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Jiang X, Zhou L, Sun Z, Xie B, Lin H, Gao X, Deng L, Yang C. MSCs overexpressing GDNF restores brain structure and neurological function in rats with intracerebral hemorrhage. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:43. [PMID: 38008847 PMCID: PMC10678901 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been applied in transplantation to treat intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) but with limited efficacy. Accumulated evidence has shown that glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) plays a crucial part in neuronal protection and functional recovery of the brain after ICH; however, GDNF has difficulty crossing the blood-brain barrier, which limits its application. In this study, we investigated the influences of MSCs overexpressing GDNF (MSCs/GDNF) on the brain structure as well as gait of rats after ICH and explored the possible mechanisms. We found that cell transplantation could reverse the neurological dysfunction and brain damage caused by ICH to a certain extent, and MSCs/GDNF transplantation was superior to MSCs transplantation. Moreover, Transplantation of MSCs overexpressing GDNF effectively reduced the volume of bleeding foci and increased the level of glucose uptake in rats with ICH, which could be related to improving mitochondrial quality. Furthermore, GDNF produced by transplanted MSCs/GDNF further inhibited neuroinflammation, improved mitochondrial quality and function, promoted angiogenesis and the survival of neurons and oligodendrocytes, and enhanced synaptic plasticity in ICH rats when compared with simple MSC transplantation. Overall, our data indicate that GDNF overexpression heightens the curative effect of MSC implantation in treating rats following ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Jiang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Zhou
- Clinical Skills Center, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Zihuan Sun
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Bingqing Xie
- Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Function, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Epigenetics and Brain Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Heng Lin
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Gao
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chaoxian Yang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Neurobiology, Preclinical Medicine Research Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Mowaad NA, El-Shamarka MEA, Khadrawy YA. The Behavioral and Neurochemical Changes Induced by Boldenone and/or Tramadol in Adult Male Rats. Neurochem Res 2022; 48:1320-1333. [PMID: 36449200 PMCID: PMC10066173 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBoldenone and tramadol are abused among large sectors of adolescents. Therefore, the behavioral changes concerned with memory and cognitive functions and neurochemical variations were investigated in the cortex of rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. Rats were divided into control and rats treated with boldenone, tramadol, or both drugs. At the end of the treatment period, the memory and cognitive functions were evaluated by the Y-maze test (YMT) and elevated plus maze test (EPMT) and the motor activity was determined by the open field test (OFT). The cortex was dissected to carry out the neurochemical analyses. Rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol showed impaired memory and cognitive functions and reduced motor activity. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) were observed in the cortex of rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. The levels of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) decreased significantly. Western blot data showed a significant decrease in Bcl2 and a significant increase in caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rats treated with boldenone and/or tramadol. These changes were associated with neuronal death as indicated from the histopathological examination.The present findings indicate that boldenone and/or tramadol induced impairment in memory and cognitive functions. These changes could be mediated by the increase in oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, reduced AChE level, and reduced number of survived neurons in the cortex as indicated from the decreased Bcl2 level and the histological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A Mowaad
- Department of Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poisons,Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa E A El-Shamarka
- Department of Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poisons,Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Yasser A Khadrawy
- Medical Physiology Department, Medical Research and Clinical Studies Institute, National Research Centre, El-Behouth St, Giza, Egypt.
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Zhang Z, Sun GY, Ding S. Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Focal Ischemic Stroke. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2638-2650. [PMID: 33591443 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Focal ischemic stroke (FIS) is a leading cause of human debilitation and death. Following the onset of a FIS, the brain experiences a series of spatiotemporal changes which are exemplified in different pathological processes. One prominent feature of FIS is the development of reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation in the peri-infarct region (PIR). During the subacute phase, astrocytes in PIR are activated, referred to as reactive astrocytes (RAs), exhibit changes in morphology (hypotrophy), show an increased proliferation capacity, and altered gene expression profile, a phenomenon known as reactive astrogliosis. Subsequently, the morphology of RAs remains stable, and proliferation starts to decline together with the formation of glial scars. Reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation eventually cause substantial tissue remodeling and changes in permanent structure around the PIR. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was originally isolated from a rat glioma cell-line and regarded as a potent survival neurotrophic factor. Under normal conditions, GDNF is expressed in neurons but is upregulated in RAs after FIS. This review briefly describes properties of GDNF, its receptor-mediated signaling pathways, as well as recent studies regarding the role of RAs-derived GDNF in neuronal protection and brain recovery. These results provide evidence suggesting an important role of RA-derived GDNF in intrinsic brain repair and recovery after FIS, and thus targeting GDNF in RAs may be effective for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biomedical, Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Spiliopoulos S, Festas G, Reppas L, Brountzos E. Intra-arterial administration of cell-based biological agents for ischemic stroke therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:249-259. [PMID: 30615496 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1566454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic stroke is becoming a primary cause of disability and death worldwide. To date, therapeutic options remain limited focusing on mechanical thrombolysis or administration of thrombolytic agents. However, these therapies do not promote neuroprotection and neuro-restoration of the ischemic area of the brain. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the option of minimal invasive, intra-arterial, administration of biological agents for stroke therapy. The authors provide an update of all available studies, discuss issues that influence outcomes and describe future perspectives which aim to improve clinical outcomes. New therapeutic options based on cellular and molecular interactions following an ischemic brain event, will be highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Intra-arterial administration of biological agents during trans-catheter thrombolysis or thrombectomy could limit neuronal cell death and facilitate regeneration or neurogenesis following ischemic brain injury. Despite the initial progress, further meticulous studies are needed in order to establish the clinical use of stem cell-induced neuroprotection and neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros Spiliopoulos
- a 2nd Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Georgios Festas
- a 2nd Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Lazaros Reppas
- a 2nd Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Elias Brountzos
- a 2nd Department of Radiology, Division of Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital , Athens , Greece
