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Wolbachia Supergroups in Freshwater Invertebrates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119400. [PMID: 37298356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The infamous "master manipulators"-intracellular bacteria of the genus Wolbachia-infect a broad range of phylogenetically diverse invertebrate hosts in terrestrial ecosystems. Wolbachia has an important impact on the ecology and evolution of their host with documented effects including induced parthenogenesis, male killing, feminization, and cytoplasmic incompatibility. Nonetheless, data on Wolbachia infections in non-terrestrial invertebrates are scarce. Sampling bias and methodological limitations are some of the reasons limiting the detection of these bacteria in aquatic organisms. In this study, we present a new metagenetic method for detecting the co-occurrence of different Wolbachia strains in freshwater invertebrates host species, i.e., freshwater Arthropoda (Crustacea), Mollusca (Bivalvia), and water bears (Tardigrada) by applying NGS primers designed by us and a Python script that allows the identification of Wolbachia target sequences from the microbiome communities. We also compare the results obtained using the commonly applied NGS primers and the Sanger sequencing approach. Finally, we describe three supergroups of Wolbachia: (i) a new supergroup V identified in Crustacea and Bivalvia hosts; (ii) supergroup A identified in Crustacea, Bivalvia, and Eutardigrada hosts, and (iii) supergroup E infection in the Crustacea host microbiome community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mioduchowska
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Łódź, Poland
- Department of Marine Plankton Research, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Edyta Konecka
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Gołdyn
- Department of General Zoology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tom Pinceel
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
- Community Ecology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Brendonck
- Animal Ecology, Global Change and Sustainable Development, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Dunja Lukić
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana-CSIC, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Łukasz Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Namiotko
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics and Biosystematics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zając
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Zając
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jan P Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
- Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bartoszek
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Division of Statistics and Machine Learning, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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Xu LY, Wu WT, Bi N, Yan ZJ, Yang F, Yang WJ, Yang JS. A cytological revisit on parthenogenetic Artemia and the deficiency of a meiosis-specific recombinase DMC1 in the possible transition from bisexuality to parthenogenesis. Chromosoma 2023:10.1007/s00412-023-00790-x. [PMID: 36939898 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-023-00790-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Although parthenogenesis is widespread in nature and known to have close relationships with bisexuality, the transitional mechanism is poorly understood. Artemia is an ideal model to address this issue because bisexuality and "contagious" obligate parthenogenesis independently exist in its congeneric members. In the present study, we first performed chromosome spreading and immunofluorescence to compare meiotic processes of Artemia adopting two distinct reproductive ways. The results showed that, unlike conventional meiosis in bisexual Artemia, meiosis II in parthenogenic Artemia is entirely absent and anaphase I is followed by a single mitosis-like equational division. Interspecific comparative transcriptomics showed that two central molecules in homologous recombination (HR), Dmc1 and Rad51, exhibited significantly higher expression in bisexual versus parthenogenetic Artemia. qRT-PCR indicated that the expression of both genes peaked at the early oogenesis and gradually decreased afterward. Knocking-down by RNAi of Dmc1 in unfertilized females of bisexual Artemia resulted in a severe deficiency of homologous chromosome pairing and produced univalents at the middle oogenesis stage, which was similar to that of parthenogenic Artemia, while in contrast, silencing Rad51 led to no significant chromosome morphological change. Our results indicated that Dmc1 is vital for HR in bisexual Artemia, and the deficiency of Dmc1 may be correlated with or even possibly one of core factors in the transition from bisexuality to parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Ying Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Tao Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Bi
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Morphology and biometry of two Chinese diploid parthenogenetic artemia populations with a special emphasis on the gonopods and frontal knobs of rare males. ZOOL ANZ 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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7
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Elkrewi M, Khauratovich U, Toups MA, Bett VK, Mrnjavac A, Macon A, Fraisse C, Sax L, Huylmans AK, Hontoria F, Vicoso B. ZW sex-chromosome evolution and contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia brine shrimp. Genetics 2022; 222:iyac123. [PMID: 35977389 PMCID: PMC9526061 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eurasian brine shrimp (genus Artemia) have closely related sexual and asexual lineages of parthenogenetic females, which produce rare males at low frequencies. Although they are known to have ZW chromosomes, these are not well characterized, and it is unclear whether they are shared across the clade. Furthermore, the underlying genetic architecture of the transmission of asexuality, which can occur when rare males mate with closely related sexual females, is not well understood. We produced a chromosome-level assembly for the sexual Eurasian species Artemia sinica and characterized in detail the pair of sex chromosomes of this species. We combined this new assembly with short-read genomic data for the sexual species Artemia sp. Kazakhstan and several asexual lineages of Artemia parthenogenetica, allowing us to perform an in-depth characterization of sex-chromosome evolution across the genus. We identified a small differentiated region of the ZW pair that is shared by all sexual and asexual lineages, supporting the shared ancestry of the sex chromosomes. We also inferred that recombination suppression has spread to larger sections of the chromosome independently in the American and Eurasian lineages. Finally, we took advantage of a rare male, which we backcrossed to sexual females, to explore the genetic basis of asexuality. Our results suggest that parthenogenesis is likely partly controlled by a locus on the Z chromosome, highlighting the interplay between sex determination and asexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Elkrewi
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Uladzislava Khauratovich
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Melissa A Toups
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, UK
| | | | - Andrea Mrnjavac
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Ariana Macon
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Christelle Fraisse
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
- CNRS, Univ. Lille, UMR 8198—Evo-Eco-Paleo, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Luca Sax
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
- Lewis and Clark College, Portland, OR 97219, USA
| | - Ann Kathrin Huylmans
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Mainz 55122, Germany
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón), Spain
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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8
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Azra MN, Noor MIM, Burlakovs J, Abdullah MF, Abd Latif Z, Yik Sung Y. Trends and New Developments in Artemia Research. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182321. [PMID: 36139180 PMCID: PMC9495082 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Artemia is an important crustacean group, especially for aquaculture live food and as a model organism for toxicity assessment. The present study aimed to identify the current trends, research gaps, and literature development in the study of Artemia around the world. This primitive Arthropod has undergone significant evolution in terms of its application in various industries as well as relevant literature patterns in terms of scientometric analyses. Abstract An increasing number of scientists since 1970 has examined Artemia as an important species in aquaculture-related fields. However, a global scientometric review of Artemia literature is still lacking, which is the objective of this research. Using a CiteSpace analysis, the distribution of core authors and institutions, highly cited keywords and papers, author and journal contributions, and hot topics in the literature, as well as a co-citation analysis, particularly regarding authors, journals, documents, and clusters, were determined. Hence, 8741 relevant publications were generated from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The results revealed that the most significant contributions in Artemia research primarily originated from the USA, Brazil, Spain, India, China, and Belgium. Moreover, Artemia research focused mainly on top keywords such as brine shrimp and antimicrobial activity. Emerging trends related to Artemia research were Atlantic halibut, elongation factor, Artemia salina, lean protein, inert diet, alpha-crystallin protein, and Artemia embryo. At the same time, the study generated a vast total of 45 co-citation clusters. The present study provides the existing body of knowledge on Artemia research by sharing a visual knowledge map. This study offers a valuable perspective and profound understanding for researchers, farmers, and consortia interested in promoting Artemia as a sustainable live food in the global aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Nor Azra
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology (IMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Climate Change Adaptation Laboratory, Institute of Marine Biotechnology (IMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.N.A.); (M.I.M.N.)
