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Yang N, Yun WJ, Cui ZG, Zheng HC. The oncogenic roles of GPR176 in ovarian cancer: a molecular target for aggressiveness and gene therapy. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2024; 44:2347430. [PMID: 38835234 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2024.2347430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At present, the discovery of new biomarkers is of great significance for the early diagnosis, treatment and prognosis assessment of ovarian cancer. Previous findings indicated that aberrant G-protein-coupled receptor 176 (GPR176) expression might contribute to tumorigenesis and subsequent progression. However, the expression of GPR176 and the molecular mechanisms in ovarian cancer had not been investigated. METHODS GPR176 expression was compared with clinicopathological features of ovarian cancer using immunohistochemical and bioinformatics analyses. GPR176-related genes and pathways were analysed using bioinformatics analysis. Additionally, the effects of GPR176 on ovarian cancer cell phenotypes were investigated. RESULTS GPR176 expression positively correlated with elder age, clinicopathological staging, tumour residual status, and unfavourable survival of ovarian cancer, but negatively with purity loss, infiltration of B cells, and CD8+ T cells. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis showed that differential expression of GPR176 was involved in focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, cell adhesion molecules and so on. STRING and Cytoscape were used to determine the top 10 nodes. Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes analysis indicated that GPR176-related genes were involved in the ECM structural constituent and organisation and so on. GPR176 overexpression promoted the proliferation, anti-apoptosis, anti-pyroptosis, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells with overexpression of N-cadherin, Zeb1, Snail, Twist1, and under-expression of gasdermin D, caspase 1, and E-cadherin. CONCLUSION GPR176 might be involved in the progression of ovarian cancer. It might be used as a biomarker to indicate the aggressive behaviour and poor prognosis of ovarian cancer and a target of genetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Wen-Jing Yun
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Zheng-Guo Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Fukui School of Medical Science, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
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2
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Patel K, Smith NJ. Primary cilia, A-kinase anchoring proteins and constitutive activity at the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR161: A tale about a tail. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2182-2196. [PMID: 36772847 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile antennae-like structures responsible for sensing environmental changes in most mammalian cells. Ciliary signalling is largely mediated by the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway, which acts as a master regulator of ciliary protein transit and is essential for normal embryonic development. One particularly important player in primary cilia is the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR161. In this review, we introduce GPR161 in the context of Shh signalling and describe the unique features on its C-terminus such as PKA phosphorylation sites and an A-kinase anchoring protein motif, which may influence the function of the receptor, cAMP compartmentalisation and/or trafficking within primary cilia. We discuss the recent putative pairing of GPR161 and spexin-1, highlighting the additional steps needed before GPR161 could be considered 'deorphanised'. Finally, we speculate that the marked constitutive activity and unconventional regulation of GPR161 may indicate that the receptor may not require an endogenous ligand. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Patel
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicola J Smith
- Orphan Receptor Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
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Xu C, Wang Y, Ni H, Yao M, Cheng L, Lin X. The role of orphan G protein-coupled receptors in pain. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28818. [PMID: 38590871 PMCID: PMC11000026 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which form the largest family of membrane protein receptors in humans, are highly complex signaling systems with intricate structures and dynamic conformations and locations. Among these receptors, a specific subset is referred to as orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs) and has garnered significant interest in pain research due to their role in both central and peripheral nervous system function. The diversity of GPCR functions is attributed to multiple factors, including allosteric modulators, signaling bias, oligomerization, constitutive signaling, and compartmentalized signaling. This review primarily focuses on the recent advances in oGPCR research on pain mechanisms, discussing the role of specific oGPCRs including GPR34, GPR37, GPR65, GPR83, GPR84, GPR85, GPR132, GPR151, GPR160, GPR171, GPR177, and GPR183. The orphan receptors among these receptors associated with central nervous system diseases are also briefly described. Understanding the functions of these oGPCRs can contribute not only to a deeper understanding of pain mechanisms but also offer a reference for discovering new targets for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third People's Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
| | - Yahui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
| | - Huadong Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, PR China
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314000, PR China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third People's Hospital of Bengbu, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
| | - Xuewu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, 233000, PR China
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Tang Q, Ojiro R, Ozawa S, Zou X, Nakahara J, Nakao T, Koyanagi M, Jin M, Yoshida T, Shibutani M. DNA methylation-altered genes in the rat hippocampal neurogenic niche after continuous exposure to amorphous curcumin. J Chem Neuroanat 2024; 137:102414. [PMID: 38490283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2024.102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Rat offspring who are exposed to an amorphous formula of curcumin (CUR) from the embryonic stage have anti-anxiety-like behaviors, enhanced fear extinction learning, and increased synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). In the present study, we investigated the links between genes with altered methylation status in the neurogenic niche and enhanced neural functions after CUR exposure. We conducted methylation and RNA sequencing analyses of the DG of CUR-exposed rat offspring on day 77 after delivery. Methylation status and transcript levels of candidate genes were validated using methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting and real-time reverse-transcription PCR, respectively. In the CUR group, we confirmed the hypermethylation and downregulation of Gpr150, Mmp23, Rprml, and Pcdh8 as well as the hypomethylation and upregulation of Ppm1j, Fam222a, and Opn3. Immunohistochemically, reprimo-like+ hilar cells and protocadherin-8+ granule cells were decreased and opsin-3+ hilar cells were increased by CUR exposure. Both reprimo-like and opsin-3 were partially expressed on subpopulations of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67+ γ-aminobutyric acid-ergic interneurons. Furthermore, the transcript levels of genes involved in protocadherin-8-mediated N-cadherin endocytosis were altered with CUR exposure; this was accompanied by Ctnnb1 and Syp upregulation and Mapk14, Map2k3, and Grip1 downregulation, suggesting that CUR-induced enhanced synaptic plasticity is associated with cell adhesion. Together, our results indicate that functionally different genes have altered methylation and expression in different neuronal populations of the hippocampal neurogenic niche, thus enhancing synaptic plasticity after CUR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ozawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Xinyu Zou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Junta Nakahara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- Emulsion Laboratory, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Mihoko Koyanagi
- Global Scientific and Regulatory Affairs, San-Ei Gen F.F.I., Inc., 1-1-11 Sanwa-cho, Toyonaka-shi, Osaka 561-8588, Japan
| | - Meilan Jin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Toshinori Yoshida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Makoto Shibutani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan; Cooperative Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Zhang M, Ma Z, Qi H, Cui X, Li R, Gao X. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of mammary gland tissues reveals the critical role of GPR110 in palmitic acid-stimulated milk protein and fat synthesis. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1665-1677. [PMID: 36946032 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) sensing nutritional signals (amino acids, fatty acids, glucose, etc.) are not fully understood. In this research, we used transcriptome sequencing to analyse differentially expressed genes (DEG) in mouse mammary gland tissues at puberty, lactation and involution stages, in which eight GPCR were selected out and verified by qRT-PCR assay. It was further identified the role of GPR110-mediating nutrients including palmitic acid (PA) and methionine (Met) to improve milk synthesis using mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11. PA but not Met affected GPR110 expression in a dose-dependent manner. GPR110 knockdown decreased milk protein and fat synthesis and cell proliferation and blocked the stimulation of PA on mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation and sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expression. In summary, these experimental results disclose DEG related to lactation and reveal that GPR110 mediates PA to activate the mTOR and SREBP-1c pathways to promote milk protein and fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zonghua Ma
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Qi
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Cui
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingmi Road 88, Jingzhou434025, People's Republic of China
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Yun WJ, Li J, Yin NC, Zhang CY, Cui ZG, Zhang L, Zheng HC. The promoting effects of GPR176 expression on proliferation, chemoresistance, lipogenesis and invasion of oesophageal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:14641-14655. [PMID: 37584712 PMCID: PMC10602955 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor 1 family, the G-protein-coupled receptor 176 (GPR176) gene encodes a glycosylated protein made up of 515 amino acids. The current study was performed to evaluate the impact of GPR176 on the clinicopathology and prognosis of oesophageal cancer, as well as uncover its molecular mechanisms. METHODS Bioinformatics and clinical tissue samples were used to detect the expression and clinicopathological significance of GPR176 in oesophageal cancer. The expression, proliferation, migration and invasion, apoptosis and lipid droplet formation of GPR176 gene in oesophageal cancer were performed as phenotypic readouts. RESULTS Here, RT-PCR and bioinformatic analyses revealed that GPR176 mRNA expression was significantly higher in oesophageal cancer than in normal mucosa (p < 0.05). GPR176 mRNA expression was associated with low weight and BMI, low T stage, low N and clinicopathological stage, low histological grade and favourable clinical outcome of oesophageal cancer (p < 0.05). The differential genes of GPR176 mRNA were involved in protein digestion and absorption, extracellular matrix constituent, endoplasmic reticulum lumen, among others (p < 0.05). GPR176-related genes were classified as being involved in oxidoreductase activity, actin and myosin complexes, lipid localisation and transport, among others (p < 0.05). GPR176 knockdown suppressed proliferation, anti-apoptotic and anti-pyroptotic properties, migration, invasion, chemoresistance and lipid droplet formation in oesophageal cancer cells (p < 0.05), while ACC1 and ACLY overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of GPR176 silencing on lipid droplet formation and chemoresistance. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that upregulated expression of GPR176 might be involved in oesophageal carcinogenesis and subsequent progression, aggressiveness, and induced chemoresistance by ACC1- and ACLY-mediated lipogenesis and lipid droplet assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Yun
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Nan-Chang Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Cong-Yu Zhang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Zheng-Guo Cui
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Fukui School of Medical Sciences, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China.