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Zhang Z, Yang JL, Zhang LL, Chen ZZ, Chen JO, Cao YG, Qu M, Lin XD, Ji XM, Han Z. 2-(2-Benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline treatment within 5 hours after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion protects the brain. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:2111-2118. [PMID: 30323139 PMCID: PMC6199951 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.241461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that administering 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazolin (2-BFI), an imidazoline I2 receptor agonist, immediately after ischemia onset can protect the brain from ischemic insult. However, immediate administration after stroke is difficult to realize in the clinic. Thus, the therapeutic time window of 2-BFI should be determined. Sprague-Dawley rats provided by Wenzhou Medical University in China received right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 120 minutes, and were treated with 2-BFI (3 mg/kg) through the caudal vein at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 hours after reperfusion. Neurological function was assessed using the Longa's method. Infarct volume was measured by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride assay. Morphological changes in the cortical penumbra were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining under transmission electron microscopy . The apoptosis levels in the ipsilateral cortex were examined with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. The protein expression of Bcl-2 and BAX was detected using immunohistochemistry. We found the following: Treatment with 2-BFI within 5 hours after reperfusion obviously improved neurological function. Administering 2-BFI within 9 hours after ischemia/reperfusion decreased infarct volume and alleviated apoptosis. 2-BFI administration at different time points after reperfusion alleviated the pathological damage of the ischemic penumbra and reduced the number of apoptotic neurons, but the protective effect was more obvious when administered within 5 hours. Administration of 2-BFI within 5 hours after reperfusion remarkably increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased BAX expression. To conclude, 2-BFI shows potent neuroprotective effects when administered within 5 hours after reperfusion, seemingly by up-regulating Bcl-2 and down-regulating BAX expression. The time window provided clinical potential for ischemic stroke by 2-BFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Long Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shan Xian Central Hospital, Heze, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lin-Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Chen
- Department of Children Rehabilitation, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Ou Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yun-Gang Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Man Qu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Da Lin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xun-Ming Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Han
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Analysis of gene expression profiles of CR80, a neuroprotective 1,8-Naphthyridine. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:1289-1300. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The 1,8-naphthyridine CR80 (ethyl 5-amino-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydrobenzo[b] [1,8]naphthyridine-3-carboxylate) has shown interesting neuroprotective properties in in vitro and in vivo models of neurodegeneration. In spite of these promising outcomes, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying CR80 actions need to be further explored. Materials & methods: We herein report the signal transduction pathways involved in developmental, neuroprotective and stress-activated processes, as well as the gene expression regulation by CR80 in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Results: The CR80 exposure upregulated several antioxidant enzymes (HO-1, GSR, SQSTM1, and TRXR1) and anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, P21, and Wnt6). Conclusion: The observed changes in gene expression would afford new insights on the neuroprotective profile of CR80.
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Chen Y, Chen S, Liang H, Yang H, Liu L, Zhou K, Xu L, Liu J, Yun L, Lai B, Song L, Luo H, Peng J, Liu Z, Xiao Y, Chen W, Tang H. Bcl-2 protects TK6 cells against hydroquinone-induced apoptosis through PARP-1 cytoplasm translocation and stabilizing mitochondrial membrane potential. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2018; 59:49-59. [PMID: 28843007 DOI: 10.1002/em.22126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
B cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) suppresses apoptosis by binding the BH3 domain of proapoptotic factors and thereby regulating mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). This study aimed to investigate the role of Bcl-2 in controlling the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis during hydroquinone (HQ)-induced TK6 cytotoxicity. In this study, HQ, one metabolite of benzene, decreased the MMP in a concentration-dependent manner and induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activation of the DNA damage marker γ-H2AX, and production of the DNA damage-responsive enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Exposure of TK6 cells to HQ leads to an increase in Bcl-2 and co-localization with PARP-1 in the cytoplasm. Inhibition of Bcl-2 using the BH3 mimetic, ABT-737, suppressed the PARP-1 nuclear to cytoplasm translocation and sensitized TK6 cells to HQ-induced apoptosis through depolarization of the MMP. Western blot analysis indicated that ABT-737 combined with HQ increased the levels of cleaved PARP and γ-H2AX, but significantly decreased the level of P53. Thus, ABT-737 can influence PARP-1 translocation and induce apoptosis via mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway, independently of P53. In addition, we found that knockdown of PARP-1 attenuated the HQ-induced production of cleaved PARP and P53. These results identify Bcl-2 as a protective mediator of HQ-induced apoptosis and show that upregulation of Bcl-2 helps to localize PARP-1 to the cytoplasm and stabilize MMP. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:49-59, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Shaoyun Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Hairong Liang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Linhua Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Kairu Zhou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Longmei Xu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jiaxian Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Lin Yun
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Bei Lai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jianming Peng
- Huizhou Prevention and Treatment Centre for Occupational Disease, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Huizhou Prevention and Treatment Centre for Occupational Disease, Huizhou, 516000, China
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Huanwen Tang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
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IL-17 Exerts Anti-Apoptotic Effect via miR-155-5p Downregulation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 63:320-332. [PMID: 29063445 PMCID: PMC5696500 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune, neurodegenerative disease, affecting mostly young adults and resulting in progressive disability. It is a multifactorial disorder, with important involvement of both cellular and epigenetic components. Among the epigenetic factors, microRNAs are currently intensively investigated in the context of multiple sclerosis. It has been shown that their biogenesis and function may be regulated by various cytokines. IL-17, a hallmark cytokine of Th17 cells, has been thought to function predominantly as a pro-inflammatory factor, leading to increased disease symptoms. However, there are several studies indicating its protective role during inflammatory process. In this work, we have assessed the impact of high-dose IL-17 administration on microRNAs’ expression profile during the preclinical stage of EAE. For selected microRNA, we have performed computational analysis of its potential target mRNAs and cellular pathways. Based on results obtained from in silico analysis, we have chosen genes from neurotrophin signaling pathway for further experiments—BDNF, HRAS, and BCL2. Results obtained in this study suggested that high dose of IL-17 exerts protective activity via miR-155-5p downregulation. Increased expression of all studied genes, especially BCL2, indicated a potential anti-apoptotic function of IL-17 during the preclinical phase of EAE.