| | - Mohd Iqbal Mohd Noor
- Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) (Pahang), Raub 27600, Pahang, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.N.A.); (M.I.M.N.)
| | - Juris Burlakovs
- The Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Wybickiego 7A, 31-261 Krakow, Poland
| | - Muhammad Fuad Abdullah
- Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zulkiflee Abd Latif
- Institute for Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Yik Sung
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology (IMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
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Sainz-Escudero L, Karen López-Estrada E, Rodríguez-Flores PC, García-París M. Brine shrimps adrift: historical species turnover in Western Mediterranean Artemia (Anostraca). Biol Invasions 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-022-02779-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBrine shrimps (Artemia) have undergone geographic range and demographic expansions as a result of their interaction with humans since the beginning of salt harvesting. This interaction has favoured the expansion of some species but compromising the survival of others. Mediterranean native populations of Artemia salina from coastal salterns and lagoons are facing the presence and expansion of the introduced and invasive American species Artemia monica (= A. franciscana). However, this species could not be the only threat. Parthenogenetic populations of the Asian species A. urmiana and A. sinica are widespread along the Mediterranean and other areas of the world. In this work, with the use of large cox1 and mitogenomic datasets, phylogenetic and phylogeographic inferences, and a time calibrated tree, we confirmed the Asian origin and recent arrival of the current Western Mediterranean parthenogenetic populations of Artemia. In addition, the replacement of Iberian populations of A. salina by Asiatic parthenogenetic populations lead us to recognize parthenogens as invasive. Current salterns development and commercial importance of Artemia make human-mediated introduction probable. These results demonstrate again the impact that changing human interests have on population expansion or decline of species adapted to anthropogenic habitats. Artemia salina decline makes urgent the implementation of conservation measures such as its use in fish farming and salt production or its inoculation in inland salterns.
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Rode NO, Jabbour-Zahab R, Boyer L, Flaven É, Hontoria F, Stappen GV, Dufresne F, Haag C, Lenormand T. The origin of asexual brine shrimps. Am Nat 2022; 200:E52-E76. [DOI: 10.1086/720268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Huylmans AK, Macon A, Hontoria F, Vicoso B. Transitions to asexuality and evolution of gene expression in Artemia brine shrimp. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211720. [PMID: 34547909 PMCID: PMC8456138 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While sexual reproduction is widespread among many taxa, asexual lineages have repeatedly evolved from sexual ancestors. Despite extensive research on the evolution of sex, it is still unclear whether this switch represents a major transition requiring major molecular reorganization, and how convergent the changes involved are. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic relationship and patterns of gene expression of sexual and asexual lineages of Eurasian Artemia brine shrimp, to assess how gene expression patterns are affected by the transition to asexuality. We find only a few genes that are consistently associated with the evolution of asexuality, suggesting that this shift may not require an extensive overhauling of the meiotic machinery. While genes with sex-biased expression have high rates of expression divergence within Eurasian Artemia, neither female- nor male-biased genes appear to show unusual evolutionary patterns after sexuality is lost, contrary to theoretical expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Kathrin Huylmans
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Ariana Macon
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Beatriz Vicoso
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
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12
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Sainz-Escudero L, López-Estrada EK, Rodríguez-Flores PC, García-París M. Settling taxonomic and nomenclatural problems in brine shrimps, Artemia (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Anostraca), by integrating mitogenomics, marker discordances and nomenclature rules. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10865. [PMID: 33854829 PMCID: PMC7955675 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
High morphological plasticity in populations of brine shrimp subjected to different environmental conditions, mainly salinity, hindered for centuries the identification of the taxonomic entities encompassed within Artemia. In addition, the mismatch between molecular and morphological evolution rates complicates the characterization of evolutionary lineages, generating taxonomic problems. Here, we propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for Artemia based on two new complete mitogenomes, and determine levels of congruence in the definition of evolutionary units using nuclear and mtDNA data. We used a fossil of Artemia to calibrate the molecular clock and discuss divergence times within the genus. The hypothesis proposed herein suggests a more recent time frame for lineage splitting than previously considered. Phylogeographic analyses were performed using GenBank available mitochondrial and nuclear markers. Evidence of gen e flow, identified through discordances between nuclear and mtDNA markers, was used to reconsider the specific status of some taxa. As a result, we consider Artemia to be represented by five evolutionary units: Southern Cone, Mediterranean-South African, New World, Western Asian, and Eastern Asian Lineages. After an exhaustive bibliographical revision, unavailable names for nomenclatural purposes were discarded. The remaining available names have been assigned to their respective evolutionary lineage. The proper names for the evolutionary units in which brine shrimps are structured remain as follows: Artemia persimilis Piccinelli & Prosdocimi, 1968 for the Southern Cone Lineage, Artemia salina (Linnaeus, 1758) for the Mediterranean-SouthAfrican Lineage, Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 for the Western Asian Lineage, and Artemia sinica Cai, 1989 for the Eastern Asian Lineage. The name Artemia monica Verrill, 1869 has nomenclatural priority over A. franciscana Kellogg, 1906 for naming the New World Lineage. New synonymies are proposed for A. salina (= C. dybowskii Grochowski, 1896 n. syn., and A. tunisiana Bowen & Sterling, 1978 n. syn.), A. monica (= A. franciscana Kellogg, 1906 n. syn., and A. salina var. pacifica Sars, 1904 n. syn.); A. urmiana (= B. milhausenii Fischer de Waldheim, 1834 n. syn., A. koeppeniana Fischer, 1851 n. syn., A. proxima King, 1855 n. syn., A. s. var. biloba Entz, 1886 n. syn., A. s. var. furcata Entz, 1886 n. syn., A. asiatica Walter, 1887 n. syn., A. parthenogenetica Bowen & Sterling, 1978 n. syn., A. ebinurica Qian & Wang, 1992 n. syn., A. murae Naganawa, 2017 n. syn., and A. frameshifta Naganawa & Mura, 2017 n. syn.). Internal deep nuclear structuring within the A. monica and A. salina clades, might suggest the existence of additional evolutionary units within these taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Sainz-Escudero
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Global Nature, Las Rozas, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paula Carolina Rodríguez-Flores
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- Centre d’Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Girona, Spain
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Reanalysis and Revision of the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 (Crustacea: Anostraca). DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the previously published mitochondrial genome sequence of Artemia urmiana (NC_021382 [JQ975176]), the taxonomic status of the examined Artemia had not been determined, due to parthenogenetic populations coexisting with A. urmiana in Urmia Lake. Additionally, NC_021382 [JQ975176] has been obtained with pooled cysts of Artemia (0.25 g cysts consists of 20,000–25,000 cysts), not a single specimen. With regard to coexisting populations in Urmia Lake, and intra- and inter-specific variations in the pooled samples, NC_021382 [JQ975176] cannot be recommended as a valid sequence and any attempt to attribute it to A. urmiana or a parthenogenetic population is unreasonable. With the aid of next-generation sequencing methods, we characterized and assembled a complete mitochondrial genome of A. urmiana with defined taxonomic status. Our results reveal that in the previously published mitogenome (NC_021382 [JQ975176]), tRNA-Phe has been erroneously attributed to the heavy strand but it is encoded in the light strand. There was a major problem in the position of the ND5. It was extended over the tRNA-Phe, which is biologically incorrect. We have also identified a partial nucleotide sequence of 311 bp that was probably erroneously duplicated in the assembly of the control region of NC_021382 [JQ975176], which enlarges the control region length by 16%. This partial sequence could not be recognized in our assembled mitogenome as well as in 48 further examined specimens of A. urmiana. Although, only COX1 and 16S genes have been widely used for phylogenetic studies in Artemia, our findings reveal substantial differences in the nucleotide composition of some other genes (including ATP8, ATP6, ND3, ND6, ND1 and COX3) among Artemia species. It is suggested that these markers should be included in future phylogenetic studies.