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Yun WJ, Xue H, Yang N, Xiao LJ, Sun HZ, Zheng HC. Oncogenic roles of GPR176 in breast cancer: a potential marker of aggressiveness and a potential target of gene therapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:3042-3056. [PMID: 37079213 PMCID: PMC10462518 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Belonging to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family, G protein-coupled receptor 176 (GPR176) is associated with the Gz/Gx G-protein subclass and is capable of decreasing cAMP production. METHODS GPR176 expression was detected by qRT-PCR, bioinformatics analysis, Western blot and immunohistochemistry, and compared with clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancer. GPR176-related genes and pathways were subjected to bioinformatic analysis. We also explored the effects of GPR176 on the phenotypes of breast cancer cells. RESULTS Lower expression of GPR176 mRNA was seen in breast cancer than in normal tissues, but the opposite pattern was found for its protein (p < 0.05). GPR176 mRNA was associated with female sex, low T staging, non-Her-2+ subtypes, non-mutant p53 status in breast cancer (p < 0.05). GPR176 methylation was negatively correlated with its mRNA level and T staging in breast cancer, and was higher in breast cancer than normal tissues (p < 0.05). GPR176 protein expression was positively correlated with older age, small tumor size, and non-luminal-B subtype of breast cancers (p < 0.05). The differential genes of GPR176 were involved in receptor-ligand interaction, RNA maturation, and so forth (p < 0.05). GPR176-related genes were categorized into cell mobility, membrane structure, and so on (p < 0.05). GPR176 knockdown weakened the proliferation, glucose catabolism, anti-apoptosis, anti-pyroptosis, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION These results indicate that GPR176 might be involved in the tumorigenesis and subsequent progression of breast cancer by deteriorating aggressive phenotypes. It might be utilized as a potential biomarker to indicate the aggressive behaviors and poor prognosis of breast cancer and a potential target of genetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Yun
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Li-Jun Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Basic Medical College of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Sun
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Hua-Chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China.
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Melgrati S, Gerken OJ, Artinger M, Radice E, Szpakowska M, Chevigné A, D’Uonnolo G, Antonello P, Thelen S, Pelczar P, Legler DF, Thelen M. GPR182 is a broadly scavenging atypical chemokine receptor influencing T-independent immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242531. [PMID: 37554323 PMCID: PMC10405735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune responses highly depend on the effective trafficking of immune cells into and within secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). Atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) scavenge chemokines to eliminate them from the extracellular space, thereby generating gradients that guide leukocytes. In contrast to canonical chemokine receptors, ACKRs do not induce classical intracellular signaling that results in cell migration. Recently, the closest relative of ACKR3, GPR182, has been partially deorphanized as a potential novel ACKR. We confirm and extend previous studies by identifying further ligands that classify GPR182 as a broadly scavenging chemokine receptor. We validate the "atypical" nature of the receptor, wherein canonical G-protein-dependent intracellular signaling is not activated following ligand stimulation. However, β-arrestins are required for ligand-independent internalization and chemokine scavenging whereas the C-terminus is in part dispensable. In the absence of GPR182 in vivo, we observed elevated chemokine levels in the serum but also in SLO interstitium. We also reveal that CXCL13 and CCL28, which do not bind any other ACKR, are bound and efficiently scavenged by GPR182. Moreover, we found a cooperative relationship between GPR182 and ACKR3 in regulating serum CXCL12 levels, and between GPR182 and ACKR4 in controlling CCL20 levels. Furthermore, we unveil a new phenotype in GPR182-KO mice, in which we observed a reduced marginal zone (MZ), both in size and in cellularity, and thus in the T-independent antibody response. Taken together, we and others have unveiled a novel, broadly scavenging chemokine receptor, which we propose should be named ACKR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Melgrati
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oliver J. Gerken
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marc Artinger
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Egle Radice
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martyna Szpakowska
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Andy Chevigné
- Immuno-Pharmacology and Interactomics, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giulia D’Uonnolo
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Paola Antonello
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- University of Basel, Center for Transgenic Models, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel F. Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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Franchini L, Orlandi C. Probing the orphan receptors: Tools and directions. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 195:47-76. [PMID: 36707155 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous ligands activating a large fraction of the G Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family members have yet to be identified. These receptors are commonly labeled as orphans (oGPCRs), and because of the absence of available pharmacological tools they are currently understudied. Nonetheless, genome wide association studies, together with research using animal models identified many physiological functions regulated by oGPCRs. Similarly, mutations in some oGPCRs have been associated with rare genetic disorders or with an increased risk of developing pathologies. The once underestimated pharmacological potential of targeting oGPCRs is increasingly being exploited by the development of novel tools to understand their biology and by drug discovery endeavors aimed at identifying new modulators of their activity. Here, we summarize recent advancements in the field of oGPCRs and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Franchini
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States.
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Wong T, Gao W, Chen G, Qiu C, He G, Ye F, Wu Z, Zeng Z, Du Y. Cryo-EM structure of orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR21. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e205. [PMID: 36721851 PMCID: PMC9877262 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR21 belongs to class A orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). The endogenous ligands for human GPR21 remain unidentified. GPR21 expression is associated with developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), a multifactorial metabolic disease caused by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, decreasing insulin production, insulin resistance, and obesity. Animal studies suggested that GPR21 is a potential therapeutic target for T2DM treatment. The underlying mechanisms leading to GPR21 self-activation remain unknown. In our co-expression analysis, we noted that GPR21 could also form a stable complex with an unreported Gα protein subtype, Gαs. To gain further insights into the structural mechanisms of GPR21 activation, we employed cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and single-particle analysis to resolve the high-resolution structure of GPR21-Gαs complexes. The clear electron density map of the GPR21-Gαs provided direct evidence that GPR21 could couple to Gαs protein at physiological conditions. Thus, GPR21 might mediate previously unexplored pathways in normal or pathological conditions, which warrants further investigation. Structure-guided mutagenesis and biochemical analysis revealed that extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) of GPR21 is essential for the receptor transducing intracellular signal via cAMP. Together, the new structure data reveal a novel signaling cascade of human GPR21 mediated by ECL2 and provide fundamental information for future structure-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian‐Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina,School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina,Innovation Center for AI and Drug DiscoveryEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Chen Qiu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Guodong He
- School of MedicineTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fang Ye
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Zhangsong Wu
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Zicheng Zeng
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug, Discovery and Development, School of Medicinethe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhenGuangdongChina
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11
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Cho-Clark MJ, Watkins A, Wu TJ. The role of GnRH metabolite, GnRH-(1-5), in endometrial cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1183278. [PMID: 37124730 PMCID: PMC10140499 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1183278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
From the time of its discovery and isolation in the mammalian hypothalamus, the decapeptide, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), has also been found to be expressed in non-hypothalamic tissues and can elicit a diverse array of functions both in the brain and periphery. In cancer, past studies have targeted the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRHR) as a way to treat reproductive cancers due to its anti-tumorigenic effects. On the contrary, its metabolite, GnRH-(1-5), behaves divergently from its parental peptide through putative orphan G-protein coupled receptor (oGPCR), GPR101. In this review, we will focus on the potential roles of GnRH-(1-5) in the periphery with an emphasis on its effects on endometrial cancer progression.
