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Radrizzani S, Kudla G, Izsvák Z, Hurst LD. Selection on synonymous sites: the unwanted transcript hypothesis. Nat Rev Genet 2024; 25:431-448. [PMID: 38297070 DOI: 10.1038/s41576-023-00686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Although translational selection to favour codons that match the most abundant tRNAs is not readily observed in humans, there is nonetheless selection in humans on synonymous mutations. We hypothesize that much of this synonymous site selection can be explained in terms of protection against unwanted RNAs - spurious transcripts, mis-spliced forms or RNAs derived from transposable elements or viruses. We propose not only that selection on synonymous sites functions to reduce the rate of creation of unwanted transcripts (for example, through selection on exonic splice enhancers and cryptic splice sites) but also that high-GC content (but low-CpG content), together with intron presence and position, is both particular to functional native mRNAs and used to recognize transcripts as native. In support of this hypothesis, transcription, nuclear export, liquid phase condensation and RNA degradation have all recently been shown to promote GC-rich transcripts and suppress AU/CpG-rich ones. With such 'traps' being set against AU/CpG-rich transcripts, the codon usage of native genes has, in turn, evolved to avoid such suppression. That parallel filters against AU/CpG-rich transcripts also affect the endosomal import of RNAs further supports the unwanted transcript hypothesis of synonymous site selection and explains the similar design rules that have enabled the successful use of transgenes and RNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Radrizzani
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Milner Therapeutics Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Grzegorz Kudla
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Zsuzsanna Izsvák
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Society, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurence D Hurst
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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2
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Kurosaki T, Nakamura H, Sasaki H, Kodama Y. Suitable Promoter for DNA Vaccination Using a pDNA Ternary Complex. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:679. [PMID: 38794341 PMCID: PMC11125067 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the effect of several promoters on the transfection activity and immune-induction efficiency of a plasmid DNA (pDNA)/polyethylenimine/γ-polyglutamic acid complex (pDNA ternary complex). Model pDNAs encoding firefly luciferase (Luc) were constructed with several promoters, such as simian virus 40 (SV40), eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and chicken beta actin hybrid (CBh) (pSV40-Luc, pEF1-Luc, pCMV-Luc, and pCBh-Luc, respectively). Four types of pDNA ternary complexes, each with approximately 145-nm particle size and -30-mV ζ-potential, were stably constructed. The pDNA ternary complex containing pSV40-Luc showed low gene expression, but the other complexes containing pEF1-Luc, pCMV-Luc, and pCBh-Luc showed high gene expression in DC2.4 cells and spleen after intravenous administration. After immunization using various pDNA encoding ovalbumin (OVA) such as pEF1-OVA, pCMV-OVA, and pCBh-OVA, only the pDNA ternary complex containing pCBh-OVA showed significant anti-OVA immunoglobulin G (IgG) induction. In conclusion, our results showed that the CBh promoter is potentially suitable for use in pDNA ternary complex-based DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Kurosaki
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (T.K.)
| | - Hiroki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan; (T.K.)
| | - Hitoshi Sasaki
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
| | - Yukinobu Kodama
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagasaki University Hospital, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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3
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Wong S, Jimenez S, Slavcev RA. Construction and characterization of a novel miniaturized filamentous phagemid for targeted mammalian gene transfer. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:124. [PMID: 37430278 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As simplistic proteinaceous carriers of genetic material, phages offer great potential as targeted vectors for mammalian transgene delivery. The filamentous phage M13 is a single-stranded DNA phage with attractive characteristics for gene delivery, including a theoretically unlimited DNA carrying capacity, amenability to tropism modification via phage display, and a well-characterized genome that is easy to genetically modify. The bacterial backbone in gene transfer plasmids consists of elements only necessary for amplification in prokaryotes, and, as such, are superfluous in the mammalian cell. These problematic elements include antibiotic resistance genes, which can disseminate antibiotic resistance, and CpG motifs, which are inflammatory in animals and can lead to transgene silencing. RESULTS Here, we examined how M13-based phagemids could be improved for transgene delivery by removing the bacterial backbone. A transgene cassette was flanked by isolated initiation and termination elements from the phage origin of replication. Phage proteins provided in trans by a helper would replicate only the cassette, without any bacterial backbone. The rescue efficiency of "miniphagemids" from these split origins was equal to, if not greater than, isogenic "full phagemids" arising from intact origins. The type of cassette encoded by the miniphagemid as well as the choice of host strain constrained the efficiency of phagemid rescue. CONCLUSIONS The use of two separated domains of the f1 ori improves upon a single wildtype origin while still resulting in high titres of miniphagemid gene transfer vectors. Highly pure lysates of miniaturized phagemids could be rapidly obtained in a straightforward procedure without additional downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Wong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
| | - Salma Jimenez
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Tsai HC, Pietrobon V, Peng M, Wang S, Zhao L, Marincola FM, Cai Q. Current strategies employed in the manipulation of gene expression for clinical purposes. J Transl Med 2022; 20:535. [PMID: 36401279 PMCID: PMC9673226 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03747-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal gene expression level or expression of genes containing deleterious mutations are two of the main determinants which lead to genetic disease. To obtain a therapeutic effect and thus to cure genetic diseases, it is crucial to regulate the host's gene expression and restore it to physiological conditions. With this purpose, several molecular tools have been developed and are currently tested in clinical trials. Genome editing nucleases are a class of molecular tools routinely used in laboratories to rewire host's gene expression. Genome editing nucleases include different categories of enzymes: meganucleses (MNs), zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)- CRISPR associated protein (Cas) and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALENs). Transposable elements are also a category of molecular tools which includes different members, for example Sleeping Beauty (SB), PiggyBac (PB), Tol2 and TcBuster. Transposons have been used for genetic studies and can serve as gene delivery tools. Molecular tools to rewire host's gene expression also include episomes, which are divided into different categories depending on their molecular structure. Finally, RNA interference is commonly used to regulate gene expression through the administration of small interfering RNA (siRNA), short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and bi-functional shRNA molecules. In this review, we will describe the different molecular tools that can be used to regulate gene expression and discuss their potential for clinical applications. These molecular tools are delivered into the host's cells in the form of DNA, RNA or protein using vectors that can be grouped into physical or biochemical categories. In this review we will also illustrate the different types of payloads that can be used, and we will discuss recent developments in viral and non-viral vector technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maoyu Peng
- Kite Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Suning Wang
- Kite Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Kite Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA
| | | | - Qi Cai
- Kite Pharma Inc, Santa Monica, CA, 90404, USA.