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Downregulation of TRB3 protects neurons against apoptosis induced by global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. Neuroscience 2017; 360:118-127. [PMID: 28782643 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury (GCI/R) can lead to neuronal apoptosis and contributes to permanent neurological sequelae. However, the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effects of GCI/R on the tribbles homolog 3 (TRB3) and to explore the role of TRB3 in GCI/R. The GCI/R model was developed in Sprague-Dawley male rats by four-vessel occlusion. Subsequently, the expressions of TRB3, endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, and apoptosis-associated proteins were examined by western blot at 1h, 6h, 12h, 24h, and 72h after GCI/R. TRB3 short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentivirus was constructed and used to investigate the role of TRB3 in GCI/R-induced neuronal apoptosis. GCI/R increased the level of TRB3, endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, and pro-apoptotic proteins. The level of protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation was reduced during GCI/R. Administration of TRB3 shRNA lentivirus attenuated GCI/R-induced up-regulation of TRB3, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, TRB3 shRNA lentivirus reversed the reduced level of Akt phosphorylation induced by GCI/R. These data implied that TRB3 participated in the GCI/R-induced neuronal apoptosis. Knocking down TRB3 attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress, enhanced Akt phosphorylation, and protected neurons from apoptosis in response to GCI/R. These results demonstrated that the downregulation of TRB3 may be a promising approach for treating GCI/R.
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Tyler CM, Federoff HJ. CNS Gene Therapy and a Nexus of Complexity: Systems and Biology at a Crossroads. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:267-73. [PMID: 16719061 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783982007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is a potentially promising new treatment for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been difficult to treat with conventional therapeutics. Viral vector-mediated somatic gene therapy is a rapidly developing methodology for providing never before achieved capability to deliver specific genes to the CNS in a highly localized and controlled manner. With the advent and refinements of this technology one focus is directed to which genes are the most appropriate to select for specific disease indications. Nerve growth factor (NGF), a potent survival factor for critical cell populations that degenerate in AD, has been chosen already for clinical gene therapy trials in human AD patients. Much knowledge about the pathophysiological underpinnings of AD is still lacking to make clear which patients may benefit from a gene therapy approach. Moreover, a detailed understanding of sustained NGF action in the normal and diseased CNS needs to be resolved before conclusions can be drawn regarding the utility of NGF gene therapy. Systematic efforts to acquire this new knowledge should compel clinically and biologically sophisticated efforts to advance gene therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Tyler
- Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Neurology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY 14642, USA
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11
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Eleftheriadou I, Dieringer M, Poh XY, Sanchez-Garrido J, Gao Y, Sgourou A, Simmons LE, Mazarakis ND. Selective transduction of astrocytic and neuronal CNS subpopulations by lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with Chikungunya virus envelope. Biomaterials 2017; 123:1-14. [PMID: 28152379 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are gene delivery vehicles that integrate into the host genome of dividing and non-dividing mammalian cells facilitating long-term transgene expression. Lentiviral vector versatility is greatly increased by incorporating heterologous viral envelope proteins onto the vector particles instead of the native envelope, conferring on these pseudotyped vectors a modified tropism and host range specificity. We investigated the pseudotyping efficiency of HIV-1 based lentiviral vectors with alphaviral envelope proteins from the Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV-G) and Sindbis Virus (SINV-G). Following vector production optimisation, titres for the CHIKV-G pseudotype were comparable to the VSV-G pseudotype but those for the SINV-G pseudotype were significantly lower. High titre CHIKV-G pseudotyped vector efficiently transduced various human and mouse neural cell lines and normal human astrocytes (NHA) in vitro. Although transduction was broad, tropism for NHAs was observed. In vivo stereotaxic delivery in striatum, thalamus and hippocampus respectively in the adult rat brain revealed localised transduction restricted to striatal astrocytes and hippocampal dentate granule neurons. Transduction of different subtypes of granule neurons from precursor to post-mitotic stages of differentiation was evident in the sub-granular zone and dentate granule cell layer. No significant inflammatory response was observed, but comparable to that of VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviral vectors. Robust long-term expression followed for three months post-transduction along with absence of neuroinflammation, coupled to the selective and unique neuron/glial tropism indicates that these vectors could be useful for modelling and gene therapy studies in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Eleftheriadou
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Dieringer
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Xuan Ying Poh
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Sanchez-Garrido
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Yunan Gao
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Argyro Sgourou
- Laboratory of Biology, Hellenic Open University, Tsamadou 13-15, 26222 Patra, Greece
| | - Laura E Simmons
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Mazarakis
- Gene Therapy, Centre for Neuroinflammation & Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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12
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Lu J, Guo Y, Guo CQ, Shi XM, Du NY, Zhao RL, Du WP, Liang JR, Zhu SP, Chen H. Acupuncture with reinforcing and reducing twirling manipulation inhibits hippocampal neuronal apoptosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:770-778. [PMID: 28616034 PMCID: PMC5461615 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.206648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To observe the effects of different acupuncture manipulations on blood pressure and target organ damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), this study used the reinforcing twirling method (1.5–2-mm depth; rotating needle clockwise for 360° and then counter clockwise for 360°, with the thumb moving heavily forward and gently backward, 60 times per minute for 1 minute, and retaining needle for 9 minutes), the reducing twirling method (1.5–2-mm depth; rotating needle counter clockwise for 360° and then clockwise for 360°, with the thumb moving heavily backward and gently forward, 60 times per minute for 1 minute, and retaining needle for 9 minutes), and the needle retaining method (1.5–2-mm depth and retaining the needle for 10 minutes). Bilateral Taichong (LR3) was treated by acupuncture using different manipulations and manual stimulation. Reinforcing twirling, reducing twirling, and needle retaining resulted in a decreased number of apoptotic cells, reduced Bax mRNA and protein expression, and an increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the hippocampus compared with the SHR group. Among these groups, the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio was highest in the reducing twirling group, and the Bcl-2/Bax mRNA ratio was highest in the needle retaining group. These results suggest that reinforcing twirling, reducing twirling, and needle retaining methods all improve blood pressure and prevent target organ damage by increasing the hippocampal Bcl-2/Bax ratio and inhibiting cell apoptosis in the hippocampus in SHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- First Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Collage of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chang-Qing Guo