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12
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Stäubert C, Wozniak M, Dupuis N, Laschet C, Pillaiyar T, Hanson J. Superconserved receptors expressed in the brain: Expression, function, motifs and evolution of an orphan receptor family. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108217. [PMID: 35644261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
GPR27, GPR85 and GPR173 constitute a small family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) that share the distinctive characteristics of being highly conserved throughout vertebrate evolution and predominantly expressed in the brain. Accordingly, they have been coined as "Superconserved Receptors Expressed in the Brain" (SREB), although their expression profile is more complex than what was originally thought. SREBs have no known validated endogenous ligands and are thus labeled as "orphan" receptors. The investigation of this particular category of uncharacterized receptors holds great promise both in terms of physiology and drug development. In the largest GPCR family, the Rhodopsin-like or Class A, around 100 receptors are considered orphans. Because GPCRs are the most successful source of drug targets, the discovery of a novel function or ligand most likely will lead to significant breakthroughs for the discovery of innovative therapies. The high level of conservation is one of the characteristic features of the SREBs. We propose herein a detailed analysis of the putative evolutionary origin of this family. We highlight the properties that distinguish SREBs from other rhodopsin-like GPCRs. We present the current evidence for these receptors downstream signaling pathways and functions. We discuss the pharmacological challenge for the identification of natural or synthetic ligands of orphan receptors like SREBs. The different SREB-related scientific questions are presented with a highlight on what should be addressed in the near future, including the confirmation of published evidence and their validation as drug targets. In particular, we discuss in which pathological conditions these receptors may be of great relevance to solve unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Monika Wozniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nadine Dupuis
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Céline Laschet
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Thanigaimalai Pillaiyar
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry and Tuebingen Center for Academic Drug Discovery, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julien Hanson
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Medicines, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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13
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Maudsley S, Walter D, Schrauwen C, Van Loon N, Harputluoğlu İ, Lenaerts J, McDonald P. Intersection of the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor, GPR19, with the Aging Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113598. [PMID: 36362387 PMCID: PMC9653598 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent one of the most functionally diverse classes of transmembrane proteins. GPCRs and their associated signaling systems have been linked to nearly every physiological process. They also constitute nearly 40% of the current pharmacopeia as direct targets of remedial therapies. Hence, their place as a functional nexus in the interface between physiological and pathophysiological processes suggests that GPCRs may play a central role in the generation of nearly all types of human disease. Perhaps one mechanism through which GPCRs can mediate this pivotal function is through the control of the molecular aging process. It is now appreciated that, indeed, many human disorders/diseases are induced by GPCR signaling processes linked to pathological aging. Here we discuss one such novel member of the GPCR family, GPR19, that may represent an important new target for novel remedial strategies for the aging process. The molecular signaling pathways (metabolic control, circadian rhythm regulation and stress responsiveness) associated with this recently characterized receptor suggest an important role in aging-related disease etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Maudsley
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Deborah Walter
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Claudia Schrauwen
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Nore Van Loon
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - İrem Harputluoğlu
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Julia Lenaerts
- Receptor Biology Lab, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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14
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Trubacova R, Drastichova Z, Novotny J. Biochemical and physiological insights into TRH receptor-mediated signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:981452. [PMID: 36147745 PMCID: PMC9485831 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.981452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is an important endocrine agent that regulates the function of cells in the anterior pituitary and the central and peripheral nervous systems. By controlling the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones, TRH affects many physiological functions, including energy homeostasis. This hormone exerts its effects through G protein-coupled TRH receptors, which signal primarily through Gq/11 but may also utilize other G protein classes under certain conditions. Because of the potential therapeutic benefit, considerable attention has been devoted to the synthesis of new TRH analogs that may have some advantageous properties compared with TRH. In this context, it may be interesting to consider the phenomenon of biased agonism and signaling at the TRH receptor. This possibility is supported by some recent findings. Although knowledge about the mechanisms of TRH receptor-mediated signaling has increased steadily over the past decades, there are still many unanswered questions, particularly about the molecular details of post-receptor signaling. In this review, we summarize what has been learned to date about TRH receptor-mediated signaling, including some previously undiscussed information, and point to future directions in TRH research that may offer new insights into the molecular mechanisms of TRH receptor-triggered actions and possible ways to modulate TRH receptor-mediated signaling.
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15
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Jareid M, Snapkov I, Holden M, Busund LTR, Lund E, Nøst TH. The blood transcriptome prior to ovarian cancer diagnosis: A case-control study in the NOWAC postgenome cohort. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256442. [PMID: 34449791 PMCID: PMC8396762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) has a 5-year relative survival of 50%, partly because markers of early-stage disease are not available in current clinical diagnostics. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether EOC is associated with transcriptional profiles in blood collected up to 7 years before diagnosis. For this, we used RNA-stabilized whole blood, which contains circulating immune cells, from a sample of EOC cases from the population-based Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) postgenome cohort. We explored case-control differences in gene expression in all EOC (66 case-control pairs), as well as associations between gene expression and metastatic EOC (56 pairs), serous EOC (45 pairs, 44 of which were metastatic), and interval from blood sample collection to diagnosis (≤3 or >3 years; 34 and 31 pairs, respectively). Lastly, we assessed differential expression of genes associated with EOC in published functional genomics studies that used blood samples collected from newly diagnosed women. After adjustment for multiple testing, this nested case-control study revealed no significant case-control differences in gene expression in all EOC (false discovery rate q>0.96). With the exception of a few probes, the log2 fold change values obtained in gene-wise linear models were below ±0.2. P-values were lowest in analyses of metastatic EOC (80% of which were serous EOC). No common transcriptional profile was indicated by interval to diagnosis; when comparing the 100 genes with the lowest p-values in gene-wise tests in samples collected ≤3 and >3 years before EOC diagnosis, no overlap in these genes was observed. Among 86 genes linked to ovarian cancer in previous publications, our data contained expression values for 42, and of these, tests of LIME1, GPR162, STAB1, and SKAP1, resulted in unadjusted p<0.05. Although limited by sample size, our findings indicated less variation in blood gene expression between women with similar tumor characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Jareid
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Community Medicine, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Igor Snapkov
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Lill-Tove Rasmussen Busund
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Biology, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eiliv Lund
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Community Medicine, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Community Medicine, UiT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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16
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Wada M, Yukawa K, Ogasawara H, Suzawa K, Maekawa T, Yamamoto Y, Ohta T, Lee E, Miki T. GPR52 accelerates fatty acid biosynthesis in a ligand-dependent manner in hepatocytes and in response to excessive fat intake in mice. iScience 2021; 24:102260. [PMID: 33796846 PMCID: PMC7995607 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gpr52 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor of unknown physiological function. We found that Gpr52-deficient (Gpr52−/−) mice exhibit leanness associated with reduced liver weight, decreased hepatic de novo lipogenesis, and enhanced insulin sensitivity. Treatment of the hepatoma cell line HepG2 cells with c11, the synthetic GPR52 agonist, increased fatty acid biosynthesis, and GPR52 knockdown (KD) abolished the lipogenic action of c11. In addition, c11 induced the expressions of lipogenic enzymes (SCD1 and ELOVL6), whereas these inductions were attenuated by GPR52-KD. In contrast, cholesterol biosynthesis was not increased by c11, but its basal level was significantly suppressed by GPR52-KD. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced increase in hepatic expression of Pparg2 and its targets (Scd1 and Elovl6) was absent in Gpr52−/− mice with alleviated hepatosteatosis. Our present study showed that hepatic GPR52 promotes the biosynthesis of fatty acid and cholesterol in a ligand-dependent and a constitutive manner, respectively, and Gpr52 participates in HFD-induced fatty acid synthesis in liver. Hepatosteatosis is inherently an adaptive response to overnutrition to store energy On the other hand, it can be a pathological condition causing insulin resistance High-fat diet increases PPARγ2 expression and lipogenesis in liver via GPR52 Gpr52 ablation protects mice from developing hepatosteatosis and insulin resistance
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Wada
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kayo Yukawa
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maekawa
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ohta
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Functional Anatomy, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takashi Miki
- Department of Medical Physiology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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17
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Ikawa F, Tanaka S, Harada K, Hide I, Maruyama H, Sakai N. Detailed neuronal distribution of GPR3 and its co-expression with EF-hand calcium-binding proteins in the mouse central nervous system. Brain Res 2020; 1750:147166. [PMID: 33075309 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The G-protein coupled receptor 3 (GPR3), a member of the class A rhodopsin-type GPR family, constitutively activates Gαs proteins without any ligands. Although there have been several reports concerning the functions of GPR3 in neurons, the physiological roles of GPR3 have not been fully elucidated. To address this issue, we analyzed GPR3 distribution in detail using fluorescence-based X-gal staining in heterozygous GPR3 knockout/LacZ knock-in mice, and further investigated the types of GPR3-expressing neurons using fluorescent double labeling with various EF-hand Ca2+-binding proteins. In addition to the previously reported GPR3-expressing areas, we identified GPR3 expression in the basal ganglia and in many nuclei of the cranial nerves, in regions related to olfactory, auditory, emotional, and motor functions. In addition, GPR3 was not only observed in excitatory neurons in layer V of the cerebral cortex, the CA2 region of the hippocampus, and the lateral nucleus of the thalamus, but also in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic interneurons in the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, striatum, and cerebellum. GPR3 was frequently co-expressed with neuronal Ca2+-binding protein 2 (NECAB2) in neurons in various regions of the central nervous system, especially in the hippocampal CA2, medial habenular nucleus, lateral thalamic nucleus, dorsolateral striatum, brainstem, and spinal cord anterior horn. Furthermore, GPR3 also co-localized with NECAB2 at the tips of neurites in differentiated PC12 cells. These results suggest that GPR3 and NECAB2 are highly co-expressed in specific neurons, and that GPR3 may modulate Ca2+ signaling by interacting with NECAB2 in specific areas of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Ikawa