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5
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Vaughan HJ, Zamboni CG, Hassan LF, Radant NP, Jacob D, Mease RC, Minn I, Tzeng SY, Gabrielson KL, Bhardwaj P, Guo X, Francisco D, Pomper MG, Green JJ. Polymeric nanoparticles for dual-targeted theranostic gene delivery to hepatocellular carcinoma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo6406. [PMID: 35857843 PMCID: PMC9299552 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops predominantly in the inflammatory environment of a cirrhotic liver caused by hepatitis, toxin exposure, or chronic liver disease. A targeted therapeutic approach is required to enable cancer killing without causing toxicity and liver failure. Poly(beta-amino-ester) (PBAE) nanoparticles (NPs) were used to deliver a completely CpG-free plasmid harboring mutant herpes simplex virus type 1 sr39 thymidine kinase (sr39) DNA to human HCC cells. Transfection with sr39 enables cancer cell killing with the prodrug ganciclovir and accumulation of 9-(4-18F-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine (18F-FHBG) for in vivo imaging. Targeting was achieved using a CpG-free human alpha fetoprotein (AFP) promoter (CpGf-AFP-sr39). Expression was restricted to AFP-producing HCC cells, enabling selective transfection of orthotopic HCC xenografts. CpGf-AFP-sr39 NP treatment resulted in 62% reduced tumor size, and therapeutic gene expression was detectable by positron emission tomography (PET). This systemic nanomedicine achieved tumor-specific delivery, therapy, and imaging, representing a promising platform for targeted treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Vaughan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Camila G. Zamboni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Laboni F. Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Radant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Desmond Jacob
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Ronnie C. Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Il Minn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Stephany Y. Tzeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Kathleen L. Gabrielson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Pranshu Bhardwaj
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David Francisco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Jordan J. Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Oncology, Ophthalmology, and Bloomberg~Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Kopasz AG, Pusztai DZ, Karkas R, Hudoba L, Abdullah KSA, Imre G, Pankotai-Bodó G, Migh E, Nagy A, Kriston A, Germán P, Drubi AB, Molnár A, Fekete I, Dani VÉ, Ocsovszki I, Puskás LG, Horváth P, Sükösd F, Mátés L. A versatile transposon-based technology to generate loss- and gain-of-function phenotypes in the mouse liver. BMC Biol 2022; 20:74. [PMID: 35361222 PMCID: PMC8974095 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the contribution of gene function in distinct organ systems to the pathogenesis of human diseases in biomedical research requires modifying gene expression through the generation of gain- and loss-of-function phenotypes in model organisms, for instance, the mouse. However, methods to modify both germline and somatic genomes have important limitations that prevent easy, strong, and stable expression of transgenes. For instance, while the liver is remarkably easy to target, nucleic acids introduced to modify the genome of hepatocytes are rapidly lost, or the transgene expression they mediate becomes inhibited due to the action of effector pathways for the elimination of exogenous DNA. Novel methods are required to overcome these challenges, and here we develop a somatic gene delivery technology enabling long-lasting high-level transgene expression in the entire hepatocyte population of mice. RESULTS We exploit the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) gene correction-induced regeneration in Fah-deficient livers, to demonstrate that such approach stabilizes luciferase expression more than 5000-fold above the level detected in WT animals, following plasmid DNA introduction complemented by transposon-mediated chromosomal gene transfer. Building on this advancement, we created a versatile technology platform for performing gene function analysis in vivo in the mouse liver. Our technology allows the tag-free expression of proteins of interest and silencing of any arbitrary gene in the mouse genome. This was achieved by applying the HADHA/B endogenous bidirectional promoter capable of driving well-balanced bidirectional expression and by optimizing in vivo intronic artificial microRNA-based gene silencing. We demonstrated the particular usefulness of the technology in cancer research by creating a p53-silenced and hRas G12V-overexpressing tumor model. CONCLUSIONS We developed a versatile technology platform for in vivo somatic genome editing in the mouse liver, which meets multiple requirements for long-lasting high-level transgene expression. We believe that this technology will contribute to the development of a more accurate new generation of tools for gene function analysis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dávid Zsolt Pusztai
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Réka Karkas
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Liza Hudoba
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Khaldoon Sadiq Ahmed Abdullah
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Medical Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Imre
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Ede Migh
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Nagy
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Kriston
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Germán
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Bakné Drubi
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Doctoral School of Biology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Molnár
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Fekete
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Virág Éva Dani
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imre Ocsovszki
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Department of Biochemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Géza Puskás
- grid.481815.1Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Horváth
- grid.481814.00000 0004 0479 9817Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary ,grid.452494.a0000 0004 0409 5350Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Farkas Sükösd
- grid.9008.10000 0001 1016 9625Institute of Pathology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Mátés
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary.
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7
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Habib O, Mohd Sakri R, Ghazalli N, Chau DM, Ling KH, Abdullah S. Limited expression of non-integrating CpG-free plasmid is associated with increased nucleosome enrichment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244386. [PMID: 33347482 PMCID: PMC7751972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG-free pDNA was reported to facilitate sustained transgene expression with minimal inflammation in vivo as compared to CpG-containing pDNA. However, the expression potential and impact of CpG-free pDNA in in vitro model have never been described. Hence, in this study, we analyzed the transgene expression profiles of CpG-free pDNA in vitro to determine the influence of CpG depletion from the transgene. We found that in contrast to the published in vivo studies, CpG-free pDNA expressed a significantly lower level of luciferase than CpG-rich pDNA in several human cell lines. By comparing novel CpG-free pDNA carrying CpG-free GFP (pZGFP: 0 CpG) to CpG-rich GFP (pRGFP: 60 CpGs), we further showed that the discrepancy was not influenced by external factors such as gene transfer agent, cell species, cell type, and cytotoxicity. Moreover, pZGFP exhibited reduced expression despite having equal gene dosage as pRGFP. Analysis of mRNA distribution revealed that the mRNA export of pZGFP and pRGFP was similar; however, the steady state mRNA level of pZGFP was significantly lower. Upon further investigation, we found that the CpG-free transgene in non-integrating CpG-free pDNA backbone acquired increased nucleosome enrichment as compared with CpG-rich transgene, which may explain the observed reduced level of steady state mRNA. Our findings suggest that nucleosome enrichment could regulate non-integrating CpG-free pDNA expression and has implications on pDNA design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Habib
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Mohd Sakri
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Ghazalli
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - De-Ming Chau
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syahril Abdullah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- UPM-MAKNA Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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8
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Cha EB, Shin KK, Seo J, Oh DB. Antibody-secreting macrophages generated using CpG-free plasmid eliminate tumor cells through antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 32438971 PMCID: PMC7473480 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.8.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-viral delivery of genes into macrophages, known as hard-to-transfect cells, is a challenge. In this study, the microporation of a CpG-free and small plasmid (pCGfd-GFP) showed high transfection efficiency, sustainable transgene expression, and good cell viability in the transfections of Raw 264.7 and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages. The non-viral method using the pCGfd vector encoding anti-EGFR single-chain Fv fused with Fc (scFv-Fc) generated the macrophages secreting anti-EGFR scFv-Fc. These macrophages effectively phagocytized tumor cells expressing EGFR through the antibody-dependent mechanism, as was proved by experiments using EGFR-knockout tumor cells. Finally, peri-tumoral injections of anti-EGFR scFv-Fc-secreting macrophages were shown to inhibit tumor growth in the xeno-graft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Bi Cha
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Keun Koo Shin
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinho Seo
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Doo-Byoung Oh
- Environmental Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
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9