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Asem A, Eimanifar A, Rastegar-Pouyani N, Hontoria F, Vos SD, Stappen GV, Sun SC. An overview on the nomenclatural and phylogenetic problems of native Asian brine shrimps of the genus Artemia Leach, 1819 (Crustacea, Anostraca). Zookeys 2020; 902:1-15. [PMID: 33061769 PMCID: PMC6971158 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.902.34593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Artemia Leach, 1819 is a cosmopolitan halophilic crustacean, consisting of bisexual species and obligate parthenogenetic populations. Asia is rich in Artemia biodiversity. More than 530 Artemia sites have been recorded from this area and more than 20 species/subspecies/variety names have been used for them. There exist various problems in the nomenclature, identification, and phylogenetic status of Artemia native to Asia, which are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Asem
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China Ocean University of China Qingdao China.,College of Life Sciences and Ecology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Yucai Rd, Sanya 572000, China Hainan Tropical Ocean University Sanya China
| | - Amin Eimanifar
- Independent Senior Research Scientist, Industrial District, 21601 Easton, Maryland, USA Unaffiliated Maryland United States of America
| | - Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, 6714967346 Kermanshah, Iran Razi University Kermanshah Iran
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC). 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal Castellón Spain
| | - Stephanie De Vos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering - Blok F, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium Ghent University Gent Belgium
| | - Gilbert Van Stappen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering - Blok F, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium Ghent University Gent Belgium
| | - Shi-Chun Sun
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China Ocean University of China Qingdao China
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Lievens EJP, Michalakis Y, Lenormand T. Trait‐specific trade‐offs prevent niche expansion in two parasites. J Evol Biol 2020; 33:1704-1714. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva J. P. Lievens
- CEFE, CNRS Univ MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry Montpellier 3EPHEIRD Montpellier France
- UMR 5290 MIVEGEC Univ MontpellierCNRSIRD Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Yannis Michalakis
- UMR 5290 MIVEGEC Univ MontpellierCNRSIRD Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES) Montpellier France
| | - Thomas Lenormand
- CEFE, CNRS Univ MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry Montpellier 3EPHEIRD Montpellier France
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16
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Asem A, Eimanifar A, van Stappen G, Sun SC. The impact of one-decade ecological disturbance on genetic changes: a study on the brine shrimp Artemia urmiana from Urmia Lake, Iran. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7190. [PMID: 31304060 PMCID: PMC6611446 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Urmia Lake, the largest natural habitat of the brine shrimp Artemia urmiana, has progressively desiccated over the last two decades, resulting in a loss of 80% of its surface area and producing thousands of hectares of arid salty land. This ecological crisis has seriously affected the lake’s native biodiversity. Artemia urmiana has lost more than 90% of its population during the decade from 1994 (rainy period) to 2004 (drought period) due to salinity increasing to saturation levels (∼300 g/l). We studied the influence of this ecological crisis on the genetic diversity of A. urmiana in Urmia Lake, based on one cyst collections in 1994 and 2004. AMOVA analysis on ISSR data demonstrated a 21% genetic variation and there was a 5.5% reduction of polymorphic loci between samples. PCoA showed that 77.42% and 68.75% of specimens clustered separately in 1994 and 2004, respectively. Our analyses of four marker genes revealed different genetic diversity patterns with a decrease of diversity at ITS1 and an increase for Na+/K+ ATPase. There was no notable difference in genetic variation detected for COI and 16S genes between the two periods. However, they represented distinctly different haplotypes. ITS1 and COI followed a population expansion model, whereas Na+/K+ ATPase and 16S were under demographic equilibrium without selective pressure in the 1994 samples. Neutrality tests confirmed the excess of rare historical and recent mutations present in COI and ITS1 in both samples. It is evident that a short-term ecological disturbance has impacted the genetic diversity and structure of A. urmiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Asem
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,College of Life Sciences and Ecology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, China
| | | | - Gilbert van Stappen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Shi-Chun Sun
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Morphological and molecular clues for recording the first appearance of Artemia franciscana () in Egypt. Heliyon 2018; 4:e01110. [PMID: 30627682 PMCID: PMC6312882 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemia franciscana is a native species to the New World, and became an exotic species to most parts of the world. The Egyptian hypersaline, continental Qaroun Lake (Fayoum Governorate, Middle of Egypt) is subjected to a gradually increasing salinity rates that approximate or exceed these of seawater. Artemia populations there are known to be parthenogenetic. Yet, these populations started to exhibit abnormal morphologies. Therefore, Qaroun Lake samples of Artemia were subjected to several morphological, biometric, and molecular phylogenetic analyses for accurate species identification and phylogeographic origin approximation. These analyses revealed the existence of the alien sexual species of brine shrimp A. franciscana in Qaroun Lake. The characteristics of the subspherical frontal knob with several spines on the top, ovisac lateral triangular lobe on both sides and its projection together with the biometrics confirmed this species morphotype. DNA barcoding and other molecular analyses based on PCR-based amplification and sequencing of the barcode region of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (COI) exhibited that all the collected samples belong to five haplotypes. Egyptian A. franciscana COI sequences phylogeny and pairwise distances analysis exhibited closer proximity to Latin American strains than to the Northern American ones. A. franciscana presence may be ascribed to the migratory birds present in Qaroun Lake protectorate, since no marine aquaculture activity in Qaroun Lake is known. Therefore, and for the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of the invasive A. franciscana in Egypt.