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan; Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Kana Harada
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Izumi Hide
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Maruyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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18
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Romero-Nava R, García N, Aguayo-Cerón KA, Sánchez Muñoz F, Huang F, Hong E, Villafaña S. Modifications in GPR21 and GPR82 genes expression as a consequence of metabolic syndrome etiology. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:38-44. [PMID: 32583711 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1784228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been related with alterations in expression levels of orphan G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as GPR21 and GPR82, which could be involved in some of the elements that characterizes the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this work was to evaluate changes in GPR21 and GPR82 receptors expression in two models of metabolic syndrome: one genetic (Zucker rats), and the other based on a diet (70% fructose for 9 weeks). GPR21 and GPR82 gene expressions were evaluated in brain, heart, aorta, liver and kidney by RT-qPCR. Rats with a high fructose diet, as well as obese Zucker rats, showed initial stages of pancreatic damage and alterations in some biochemical parameters related to the model consistent with the classification of MS. GPR21 and GPR82 receptors expressed in all tissues. The expression of GPR21 decreased in heart, aorta and kidney, but in liver the expression was different: decreased in diet model and increased in genetic model. In contrast, GPR82 expression depended of tissue and metabolic syndrome model. The results highlight the possible role of GPR21 and GPR82 receptors in the development MS. We conclude that the expression of GPR21 and GPR82 in different tissues is related with MS and depend of the origin of the syndrome, so they could be a therapeutic target for that syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.,Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Noemí García
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fausto Sánchez Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique Hong
- Departamento de Neurofarmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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19
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Gong J, Chen Y, Pu F, Sun P, He F, Zhang L, Li Y, Ma Z, Wang H. Understanding Membrane Protein Drug Targets in Computational Perspective. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:551-564. [PMID: 30516106 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181204164721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins play crucial physiological roles in vivo and are the major category of drug targets for pharmaceuticals. The research on membrane protein is a significant part in the drug discovery. The biological process is a cycled network, and the membrane protein is a vital hub in the network since most drugs achieve the therapeutic effect via interacting with the membrane protein. In this review, typical membrane protein targets are described, including GPCRs, transporters and ion channels. Also, we conclude network servers and databases that are referring to the drug, drug-target information and their relevant data. Furthermore, we chiefly introduce the development and practice of modern medicines, particularly demonstrating a series of state-of-the-art computational models for the prediction of drug-target interaction containing network-based approach and machine-learningbased approach as well as showing current achievements. Finally, we discuss the prospective orientation of drug repurposing and drug discovery as well as propose some improved framework in bioactivity data, created or improved predicted approaches, alternative understanding approaches of drugs bioactivity and their biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Gong
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Pu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Pingping Sun
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei He
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Yanwen Li
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China.,Institution of Computational Biology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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20
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The Cell Wall PAC (Proline-Rich, Arabinogalactan Proteins, Conserved Cysteines) Domain-Proteins Are Conserved in the Green Lineage. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072488. [PMID: 32260156 PMCID: PMC7177597 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell wall proteins play major roles during plant development and in response to environmental cues. A bioinformatic search for functional domains has allowed identifying the PAC domain (Proline-rich, Arabinogalactan proteins, conserved Cysteines) in several proteins (PDPs) identified in cell wall proteomes. This domain is assumed to interact with pectic polysaccharides and O-glycans and to contribute to non-covalent molecular scaffolds facilitating the remodeling of polysaccharidic networks during rapid cell expansion. In this work, the characteristics of the PAC domain are described in detail, including six conserved Cys residues, their spacing, and the predicted secondary structures. Modeling has been performed based on the crystal structure of a Plantago lanceolata PAC domain. The presence of β-sheets is assumed to ensure the correct folding of the PAC domain as a β-barrel with loop regions. We show that PDPs are present in early divergent organisms from the green lineage and in all land plants. PAC domains are associated with other types of domains: Histidine-rich, extensin, Proline-rich, or yet uncharacterized. The earliest divergent organisms having PDPs are Bryophytes. Like the complexity of the cell walls, the number and complexity of PDPs steadily increase during the evolution of the green lineage. The association of PAC domains with other domains suggests a neo-functionalization and different types of interactions with cell wall polymers
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21
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Structural basis of ligand recognition and self-activation of orphan GPR52. Nature 2020; 579:152-157. [PMID: 32076264 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
GPR52 is a class-A orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that is highly expressed in the brain and represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of Huntington's disease and several psychiatric disorders1,2. Pathological malfunction of GPR52 signalling occurs primarily through the heterotrimeric Gs protein2, but it is unclear how GPR52 and Gs couple for signal transduction and whether a native ligand or other activating input is required. Here we present the high-resolution structures of human GPR52 in three states: a ligand-free state, a Gs-coupled self-activation state and a potential allosteric ligand-bound state. Together, our structures reveal that extracellular loop 2 occupies the orthosteric binding pocket and operates as a built-in agonist, conferring an intrinsically high level of basal activity to GPR523. A fully active state is achieved when Gs is coupled to GPR52 in the absence of an external agonist. The receptor also features a side pocket for ligand binding. These insights into the structure and function of GPR52 could improve our understanding of other self-activated GPCRs, enable the identification of endogenous and tool ligands, and guide drug discovery efforts that target GPR52.
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22
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Laboute T, Gandía J, Pellissier LP, Corde Y, Rebeillard F, Gallo M, Gauthier C, Léauté A, Diaz J, Poupon A, Kieffer BL, Le Merrer J, Becker JA. The orphan receptor GPR88 blunts the signaling of opioid receptors and multiple striatal GPCRs. eLife 2020; 9:50519. [PMID: 32003745 PMCID: PMC7012601 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GPR88 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) considered as a promising therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders; its pharmacology, however, remains scarcely understood. Based on our previous report of increased delta opioid receptor activity in Gpr88 null mice, we investigated the impact of GPR88 co-expression on the signaling of opioid receptors in vitro and revealed that GPR88 inhibits the activation of both their G protein- and β-arrestin-dependent signaling pathways. In Gpr88 knockout mice, morphine-induced locomotor sensitization, withdrawal and supra-spinal analgesia were facilitated, consistent with a tonic inhibitory action of GPR88 on µOR signaling. We then explored GPR88 interactions with more striatal versus non-neuronal GPCRs, and revealed that GPR88 can decrease the G protein-dependent signaling of most receptors in close proximity, but impedes β-arrestin recruitment by all receptors tested. Our study unravels an unsuspected buffering role of GPR88 expression on GPCR signaling, with intriguing consequences for opioid and striatal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Laboute
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jorge Gandía
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Lucie P Pellissier
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France.,Biology and Bioinformatics of Signalling Systems, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yannick Corde
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Florian Rebeillard
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of central Receptors, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Inserm UMR_S894 - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria Gallo
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe Gauthier
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signalling Systems, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Audrey Léauté
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France
| | - Jorge Diaz
- Cellular Biology and Molecular Pharmacology of central Receptors, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Inserm UMR_S894 - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anne Poupon
- Biology and Bioinformatics of Signalling Systems, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
| | - Julie Le Merrer
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
| | - Jérôme Aj Becker
- Deficits of Reward GPCRs and Sociability, Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA UMR-0085, CNRS UMR-7247, Université de Tours, Inserm, Nouzilly, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 7104, Inserm U1258, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, France
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23
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Ren X, Dong F, Zhuang Y, Wang Y, Ma W. Effect of neuromedin U on allergic airway inflammation in an asthma model. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:809-816. [PMID: 32010240 PMCID: PMC6966147 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a major inflammatory airway disease with high incidence and mortality rates. The Global Initiative for Asthma released a report called ‘The Global Burden of Asthma’ in 2004. However, the specific pathogenesis of asthma remains unclear. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that neuromedin U (NMU) plays a pleiotropic role in the pathogenesis of asthma. NMU is a highly structurally conserved neuropeptide that was first purified from porcine spinal cord and named for its contractile effect on the rat uterus. NMU amplifies type 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2)-driven allergic lung inflammation. The NMU receptors (NMURs), designated as NMUR1 and NMUR2, belong to the G protein-coupled receptor family. NMUR1 has also been found in immune cells, including ILC2s, mast cells and eosinophils. In view of the important roles of NMU in the pathogenesis of asthma, the present review evaluates the potential mechanisms underlying the impact of NMU on asthma and its association with asthma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Ren
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Fang Dong