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Bruter AV, Kalashnikova MV, Prytyko AP, Belyavsky AV. Maintenance of Plasmid Expression in vivo Depends Primarily on the CpG Contents of the Vector and Transgene. Mol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893320030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Haraguchi A, Fuchigami Y, Kawaguchi M, Fumoto S, Ohyama K, Shimizu K, Hagimori M, Kawakami S. Determining Transgene Expression Characteristics Using a Suction Device with Multiple Hole Adjusting a Left Lateral Lobe of the Mouse Liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:944-950. [PMID: 29863083 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed a tissue suction-mediated transfection method (suction method) as a relatively reliable and less invasive technique for in vivo transfection. In this study, we determined hepatic transgene expression characteristics in the mouse liver, using a suction device, collecting information relevant to gene therapy and gene functional analysis by the liver suction method. To achieve high transgene expression levels, we developed a suction device with four holes (multiple hole device) and applied it to the larger portion of the left lateral lobe of the mouse liver. Hepatic transfection with physical stimuli was potentially controlled by activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). We examined the spatial distribution of transgene expression in the suctioned lobe by 2-dimensional imaging with histochemical staining and 3-dimensional multicolor deep imaging with tissue clearing methods. Through monitoring spatial distribution of transgene expression, the liver suction method was used to efficiently transfect extravascular hepatocytes in the suction-deformable upper lobe of the liver. Moreover, long-term transgene expression, at least 14 d, was achieved with the liver suction method when cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG)-free plasmid DNA was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Fuchigami
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Maho Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | | | - Kaname Ohyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
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11
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Ogawa K, Fuchigami Y, Hagimori M, Fumoto S, Miura Y, Kawakami S. Efficient gene transfection to the brain with ultrasound irradiation in mice using stabilized bubble lipopolyplexes prepared by the surface charge regulation method. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2309-2320. [PMID: 29713163 PMCID: PMC5907898 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s157375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We previously developed anionic ternary bubble lipopolyplexes, an ultrasound-responsive carrier, expecting safe and efficient gene transfection. However, bubble lipopolyplexes have a low capacity for echo gas (C3F8) encapsulation (EGE) in nonionic solution such as 5% glucose. On the other hand, we were able to prepare bubble lipopolyplexes by inserting phosphate-buffered saline before C3F8 encapsulation. Surface charge regulation (SCR) by electrolytes stabilizes liposome/plasmid DNA (pDNA) complexes by accelerated membrane fusion. Considering these facts, we hypothesized that SCR by electrolytes such as NaCl would promote C3F8 encapsulation in bubble lipopolyplexes mediated by accelerated membrane fusion. We defined this hypothesis as SCR-based EGE (SCR-EGE). Bubble lipopolyplexes prepared by the SCR-EGE method (SCR-EGE bubble lipopolyplexes) are expected to facilitate the gene transfection because of the high amount of C3F8. Therefore, we applied these methods for gene delivery to the brain and evaluated the characteristics of transgene expression in the brain. Methods First, we measured the encapsulation efficiency of C3F8 in SCR-EGE bubble lipopolyplexes. Next, we applied these bubble lipopolyplexes to the mouse brain; then, we evaluated the transfection efficiency. Furthermore, three-dimensional transgene distribution was observed using multicolor deep imaging. Results SCR-EGE bubble lipopolyplexes had a higher C3F8 content than conventional bubble lipopolyplexes. In terms of safety, SCR-EGE bubble lipopolyplexes possessed an anionic potential and showed no aggregation with erythrocytes. After applying SCR-EGE bubble lipopolyplexes to the brain, high transgene expression was observed by combining with ultrasound irradiation. As a result, transgene expression mediated by SCR-EGE bubble lipopolyplexes was observed mainly on blood vessels and partially outside of blood vessels. Conclusion The SCR-EGE method may promote C3F8 encapsulation in bubble lipopolyplexes, and SCR-EGE bubble lipopolyplexes may be potent carriers for efficient and safe gene transfection in the brain, especially to the blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Ogawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Fuchigami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masayori Hagimori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fumoto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Miura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Informatics, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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12
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Fros JJ, Dietrich I, Alshaikhahmed K, Passchier TC, Evans DJ, Simmonds P. CpG and UpA dinucleotides in both coding and non-coding regions of echovirus 7 inhibit replication initiation post-entry. eLife 2017; 6:e29112. [PMID: 28960178 PMCID: PMC5659819 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vertebrate and plant RNA and small DNA viruses suppress genomic CpG and UpA dinucleotide frequencies, apparently mimicking host mRNA composition. Artificially increasing CpG/UpA dinucleotides attenuates viruses through an entirely unknown mechanism. Using the echovirus 7 (E7) model in several cell types, we show that the restriction in E7 replication in mutants with increased CpG/UpA dinucleotides occurred immediately after viral entry, with incoming virions failing to form replication complexes. Sequences of CpG/UpA-high virus stocks showed no evidence of increased mutational errors that would render them replication defective, these viral RNAs were not differentially sequestered in cytoplasmic stress granules nor did they induce a systemic antiviral state. Importantly, restriction was not mediated through effects on translation efficiency since replicons with high CpG/UpA sequences inserted into a non-coding region were similarly replication defective. Host-cells thus possess intrinsic defence pathways that prevent replication of viruses with increased CpG/UpA frequencies independently of codon usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelke Jan Fros
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Dietrich
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Kinda Alshaikhahmed
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tim Casper Passchier
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - David John Evans
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsSt AndrewsUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter Simmonds
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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13
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Van Doorslaer K, Porter S, McKinney C, Stepp WH, McBride AA. Novel recombinant papillomavirus genomes expressing selectable genes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37782. [PMID: 27892937 PMCID: PMC5125267 DOI: 10.1038/srep37782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillomaviruses infect and replicate in keratinocytes, but viral proteins are initially expressed at low levels and there is no effective and quantitative method to determine the efficiency of infection on a cell-to-cell basis. Here we describe human papillomavirus (HPV) genomes that express marker proteins (antibiotic resistance genes and Green Fluorescent Protein), and can be used to elucidate early stages in HPV infection of primary keratinocytes. To generate these recombinant genomes, the late region of the oncogenic HPV18 genome was replaced by CpG free marker genes. Insertion of these exogenous genes did not affect early replication, and had only minimal effects on early viral transcription. When introduced into primary keratinocytes, the recombinant marker genomes gave rise to drug-resistant keratinocyte colonies and cell lines, which maintained the extrachromosomal recombinant genome long-term. Furthermore, the HPV18 "marker" genomes could be packaged into viral particles (quasivirions) and used to infect primary human keratinocytes in culture. This resulted in the outgrowth of drug-resistant keratinocyte colonies containing replicating HPV18 genomes. In summary, we describe HPV18 marker genomes that can be used to quantitatively investigate many aspects of the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Porter
- Lab of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Bazzani RP, Pringle IA, Connolly MM, Davies LA, Sumner-Jones SG, Schleef M, Hyde SC, Gill DR. Transgene sequences free of CG dinucleotides lead to high level, long-term expression in the lung independent of plasmid backbone design. Biomaterials 2016; 93:20-26. [PMID: 27061267 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Non-viral aerosol gene therapy offers great potential for treating chronic lung diseases of the airways such as cystic fibrosis (CF). Early clinical trials showed that transgene expression in the airways was transient whereas maximal duration of transgene expression is essential in order to minimise the frequency of aerosol treatments. Improved vector design, such as careful selection of the promoter/enhancer, can lead to more persistent levels of transgene expression, but multiple factors affect expression in vivo. Following aerosol delivery to the lungs of mice, we measured reporter gene expression from a CpG-free luciferase transgene cassette in the context of both a plasmid and minicircle vector configuration and showed that the vector backbone had no effect on expression. Transgene activity was affected by the vector backbone however, when a similar, but sub-optimal CpG-containing transgene was used, suggesting that aspects of the plasmid backbone had a negative impact on transgene expression. Similar studies were performed in Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) knockout mice to investigate a potential role for the TLR9 signalling pathway in detecting CpGs in the vector sequence. Even in the absence of TLR9, persistent expression could only be achieved with a CpG-free transgene. Together, these data indicate that in order to achieve high levels of persistent expression in vivo, a CpG-free transgene cassette is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto P Bazzani
- Gene Medicine Research Group, NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; The UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, UK
| | - Ian A Pringle
- Gene Medicine Research Group, NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; The UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, UK
| | - Mary M Connolly
- Gene Medicine Research Group, NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; The UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, UK
| | - Lee A Davies
- Gene Medicine Research Group, NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; The UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, UK
| | - Stephanie G Sumner-Jones
- Gene Medicine Research Group, NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; The UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, UK
| | - Martin Schleef
- PlasmidFactory, Meisenstraße 96, D-33607 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Stephen C Hyde
- Gene Medicine Research Group, NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; The UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, UK
| | - Deborah R Gill
- Gene Medicine Research Group, NDCLS, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK; The UK Cystic Fibrosis Gene Therapy Consortium, UK.