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Abatzopoulos TJ. The repeated emergence of asexuality, the hidden genomes and the role of parthenogenetic rare males in the brine shrimp Artemia. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2018; 25:7. [PMID: 29796384 PMCID: PMC5960178 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-018-0078-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The backbone of this endeavour consists of three major components as they appear in the title. My intention is to summarise, as explicitly as possible, both existing and novel data on the occurrence of parthenogenetic rare males assessing their role in conveying sets of genetic information between asexual strains and sexual Artemia species to and fro. Additionally, an assemblage of strong indications and evidence is quoted aiming to unravel possible scenarios of the repeated emergence of asexuality in the brine shrimp and its significance in evolutionary processes involved in speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore J Abatzopoulos
- Department of Genetics, Development & Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Gambardella C, Nichino D, Iacometti C, Ferrando S, Falugi C, Faimali M. Long term exposure to low dose neurotoxic pesticides affects hatching, viability and cholinesterase activity of Artemia sp. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 196:79-89. [PMID: 29358113 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The brine shrimp Artemia was used as a model organism to test toxicity of several neuroactive pesticides (chlorpyrifos (CLP), chlorpyrifos oxon (CLP ox), diazinon (DZN), carbaryl (CBR)) following exposure to far below than lethal doses. Cysts were exposed to the pesticides in order to test a scenario similar to actual coastal environment contamination, by analyzing different responses. Cysts were rehydrated in water containing the pesticides at concentrations ranging from 10-11 to 10-5 M, for 72, 96 and 192 h, respectively. For these exposure times, morpho-functional and biochemical parameters, such as hatching speed and viability were investigated in the larvae together with cholinesterase (ChE) activity quantification and histochemical localization. Finally, ChE inhibition was also compared with conventional selective ChE inhibitors. Results showed that CLP ox and CBR caused a significant dose-dependent decrease in hatching speed, followed by high percentages of larval death, while CLP and DZN were responsible for irregular hatching patterns. In addition, the pesticides mostly caused larval death some days post-hatching, whereas this effect was negligible for the specific ChE inhibitors, suggesting that part of pesticide toxicity may be due to molecules other than the primary target. ChE activity was observed in the protocerebrum lobes, linked to the development of pair eyes. Such activity was inhibited in larvae exposed to all pesticides. When compared to conventional selective inhibitors of ChE activities, this inhibition demonstrated that the selected pesticides mainly affect acetylcholinesterase and, to a lesser extent, pseudocholinesterases. In conclusion, the brine shrimp is a good model to test the environmental toxicity of long term exposure to cholinergic pesticides, since changes in hatching speed, viability and ChE activity were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Nichino
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Italy
| | | | - Sara Ferrando
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Italy
| | - Carla Falugi
- DISTAV, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 16132, Italy
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20
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Lenormand T, Nougué O, Jabbour-Zahab R, Arnaud F, Dezileau L, Chevin LM, Sánchez MI. Resurrection ecology in Artemia. Evol Appl 2017; 11:76-87. [PMID: 29302273 PMCID: PMC5748519 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resurrection ecology (RE) is a very powerful approach to address a wide range of question in ecology and evolution. This approach rests on using appropriate model systems, and only few are known to be available. In this study, we show that Artemia has multiple attractive features (short generation time, cyst bank and collections, well‐documented phylogeography, and ecology) for a good RE model. We show in detail with a case study how cysts can be recovered from sediments to document the history and dynamics of a biological invasion. We finally discuss with precise examples the many RE possibilities with this model system: adaptation to climate change, to pollution, to parasites, to invaders and evolution of reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lenormand
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Odrade Nougué
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Roula Jabbour-Zahab
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Fabien Arnaud
- Laboratoire EDYTEM UMR 5204 du CNRS, Environnements, Dynamiques et Territoires de la Montagne, Université de SavoieLe Bourget du Lac Cedex France
| | - Laurent Dezileau
- Géosciences Montpellier, UMR 5243 Université de Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | - Luis-Miguel Chevin
- CEFE UMR 5175 CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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Levitis DA, Zimmerman K, Pringle A. Is meiosis a fundamental cause of inviability among sexual and asexual plants and animals? Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170939. [PMID: 28768890 PMCID: PMC5563809 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in viability between asexually and sexually generated offspring strongly influence the selective advantage and therefore the prevalence of sexual reproduction (sex). However, no general principle predicts when sexual offspring will be more viable than asexual offspring. We hypothesize that when any kind of reproduction is based on a more complex cellular process, it will encompass more potential failure points, and therefore lower offspring viability. Asexual reproduction (asex) can be simpler than sex, when offspring are generated using only mitosis. However, when asex includes meiosis and meiotic restitution, gamete production is more complex than in sex. We test our hypothesis by comparing the viability of asexual and closely related sexual offspring across a wide range of plants and animals, and demonstrate that meiotic asex does result in lower viability than sex; without meiosis, asex is mechanistically simple and provides higher viability than sex. This phylogenetically robust pattern is supported in 42 of 44 comparisons drawn from diverse plants and animals, and is not explained by the other variables included in our model. Other mechanisms may impact viability, such as effects of reproductive mode on heterozygosity and subsequent viability, but we propose the complexity of cellular processes of reproduction, particularly meiosis, as a fundamental cause of early developmental failure and mortality. Meiosis, the leading cause of inviability in humans, emerges as a likely explanation of offspring inviability among diverse eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Levitis
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA
| | - Kolea Zimmerman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Ginkgo Bioworks, 25-27 Drydock Avenue 8th Floor, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Anne Pringle
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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22
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Laggis A, Baxevanis AD, Charalampidou A, Maniatsi S, Triantafyllidis A, Abatzopoulos TJ. Microevolution of the noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) in the Southern Balkan Peninsula. BMC Evol Biol 2017; 17:122. [PMID: 28558646 PMCID: PMC5450353 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-017-0971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) displays a complex historical and contemporary genetic status in Europe. The species divergence has been shaped by geological events (i.e. Pleistocene glaciations) and humanly induced impacts (i.e. translocations, pollution, etc.) on its populations due to species commercial value and its niche degradation. Until now, limited genetic information has been procured for the Balkan area and especially for the southernmost distribution of this species (i.e. Greece). It is well known that the rich habitat diversity of the Balkan Peninsula offers suitable conditions for genetically diversified populations. Thus, the present manuscript revisits the phylogenetic relationships of the noble crayfish in Europe and identifies the genetic make-up and the biogeographical patterns of the species in its southern range limit. Results Mitochondrial markers (i.e. COI and 16S) were used in order to elucidate the genetic structure and diversity of the noble crayfish in Europe. Two of the six European haplotypic lineages, were found exclusively in Greece. These two lineages exhibited greater haplotypic richness when compared with the rest four (of “Central European” origin) while they showed high genetic diversity. Divergence time analysis identified that the majority of this divergence was captured through Pleistocene, suggesting a southern glacial refugium (Greece, southern Balkans). Furthermore, six microsatellite markers were used in order to define the factors affecting the genetic structure and demographic history of the species in Greece. The population structure analysis revealed six to nine genetic clusters and eight putative genetic barriers. Evidence of bottleneck effects in the last ~5000 years (due to climatic and geological events and human activities) is also afforded. Findings from several other research fields (e.g. life sciences, geology or even archaeology) have been utilized to perceive the genetic make-up of the noble crayfish. Conclusions The southernmost part of Balkans has played a major role as a glacial refugium for A. astacus. Such refugia have served as centres of expansion to northern regions. Recent history of the noble crayfish in southern Balkans reveals the influence of environmental (climate, geology and/or topology) and anthropogenic factors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0971-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Laggis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Athanasios D Baxevanis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Alexandra Charalampidou
- Scientific Computing Office, Information Technology (IT) Center, School of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Stefania Maniatsi
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Alexander Triantafyllidis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
| | - Theodore J Abatzopoulos
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece.