- First Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue-Min Shi
- Collage of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ning-Yu Du
- First Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui-Li Zhao
- First Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Ping Du
- Shijiazhuang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jing-Rong Liang
- First Hospital Affiliated to Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shi-Peng Zhu
- Second School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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13
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Corrigan F, Arulsamy A, Teng J, Collins-Praino LE. Pumping the Brakes: Neurotrophic Factors for the Prevention of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 34:971-986. [PMID: 27630018 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2016.4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of disability and death worldwide, affecting as many as 54,000,000-60,000,000 people annually. TBI is associated with significant impairments in brain function, impacting cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and physical functioning. Although much previous research has focused on the impairment immediately following injury, TBI may have much longer-lasting consequences, including neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment. TBI, even mild brain injury, has also been recognized as a significant risk factor for the later development of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Although the link between TBI and dementia is currently unknown, several proposed mechanisms have been put forward, including alterations in glucose metabolism, excitotoxicity, calcium influx, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. A treatment for the devastating long-term consequences of TBI is desperately needed. Unfortunately, however, no such treatment is currently available, making this a major area of unmet medical need. Increasing the level of neurotrophic factor expression in key brain areas may be one potential therapeutic strategy. Of the neurotrophic factors, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) may be particularly effective for preventing the emergence of long-term complications of TBI, including dementia, because of its ability to reduce apoptosis, stimulate neurogenesis, and increase neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Corrigan
- Translational Neuropathology Lab, Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alina Arulsamy
- Translational Neuropathology Lab, Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jason Teng
- Translational Neuropathology Lab, Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lyndsey E Collins-Praino
- Translational Neuropathology Lab, Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Adelaide , Adelaide, Australia
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14
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Craig AJ, Housley GD. Evaluation of Gene Therapy as an Intervention Strategy to Treat Brain Injury from Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:34. [PMID: 27252622 PMCID: PMC4877374 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability, with a lack of treatments available to prevent cell death, regenerate damaged cells and pathways, or promote neurogenesis. The extended period of hours to weeks over which tissue damage continues to occur makes this disorder a candidate for gene therapy. This review highlights the development of gene therapy in the area of stroke, with the evolution of viral administration, in experimental stroke models, from pre-injury to clinically relevant timeframes of hours to days post-stroke. The putative therapeutic proteins being examined include anti-apoptotic, pro-survival, anti-inflammatory, and guidance proteins, targeting multiple pathways within the complex pathology, with promising results. The balance of findings from animal models suggests that gene therapy provides a viable translational platform for treatment of ischemic brain injury arising from stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Craig
- Translational Neuroscience Facility & Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Gary D Housley
- Translational Neuroscience Facility & Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia
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15
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Chu J, Tu Y, Chen J, Tan D, Liu X, Pi R. Effects of melatonin and its analogues on neural stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:169-79. [PMID: 26499395 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent cells which are capable of self-replication and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes or oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS). NSCs are found in two main regions in the adult brain: the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). The recent discovery of NSCs in the adult mammalian brain has fostered a plethora of translational and preclinical studies to investigate novel approaches for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Melatonin is the major secretory product synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland and shows both a wide distribution within phylogenetically distant organisms from bacteria to humans and a great functional versatility. Recently, accumulated experimental evidence showed that melatonin plays an important role in NSCs, including its proliferation, differentiation and survival, which are modulated by many factors including MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, histone acetylation, neurotrophic factors, transcription factors, and apoptotic genes. The purpose of this review is to summarize the beneficial effects of melatonin on NSCs and further to discuss the potential usage of melatonin and its derivatives or analogues in the treatment of CNS neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Chu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yalin Tu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jingkao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Dunxian Tan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas, Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xingguo Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongbiao Pi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; International Joint Laboratory (SYSU-PolyU HK) of Novel Anti-Dementia Drugs of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510006, China; National and Local United Engineering Lab of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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16