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15
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Wong S, Lam P, Nafissi N, Denniss S, Slavcev R. Production of Double-stranded DNA Ministrings. J Vis Exp 2016:53177. [PMID: 26967586 PMCID: PMC4828204 DOI: 10.3791/53177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We constructed linear covalently closed (LCC) DNA minivectors as a non-viral gene-delivery vector alternative produced via a simple platform in vivo. DNA ministrings possess a heightened safety profile and also efficiently deliver DNA cargo to targeted cells. Conventional DNA vectors carry undesirable prokaryotic sequences, including antibiotic resistance genes, CpG motifs, and bacterial origins of replication, which may lead to the stimulation of host immunological responses. The bioavailability of conventional DNA vectors is also compromised due to their larger molecular size. Their circular nature may also impart chromosomal integration, leading to insertional mutagenesis. Bacterial sequences are excised from DNA minivectors, leaving only the gene of interest (GOI) and necessary eukaryotic expression elements. Our LCC DNA minivectors, or DNA ministrings, are devoid of immunogenic bacterial sequences; therefore improving their bioavailability and GOI expression. In the event of vector integration into the chromosome, the LCC DNA ministring will lethally disrupt the host chromosome, thereby removing the potentially dangerous mutant from the proliferating cell population. Consequently, DNA ministrings offer the benefits of 'minicircle' DNA while eliminating the potential for undesirable vector integration events. In comparison to conventional plasmids and their isogenic circular covalently closed (CCC) counterparts, DNA ministrings demonstrate superior bioavailability, transfection efficiency, and cytoplasmic kinetics - they thus require lower amounts of cationic surfactants for effective transfection of target cells. We have constructed a one-step inducible in vivo system for the production of DNA ministrings in Escherichia coli that is simple to use, rapid, and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peggy Lam
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo
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16
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Poidevin L, Andreeva K, Khachatoorian C, Judelson HS. Comparisons of Ribosomal Protein Gene Promoters Indicate Superiority of Heterologous Regulatory Sequences for Expressing Transgenes in Phytophthora infestans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145612. [PMID: 26716454 PMCID: PMC4696810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular genetics approaches in Phytophthora research can be hampered by the limited number of known constitutive promoters for expressing transgenes and the instability of transgene activity. We have therefore characterized genes encoding the cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins of Phytophthora and studied their suitability for expressing transgenes in P. infestans. Phytophthora spp. encode a standard complement of 79 cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins. Several genes are duplicated, and two appear to be pseudogenes. Half of the genes are expressed at similar levels during all stages of asexual development, and we discovered that the majority share a novel promoter motif named the PhRiboBox. This sequence is enriched in genes associated with transcription, translation, and DNA replication, including tRNA and rRNA biogenesis. Promoters from the three P. infestans genes encoding ribosomal proteins S9, L10, and L23 and their orthologs from P. capsici were tested for their ability to drive transgenes in stable transformants of P. infestans. Five of the six promoters yielded strong expression of a GUS reporter, but the stability of expression was higher using the P. capsici promoters. With the RPS9 and RPL10 promoters of P. infestans, about half of transformants stopped making GUS over two years of culture, while their P. capsici orthologs conferred stable expression. Since cross-talk between native and transgene loci may trigger gene silencing, we encourage the use of heterologous promoters in transformation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Poidevin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Kalina Andreeva
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Careen Khachatoorian
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Howard S. Judelson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sato Y, Nakamura T, Yamada Y, Akita H, Harashima H. Multifunctional enveloped nanodevices (MENDs). ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2015; 88:139-204. [PMID: 25409606 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800148-6.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is anticipated that nucleic acid medicines will be in widespread use in the future, since they have the potential to cure diseases based on molecular mechanisms at the level of gene expression. However, intelligent delivery systems are required to achieve nucleic acid therapy, since they can perform their function only when they reach the intracellular site of action. We have been developing a multifunctional envelope-type nanodevice abbreviated as MEND, which consists of functional nucleic acids as a core and lipid envelope, and can control not only biodistribution but also the intracellular trafficking of nucleic acids. In this chapter, we review the development and evolution of the MEND by providing several successful examples, including the R8-MEND, the KALA-MEND, the MITO-Porter, the YSK-MEND, and the PALM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuma Yamada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo City, Hokkaido, Japan
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18
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Stilhano RS, Martin PKM, de Melo SM, Samoto VY, Peres GB, da Silva Michelacci YMC, da Silva FH, Pereira VG, D'Almeida V, da Cruz AT, Jasiulionis MG, Han SW. α-l-iduronidase gene-based therapy using the phiC31 system to treat mucopolysaccharidose type I mice. J Gene Med 2015; 17:1-13. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vania D'Almeida
- Department of Pediatrics; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Adriana Taveira da Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Miriam Galvonas Jasiulionis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Sang Won Han
- Department of Biophysics; Universidade Federal de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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19
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Miura N, Shaheen SM, Akita H, Nakamura T, Harashima H. A KALA-modified lipid nanoparticle containing CpG-free plasmid DNA as a potential DNA vaccine carrier for antigen presentation and as an immune-stimulative adjuvant. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:1317-31. [PMID: 25605799 PMCID: PMC4330373 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies that delivery antigen-encoded plasmid DNA (pDNA) to antigen presenting cell and their immune-activation are required for the success of DNA vaccines. Here we report on an artificial nanoparticle that can achieve these; a multifunctional envelope-type nanodevice modified with KALA, a peptide that forms α-helical structure at physiological pH (KALA-MEND). KALA modification and the removal of the CpG-motifs from the pDNA synergistically boosted transfection efficacy. In parallel, transfection with the KALA-MEND enhances the production of multiple cytokines and chemokines and co-stimulatory molecules via the Toll-like receptor 9-independent manner. Endosome-fusogenic lipid envelops and a long length of pDNA are essential for this immune stimulation. Furthermore, cytoplasmic dsDNA sensors that are related to the STING/TBK1 pathway and inflammasome are involved in IFN-β and IL-1β production, respectively. Consequently, the robust induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphoma activity and the resulting prophylactic and therapeutic anti-tumor effect was observed in mice that had been immunized with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells ex vivo transfected with antigen-encoding pDNA. Collectively, the KALA-MEND possesses dual functions; gene transfection system and immune-stimulative adjuvant, those are both necessary for the successful DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Miura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Sharif M Shaheen
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