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Alfonso G. Diversity and distribution of large branchiopods (Branchiopoda: Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata) in Apulian ponds (SE Italy). THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2017.1294628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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24
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Li DR, Ye HL, Yang JS, Yang F, Wang MR, De Vos S, Vuylsteke M, Sorgeloos P, Van Stappen G, Bossier P, Yang WJ. Identification and characterization of a Masculinizer (Masc) gene involved in sex differentiation in Artemia. Gene 2017; 614:56-64. [PMID: 28300613 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The sex of relatively primitive animals such as invertebrates is mostly determined by environmental factors and chromosome ploidy. Heteromorphic chromosomes may also play an important role, as in the ZW system in lepidopterans. However, the mechanisms of these various sex determination systems are still largely undefined. In the present study, a Masculinizer gene (Ar-Masc) was identified in the crustacean Artemia franciscana Kellogg 1906. Sequence analysis revealed that the 1140-bp full-length open reading frame of Ar-Masc encodes a 380-aa protein containing two CCCH-type zinc finger domains having a high degree of shared identities with the MASC protein characterized in the silkworm Bombyx mori, which has been determined to participate in the production of male-specific splice variants. Furthermore, although Ar-Masc could be detected in almost all stages in both sexual and parthenogenetic Artemia, there were significant variations in expression between these two reproductive modes. Firstly, qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that levels of both Ar-Masc mRNA and protein in sexual nauplii were much higher than in parthenogenetic nauplii throughout the hatching process. Secondly, both sexual and parthenogenetic Artemia had decreased levels of Ar-Masc along with the embryonic developmental stages, while the sexual ones had a relatively higher and more stable expression than those of parthenogenetic ones. Thirdly, immunofluorescence analysis determined that sexual individuals had higher levels of Ar-MASC protein than parthenogenetic individuals during embryonic development. Lastly, RNA interference with dsRNA showed that gene silencing of Ar-Masc in sexual A. franciscana caused the female-male ratio of progeny to be 2.19:1. These data suggest that Ar-Masc participates in the process of sex determination in A. franciscana, and provide insight into the evolution of sex determination in sexual organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Rui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Li Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Shu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Mo-Ran Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, Department of Fisheries Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephanie De Vos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Marnik Vuylsteke
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sorgeloos
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Gilbert Van Stappen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture &Artemia Reference center, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Ginn BR. The thermodynamics of protein aggregation reactions may underpin the enhanced metabolic efficiency associated with heterosis, some balancing selection, and the evolution of ploidy levels. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 126:1-21. [PMID: 28185903 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the physical basis of heterosis (or "hybrid vigor") has remained elusive despite over a hundred years of research on the subject. The three main theories of heterosis are dominance theory, overdominance theory, and epistasis theory. Kacser and Burns (1981) identified the molecular basis of dominance, which has greatly enhanced our understanding of its importance to heterosis. This paper aims to explain how overdominance, and some features of epistasis, can similarly emerge from the molecular dynamics of proteins. Possessing multiple alleles at a gene locus results in the synthesis of different allozymes at reduced concentrations. This in turn reduces the rate at which each allozyme forms soluble oligomers, which are toxic and must be degraded, because allozymes co-aggregate at low efficiencies. The model developed in this paper can explain how heterozygosity impacts the metabolic efficiency of an organism. It can also explain why the viabilities of some inbred lines seem to decline rapidly at high inbreeding coefficients (F > 0.5), which may provide a physical basis for truncation selection for heterozygosity. Finally, the model has implications for the ploidy level of organisms. It can explain why polyploids are frequently found in environments where severe physical stresses promote the formation of soluble oligomers. The model can also explain why complex organisms, which need to synthesize aggregation-prone proteins that contain intrinsically unstructured regions (IURs) and multiple domains because they facilitate complex protein interaction networks (PINs), tend to be diploid while haploidy tends to be restricted to relatively simple organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Ginn
- University of Georgia, GA 30602, United States.
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Nougué O, Svendsen N, Jabbour-Zahab R, Lenormand T, Chevin LM. The ontogeny of tolerance curves: habitat quality vs. acclimation in a stressful environment. J Anim Ecol 2016; 85:1625-1635. [PMID: 27392281 PMCID: PMC5959000 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stressful environments affect life-history components of fitness through (i) instantaneous detrimental effects, (ii) historical (carry-over) effects and (iii) history-by-environment interactions, including acclimation effects. The relative contributions of these different responses to environmental stress are likely to change along life, but such ontogenic perspective is often overlooked in studies of tolerance curves, precluding a better understanding of the causes of costs of acclimation, and more generally of fitness in temporally fine-grained environments. We performed an experiment in the brine shrimp Artemia to disentangle these different contributions to environmental tolerance, and investigate how they unfold along life. We placed individuals from three clones of A. parthenogenetica over a range of salinities during a week, before transferring them to a (possibly) different salinity for the rest of their lives. We monitored individual survival at repeated intervals throughout life, instead of measuring survival or performance at a given point in time, as commonly done in acclimation experiments. We then designed a modified survival analysis model to estimate phase-specific hazard rates, accounting for the fact that individuals may share the same treatment for only part of their lives. Our approach allowed us to distinguish effects of salinity on (i) instantaneous mortality in each phase (habitat quality effects), (ii) mortality later in life (history effects) and (iii) their interaction. We showed clear effects of early salinity on late survival and interactions between effects of past and current environments on survival. Importantly, analysis of the ontogenetic dynamics of the tolerance curve reveals that acclimation affects different parts of the curve at different ages. Adopting a dynamical view of the ontogeny of tolerance curve should prove useful for understanding niche limits in temporally changing environments, where the full sequence of environments experienced by an individual determines its overall environmental tolerance, and how it changes throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odrade Nougué
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Nils Svendsen
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Roula Jabbour-Zahab
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas Lenormand
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Luis-Miguel Chevin
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS - Université de Montpellier - Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier - EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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Kos M, Kahru A, Drobne D, Singh S, Kalčíková G, Kühnel D, Rohit R, Gotvajn AŽ, Jemec A. A case study to optimise and validate the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana immobilisation assay with silver nanoparticles: The role of harmonisation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:173-183. [PMID: 26895539 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Brine shrimp Artemia sp. has been recognised as an important ecotoxicity and nanotoxicity test model organism for salt-rich aquatic environments, but currently there is still no harmonised testing protocol which would ensure the comparable results for hazard identification. In this paper we aimed to design the harmonised protocol for nanomaterial toxicity testing using Artemia franciscana and present a case study to validate the protocol with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We (i) revised the existing nanotoxicity test protocols with Artemia sp. (ii) optimised certain methodological steps based on the experiments with AgNPs and potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) as a soluble reference chemical and (iii) tested the optimised protocol in an international inter-laboratory exercise conducted within the EU FP7 NanoValid project. The intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility of the proposed protocol with a soluble reference chemical K2Cr2O7 was good, which confirms the suitability of this assay for conventional chemicals. However, the variability of AgNPs toxicity results was very high showing again that nanomaterials are inherently challenging for toxicity studies, especially those which toxic effect is linked to shed metal ions. Among the identified sources for this variability were: the hatching conditions, the type of test plate incubation and the illumination regime. The latter induced variations assumingly due to the changes in bioavailable silver species concentrations. Up to our knowledge this is the first inter-laboratory comparison of the Artemia sp. toxicity study involving nanomaterials. Although the inter-laboratory exercise revealed poor repeatability of AgNPs toxicity results, this study provides valuable information regarding the importance of harmonisation of all steps in the test procedure. Also, the presented AgNPs toxicity case study may serve as a platform for further validation steps with other types of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kos
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anne Kahru
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Shashi Singh
- The Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India.
| | - Gabriela Kalčíková
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Dana Kühnel
- Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Rekulapelly Rohit
- The Centre for Cellular & Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India.