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Huang MH, Kao CT, Chen YW, Hsu TT, Shieh DE, Huang TH, Shie MY. The synergistic effects of Chinese herb and injectable calcium silicate/β-tricalcium phosphate composite on an osteogenic accelerator in vitro. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:161. [PMID: 25786397 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the physicochemical and biological effects of traditional Chinese medicines on the β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)/calcium silicate (CS) composites of bone cells using human dental pulp cell. CS is an osteoconductive and bioactive material. For this research we have combined β-TCP and CS and check its effectiveness, a series of β-TCP/CS composites with different ratios of Xu Duan (XD) were prepared to make new bioactive and biodegradable biocomposites for bone repair. XD has been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for hundreds of years as an antiosteoporosis, tonic and antiaging agent for the therapy of low back pain, traumatic hematoma, threatened abortion and bone fractures. Formation of bone-like apatite, the diametral tensile strength, and weight loss of composites were considered before and after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). In addition, we also examined the effects of XD released from β-TCP/CS composites and in vitro human dental pulp cell (hDPCs) and studied its behavior. The results show the XD-contained paste did not give any demixing when the weight ratio of XD increased to 5-10 % due to the filter-pressing effect during extrusion through the syringe. After immersion in SBF, the microstructure image showed a dense bone-like apatite layer covered on the β-TCP/CS/XD composites. In vitro cell experiments shows that the XD-rich composites promote human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) proliferation and differentiation. However, when the XD quantity in the composite is more than 5 %, the amount of cells and osteogenesis protein of hDPCs were stimulated by XD released from β-TCP/CS composites. The combination of XD in degradation of β-TCP and osteogenesis of CS gives strong reason to believe that these calcium-based composite cements may prove to be promising bone repair materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsien Huang
- Institute of Oral Science, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
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17
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Postnatal expression of neurotrophic factors accessible to spiral ganglion neurons in the auditory system of adult hearing and deafened rats. J Neurosci 2014; 34:13110-26. [PMID: 25253857 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1014-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) receive input from cochlear hair cells and project from the cochlea to the cochlear nucleus. After destruction of hair cells with aminoglycoside antibiotics or noise, SGNs gradually die. It has been assumed that SGN death is attributable to loss of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) derived from hair cells or supporting cells in the organ of Corti (OC). We used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to assay NTF expression-neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), BDNF, GDNF, neurturin, artemin, and CNTF-in the OC and cochlear nucleus at various ages from postnatal day 0 (P0) to P90 in control hearing and neonatally deafened rats. NT-3, neurturin, and CNTF were most abundant in the postnatal hearing OC; CNTF and neurturin most abundant in the cochlear nucleus. In the OC, NT-3 and CNTF showed a postnatal increase in expression approximately concomitant with hearing onset. In rats deafened by daily kanamycin injections (from P8 to P16), surviving inner hair cells were evident at P16 but absent by P19, with most postsynaptic boutons lost before P16. NT-3 and CNTF, which normally increase postnatally, had significantly reduced expression in the OC of deafened rats, although CNTF was expressed throughout the time that SGNs were dying. In contrast, neurturin expression was constant, unaffected by deafening or by age. CNTF and neurturin expression in the cochlear nucleus was unaffected by deafening or age. Thus, NTFs other than NT-3 are available to SGNs even as they are dying after deafening, apparently conflicting with the hypothesis that SGN death is attributable to lack of NTFs.
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18
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Anilkumar U, Prehn JHM. Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins in acute neural injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:281. [PMID: 25324720 PMCID: PMC4179715 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells under stress activate cell survival and cell death signaling pathways. Cell death signaling frequently converges on mitochondria, a process that is controlled by the activities of pro- and anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) proteins. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the control of neuronal survival, development and injury by anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins. We discuss overlapping and differential effects of the individual family members BCL-2, BCL-extra long (BCL-XL), myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1), and BCL2-like 2 (BCL-W) in the control of survival during development and pathophysiological processes such as trophic factor withdrawal, ischemic injury, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and energy stress. Finally we discuss recent evidence that several anti-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins influence mitochondrial bioenergetics and control neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis independent of their classical role in cell death signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujval Anilkumar
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for the Study of Neurological Disorders, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Dublin, Ireland
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19
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Fingolimod protects cultured cortical neurons against excitotoxic death. Pharmacol Res 2012; 67:1-9. [PMID: 23073075 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720), a novel drug approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, activates different sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) subtypes. Its primary mechanism of action is to reduce the egress of T lymphocytes from secondary lymphoid organs, thus restraining neuroinflammation and autoimmunity. However, recent evidence suggests that the action of FTY720 involves S1PRs expressed by cells resident in the CNS, including neurons. Here, we examined the effect of FTY720, its active metabolite, FTY720-P, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) on neuronal viability using a classical in vitro model of excitotoxic neuronal death. Mixed cultures of mouse cortical cells were challenged with toxic concentrations of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) for 10 min, and neuronal death was assessed 20 h later. FTY720, FTY720-P, and S1P were all neuroprotective when applied 18-20 h prior to the NMDA pulse. Neuroprotection was attenuated by pertussis toxin, and inhibited by the selective type-1 S1PR (S1P1R) antagonist, W146, and by inhibitors of the mitogen associated protein kinase (MAPK) and the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PtdIns-3-K) pathways. Both FTY720 and FTY720-P retained their protective activity in pure cultures of mouse or rat cortical neurons. These data offer the first direct demonstration that FTY720 and its active metabolite protect neurons against excitotoxic death.