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20
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Ukawa M, Akita H, Hayashi Y, Ishiba R, Tange K, Arai M, Kubo K, Higuchi Y, Shimizu K, Konishi S, Hashida M, Harashima H. Neutralized nanoparticle composed of SS-cleavable and pH-activated lipid-like material as a long-lasting and liver-specific gene delivery system. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:1222-9. [PMID: 24668914 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Charge-neutralized lipid envelope-type nanoparticles formed with SS-cleavable and pH-activated lipid-like materials (ssPalm) accumulate rapidly in the liver without forming aggregates in the blood circulation, and result in a liver-specific gene expression for a long duration (>2 weeks) with neither immunological responses nor hepatotoxicity after intraveneous administration, when it carries pDNA free from CpG-motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ukawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University; Kita12 Nishi6, Kita-ku Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University; Kita12 Nishi6, Kita-ku Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University; Kita12 Nishi6, Kita-ku Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Ryohei Ishiba
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University; Kita12 Nishi6, Kita-ku Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
| | - Kota Tange
- NOF Corporation; 3-3 Chidori-cho, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 210-0865 Japan
| | - Masaya Arai
- NOF Corporation; 3-3 Chidori-cho, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 210-0865 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kubo
- NOF Corporation; 3-3 Chidori-cho, Kawasaki-ku Kawasaki Kanagawa 210-0865 Japan
| | - Yuriko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University; 46-28 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University; 46-28 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Ritsumeikan-Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Ritsumeikan-Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
- Department of Micro System Technology; Ritsumeikan University; 1-1-1 Nojihigashi Kusatsu Shiga 525-8577 Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University; 46-28 Yoshida-Shimo-Adachi-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University; Yoshida-Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8302 Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University; Kita12 Nishi6, Kita-ku Sapporo City Hokkaido 060-0812 Japan
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21
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Anatomy of plasmid DNAs with anti-silencing elements. Int J Pharm 2014; 464:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Improved site-specific recombinase-based method to produce selectable marker- and vector-backbone-free transgenic cells. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4240. [PMID: 24577484 PMCID: PMC3937794 DOI: 10.1038/srep04240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PhiC31 integrase-mediated gene delivery has been extensively used in gene therapy and animal transgenesis. However, random integration events are observed in phiC31-mediated integration in different types of mammalian cells; as a result, the efficiencies of pseudo attP site integration and evaluation of site-specific integration are compromised. To improve this system, we used an attB-TK fusion gene as a negative selection marker, thereby eliminating random integration during phiC31-mediated transfection. We also excised the selection system and plasmid bacterial backbone by using two other site-specific recombinases, Cre and Dre. Thus, we generated clean transgenic bovine fetal fibroblast cells free of selectable marker and plasmid bacterial backbone. These clean cells were used as donor nuclei for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), indicating a similar developmental competence of SCNT embryos to that of non-transgenic cells. Therefore, the present gene delivery system facilitated the development of gene therapy and agricultural biotechnology.
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Bertino P, Urschitz J, Hoffmann FW, You BR, Rose AH, Park WH, Moisyadi S, Hoffmann PR. Vaccination with a piggyBac plasmid with transgene integration potential leads to sustained antigen expression and CD8(+) T cell responses. Vaccine 2014; 32:1670-7. [PMID: 24513010 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination with plasmid has conventionally involved vectors designed for transient expression of antigens in injected tissues. Next generation plasmids are being developed for site-directed integration of transgenes into safe sites in host genomes and may provide an innovative approach for stable and sustained expression of antigens for vaccination. The goal of this study was to evaluate in vivo antigen expression and the generation of cell mediated immunity in mice injected with a non-integrating plasmid compared to a plasmid with integrating potential. Hyperactive piggyBac transposase-based integrating vectors (pmhyGENIE-3) contained a transgene encoding either eGFP (pmhyGENIE-3-eGFP) or luciferase (pmhyGENIE-3-GL3), and were compared to transposase-deficient plasmids with the same transgene and DNA backbone. Both non-integrating and integrating plasmids were equivalent at day 1 for protein expression at the site of injection. While protein expression from the non-integrating plasmid was lost by day 14, the pmhyGENIE-3 was found to exhibit sustained protein expression up to 28 days post-injection. Vaccination with pmhyGENIE-3-eGFP resulted in a robust CD8(+) T cell response that was three-fold higher than that of non-integrating plasmid vaccinations. Additionally we observed in splenocyte restimulation experiments that only the vaccination with pmhyGENIE-3-eGFP was characterized by IFNγ producing CD8(+) T cells. Overall, these findings suggest that plasmids designed to direct integration of transgenes into the host genome are a promising approach for designing DNA vaccines. Robust cell mediated CD8(+) T cell responses generated using integrating plasmids may provide effective, sustained protection against intracellular pathogens or tumor antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Bertino
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Johann Urschitz
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Fukun W Hoffmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Bo Ra You
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Aaron H Rose
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Woo Hyun Park
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Stefan Moisyadi
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA; Manoa BioSciences, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Peter R Hoffmann
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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Abstract
Recent developments in DNA vaccine research provide a new momentum for this rather young and potentially disruptive technology. Gene-based vaccines are capable of eliciting protective immunity in humans to persistent intracellular pathogens, such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis, for which the conventional vaccine technologies have failed so far. The recent identification and characterization of genes coding for tumor antigens has stimulated the development of DNA-based antigen-specific cancer vaccines. Although most academic researchers consider the production of reasonable amounts of plasmid DNA (pDNA) for immunological studies relatively easy to solve, problems often arise during this first phase of production. In this chapter we review the current state of the art of pDNA production at small (shake flasks) and mid-scales (lab-scale bioreactor fermentations) and address new trends in vector design and strain engineering. We will guide the reader through the different stages of process design starting from choosing the most appropriate plasmid backbone, choosing the right Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain for production, and cultivation media and scale-up issues. In addition, we will address some points concerning the safety and potency of the produced plasmids, with special focus on producing antibiotic resistance-free plasmids. The main goal of this chapter is to make immunologists aware of the fact that production of the pDNA vaccine has to be performed with as much as attention and care as the rest of their research.