| | - Andreja Žgajnar Gotvajn
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anita Jemec
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Asem A, Eimanifar A, Sun SC. Genetic variation and evolutionary origins of parthenogeneticArtemia(Crustacea: Anostraca) with different ploidies. ZOOL SCR 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Asem
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Amin Eimanifar
- Honey Bee Research and Extension Laboratory (HBREL); Department of Entomology and Nematology; University of Florida; Steinmetz Hall, Natural Area Dr., P.O. Box 110620 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Shi-Chun Sun
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity; Ocean University of China; 5 Yushan Road Qingdao 266003 China
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Asem A, Sun SC. Morphological differentiation of seven parthenogenetic Artemia (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) populations from China, with special emphasis on ploidy degrees. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 79:258-66. [PMID: 26777727 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Parthenogenetic Artemia from seven Chinese locations with different elevations and various ploidies are characterized by phenotypic and morphometric analyses. Our findings show that the studied populations exhibit dissimilar patterns of ovisac. Four phenotypic patterns of furca are qualified and one of them is shared among di-, tetra- and pentaploid Artemia. Results of discriminant analysis based on morphometric data reveal that tetra- and pentaploid populations are grouped together, but the Aqqikkol Lake population is clearly differentiated. Previous hypothesis/conclusion that polyploid Artemia are larger than diploids is only partly supported by the present results, which show that pentaploid and tetraploid populations are larger than the mostly diploid populations in terms of the total length, but the body size of the Aibi Lake triploids has not significant difference with the sympatric diploids and the mostly diploid Aqqikkol population that inhabit in very high altitude has the largest body size among all parthenogenetic populations. The founding confirms that body size of Artemia is following with Bergmann's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Asem
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Shi-Chun Sun
- Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
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30
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Hartfield M. Evolutionary genetic consequences of facultative sex and outcrossing. J Evol Biol 2015; 29:5-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Hartfield
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Bioinformatics Research Centre; University of Aarhus; Aarhus Denmark
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Nougué O, Rode NO, Jabbour-zahab R, Ségard A, Chevin LM, Haag CR, Lenormand T. Automixis in Artemia: solving a century-old controversy. J Evol Biol 2015; 28:2337-48. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Nougué
- UMR 5175 CEFE; CNRS - Université Montpellier - Université P. Valéry - EPHE; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - N. O. Rode
- UMR 5175 CEFE; CNRS - Université Montpellier - Université P. Valéry - EPHE; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
- INRA - UMR 1334 AGAP; Montpellier France
| | - R. Jabbour-zahab
- UMR 5175 CEFE; CNRS - Université Montpellier - Université P. Valéry - EPHE; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - A. Ségard
- UMR 5175 CEFE; CNRS - Université Montpellier - Université P. Valéry - EPHE; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - L.-M. Chevin
- UMR 5175 CEFE; CNRS - Université Montpellier - Université P. Valéry - EPHE; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - C. R. Haag
- UMR 5175 CEFE; CNRS - Université Montpellier - Université P. Valéry - EPHE; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - T. Lenormand
- UMR 5175 CEFE; CNRS - Université Montpellier - Université P. Valéry - EPHE; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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32
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Maniatsi S, Farmaki T, Abatzopoulos TJ. The study of fkbp and ubiquitin reveals interesting aspects of Artemia stress history. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 186:8-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Eimanifar A, Van Stappen G, Wink M. Geographical distribution and evolutionary divergence times of Asian populations of the brine shrimpArtemia(Crustacea, Anostraca). Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Eimanifar
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Gilbert Van Stappen
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Michael Wink
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology; Heidelberg University; Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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Stekhoven FMAHS, van der Velde G, Lee TH, Bottrill AR. Proteomic study of the brackish water mussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata. Zool Stud 2015; 54:e22. [PMID: 31966109 PMCID: PMC6661436 DOI: 10.1186/s40555-014-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We encountered the opportunity to study proteochemically a brackish water invertebrate animal, Mytilopsis leucophaeata, belonging to the bivalves which stem from the second half of the Cambrian Period (about 510 million years ago). This way, we were able to compare it with the vertebrate animal, the frilled shark (Chlamydoselachus anguineus) that stems from a much later period of geologic time (Permian: 245-286 MYA). RESULTS The mussel contains a well-adapted system of protein synthesis on the ER, protein folding on the ER, protein trafficking via COPI or clathrin-coated vesicles from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi and plasmalemma, an equally well-developed system of actin filaments that with myosin forms the transport system for vesicular proteins and tubulin, which is also involved in ATP-driven vesicular protein transport via microtubules or transport of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis. A few of the systems that we could not detect in M. leucophaeata in comparison with C. anguineus are the synaptic vesicle cycle components as synaptobrevin, cellubrevin (v-snare) and synaptosomal associated protein 25-A (t-snare), although one component: Ras-related protein (O-Rab1) could be involved in synaptic vesicle traffic. Another component that we did not find in M. leucophaeata was Rab11 that is involved in the tubulovesicular recycling process of H+/K+-ATPase in C. anguineus. We have not been able to trace the H+/K+-ATPase of M. leucophaeata, but Na+/K+-ATPase was present. Furthermore, we have studied the increase of percent protein expression between 1,070 MYA (the generation of the Amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum) and present (the generation of the mammal Sus scrofa = wild boar). In this time span, three proteomic uprises did occur: 600 to 500 MYA, 47.5 to 4.75 MYA, and 1.4 to 0 MYA. The first uprise covers the generation of bivalves, the second covers gold fish, chicken, brine shrimp, house mouse, rabbit, Japanese medaka and Rattus norvegicus, and the third covers cow, chimpanzee, Homo sapiens, dog, goat, Puccinia graminis and wild boar. We hypothesise that the latter two uprises are related to geological and climate changes and their compensation in protein function expression. CONCLUSIONS The proteomic and evolutionary data demonstrate that M. leucophaeata is a highly educatioanal animal to study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feico MAH Schuurmans Stekhoven
- Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard van der Velde
- Department of Animal Ecology and Ecophysiology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517,2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tsung-Han Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Andrew R Bottrill
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Laboratory, Proteomics Facility, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
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Artemia biodiversity in Asia with the focus on the phylogeography of the introduced American species Artemia franciscana Kellogg, 1906. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 79:392-403. [PMID: 25019975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Maccari M, Amat F, Hontoria F, Gómez A. Laboratory generation of new parthenogenetic lineages supports contagious parthenogenesis in Artemia. PeerJ 2014; 2:e439. [PMID: 25024909 PMCID: PMC4081286 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Contagious parthenogenesis—a process involving rare functional males produced by a parthenogenetic lineage which mate with coexisting sexual females resulting in fertile parthenogenetic offspring—is one of the most striking mechanisms responsible for the generation of new parthenogenetic lineages. Populations of the parthenogenetic diploid brine shrimp Artemia produce fully functional males in low proportions. The evolutionary role of these so-called Artemia rare males is, however, unknown. Here we investigate whether new parthenogenetic clones could be obtained in the laboratory by mating these rare males with sexual females. We assessed the survival and sex ratio of the hybrid ovoviviparous offspring from previous crosses between rare males and females from all Asiatic sexual species, carried out cross-mating experiments between F1 hybrid individuals to assess their fertility, and estimated the viability and the reproductive mode of the resulting F2 offspring. Molecular analysis confirmed the parentage of hybrid parthenogenetic F2. Our study documents the first laboratory synthesis of new parthenogenetic lineages in Artemia and supports a model for the contagious spread of parthenogenesis. Our results suggest recessive inheritance but further experiments are required to confirm the likelihood of the contagious parthenogenesis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maccari
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) , Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón) , Spain ; School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull , Hull , United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Amat
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) , Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón) , Spain
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) , Ribera de Cabanes (Castellón) , Spain
| | - Africa Gómez
- School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull , Hull , United Kingdom
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Origin and genetic diversity of diploid parthenogenetic Artemia in Eurasia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83348. [PMID: 24376692 PMCID: PMC3869768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is wide interest in understanding how genetic diversity is generated and maintained in parthenogenetic lineages, as it will help clarify the debate of the evolution and maintenance of sexual reproduction. There are three mechanisms that can be responsible for the generation of genetic diversity of parthenogenetic lineages: contagious parthenogenesis, repeated hybridization and microorganism infections (e.g. Wolbachia). Brine shrimps of the genus Artemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca) are a good model system to investigate evolutionary transitions between reproductive systems as they include sexual species and lineages of obligate parthenogenetic populations of different ploidy level, which often co-occur. Diploid parthenogenetic lineages produce occasional fully functional rare males, interspecific hybridization is known to occur, but the mechanisms of origin of asexual lineages are not completely understood. Here we sequenced and analysed fragments of one mitochondrial and two nuclear genes from an extensive set of populations of diploid parthenogenetic Artemia and sexual species from Central and East Asia to investigate the evolutionary origin of diploid parthenogenetic Artemia, and geographic origin of the parental taxa. Our results indicate that there are at least two, possibly three independent and recent maternal origins of parthenogenetic lineages, related to A. urmiana and Artemia sp. from Kazakhstan, but that the nuclear genes are very closely related in all the sexual species and parthenogegetic lineages except for A. sinica, who presumable took no part on the origin of diploid parthenogenetic strains. Our data cannot rule out either hybridization between any of the very closely related Asiatic sexual species or rare events of contagious parthenogenesis via rare males as the contributing mechanisms to the generation of genetic diversity in diploid parthenogenetic Artemia lineages.