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Yuerong Zhuang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Wuhua Ma
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China.,Department of Anaesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
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24
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Huang Y, Sun J, Han P, Zhao H, Wang M, Zhou Y, Yang D, Zhao H. Molecular characterization of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and protein kinase A (PKA) cDNA in Perinereis aibuhitensis and expression during benzo(a)pyrene exposure. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8044. [PMID: 31772834 PMCID: PMC6876487 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most important molecules that transfer signals across the plasma membrane, and play central roles in physiological systems. The molecular architecture of GPCRs allows them to bind to diverse chemicals, including environmental contaminants. Methods To investigate the effects of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) on GPCR signaling, GPCR and the protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunit of Perinereis aibuhitensis were cloned. The expression patterns of these two genes during B(a)P exposure were determined with real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The PKA content in P. aibuhitensis under B(a)P exposure was examined. Results The full-length cDNAs of PaGPCR and the PaPKA catalytic subunit were 1,514 and 2,662 nucleotides, respectively, encoding 338 and 350 amino acids, respectively. Multiple sequence alignments indicated that the deduced amino acid sequence of PaGPCR shared a low level of similarity with the orphan GPCRs of polychaetes and echinoderms, whereas PaPKA shared a high level of identify with the PKA catalytic subunits of other invertebrates. B(a)P exposure time-dependently elevated the expression of PaGPCR and PaPKA. The expression of both PaGPCR and PaPKA was also dose-dependent, except at a dose of 10 μg/L B(a)P. The PKA content in concentration group was elevated on day 4, with time prolonging the PKA content was down-regulated to control level. Discussion These results suggested that GPCR signaling in P. aibuhitensis was involved in the polychaete’s response to environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Restoration and Habitat Reparation in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Restoration and Habitat Reparation in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ping Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Restoration and Habitat Reparation in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Heling Zhao
- Asian Herpetological Research Editorial Office, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Restoration and Habitat Reparation in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yibing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Restoration and Habitat Reparation in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Dazuo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Restoration and Habitat Reparation in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Huan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-Resources Restoration and Habitat Reparation in Liaoning Province, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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25
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Wang D, Stoveken HM, Zucca S, Dao M, Orlandi C, Song C, Masuho I, Johnston C, Opperman KJ, Giles AC, Gill MS, Lundquist EA, Grill B, Martemyanov KA. Genetic behavioral screen identifies an orphan anti-opioid system. Science 2019; 365:1267-1273. [PMID: 31416932 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau2078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Opioids target the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) to produce unrivaled pain management, but their addictive properties can lead to severe abuse. We developed a whole-animal behavioral platform for unbiased discovery of genes influencing opioid responsiveness. Using forward genetics in Caenorhabditis elegans, we identified a conserved orphan receptor, GPR139, with anti-opioid activity. GPR139 is coexpressed with MOR in opioid-sensitive brain circuits, binds to MOR, and inhibits signaling to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). Deletion of GPR139 in mice enhanced opioid-induced inhibition of neuronal firing to modulate morphine-induced analgesia, reward, and withdrawal. Thus, GPR139 could be a useful target for increasing opioid safety. These results also demonstrate the potential of C. elegans as a scalable platform for genetic discovery of G protein-coupled receptor signaling principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hannah M Stoveken
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Stefano Zucca
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Maria Dao
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Chenghui Song
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Ikuo Masuho
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Caitlin Johnston
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Karla J Opperman
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Andrew C Giles
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Matthew S Gill
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Erik A Lundquist
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Brock Grill
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Kirill A Martemyanov
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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26
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Scholz N, Langenhan T, Schöneberg T. Revisiting the classification of adhesion GPCRs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1456:80-95. [PMID: 31365134 PMCID: PMC6900090 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are encoded by over 800 genes in the human genome. Motivated by different scientific rationales, the two classification systems that are mainly in use, the ABC and GRAFS systems, organize GPCRs according to their pharmacological features and phylogenetic relations, respectively. Within those systems, adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) constitute a group of over 30 mammalian homologs, most of which are still orphans with undefined activating signals and signal transduction properties. Previous efforts have further subdivided mammalian aGPCRs into nine subfamilies to indicate phylogenetic relationships. However, this subclassification scheme has shortcomings and inconsistencies that require attention. Here, we have reassessed the phylogenetic relationships of aGPCRs from vertebrate and invertebrate species. Our findings confirm that secretin receptor–like GPCRs most probably emerged from ancestral aGPCRs. We show that reassignment of several aGPCRs to families essentially requires input from functional data. Our analyses establish the need for introducing novel aGPCR subfamilies due to aGPCR sequences from invertebrate species that are not readily assignable to any existing subfamily. We conclude that the current classification systems ought to be updated to consider an unambiguous taxonomy of a hierarchically organized classification and pharmacological properties, and to accommodate phylogenetic affiliations between aGPCR genes within mammals and across the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Scholz
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Division of General Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Division of Molecular Biochemistry, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Mack SM, Gomes I, Devi LA. Neuropeptide PEN and Its Receptor GPR83: Distribution, Signaling, and Regulation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:1884-1891. [PMID: 30726666 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are chemical messengers that act to regulate a number of physiological processes, including feeding, reward, pain, and memory, among others. PEN is one of the most abundant hypothalamic neuropeptides; however, until recently, its target receptor remained unknown. In this Review, we summarize recent developments in research focusing on PEN and its receptor GPR83. We describe the studies leading to the deorphanization of GPR83 as the receptor for PEN. We also describe the signaling mediated by the PEN-GPR83 system, as well as the physiological roles in which PEN-GPR83 has been implicated. As studies have suggested a role for the PEN-GPR83 system in food intake and body weight regulation, as well as in drug addiction and reward disorders, a thorough understanding of this novel neuropeptide-receptor system will help identify novel therapeutic targets to treat pathophysiological conditions involving PEN-GPR83.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seshat M. Mack
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Lakshmi A. Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
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28
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Hou ZS, Tao YX. Mutations in GPR101 as a potential cause of X-linked acrogigantism and acromegaly. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 161:47-67. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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29
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Transcriptomic response of breast cancer cells to anacardic acid. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8063. [PMID: 29795261 PMCID: PMC5966448 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anacardic acid (AnAc), a potential dietary agent for preventing and treating breast cancer, inhibited the proliferation of estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 triple negative breast cancer cells. To characterize potential regulators of AnAc action, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated for 6 h with purified AnAc 24:1n5 congener followed by next generation transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-seq) and network analysis. We reported that AnAc-differentially regulated miRNA transcriptomes in each cell line and now identify AnAc-regulated changes in mRNA and lncRNA transcript expression. In MCF-7 cells, 80 AnAc-responsive genes were identified, including lncRNA MIR22HG. More AnAc-responsive genes (886) were identified in MDA-MB-231 cells. Only six genes were commonly altered by AnAc in both cell lines: SCD, INSIG1, and TGM2 were decreased and PDK4, GPR176, and ZBT20 were increased. Modeling of AnAc-induced gene changes suggests that AnAc inhibits monounsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in both cell lines and increases endoplasmic reticulum stress in MDA-MB-231 cells. Since modeling of downregulated genes implicated NFκB in MCF-7, we confirmed that AnAc inhibited TNFα-induced NFκB reporter activity in MCF-7 cells. These data identify new targets and pathways that may account for AnAc’s anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity.
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30
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Trivellin G, Hernández-Ramírez LC, Swan J, Stratakis CA. An orphan G-protein-coupled receptor causes human gigantism and/or acromegaly: Molecular biology and clinical correlations. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:125-140. [PMID: 29678281 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG) is a recently described form of familial or sporadic pituitary gigantism characterized by very early onset GH and IGF-1 excess, accelerated growth velocity, gigantism and/or acromegaloid features. Germline or somatic microduplications of the Xq26.3 chromosomal region, invariably involving the GPR101 gene, constitute the genetic defect leading to X-LAG. GPR101 encodes a class A G protein-coupled receptor that activates the 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway. Highly expressed in the central nervous system, the main physiological function and ligand of GPR101 remain unknown, but it seems to play a role in the normal development of the GHRH-GH axis. Early recognition of X-LAG cases is imperative because these patients require clinical management that differs from that of other patients with acromegaly or gigantism. Medical treatment with pegvisomant seems to be the best approach, since X-LAG tumors are resistant to the treatment with somatostatin analogues and dopamine agonists; surgical cure requires near-total hypophysectomy. Currently, the efforts of our research focus on the identification of GPR101 ligands; in addition, the long-term follow-up of X-LAG patients is of extreme interest as this is expected to lead to better understanding of GPR101 effects on human pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Trivellin
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892-1862, USA
| | - Laura C Hernández-Ramírez
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892-1862, USA
| | - Jeremy Swan
- Computer Support Services Core, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892-1862, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (SEGEN), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892-1862, USA.