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Togashi R, Harashima H, Kamiya H. Correlation between transgen expression and plasmid DNA loss in mouse liver. J Gene Med 2013; 15:242-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Togashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Hokkaido University; Sapporo; Japan
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Madeira C, Rodrigues CAV, Reis MSC, Ferreira FFCG, Correia RESM, Diogo MM, Cabral JMS. Nonviral Gene Delivery to Neural Stem Cells with Minicircles by Microporation. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1379-87. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Madeira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. V. Rodrigues
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica S. C. Reis
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipa F. C. G. Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel E. S. M. Correia
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M. Diogo
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim M. S. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
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Abstract
Nonviral vector technology is attracting increasing importance in the biomedical community owing to unique advantages and prospects for the treatment of severe diseases by gene therapy. In this review, synthetic vectors that allow the controlled design of efficient and biocompatible carriers are highlighted. The current benefits, potentials, problems and unmet needs of synthetic gene delivery systems, as well as the strategies to overcome the obstacles are also discussed. Common design principles and structure–activity trends have been established that are important for stable and targeted transport to regions of interest in the body, efficient uptake into cells as well as controlled release of drugs inside the cells, for example, in specialized compartments. The status quo of the use of these systems in preclinical and clinical trials is also considered.
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Bire S, Rouleux-Bonnin F. Transgene Site-Specific Integration: Problems and Solutions. SITE-DIRECTED INSERTION OF TRANSGENES 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4531-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Brown PA, Khan AS, Draghia-Akli R, Pope MA, Bodles-Brakhop AM, Kern DR. Effects of administration of two growth hormone–releasing hormone plasmids to gilts on sow and litter performance for the subsequent three gestations. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1428-34. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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A simple and rapid nonviral approach to efficiently transfect primary tissue–derived cells using polyethylenimine. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:935-45. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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31
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Ribeiro S, Mairhofer J, Madeira C, Diogo MM, Lobato da Silva C, Monteiro G, Grabherr R, Cabral JM. Plasmid DNA Size Does Affect Nonviral Gene Delivery Efficiency in Stem Cells. Cell Reprogram 2012; 14:130-7. [DOI: 10.1089/cell.2011.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Ribeiro
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Juergen Mairhofer
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Catarina Madeira
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Margarida Diogo
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Lobato da Silva
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Monteiro
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Reingard Grabherr
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joaquim M. Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa, Portugal
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Hsu CYM, Uludağ H. Nucleic-acid based gene therapeutics: delivery challenges and modular design of nonviral gene carriers and expression cassettes to overcome intracellular barriers for sustained targeted expression. J Drug Target 2012; 20:301-28. [PMID: 22303844 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2012.655247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of nucleic acid molecules into cells to alter physiological functions at the genetic level is a powerful approach to treat a wide range of inherited and acquired disorders. Biocompatible materials such as cationic polymers, lipids, and peptides are being explored as safer alternatives to viral gene carriers. However, the comparatively low efficiency of nonviral carriers currently hampers their translation into clinical settings. Controlling the size and stability of carrier/nucleic acid complexes is one of the primary hurdles as the physicochemical properties of the complexes can define the uptake pathways, which dictate intracellular routing, endosomal processing, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. In addition to nuclear import, subnuclear trafficking, posttranscriptional events, and immune responses can further limit transfection efficiency. Chemical moieties, reactive linkers or signal peptide have been conjugated to carriers to prevent aggregation, induce membrane destabilization and localize to subcellular compartments. Genetic elements can be inserted into the expression cassette to facilitate nuclear targeting, delimit expression to targeted tissue, and modulate transgene expression. The modular option afforded by both gene carriers and expression cassettes provides a two-tier multicomponent delivery system that can be optimized for targeted gene delivery in a variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie Yu Ming Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Cananda
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Mejía-Toiber J, Limón-Pacheco J, Gonzalez-Gallardo A, Giordano M. In vivo GABA release and kinetics of transgene loss in a GABAergic cell line after long-term transplantation into the rat brain. Neuroscience 2012; 203:244-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chabot S, Orio J, Schmeer M, Schleef M, Golzio M, Teissié J. Minicircle DNA electrotransfer for efficient tissue-targeted gene delivery. Gene Ther 2012; 20:62-8. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Magnusson T, Haase R, Schleef M, Wagner E, Ogris M. Sustained, high transgene expression in liver with plasmid vectors using optimized promoter-enhancer combinations. J Gene Med 2011; 13:382-91. [PMID: 21721074 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmid-based gene therapy approaches often lack long-term transgene expression in vivo as a result of silencing or loss of the vector. One way to overcome these limitations is to combine nonsilenced promoters with strong enhancers. METHODS In the present study, we combine murine or human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-derived enhancer elements with the human elongation factor 1α (EF1α) promoter in a plasmid backbone devoid of potentially immunostimulating cytosine-guanine repeat sequences. Luciferase transgene activity was monitored in mouse liver after hydrodynamic plasmid delivery. RESULTS Luciferase activity of a CMV-promoter driven plasmid rapidly declined within days, whereas the activity of the EF1α driven plasmid remained high for 2 weeks (murine enhancer) and detectable for > 80 days (human enhancer). Expression levels clearly correlated with higher plasmid copy number found in the liver at 2 months after gene delivery. Furthermore, we developed a novel synthetic CMV-EF1α hybrid promoter (SCEP) combining the high activity of CMV and sustained activity of EF1α promoter. The SCEP led to a constitutive three-fold increase in expression levels compared to the EF1α promoter in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This novel combination of enhancer and promoter element with optimized plasmid backbones will pave the way for more efficient nonviral approaches in gene therapy.