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20
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Scott HL, Tamagnini F, Narduzzo KE, Howarth JL, Lee YB, Wong LF, Brown MW, Warburton EC, Bashir ZI, Uney JB. MicroRNA-132 regulates recognition memory and synaptic plasticity in the perirhinal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2941-8. [PMID: 22845676 PMCID: PMC3488600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the acquisition of recognition memory depends upon CREB-dependent long-lasting changes in synaptic plasticity in the perirhinal cortex.The CREB-responsive microRNA miR-132 has been shown to regulate synaptic transmission and we set out to investigate a role for this microRNA in recognition memory and its underlying plasticity mechanisms. To this end we mediated the specific overexpression of miR-132 selectively in the rat perirhinal cortex and demonstrated impairment in short-term recognition memory. This functional deficit was associated with a reduction in both long-term depression and long-term potentiation. These results confirm that microRNAs are key coordinators of the intracellular pathways that mediate experience-dependent changes in the brain. In addition, these results demonstrate a role for miR-132 in the neuronal mechanisms underlying the formation of short-term recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L Scott
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience & Endocrinology & MRC Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, University of Bristol, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
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21
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Yoo YM, Lee CJ, Kim YJ. Exogenous GDNF increases the migration of the neural stem cells with no protection against kainic acid-induced excitotoxic cell death in rats. Brain Res 2012; 1486:27-38. [PMID: 22985671 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glia cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a potent survival factor for several neuron types. In this study, we have evaluated the utility of adenovirus-based vectors (Ad) and hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) as genetic tools for the delivery of a therapeutic protein, GDNF, in hippocampus tissues damaged by kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxicity. The experimental animals were treated with KA 3 days prior to exposure to Ad-GDNF, NSCs, and NSCs infected with Ad-GDNF (Ad-GDNF-NSCs). Seven days after the treatments with Ad-GDNF, NSCs and Ad-GDNF-NSCs, the effects of the treatments were evaluated. GAD-67 labeled cells originating from the transplanted NSCs were observed at increased levels in the Ad-GDNF-NSCs-treated rats as compared to the NSCs-only rats. In situ apoptosis assays showed that the levels of TUNEL-positive cells were slightly, but not significantly, reduced in the Ad-GDNF and Ad-GDNF-NSCs groups, as compared to the saline and NSCs only groups. GDNF expression by NSCs and Ad-GDNF was upregulated as the consequence of adenoviral gene delivery in the NSCs and Ad-GDNF-treated rats, and the transplanted NSCs were shown to have migrated to the hippocampal regions in Ad-GDNF-NSCs rats to a greater degree than in the NSCs-only rats. Furthermore, in the region in which the NSCs were detected, GDNF and GAD-67 expression were increased. These results indicate that the migration and differentiation of NSCs may be associated with the expression of GDNF. However, cell death consequent to KA administration was not prevented by upregulated GDNF and NSCs transplantation. Collectively, our results indicate that GDNF may exert effects on the migration and differentiation of NSCs, but there are no protective properties with regard to excitotoxically damaged hippocampal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Yoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gachon Medical College, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, South Korea
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22
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Abstract
The brain is one of the most protected organs in the body. There are two key barriers that control the access of endogenous substances and xenobiotics (drugs or toxins) to the CNS. These physiological structures are the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. The BBB represents the main determinant of the effective delivery of drugs to the CNS. Good access through the BBB is essential if the target site is located within the CNS or, in contrast, can be a disadvantage if adverse reactions occur at central level. The development of new drugs targeted to the CNS requires a better knowledge of the factors affecting BBB permeation as well as in vitro and in silico predictive tools to optimize screening, and to reduce the attrition rate at later stages of drug development. This review discusses the particular characteristics of the biology and physiology of the BBB with respect to the permeation and distribution of drugs into the brain. The factors affecting rate, extent and distribution into the brain are discussed and a brief description of the in silico, in vitro, in situ and in vivo methods used to measure BBB transport are presented. Finally, the lastest proposals and strategies to enhance transport across the BBB of new CNS drugs are summarized.
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Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was first identified as a survival factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons, but additional studies provided evidences for a role as a trophic factor for other neurons of the central and peripheral nervous systems. GDNF regulates cellular activity through interaction with glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface receptors, GDNF family receptor-α1, which might signal through the transmembrane Ret tyrosine receptors or the neural cell adhesion molecule, to promote cell survival, neurite outgrowth, and synaptogenesis. The neuroprotective effect of exogenous GDNF has been shown in different experimental models of focal and global brain ischemia, by local administration of the trophic factor, using viral vectors carrying the GDNF gene and by transplantation of GDNF-expressing cells. These different strategies and the mechanisms contributing to neuroprotection by GDNF are discussed in this review. Importantly, neuroprotection by GDNF was observed even when administered after the ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emília P Duarte
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Largo Marquês de Pombal, Coimbra, Portugal
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25
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White E, Bienemann A, Megraw L, Bunnun C, Wyatt M, Taylor H, Gill S. Distribution properties of lentiviral vectors administered into the striatum by convection-enhanced delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 23:115-27. [PMID: 21793715 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Before the successful use of lentiviral vectors in clinical trials it is essential that strategies for direct vector delivery into the brain be evaluated in vivo, particularly as these vectors are significantly larger than the brain extracellular space. To date no such studies have been undertaken. In this study, convection-enhanced delivery (CED) was employed in an attempt to achieve widespread lentiviral delivery in the striatum. Infusions of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) and HIV vector constructs expressing the reporter gene β-galactosidase (β-Gal) were undertaken into the striatum at a range of flow rates and viral titers. In rats, all EIAV and HIV infusions led to the extensive transduction of cells in perivascular spaces throughout the brain. Although infusions were performed under standardized conditions, the number and volume of distribution of transduced cells were highly variable, with approximately one-third of EIAV infusions leading to no concentrated cell transduction in the striatum. Heparin coinfusion had no effect on EIAV distribution, although coinfusion of nimodipine resulted in a significant reduction in the number and volume of distribution of transduced cells. Intrastriatal EIAV delivery in pigs led to extensive transduction of mainly neurons, which could be effectively visualized in real time by T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. No infusions were associated with a significant inflammatory response. Therefore, despite its large size, lentiviral vectors can be administered by CED to the striatum in both small and large animal models. However, the variability in vector distribution under standardized conditions and widespread vector distribution through the perivascular spaces raise serious concerns regarding the practicality of lentivirus-mediated gene therapy in the brain in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward White
- Department of Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital , Bristol BS16 1LE, United Kingdom
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26
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Howarth JL, Lee YB, Uney JB. Using viral vectors as gene transfer tools (Cell Biology and Toxicology Special Issue: ETCS-UK 1 day meeting on genetic manipulation of cells). Cell Biol Toxicol 2009; 26:1-20. [PMID: 19830583 PMCID: PMC2817806 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-009-9139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of powerful viral gene transfer techniques has greatly facilitated the study of gene function. This review summarises some of the viral delivery systems routinely used to mediate gene transfer into cell lines, primary cell cultures and in whole animal models. The systems described were originally discussed at a 1-day European Tissue Culture Society (ETCS-UK) workshop that was held at University College London on 1st April 2009. Recombinant-deficient viral vectors (viruses that are no longer able to replicate) are used to transduce dividing and post-mitotic cells, and they have been optimised to mediate regulatable, powerful, long-term and cell-specific expression. Hence, viral systems have become very widely used, especially in the field of neurobiology. This review introduces the main categories of viral vectors, focusing on their initial development and highlighting modifications and improvements made since their introduction. In particular, the use of specific promoters to restrict expression, translational enhancers and regulatory elements to boost expression from a single virion and the development of regulatable systems is described.