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31
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Tanaka S. [Signaling and functions of G-protein-coupled receptor 3 in cerebellar granular neurons]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2018; 152:78-83. [PMID: 30101864 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.152.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 3 (GPR3) is a member of the class A rhodopsin-type GPCR family and is highly expressed in various neurons. A unique feature of GPR3 is its ability to constitutively activate the Gαs protein without the addition of ligands, which results in the elevation of the basal level of intracellular cAMP. During the development of the cerebellum, GPR3 expression is upregulated in cerebellar granular neurons (CGNs) and maintained thereafter. In our previous studies, we showed that the intrinsic expression of GPR3 in CGNs is highly associated with neurite outgrowth, neurite differentiation, and neuronal survival. Recently, we have focused on the possible signaling pathways associated with GPR3-mediated neurite outgrowth in CGNs. Interestingly, GPR3-mediated neurite outgrowth is mediated by not only PKA-dependent signaling pathways but also PI3K-mediated signaling pathways. Moreover, the Gβγ-mediated signaling pathway is involved in GPR3-mediated neurite outgrowth. These results suggested that neural expression of GPR3 stimulates multiple downstream signaling pathways, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis in neurons. Further precise analyses of constitutively active GPCRs may help in unveiling novel neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate school of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University
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32
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Riddy DM, Delerive P, Summers RJ, Sexton PM, Langmead CJ. G Protein–Coupled Receptors Targeting Insulin Resistance, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 70:39-67. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.117.014373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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33
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Bobeck EN, Gomes I, Pena D, Cummings KA, Clem RL, Mezei M, Devi LA. The BigLEN-GPR171 Peptide Receptor System Within the Basolateral Amygdala Regulates Anxiety-Like Behavior and Contextual Fear Conditioning. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:2527-2536. [PMID: 28425495 PMCID: PMC5686498 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies show that neuropeptide-receptor systems in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) play an important role in the pathology of anxiety and other mood disorders. Since GPR171, a recently deorphanized receptor for the abundant neuropeptide BigLEN, is expressed in the BLA, we investigated its role in fear and anxiety-like behaviors. To carry out these studies we identified small molecule ligands using a homology model of GPR171 to virtually screen a library of compounds. One of the hits, MS0021570_1, was identified as a GPR171 antagonist based on its ability to block (i) BigLEN-mediated activation of GPR171 in heterologous cells, (ii) BigLEN-mediated hyperpolarization of BLA pyramidal neurons, and (iii) feeding induced by DREADD-mediated activation of BigLEN containing AgRP neurons in the arcuate nucleus. The role of GPR171 in anxiety-like behavior or fear conditioning was evaluated following systemic or intra-BLA administration of MS0021570_1, as well as following lentiviral-mediated knockdown of GPR171 in the BLA. We find that systemic administration of MS0021570_1 attenuates anxiety-like behavior while intra-BLA administration or knockdown of GPR171 in the BLA reduces anxiety-like behavior and fear conditioning. These results indicate that the BigLEN-GPR171 system plays an important role in these behaviors and could be a novel target to develop therapeutics to treat psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Bobeck
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Annenberg 19-84, New York, NY 10029, USA. Tel: +1 212 2418345, Fax: +1 212 9967214, E-mail: or
| | - Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darlene Pena
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirstie A Cummings
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roger L Clem
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, Annenberg 19-84, New York, NY 10029, USA. Tel: +1 212 2418345, Fax: +1 212 9967214, E-mail: or
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34
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Discovery of 5-methyl-2-(4-((4-(methylsulfonyl)benzyl)oxy)phenyl)-4-(piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine derivatives as novel GRP119 agonists for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Mol Divers 2017; 21:637-654. [DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9755-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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35
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Toward the next step in G protein-coupled receptor research: a knowledge-driven analysis for the next potential targets in drug discovery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 17:111-133. [PMID: 28063110 DOI: 10.1007/s10969-016-9212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
More than 800 G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) genes have been discovered in the human genome. Towards the next step in GPCR research, we performed a knowledge-driven analysis of orphan class-A GPCRs that may serve as novel targets in drug discovery. We examined the relationship between 61 orphan class-A GPCR genes and diseases using the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database and the DDSS tool. The OMIM database contains data on disease-related variants of the genes. Particularly, the variants of GPR101, GPR161, and GPR88 are related to the genetic diseases: growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma 2, pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (not confirmed), and childhood-onset chorea with psychomotor retardation, respectively. On the other hand, the Drug Discovery and Diagnostic Support System (DDSS) tool suggests that 48 out of the 61 orphan receptor genes are related to diseases, judging from their co-occurrences in abstracts of biomedical literature. Notably, GPR50 and GPR3 are related to as many as 25 and 24 disease-associated keywords, respectively. GPR50 is related to 17 keywords of psychiatric disorders, whereas GPR3 is related to 11 keywords of neurological disorders. The aforementioned five orphan GPCRs were characterized genetically, structurally and functionally using the structural life science data cloud VaProS, so as to evaluate their potential as next targets in drug discovery.
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Mitra I, Lavillaureix A, Yeh E, Traglia M, Tsang K, Bearden CE, Rauen KA, Weiss LA. Reverse Pathway Genetic Approach Identifies Epistasis in Autism Spectrum Disorders. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006516. [PMID: 28076348 PMCID: PMC5226683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gene-gene interaction, or epistasis, plays a large role in complex traits in model organisms, genome-wide by genome-wide searches for two-way interaction have limited power in human studies. We thus used knowledge of a biological pathway in order to identify a contribution of epistasis to autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in humans, a reverse-pathway genetic approach. Based on previous observation of increased ASD symptoms in Mendelian disorders of the Ras/MAPK pathway (RASopathies), we showed that common SNPs in RASopathy genes show enrichment for association signal in GWAS (P = 0.02). We then screened genome-wide for interactors with RASopathy gene SNPs and showed strong enrichment in ASD-affected individuals (P < 2.2 x 10-16), with a number of pairwise interactions meeting genome-wide criteria for significance. Finally, we utilized quantitative measures of ASD symptoms in RASopathy-affected individuals to perform modifier mapping via GWAS. One top region overlapped between these independent approaches, and we showed dysregulation of a gene in this region, GPR141, in a RASopathy neural cell line. We thus used orthogonal approaches to provide strong evidence for a contribution of epistasis to ASDs, confirm a role for the Ras/MAPK pathway in idiopathic ASDs, and to identify a convergent candidate gene that may interact with the Ras/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileena Mitra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alinoë Lavillaureix
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculty of Medicine, Paris, France
| | - Erika Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michela Traglia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Tsang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Rauen
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Ubuka T, Parhar I. Dual Actions of Mammalian and Piscine Gonadotropin-Inhibitory Hormones, RFamide-Related Peptides and LPXRFamide Peptides, in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:377. [PMID: 29375482 PMCID: PMC5768612 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that decreases gonadotropin synthesis and release by directly acting on the gonadotrope or by decreasing the activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. GnIH is also called RFamide-related peptide in mammals or LPXRFamide peptide in fishes due to its characteristic C-terminal structure. The primary receptor for GnIH is GPR147 that inhibits cAMP production in target cells. Although most of the studies in mammals, birds, and fish have shown the inhibitory action of GnIH in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, several in vivo studies in mammals and many in vivo and in vitro studies in fish have shown its stimulatory action. In mouse, although the firing rate of the majority of GnRH neurons is decreased, a small population of GnRH neurons is stimulated by GnIH. In hamsters, GnIH inhibits luteinizing hormone (LH) release in the breeding season when their endogenous LH level is high but stimulates LH release in non-breeding season when their LH level is basal. Besides different effects of GnIH on the HPG axis depending on the reproductive stages in fish, higher concentration or longer duration of GnIH administration can stimulate their HPG axis. These results suggest that GnIH action in the HPG axis is modulated by sex-steroid concentration, the action of neuroestrogen synthesized by the activity of aromatase stimulated by GnIH, estrogen membrane receptor, heteromerization and internalization of GnIH, GnRH, and estrogen membrane receptors. The inhibitory and stimulatory action of GnIH in the HPG axis may have a physiological role to maintain reproductive homeostasis according to developmental and reproductive stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Ubuka
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Sunway, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Takayoshi Ubuka,
| | - Ishwar Parhar
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Research Institute Monash Sunway, Monash University Malaysia, Sunway, Malaysia
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GPR171 expression enhances proliferation and metastasis of lung cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7856-65. [PMID: 26760963 PMCID: PMC4884959 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most significant therapeutic targets and some of them promote the growth and metastasis of cancer. Here, we show that an increase in the levels of GPR171 is crucial for lung cancer tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. Immunostaining of clinical samples indicated that GPR171 was overexpressed in 46.8% of lung carcinoma tissues. Depletion of GPR171 with an anti-GPR171 antibody decreased proliferation of lung carcinoma cells and attenuated tumor progression in a mouse xenograft model. Knockdown of GPR171 also inhibited migration and invasion of the lung cancer cell lines. Notably, inhibition of GPR171 synergistically enhanced the tumoricidal activity of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor in lung cancer cells. These results indicate that GPR171 blockade is a promising antineoplastic strategy and provide a preclinical rationale for combined inhibition of GPR171 and EGFR.