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Effects of insulator cHS4 on transgene expression from plasmid DNA in a positive feedback system. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 112:432-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Hackett PB, Aronovich EL, Hunter D, Urness M, Bell JB, Kass SJ, Cooper LJN, McIvor S. Efficacy and safety of Sleeping Beauty transposon-mediated gene transfer in preclinical animal studies. Curr Gene Ther 2011; 11:341-9. [PMID: 21888621 PMCID: PMC3728161 DOI: 10.2174/156652311797415827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposons have been effective in delivering therapeutic genes to treat certain diseases in mice. Hydrodynamic gene delivery of integrating transposons to 5-20% of the hepatocytes in a mouse results in persistent elevated expression of the therapeutic polypeptides that can be secreted into the blood for activity throughout the animal. An alternative route of delivery is ex vivo transformation with SB transposons of hematopoietic cells, which then can be reintroduced into the animal for treatment of cancer. We discuss issues associated with the scale-up of hydrodynamic delivery to the liver of larger animals as well as ex vivo delivery. Based on our and others' experience with inefficient delivery to larger animals, we hypothesize that impulse, rather than pressure, is a critical determinant of the effectiveness of hydrodynamic delivery. Accordingly, we propose some alterations in delivery strategies that may yield efficacious levels of gene delivery in dogs and swine that will be applicable to humans. To ready hydrodynamic delivery for human application we address a second issue facing transposons used for gene delivery regarding their potential to "re-hop" from one site to another and thereby destabilize the genome. The ability to correct genetic diseases through the infusion of DNA plasmids remains an appealing goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perry B Hackett
- Dept. of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Ogris M, Wagner E. To Be Targeted: Is the Magic Bullet Concept a Viable Option for Synthetic Nucleic Acid Therapeutics? Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:799-807. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2011.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Ogris
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich 81377, Germany
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39
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Léger A, Le Guiner C, Nickerson ML, McGee Im K, Ferry N, Moullier P, Snyder RO, Penaud-Budloo M. Adeno-associated viral vector-mediated transgene expression is independent of DNA methylation in primate liver and skeletal muscle. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20881. [PMID: 21687632 PMCID: PMC3110818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors can support long-term transgene expression in quiescent tissues. Intramuscular (i.m.) administration of a single-stranded AAV vector (ssAAV) in the nonhuman primate (NHP) results in a peak protein level at 2-3 months, followed by a decrease over several months before reaching a steady-state. To investigate transgene expression and vector genome persistence, we previously demonstrated that rAAV vector genomes associate with histones and form a chromatin structure in NHP skeletal muscle more than one year after injection. In the mammalian nucleus, chromatin remodeling via epigenetic modifications plays key role in transcriptional regulation. Among those, CpG hyper-methylation of promoters is a known hallmark of gene silencing. To assess the involvement of DNA methylation on the transgene expression, we injected NHP via the i.m. or the intravenous (i.v.) route with a recombinant ssAAV2/1 vector. The expression cassette contains the transgene under the transcriptional control of the constitutive Rous Sarcoma Virus promoter (RSVp). Total DNA isolated from NHP muscle and liver biopsies from 1 to 37 months post-injection was treated with sodium bisulfite and subsequently analyzed by pyrosequencing. No significant CpG methylation of the RSVp was found in rAAV virions or in vector DNA isolated from NHP transduced tissues. Direct de novo DNA methylation appears not to be involved in repressing transgene expression in NHP after gene transfer mediated by ssAAV vectors. The study presented here examines host/vector interactions and the impact on transgene expression in a clinically relevant model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael L. Nickerson
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kate McGee Im
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Philippe Moullier
- INSERM UMR649, Nantes, France
- Généthon, Evry, France
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard O. Snyder
- INSERM UMR649, Nantes, France
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Health Biotechnology, University of Florida, Alachua, Florida, United States of America
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Doenecke A, Krömer A, Scherer MN, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK. AAV plasmid DNA simplifies liver-directed in vivo gene therapy: comparison of expression levels after plasmid DNA-, adeno-associated virus- and adenovirus-mediated liver transfection. J Gene Med 2011; 12:810-7. [PMID: 20809479 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful liver gene therapy depends on efficient gene transfer techniques and long-lasting gene expression after successful transfer. Over the last decades, important progress has been made with the introduction of viral vectors using animal models, although their use is hampered by a complex and costly preparation compared to the simple and cost-effective preparation of plasmid DNA. These problems become even more critical when considering the application of viral vectors in human gene therapy and gene therapy trials. In a previous study, we were able to show that the hydrodynamics-based gene transfer of plasmid-DNA, containing the adeno-associated-virus specific inverted terminal repeats (AAV-ITR), prolongs gene expression in the liver, although it remained unclear whether plasmid gene transfer could achieve similar expression levels compared to viral-vector gene transfer. METHODS Rat livers were transfected in-vivo with AAV-ITR-containing plasmid-DNA using a modified hydrodynamics-based procedure. Expression levels were monitored thereafter and compared with expression levels after viral-vector gene transfer. RESULTS A high and stable long-term expression was achieved after in vivo transfection of rat livers with AAV-ITR-containing plasmids. The expression course resembled that after AAV-mediated gene transfer, and the expression was at least as high, and lasted as long, compared to recombinant AAV-mediated gene transfer. CONCLUSIONS We consider AAV-ITR-containing plasmids as a simple and cost-effective alternative to recombinant viral vectors, especially for liver-directed gene therapy in rodents. With ongoing progress in gene transfer methods for naked DNA, these plasmids may also become a successful alternative to recombinant viral vectors in human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Doenecke
- University Medical Center Regensburg, Department of Surgery, Regensburg, Germany.
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41
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Belur LR, Podetz-Pedersen KM, Sorenson BS, Hsu AH, Parker JB, Carlson CS, Saltzman DA, Ramakrishnan S, McIvor RS. Inhibition of angiogenesis and suppression of colorectal cancer metastatic to the liver using the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:14. [PMID: 21310067 PMCID: PMC3045363 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastatic colon cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide, with disease progression and metastatic spread being closely associated with angiogenesis. We investigated whether an antiangiogenic gene transfer approach using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system could be used to inhibit growth of colorectal tumors metastatic to the liver. Results Liver CT26 tumor-bearing mice were hydrodynamically injected with different doses of a plasmid containing a transposon encoding an angiostatin-endostatin fusion gene (Statin AE) along with varying amounts of SB transposase-encoding plasmid. Animals that were injected with a low dose (10 μg) of Statin AE transposon plasmid showed a significant decrease in tumor formation only when co-injected with SB transposase-encoding plasmid, while for animals injected with a higher dose (25 μg) of Statin AE transposon, co-injection of SB transposase-encoding plasmid did not significantly affect tumor load. For animals injected with 10 μg Statin AE transposon plasmid, the number of tumor nodules was inversely proportional to the amount of co-injected SB plasmid. Suppression of metastases was further evident in histological analyses, in which untreated animals showed higher levels of tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization than animals treated with low dose transposon plasmid. Conclusion These results demonstrate that hepatic colorectal metastases can be reduced using antiangiogenic transposons, and provide evidence for the importance of the transposition process in mediating suppression of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalitha R Belur
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Argyros O, Wong SP, Fedonidis C, Tolmachov O, Waddington SN, Howe SJ, Niceta M, Coutelle C, Harbottle RP. Development of S/MAR minicircles for enhanced and persistent transgene expression in the mouse liver. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:515-29. [PMID: 21301798 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-010-0713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described the development of a scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) episomal vector system for in vivo application and demonstrated its utility to sustain transgene expression in the mouse liver for at least 6 months following a single administration. Subsequently, we observed that transgene expression is sustained for the lifetime of the animal. The level of expression, however, does drop appreciably over time. We hypothesised that by eliminating the bacterial components in our vectors, we could improve their performance since bacterial sequences have been shown to be responsible for the immunotoxicity of the vector and the silencing of its expression when applied in vivo. We describe here the development of a minimally sized S/MAR vector, which is devoid of extraneous bacterial sequences. This minicircle vector comprises an expression cassette and an S/MAR moiety, providing higher and more sustained transgene expression for several months in the absence of selection, both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast to the expression of our original S/MAR plasmid vector, the novel S/MAR minicircle vectors mediate increased transgene expression, which becomes sustained at about twice the levels observed immediately after administration. These promising results demonstrate the utility of minimally sized S/MAR vectors for persistent, atoxic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orestis Argyros