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Sukumaran S, Grant A. Multigenerational demographic responses of sexual and asexual Artemia to chronic genotoxicity by a reference mutagen. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 144-145:66-74. [PMID: 24141038 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxins are capable of multigenerational impacts on natural populations via DNA damage and mutations. Sexual reproduction is assumed to reduce the long term consequences of genotoxicity for individual fitness and should therefore reduce population level effects. However, rather few empirical studies have quantified the magnitude of this effect. We tried to analyse the multigenerational demographic responses of sexual Artemia franciscana and asexual Artemia parthenogenetica due to chronic genotoxicity by a reference mutagen, ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). A prospective (elasticity analysis) and retrospective (differences and contributions) perturbation analysis was carried out to understand the interactions of life history traits with population growth rate λ by comparing elasticities, differences and contributions of vital rates to λ. None of the previous studies have compared the effects of chronic genotoxicity using prospective and retrospective perturbation analyses in a sexual and asexual species over generations. The behaviour of a population with lower growth rate in the presence of genotoxicants in the field was studied by simulating reduced fertilities in the LTRE design. The results of prospective and retrospective perturbation analyses of effects on λ showed that population growth rate was proportionally more sensitive to juvenile survival whereas the effect of EMS on juvenile fertility contributed more to the variations in population growth rate in both the species and this effect was due to the high growth rate of Artemia. Simulations of lower population growth rate in the model showed that adult fertility and survival are also of importance. Sexual reproduction substantially mitigated the long term consequences of genetic damage, although these would be greater if population growth rate were lower. So multigenerational population level consequences of genotoxicity were much greater in an asexual species. So asexual species, and those with a parthenogenetic phase in their life cycle, may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of environmental mutagens. Ecological risk assessments should include information from multigenerational studies, as responses to genotoxicity may vary depending on the life history strategies and reproductive modes of the species under consideration. Single generation studies may under or over-estimate risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Sukumaran
- University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.
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Maccari M, Gómez A, Hontoria F, Amat F. Functional rare males in diploid parthenogenetic Artemia. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1934-48. [PMID: 23837914 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional males that are produced occasionally in some asexual taxa - called 'rare males' - raise considerable evolutionary interest, as they might be involved in the origin of new parthenogenetic lineages. Diploid parthenogenetic Artemia produce rare males, which may retain the ability to mate with females of related sexual lineages. Here, we (i) describe the frequency of male progeny in populations of diploid parthenogenetic Artemia, (ii) characterize rare males morphologically, (iii) assess their reproductive role, using cross-mating experiments with sexual females of related species from Central Asia and characterize the F1 hybrid offspring viability and (iv) confirm genetically both the identity and functionality of rare males using DNA barcoding and microsatellite loci. Our result suggests that these males may have an evolutionary role through genetic exchange with related sexual species and that diploid parthenogenetic Artemia is a good model system to investigate the evolutionary transitions between sexual species and parthenogenetic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maccari
- Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ribera de Cabanes Castellón, Spain.
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Zhang H, Luo Q, Sun J, Liu F, Wu G, Yu J, Wang W. Mitochondrial genome sequences of Artemia tibetiana and Artemia urmiana: assessing molecular changes for high plateau adaptation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:440-52. [PMID: 23633076 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brine shrimps, Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca), inhabit hypersaline environments and have a broad geographical distribution from sea level to high plateaus. Artemia therefore possess significant genetic diversity, which gives them their outstanding adaptability. To understand this remarkable plasticity, we sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of two Artemia tibetiana isolates from the Tibetan Plateau in China and one Artemia urmiana isolate from Lake Urmia in Iran and compared them with the genome of a low-altitude Artemia, A. franciscana. We compared the ratio of the rate of nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitutions (Ka/Ks ratio) in the mitochondrial protein-coding gene sequences and found that atp8 had the highest Ka/Ks ratios in comparisons of A. franciscana with either A. tibetiana or A. urmiana and that atp6 had the highest Ka/Ks ratio between A. tibetiana and A. urmiana. Atp6 may have experienced strong selective pressure for high-altitude adaptation because although A. tibetiana and A. urmiana are closely related they live at different altitudes. We identified two extended termination-associated sequences and three conserved sequence blocks in the D-loop region of the mitochondrial genomes. We propose that sequence variations in the D-loop region and in the subunits of the respiratory chain complexes independently or collectively contribute to the adaptation of Artemia to different altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangxiao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101300, China
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41
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Rode NO, Lievens EJ, Flaven E, Segard A, Jabbour-Zahab R, Sanchez MI, Lenormand T. Why join groups? Lessons from parasite-manipulatedArtemia. Ecol Lett 2013; 16:493-501. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas O. Rode
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Eva J.P. Lievens
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Elodie Flaven
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Adeline Segard
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Roula Jabbour-Zahab
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Marta I. Sanchez
- Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC); Avda. Américo Vespucio s/n 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Thomas Lenormand
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive - UMR 5175; 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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Gajardo GM, Beardmore JA. The brine shrimp artemia: adapted to critical life conditions. Front Physiol 2012; 3:185. [PMID: 22737126 PMCID: PMC3381296 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The brine shrimp Artemia is a micro-crustacean, well adapted to the harsh conditions that severely hypersaline environments impose on survival and reproduction. Adaptation to these conditions has taken place at different functional levels or domains, from the individual (molecular-cellular-physiological) to the population level. Such conditions are experienced by very few equivalent macro-planktonic organisms; thus, Artemia can be considered a model animal extremophile offering a unique suite of adaptations that are the focus of this review. The most obvious is a highly efficient osmoregulation system to withstand up to 10 times the salt concentration of ordinary seawater. Under extremely critical environmental conditions, for example when seasonal lakes dry-out, Artemia takes refuge by producing a highly resistant encysted gastrula embryo (cyst) capable of severe dehydration enabling an escape from population extinction. Cysts can be viewed as gene banks that store a genetic memory of historical population conditions. Their occurrence is due to the evolved ability of females to "perceive" forthcoming unstable environmental conditions expressed by their ability to switch reproductive mode, producing either cysts (oviparity) when environmental conditions become deleterious or free-swimming nauplii (ovoviviparity) that are able to maintain the population under suitable conditions. At the population level the trend is for conspecific populations to be fragmented into locally adapted populations, whereas species are restricted to salty lakes in particular regions (regional endemism). The Artemia model depicts adaptation as a complex response to critical life conditions, integrating and refining past and present experiences at all levels of organization. Although we consider an invertebrate restricted to a unique environment, the processes to be discussed are of general biological interest. Finally, we highlight the benefits of understanding the stress response of Artemia for the well-being of human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo M. Gajardo