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Holmes FE, Kerr N, Chen YJ, Vanderplank P, McArdle CA, Wynick D. Targeted disruption of the orphan receptor Gpr151 does not alter pain-related behaviour despite a strong induction in dorsal root ganglion expression in a model of neuropathic pain. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 78:35-40. [PMID: 27913310 PMCID: PMC5235321 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gpr151 is an orphan GPCR whose function is unknown. The restricted pattern of neuronal expression in the habenula, dorsal horn of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion plus homology with the galanin family of receptors imply a role in nociception. RESULTS Real-time quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated a 49.9±2.9 fold highly significant (P<0.001) increase in Gpr151 mRNA expression in the dorsal root ganglion 7days after the spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. Measures of acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain behaviours were not significantly different using separate groups of Gpr151 loss-of-function mutant mice and wild-type controls. Galanin at concentrations between 100nM and 10μM did not induce calcium signalling responses in ND7/23 cells transfected with Gpr151. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that despite the very large upregulation in the DRG after a nerve injury model of neuropathic pain, the Gpr151 orphan receptor does not appear to be involved in the modulation of pain-related behaviours. Further, galanin is unlikely to be an endogenous ligand for Gpr151.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Holmes
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; School of Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Niall Kerr
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; School of Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Ying-Ju Chen
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; School of Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Penny Vanderplank
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; School of Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Craig A McArdle
- School of Clinical Sciences, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK
| | - David Wynick
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK; School of Clinical Sciences, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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Fu S, Xiang W, Chen J, Ma L, Chen L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1, 2, 4-oxadiazole derivatives as novel GPR119 agonists. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:815-819. [PMID: 27779815 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1, 2, 4-oxadiazole derivatives have been designed and synthesized, and 25 compounds were evaluated their abilities by the assay of cAMP concentration in GPR119-transfected HEK293T cells. All compounds showed acceptable agonistic effects on GPR119. Among these compounds, 4p exhibited the best agonistic effects with the EC50 of 20.6 nm, which was comparable to that of positive control GPR119 agonist GSK1292263. The agonistic activity of these 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives led to the establishment of a structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Division of Nephrology, Kidney Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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41
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Trivellin G, Bjelobaba I, Daly AF, Larco DO, Palmeira L, Faucz FR, Thiry A, Leal LF, Rostomyan L, Quezado M, Schernthaner-Reiter MH, Janjic MM, Villa C, Wu TJ, Stojilkovic SS, Beckers A, Feldman B, Stratakis CA. Characterization of GPR101 transcript structure and expression patterns. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:97-111. [PMID: 27282544 PMCID: PMC4959428 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that Xq26.3 microduplications cause X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG). X-LAG patients mainly present with growth hormone and prolactin-secreting adenomas and share a minimal duplicated region containing at least four genes. GPR101 was the only gene highly expressed in their pituitary lesions, but little is known about its expression patterns. In this work, GPR101 transcripts were characterized in human tissues by 5'-Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) and RNAseq, while the putative promoter was bioinformatically predicted. We investigated GPR101 mRNA and protein expression by RT-quantitative PCR (qPCR), whole-mount in situ hybridization, and immunostaining, in human, rhesus monkey, rat and zebrafish. We identified four GPR101 isoforms characterized by different 5'-untranslated regions (UTRs) and a common 6.1kb long 3'UTR. GPR101 expression was very low or absent in almost all adult human tissues examined, except for specific brain regions. Strong GPR101 staining was observed in human fetal pituitary and during adolescence, whereas very weak/absent expression was detected during childhood and adult life. In contrast to humans, adult monkey and rat pituitaries expressed GPR101, but in different cell types. Gpr101 is expressed in the brain and pituitary during rat and zebrafish development; in rat pituitary, Gpr101 is expressed only after birth and shows sexual dimorphism. This study shows that different GPR101 transcripts exist and that the brain is the major site of GPR101 expression across different species, although divergent species- and temporal-specific expression patterns are evident. These findings suggest an important role for GPR101 in brain and pituitary development and likely reflect the very different growth, development and maturation patterns among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Trivellin
- Section on Endocrinology and GeneticsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ivana Bjelobaba
- Section on Cellular SignalingEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adrian F Daly
- Department of EndocrinologyUniversity of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Darwin O Larco
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Leonor Palmeira
- Department of EndocrinologyUniversity of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Fabio R Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and GeneticsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Albert Thiry
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Letícia F Leal
- Section on Endocrinology and GeneticsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA Department of PediatricsUniversity of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliya Rostomyan
- Department of EndocrinologyUniversity of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Martha Quezado
- Laboratory of PathologyNational Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marie Helene Schernthaner-Reiter
- Section on Endocrinology and GeneticsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marija M Janjic
- Section on Cellular SignalingEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chiara Villa
- Department of EndocrinologyUniversity of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium Hopital FochService d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Suresnes Cedex, France
| | - T John Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stanko S Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular SignalingEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Albert Beckers
- Department of EndocrinologyUniversity of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, Liège, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Feldman
- Division of Developmental BiologyEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and GeneticsEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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42
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Wardman JH, Gomes I, Bobeck EN, Stockert JA, Kapoor A, Bisignano P, Gupta A, Mezei M, Kumar S, Filizola M, Devi LA. Identification of a small-molecule ligand that activates the neuropeptide receptor GPR171 and increases food intake. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra55. [PMID: 27245612 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Several neuropeptide systems in the hypothalamus, including neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein (AgRP), control food intake. Peptides derived from proSAAS, a precursor implicated in the regulation of body weight, also control food intake. GPR171 is a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR) for BigLEN (b-LEN), a peptide derived from proSAAS. To facilitate studies exploring the physiological role of GPR171, we sought to identify small-molecule ligands for this receptor by performing a virtual screen of a compound library for interaction with a homology model of GPR171. We identified MS0015203 as an agonist of GPR171 and demonstrated the selectivity of MS0015203 for GPR171 by testing the binding of this compound to 80 other membrane proteins, including family A GPCRs. Reducing the expression of GPR171 by shRNA (short hairpin RNA)-mediated knockdown blunted the cellular and tissue response to MS0015203. Peripheral injection of MS0015203 into mice increased food intake and body weight, and these responses were significantly attenuated in mice with decreased expression of GPR171 in the hypothalamus. Together, these results suggest that MS0015203 is a useful tool to probe the pharmacological and functional properties of GPR171 and that ligands targeting GPR171 may eventually lead to therapeutics for food-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Wardman
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ivone Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erin N Bobeck
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jennifer A Stockert
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Abhijeet Kapoor
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Paola Bisignano
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Achla Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Sanjai Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Marta Filizola
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lakshmi A Devi
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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43
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Gastaldi S, Zamboni M, Bolasco G, Di Segni G, Tocchini-Valentini GP. Analysis of random PCR-originated mutants of the yeast Ste2 and Ste3 receptors. Microbiologyopen 2016; 5:670-86. [PMID: 27150158 PMCID: PMC4985600 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors Ste2 and Ste3 bind α- and a-factor, respectively, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These receptors share a similar conformation, with seven transmembrane segments, three intracellular loops, a C-terminus tail, and three extracellular loops. However, the amino acid sequences of these two receptors bear no resemblance to each other. Coincidently the two ligands, α- and a-factor, have different sequences. Both receptors activate the same G protein. To identify amino acid residues that are important for signal transduction, the STE2 and STE3 genes were mutagenized by a random PCR-based method. Mutant receptors were analyzed in MATα cells mutated in the ITC1 gene, whose product represses transcription of a-specific genes in MATα. Expression of STE2 or STE3 in these cells results in autocrine activation of the mating pathway, since this strain produces the Ste2 receptor in addition to its specific ligand, α-factor. It also produces a-factor in addition to its specific receptor, Ste3. Therefore, this strain provides a convenient model to analyze mutants of both receptors in the same background. Many hyperactive mutations were found in STE3, whereas none was detected in STE2. This result is consistent with the different strategies that the two genes have adopted to be expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Gastaldi
- CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), Monterotondo (Rome), 00015, Italy
| | - Michela Zamboni
- CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), Monterotondo (Rome), 00015, Italy
| | - Giulia Bolasco
- EMBL, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Monterotondo (Rome), 00015, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Di Segni
- CNR, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology (IBCN), Monterotondo (Rome), 00015, Italy
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44
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Massart R, Mignon V, Stanic J, Munoz-Tello P, Becker JAJ, Kieffer BL, Darmon M, Sokoloff P, Diaz J. Developmental and adult expression patterns of the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR88 in the rat: Establishment of a dual nuclear-cytoplasmic localization. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:2776-802. [PMID: 26918661 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