- Gene Therapy Research Group, Section of Molecular Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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43
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Kosovac D, Wild J, Ludwig C, Meissner S, Bauer AP, Wagner R. Minimal doses of a sequence-optimized transgene mediate high-level and long-term EPO expression in vivo: challenging CpG-free gene design. Gene Ther 2010; 18:189-98. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhou T, Kamimura K, Zhang G, Liu D. Intracellular gene transfer in rats by tail vein injection of plasmid DNA. AAPS JOURNAL 2010; 12:692-8. [PMID: 20859713 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effect of various factors on gene delivery efficiency of tail vein injection of plasmid DNA into rats. We measured the level of reporter gene expression in the internal organs including the lung, heart, spleen, kidney, and liver as function of injection volume, injection time, and DNA dose. Persistency of reporter gene expression in transfected animals was also examined. We demonstrated that plasmid delivery to rats by the tail vein is effective as long as the volume of injected DNA solution is adjusted to 7-8% of body weight with an injection time of less than 10 s. With the exception of a short-term increase in serum concentration of alanine aminotransferase and transient irregularity in cardiac function during and soon after the injection, the procedure is well tolerated. Lac Z staining of the liver from transfected animals showed approximately 5-10% positive cells. Persistency test for transgene expression in animals using plasmid carrying cDNA of human alpha 1 antitrypsin gene driven by chicken beta actin gene promoter with CMV enhancers showed peak level of transgene product 1 day after the injection followed by a gradual decline with time. Peak level was regained by a second injection performed on day 38 after the first injection. These results show that tail vein injection is an effective means for introducing plasmid DNA into liver cells in rats. We believe that this procedure will be extremely useful for gene function studies in the context of whole animal in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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45
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Ochiai H, Harashima H, Kamiya H. Positive Feedback System Provides Efficient and Persistent Transgene Expression. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1125-32. [DOI: 10.1021/mp1000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ochiai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kamiya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12, Nishi-6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan, and CREST, Japan Science and Technology, Japan
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Passineau MJ, Zourelias L, Machen L, Edwards PC, Benza RL. Ultrasound-assisted non-viral gene transfer to the salivary glands. Gene Ther 2010; 17:1318-24. [PMID: 20508599 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We report a non-viral gene transfer method using ultrasound induced microbubble destruction to allow the uptake of plasmid gene transfer vectors to the cells of the mouse salivary gland. The Luciferase (Luc) reporter gene, driven by a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, was delivered unilaterally to the submandibular salivary gland via retroductal cannulation and Luc expression was monitored with in vivo imaging. The CMV-Luc plasmid was delivered to the salivary gland in a carrier solution containing microbubbles composed of lipid-encased perfluoropropane gas, with two different concentrations of microbubbles used (100 and 15% volume/volume). An Adenoviral (Ad) vector using an identical CMV-Luc expression cassette was used as a positive control at two different dosages. Whereas ultrasound-assisted gene transfer (UAGT) with 100% microbubbles was weak and rapidly extinguished, UAGT with the 15% microbubble solution was robust and stable for 28 days. UAGT seems to be a practicable and promising method for non-viral gene delivery to the salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Passineau
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Gerald McGinnis Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, West-Penn Allegheny Health System, Pittsburgh, PA 15212-4772, USA.
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Haase R, Argyros O, Wong SP, Harbottle RP, Lipps HJ, Ogris M, Magnusson T, Vizoso Pinto MG, Haas J, Baiker A. pEPito: a significantly improved non-viral episomal expression vector for mammalian cells. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:20. [PMID: 20230618 PMCID: PMC2847955 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The episomal replication of the prototype vector pEPI-1 depends on a transcription unit starting from the constitutively expressed Cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter (CMV-IEP) and directed into a 2000 bp long matrix attachment region sequence (MARS) derived from the human beta-interferon gene. The original pEPI-1 vector contains two mammalian transcription units and a total of 305 CpG islands, which are located predominantly within the vector elements necessary for bacterial propagation and known to be counterproductive for persistent long-term transgene expression. RESULTS Here, we report the development of a novel vector pEPito, which is derived from the pEPI-1 plasmid replicon but has considerably improved efficacy both in vitro and in vivo. The pEPito vector is significantly reduced in size, contains only one transcription unit and 60% less CpG motives in comparison to pEPI-1. It exhibits major advantages compared to the original pEPI-1 plasmid, including higher transgene expression levels and increased colony-forming efficiencies in vitro, as well as more persistent transgene expression profiles in vivo. The performance of pEPito-based vectors was further improved by replacing the CMV-IEP with the human CMV enhancer/human elongation factor 1 alpha promoter (hCMV/EF1P) element that is known to be less affected by epigenetic silencing events. CONCLUSIONS The novel vector pEPito can be considered suitable as an improved vector for biotechnological applications in vitro and for non-viral gene delivery in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Haase
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Bauer AP, Leikam D, Krinner S, Notka F, Ludwig C, Längst G, Wagner R. The impact of intragenic CpG content on gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:3891-908. [PMID: 20203083 PMCID: PMC2896515 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vaccine components or recombinant therapeutics critically depends on sustained expression of the corresponding transgene. This study aimed to determine the contribution of intragenic CpG content to expression efficiency in transiently and stably transfected mammalian cells. Based upon a humanized version of green fluorescent protein (GFP) containing 60 CpGs within its coding sequence, a CpG-depleted variant of the GFP reporter was established by carefully modulating the codon usage. Interestingly, GFP reporter activity and detectable protein amounts in stably transfected CHO and 293 cells were significantly decreased upon CpG depletion and independent from promoter usage (CMV, EF1α). The reduction in protein expression associated with CpG depletion was likewise observed for other unrelated reporter genes and was clearly reflected by a decline in mRNA copy numbers rather than translational efficiency. Moreover, decreased mRNA levels were neither due to nuclear export restrictions nor alternative splicing or mRNA instability. Rather, the intragenic CpG content influenced de novo transcriptional activity thus implying a common transcription-based mechanism of gene regulation via CpGs. Increased high CpG transcription correlated with changed nucleosomal positions in vitro albeit histone density at the two genes did not change in vivo as monitored by ChIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asli Petra Bauer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology & Gene Therapy Unit, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Centelles MN, Isasi JR, Qian C, Campanero MA, Irache JM. Influence of the chitosan nature on the transfection efficacy of DNA-loaded nanoparticles after hydrodynamic administration in mice. J Microencapsul 2010; 27:460-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02652041003638158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Walker WE, Booth CJ, Goldstein DR. TLR9 and IRF3 cooperate to induce a systemic inflammatory response in mice injected with liposome:DNA. Mol Ther 2010; 18:775-84. [PMID: 20145605 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Liposome:DNA is a promising gene therapy vector. However, this vector can elicit a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Prior reports indicate that liposome:DNA vectors activate Toll-like receptor (TLR)9. We hypothesized that liposome:DNA vectors also activate the cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway, which signals via interferon (IFN) regulatory factor (IRF)3. To test this, we treated dendritic cells (DCs) with liposome:DNA in vitro and found that IRF3 was phosphorylated independent of TLR9. To test the contribution of this pathway in vivo, we injected a liposome:DNA vector into wild-type (WT), TLR9-knockout (KO), IRF3-KO, and TLR9-IRF3-double-KO (DKO) mice. WT mice exhibited a systemic inflammatory response, evidenced by elevations in serum cytokines, serum enzyme changes indicating organ damage, hypothermia, and mortality. The cytokine response was reduced in TLR9-KO, IRF3-KO, and TLR9-IRF3-DKO mice and all three groups survived. We found that IFN-gamma-KO mice that receive liposome:DNA had a reduced cytokine response and 100% survival. CD11c(+) and NK1.1(+) cells produced IFN-gamma and depleting CD11c(+) cells reduced the cytokine response in mice injected with liposome:DNA. These findings may facilitate the development of immunologically inert gene therapy vectors and may provide general insight into the mechanisms of SIRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy E Walker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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