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27
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Pan HC, Kao TK, Ou YC, Yang DY, Yen YJ, Wang CC, Chuang YH, Liao SL, Raung SL, Wu CW, Chiang AN, Chen CJ. Protective effect of docosahexaenoic acid against brain injury in ischemic rats. J Nutr Biochem 2009; 20:715-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2008.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 06/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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28
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Pertusa M, García-Matas S, Mammeri H, Adell A, Rodrigo T, Mallet J, Cristòfol R, Sarkis C, Sanfeliu C. Expression of GDNF transgene in astrocytes improves cognitive deficits in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 29:1366-79. [PMID: 17399854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was assayed for its neurotrophic effects against the neuronal atrophy that causes cognitive deficits in old age. Aged Fisher 344 rats with impairment in the Morris water maze received intrahippocampal injections at the dorsal CA1 area of either a lentiviral vector encoding human GDNF or the same vector encoding human green fluorescent protein as a control. Recombinant lentiviral vectors constructed with human cytomegalovirus promotor and pseudotyped with lyssavirus Mokola glycoprotein specifically transduced the astrocytes in vivo. Astrocyte-secreted GDNF enhanced neuron function as shown by local increases in synthesis of the neurotransmitters acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin. This neurotrophic effect led to cognitive improvement of the rats as early as 2 weeks after gene transduction. Spatial learning and memory testing showed a significant gain in cognitive abilities due to GDNF exposure, whereas control-transduced rats kept their performance at the chance level. These results confirm the broad spectrum of the neurotrophic action of GDNF and open new gene therapy possibilities for reducing age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pertusa
- Departament de Farmacologia i Toxicologia, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), CSIC-IDIBAPS, Rosselló 161, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Abstract
Typically patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) experience acute episodes of neurological dysfunction, which recover followed, at a later stage, by slow and insidious accumulation of disability (disease progression). Disease progression reflects axon damage and loss within the central nervous system. However, the precise mechanism of axon injury in MS is not clear. Inflammation occurring during acute relapses undoubtedly causes some degree of acute axon damage, but epidemiological data and treatment studies have suggested that inflammation alone is not the sole cause of axonopathy. Indeed, there appears to be dissociation between inflammation and disease progression once a certain level of clinical disability has been reached because immune suppression in patients who have established disease progression does not halt the slow decrease of function. The slow and insidious loss of neurological function that occurs during the progressive phase of the disease implies a degenerative process. Whether axon drop-out occurs at these later stages because of previous inflammatory damage to axons; because of low grade inflammation causing damage to already vulnerable demyelinated axons; because of loss of trophic environment for axons to survive; or as part of a completely independent neurodegenerative process is not clear. Understanding disease mechanisms involved in the axonopathy of MS allows for the development of rational therapies for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilkins
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, UK.