GPR88 is a neuronal cerebral orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that has been linked to various psychiatric disorders. However, no extensive description of its localization has been provided so far. Here, we investigate the spatiotemporal expression of the GPR88 in prenatal and postnatal rat tissues by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. GPR88 protein was initially detected at embryonic day 16 (E16) in the striatal primordium. From E16-E20 to adulthood, the highest expression levels of both protein and mRNA were observed in striatum, olfactory tubercle, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and neocortex, whereas in spinal cord, pons, and medulla GPR88 expression remains discrete. We observed an intracellular redistribution of GPR88 during cortical lamination. In the cortical plate of the developing cortex, GPR88 presents a classical GPCR plasma membrane/cytoplasmic localization that shifts, on the day of birth, to nuclei of neurons progressively settling in layers V to II. This intranuclear localization remains throughout adulthood and was also detected in monkey and human cortex as well as in the amygdala and hypothalamus of rats. Apart from the central nervous system, GPR88 was transiently expressed at high levels in peripheral tissues, including adrenal cortex (E16-E21) and cochlear ganglia (E19-P3), and also at moderate levels in retina (E18-E19) and spleen (E21-P7). The description of the GPR88 anatomical expression pattern may provide precious functional insights into this novel receptor. Furthermore, the GRP88 nuclear localization suggests nonclassical GPCR modes of action of the protein that could be relevant for cortical development and psychiatric disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2776-2802, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Massart
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Neurology-Psychiatry Department, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, 81100, Castres, France
| | - Virginie Mignon
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Stanic
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Paola Munoz-Tello
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Jerôme A J Becker
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, 67400, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Michèle Darmon
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sokoloff
- Neurology-Psychiatry Department, Pierre Fabre Research Institute, 81100, Castres, France
| | - Jorge Diaz
- INSERM UMR894, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Paris Descartes, 75014, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
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45
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Martin AL, Steurer MA, Aronstam RS. Constitutive Activity among Orphan Class-A G Protein Coupled Receptors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138463. [PMID: 26384023 PMCID: PMC4575141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of constitutive activity among orphan class-A G protein coupled receptors within the cAMP signaling pathway. Constitutive signaling was revealed by changes in gene expression under control of the cAMP response element. Gene expression was measured in Chinese hamster ovary cells transiently co-transfected with plasmids containing a luciferase reporter and orphan receptor. Criteria adopted for defining constitutive activation were: 1) 200% elevation over baseline reporter gene expression; 2) 40% inhibition of baseline expression; and 3) 40% inhibition of expression stimulated by 3 μM forskolin. Five patterns of activity were noted: 1) inhibition under both baseline and forskolin stimulated expression (GPR15, GPR17, GPR18, GPR20, GPR25, GPR27, GPR31, GPR32, GPR45, GPR57, GPR68, GPR83, GPR84, GPR132, GPR150, GPR176); 2) no effect on baseline expression, but inhibition of forskolin stimulated expression (GPR4, GPR26, GPR61, GPR62, GPR78, GPR101, GPR119); 3) elevation of baseline signaling coupled with inhibition of forskolin stimulated expression (GPR6, GPR12); 4) elevation of baseline signaling without inhibition of forskolin stimulated expression (GPR3, GPR21, GPR52, GPR65); and 5) no effect on expression (GPR1, GPR19, GPR22, GPR34, GPR35, GPR39, GPR63, GPR82, GPR85, GPR87). Constitutive activity was observed in 75% of the orphan class-A receptors examined (30 of 40). This constitutive signaling cannot be explained by simple overexpression of the receptor. Inhibition of cAMP mediated expression was far more common (65%) than stimulation of expression (15%). Orphan receptors that were closely related based on amino acid homology tended to have similar effects on gene expression. These results suggest that identification of inverse agonists may be a fruitful approach for categorizing these orphan receptors and targeting them for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam L. Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael A. Steurer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Aronstam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, United States of America
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Rios S, Fernandez MF, Caltabiano G, Campillo M, Pardo L, Gonzalez A. GPCRtm: An amino acid substitution matrix for the transmembrane region of class A G Protein-Coupled Receptors. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:206. [PMID: 26134144 PMCID: PMC4489126 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0639-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein sequence alignments and database search methods use standard scoring matrices calculated from amino acid substitution frequencies in general sets of proteins. These general-purpose matrices are not optimal to align accurately sequences with marked compositional biases, such as hydrophobic transmembrane regions found in membrane proteins. In this work, an amino acid substitution matrix (GPCRtm) is calculated for the membrane spanning segments of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) rhodopsin family; one of the largest transmembrane protein family in humans with great importance in health and disease. Results The GPCRtm matrix reveals the amino acid compositional bias distinctive of the GPCR rhodopsin family and differs from other standard substitution matrices. These membrane receptors, as expected, are characterized by a high content of hydrophobic residues with regard to globular proteins. On the other hand, the presence of polar and charged residues is higher than in average membrane proteins, displaying high frequencies of replacement within themselves. Conclusions Analysis of amino acid frequencies and values obtained from the GPCRtm matrix reveals patterns of residue replacements different from other standard substitution matrices. GPCRs prioritize the reactivity properties of the amino acids over their bulkiness in the transmembrane regions. A distinctive role is that charged and polar residues seem to evolve at different rates than other amino acids. This observation is related to the role of the transmembrane bundle in the binding of ligands, that in many cases involve electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions. This new matrix can be useful in database search and for the construction of more accurate sequence alignments of GPCRs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-015-0639-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rios
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta F Fernandez
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gianluigi Caltabiano
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Campillo
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pardo
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Gonzalez
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Yao Y, Cui X, Al-Ramahi I, Sun X, Li B, Hou J, Difiglia M, Palacino J, Wu ZY, Ma L, Botas J, Lu B. A striatal-enriched intronic GPCR modulates huntingtin levels and toxicity. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 25738228 PMCID: PMC4372774 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) represents an important model for neurodegenerative disorders and proteinopathies. It is mainly caused by cytotoxicity of the mutant huntingtin protein (Htt) with an expanded polyQ stretch. While Htt is ubiquitously expressed, HD is characterized by selective neurodegeneration of the striatum. Here we report a striatal-enriched orphan G protein-coupled receptor(GPCR) Gpr52 as a stabilizer of Htt in vitro and in vivo. Gpr52 modulates Htt via cAMP-dependent but PKA independent mechanisms. Gpr52 is located within an intron of Rabgap1l, which exhibits epistatic effects on Gpr52-mediated modulation of Htt levels by inhibiting its substrate Rab39B, which co-localizes with Htt and translocates Htt to the endoplasmic reticulum. Finally, reducing Gpr52 suppresses HD phenotypes in both patient iPS-derived neurons and in vivo Drosophila HD models. Thus, our discovery reveals modulation of Htt levels by a striatal-enriched GPCR via its GPCR function, providing insights into the selective neurodegeneration and potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ismael Al-Ramahi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiapeng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Marian Difiglia
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - James Palacino
- Developmental Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, United States
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Botas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Boxun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Spielman SJ, Kumar K, Wilke CO. Comprehensive, structurally-informed alignment and phylogeny of vertebrate biogenic amine receptors. PeerJ 2015; 3:e773. [PMID: 25737813 PMCID: PMC4338800 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogenic amine receptors play critical roles in regulating behavior and physiology in both vertebrates and invertebrates, particularly within the central nervous system. Members of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family, these receptors interact with endogenous bioamine ligands such as dopamine, serotonin, and epinephrine, and are targeted by a wide array of pharmaceuticals. Despite the clear clinical and biological importance of these receptors, their evolutionary history remains poorly characterized. In particular, the relationships among biogenic amine receptors and any specific evolutionary constraints acting within distinct receptor subtypes are largely unknown. To advance and facilitate studies in this receptor family, we have constructed a comprehensive, high-quality sequence alignment of vertebrate biogenic amine receptors. In particular, we have integrated a traditional multiple sequence approach with robust structural domain predictions to ensure that alignment columns accurately capture the highly-conserved GPCR structural domains, and we demonstrate how ignoring structural information produces spurious inferences of homology. Using this alignment, we have constructed a structurally-partitioned maximum-likelihood phylogeny from which we deduce novel biogenic amine receptor relationships and uncover previously unrecognized lineage-specific receptor clades. Moreover, we find that roughly 1% of the 3039 sequences in our final alignment are either misannotated or unclassified, and we propose updated classifications for these receptors. We release our comprehensive alignment and its corresponding phylogeny as a resource for future research into the evolution and diversification of biogenic amine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keerthana Kumar
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
| | - Claus O. Wilke
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, USA
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Kakarala KK, Jamil K, Devaraji V. Structure and putative signaling mechanism of Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) - a promising target for breast cancer. J Mol Graph Model 2014; 53:179-199. [PMID: 25173751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidences have observed enhanced expression of protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in breast cancer consistently. However, it is not yet recognized as an important therapeutic target for breast cancer as the primary molecular mechanisms of its activation are not yet well-defined. Nevertheless, recent reports on the mechanism of GPCR activation and signaling have given new insights to GPCR functioning. In the light of these details, we attempted to understand PAR2 structure & function using molecular modeling techniques. In this work, we generated averaged representative stable models of PAR2, using protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1) as a template and selected conformation based on their binding affinity with PAR2 specific agonist, GB110. Further, the selected model was used for studying the binding affinity of putative ligands. The selected ligands were based on a recent publication on phylogenetic analysis of Class A rhodopsin family of GPCRs. This study reports putative ligands, their interacting residues, binding affinity and molecular dynamics simulation studies on PAR2-ligand complexes. The results reported from this study would be useful for researchers and academicians to investigate PAR2 function as its physiological role is still hypothetical. Further, this information may provide a novel therapeutic scheme to manage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Kumari Kakarala
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CBB), School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS), 6th Floor, Buddha Bhawan, M.G. Road, Secunderabad 500003, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Kaiser Jamil
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics (CBB), School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Advanced Studies (JNIAS), 6th Floor, Buddha Bhawan, M.G. Road, Secunderabad 500003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vinod Devaraji
- College of Pharmacy, Madras Medical College, E.V.R. Periyar Salai, Chennai 600003, India
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Corrigendum to “Sequence-structure based phylogeny of GPCR Class A Rhodopsin receptors” [Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 74 (2014) 66–96]. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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