- Laboratorio de Genética, Acuicultura & Biodiversidad, Departmento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Los LagosOsorno, Chile
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Determination of biological characteristics of Tunisian Artemia salina populations. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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Manaffar R, Zare S, Agh N, Abdolahzadeh N, Soltanian S, Sorgeloos P, Bossier P, Van Stappen G. SNP detection in Na/K ATP-ase gene α1 subunit of bisexual and parthenogenetic Artemia strains by RFLP screening. Mol Ecol Resour 2011; 11:211-4. [PMID: 21429125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to find a marker for differentiating between a bisexual and a parthenogenetic Artemia strain, Exon-7 of the Na/K ATPase α(1) subunit gene was screened by RFLP technique. The results revealed a constant synonymous SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) in digestion by the Tru1I enzyme that was consistent with these two types of Artemia. This SNP was identified as an accurate molecular marker for discrimination between bisexual and parthenogenetic Artemia. According to the Nei's genetic distance (1973), the lowest genetic distance was found between individuals from Artemia urmiana Günther 1890 and parthenogenetic populations, making the described marker the first marker to easily distinguish between these two cooccurring species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Manaffar
- Artemia and Aquatic Animals Research Institute, Urmia University, PO Box 165, Urmia, Iran.
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Is polyploidy a persevering accident or an adaptive evolutionary pattern? The case of the brine shrimp Artemia. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 58:353-64. [PMID: 21145977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Muñoz J, Gómez A, Green AJ, Figuerola J, Amat F, Rico C. Evolutionary origin and phylogeography of the diploid obligate parthenogen Artemia parthenogenetica (Branchiopoda: Anostraca). PLoS One 2010; 5:e11932. [PMID: 20694140 PMCID: PMC2915914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the evolutionary origin and the phylogeographic patterns of asexual taxa can shed light on the origin and maintenance of sexual reproduction. We assessed the geographic origin, genetic diversity, and phylogeographic history of obligate parthenogen diploid Artemia parthenogenetica populations, a widespread halophilic crustacean. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analysed a partial sequence of the Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I mitochondrial gene from an extensive set of localities (including Eurasia, Africa, and Australia), and examined their phylogeographic patterns and the phylogenetic relationships of diploid A. parthenogenetica and its closest sexual relatives. Populations displayed an extremely low level of mitochondrial genetic diversity, with one widespread haplotype shared by over 79% of individuals analysed. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses indicated a multiple and recent evolutionary origin of diploid A. parthenogenetica, and strongly suggested that the geographic origin of parthenogenesis in Artemia was in Central Asia. Our results indicate that the maternal sexual ancestors of diploid A. parthenogenetica were an undescribed species from Kazakhstan and A. urmiana. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We found evidence for multiple origin of parthenogenesis in Central Asia. Our results indicated that, shortly after its origin, diploid A. parthenogenetica populations underwent a rapid range expansion from Central Asia towards the Mediterranean region, and probably to the rest of its current geographic distribution. This contrasts with the restricted geographic distribution, strong genetic structure, and regional endemism of sexual Artemia lineages and other passively dispersed sexual continental aquatic invertebrates. We hypothesize that diploid parthenogens might have reached their current distribution in historical times, with a range expansion possibly facilitated by an increased availability of suitable habitat provided by anthropogenic activities, such as the spread of solar saltworks, aided by their natural dispersal vectors (i.e., waterbirds).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Muñoz
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (CSIC), Isla de la Cartuja, Seville, Spain.
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Sharp phylogeographic breaks and patterns of genealogical concordance in the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:5455-5470. [PMID: 20054480 PMCID: PMC2802004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10125455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Genealogical concordance is a critical overlay of all phylogenetic analyses, irrespective of taxonomic level. To assess such patterns of congruence we have compiled and derived sequence data for two mitochondrial (16S rRNA, COI) and two nuclear (ITS1, p26) markers in 14 American populations of the hypersaline branchiopod Artemia franciscana. Cladistic analysis revealed three reciprocally monophyletic mitochondrial clades. For nuclear DNA, incomplete lineage sorting was evident presumably as a result of slower coalescence or male-mediated dispersal. Our findings capture the genealogical interval between gene splitting and population divergence. In this sense, strong indications are provided in favour of a superspecies status and ongoing speciation in A. franciscana.
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Velonà A, Luchetti A, Scanabissi F, Mantovani B. Genetic variability and reproductive modalities in European populations ofTriops cancriformis(Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Notostraca). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/11250000902785314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Parraguez M, Gajardo G, Beardmore JA. The New World Artemia species A. franciscana and A. persimilis are highly differentiated for chromosome size and heterochromatin content. Hereditas 2009; 146:93-103. [PMID: 19490170 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2009.02109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements have played a key role in the speciation of the New World sexual Artemia species (Crustacea, Anostraca) A. franciscana and A. persimilis. The species differ by a chromosome duplication (2n+2=44 in A. persimilis vs 2n=42 in A. franciscana), and a greater amount of heterochromatin (HCH) in A. franciscana. To investigate this difference in HCH, four parameters were compared for the first time in Artemia: 1) the absolute sizes of one A. persimilis and four A. franciscana karyotypes; 2) the relative lengths of all chromosome; 3) the number of heterochromatic bands and 4) the relative amounts of HCH per chromosome and its position. The two A.franciscana karyotypes with the largest HCH amount (26%), have twice (139.26 microm and 134.05 microm) the absolute size of the A.persimilis karyotype (64.91 microm; HCH: 1.97%). Interspecific and intraspecific (A. franciscana) differences in chromosome size and HCH were observed, although the two sets of information are not positively correlated. While A. persimilis shares plesiomorphic karyological traits with Old World species, A. franciscana has apomorphic features such as longer chromosomes and greater HCH content, mainly dispersed towards telomeres. The impacts of such chromosome rearrangements are discussed in relation to the wider geographic distribution, greater colonizing ability, and life history plasticity of A. franciscana. An additional, though preliminary, point of this paper is the observation that the female would be the heterogametic sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Parraguez
- Laboratorio de Genética and Acuicultura, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
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Neiman M, Meirmans S, Meirmans PG. What Can Asexual Lineage Age Tell Us about the Maintenance of Sex? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1168:185-200. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04572.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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