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30
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Kong J, Kim SR, Binley K, Pata I, Doi K, Mannik J, Zernant-Rajang J, Kan O, Iqball S, Naylor S, Sparrow JR, Gouras P, Allikmets R. Correction of the disease phenotype in the mouse model of Stargardt disease by lentiviral gene therapy. Gene Ther 2008; 15:1311-20. [PMID: 18463687 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1) is a macular dystrophy caused by mutations in the ABCA4 (ABCR) gene. The disease phenotype that is most recognized in STGD1 patients, and also in the Abca4-/- mouse (a disease model), is lipofuscin accumulation in retinal pigment epithelium. Here, we tested whether delivery of the normal (wt) human ABCA4 gene to the subretinal space of the Abca4 -/- mice via lentiviral vectors would correct the disease phenotype; that is, reduce accumulation of the lipofuscin pigment A2E. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)-derived lentiviral vectors were constructed expressing either the human ABCA4 gene or the LacZ reporter gene under the control of the constitutive (CMV) or photoreceptor-specific (Rho) promoters. Abca4-/- mice were injected subretinally with 1 microl ( approximately 5.0 x 10(5) TU) of each EIAV vector in one eye at postnatal days 4 and 5. An injection of saline, an EIAV-null vector, or an uninjected contralateral eye served as a control. Mice were killed at various times after injection to determine photoreceptor (PR) transduction efficiency and A2E concentrations. EIAV-LacZ vectors transduced from 5 to 20% of the PRs in the injected area in mice. Most importantly, a single subretinal injection of EIAV-CMV-ABCA4 to Abca4-/- mouse eyes substantially reduced disease-associated A2E accumulation compared to untreated and mock-treated control eyes. Treated eyes of Abca4-/- mice accumulated 8-12 pmol per eye (s.d.=2.7) of A2E 1 year after treatment, amounts comparable to wt controls, whereas mock-treated or untreated eyes had 3-5 times more A2E (27-39 pmol per eye, s.d.=1.5; P=0.001-0.005). Although extrapolation to humans requires caution, the high transduction efficiency of both rod and cone photoreceptors and the statistically significant reduction of A2E accumulation in the mouse model of STGD1 suggest that lentiviral gene therapy is a potentially efficient tool for treating ABCA4-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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31
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TNF receptor I sensitizes neurons to erythropoietin- and VEGF-mediated neuroprotection after ischemic and excitotoxic injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:6185-90. [PMID: 18413601 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0801447105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CNS neurons use robust cytoprotective mechanisms to ensure survival and functioning under conditions of injury. These involve pathways induced by endogenous neuroprotective cytokines such as erythropoietin (EPO). Recently, in contrast to its well known deleterious roles, TNF has also been shown to exhibit neuroprotective properties. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which TNF receptor (TNFR)I mediates neuroprotection by comparing the gene expression profiles of lesioned cortex from WT and TNFRI KO mice after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Several known neuroprotective molecules were identified as TNFRI targets, notably members of the Bcl-2 family, DNA repair machinery and cell cycle, developmental, and differentiation factors, neurotransmitters and growth factors, as well as their receptors, including EPO receptor (EPOR), VEGF, colony-stimulating factor receptor 1, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and nerve growth factor (NGF). Further analysis showed that induction of EPOR and VEGF expression in primary cortical neurons after glucose deprivation (GD) largely depended on TNFRI and was further up-regulated by TNF. Also, EPO- and VEGF-induced neuroprotection against GD, oxygen-glucose deprivation, and NMDA excitotoxicity depended significantly on TNFRI presence. Finally, EPO prevented neuronal damage induced by kainic acid in WT but not TNFRI KO mice. Our results identify cross-talk between tissue protective cytokines, specifically that TNFRI is necessary for constitutive and GD-induced expression of EPOR and VEGF and for EPO-mediated neuroprotection.
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32
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Kells AP, Connor B. AAV-mediated expression of Bcl-xL or XIAP fails to induce neuronal resistance against quinolinic acid-induced striatal lesioning. Neurosci Lett 2008; 436:326-30. [PMID: 18406531 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to the selective loss of medium spiny striatal projection neurons in Huntington's disease (HD). This raises the question as to whether enhancing the expression of anti-apoptotic factors in vulnerable striatal projection neurons can reduce their susceptibility to neurotoxic processes occurring in the HD brain. In this study AAV 1/2 vectors encoding either the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-xL or XIAP were used to transduce striatal neurons prior to an intrastriatal injection of the excitotoxic glutamate analogue quinolinic acid (QA). AAV 1/2 vector treated rats were observed in behavioural tests undertaken to assess whether anti-apoptotic factor expression provided amelioration of motor function impairment following unilateral QA-induced striatal lesioning. AAV-XIAP treated rats displayed complete amelioration of an ipsilateral forelimb use bias relative to control animals. However, neither AAV-XIAP nor AAV-Bcl-xL treated rats demonstrated an improvement in sensorimotor neglect compared to control animals. Furthermore, we did not observe a significant reduction of QA-induced pathology in assessed neuronal populations of the basal ganglia. These results indicate that sole enhancement of XIAP or Bcl-xL is not sufficient to counteract QA-induced excitotoxic insult of striatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Kells
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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33
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Fumagalli F, Madaschi L, Brenna P, Caffino L, Marfia G, Di Giulio AM, Racagni G, Gorio A. Single exposure to erythropoietin modulates Nerve Growth Factor expression in the spinal cord following traumatic injury: Comparison with methylprednisolone. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 578:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Wenzel HJ, Vacher H, Clark E, Trimmer JS, Lee AL, Sapolsky RM, Tempel BL, Schwartzkroin PA. Structural consequences of Kcna1 gene deletion and transfer in the mouse hippocampus. Epilepsia 2007; 48:2023-46. [PMID: 17651419 PMCID: PMC2752664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mice lacking the Kv1.1 potassium channel alpha subunit encoded by the Kcna1 gene develop recurrent behavioral seizures early in life. We examined the neuropathological consequences of seizure activity in the Kv1.1(-/-) (knock-out) mouse, and explored the effects of injecting a viral vector carrying the deleted Kcna1 gene into hippocampal neurons. METHODS Morphological techniques were used to assess neuropathological patterns in hippocampus of Kv1.1(-/-) animals. Immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques were used to monitor ion channel expression in Kv1.1(-/-) brain. Both wild-type and knockout mice were injected (bilaterally into hippocampus) with an HSV1 amplicon vector that contained the rat Kcna1 subunit gene and/or the E. coli lacZ reporter gene. Vector-injected mice were examined to determine the extent of neuronal infection. RESULTS Video/EEG monitoring confirmed interictal abnormalities and seizure occurrence in Kv1.1(-/-) mice. Neuropathological assessment suggested that hippocampal damage (silver stain) and reorganization (Timm stain) occurred only after animals had exhibited severe prolonged seizures (status epilepticus). Ablation of Kcna1 did not result in compensatory changes in expression levels of other related ion channel subunits. Vector injection resulted in infection primarily of granule cells in hippocampus, but the number of infected neurons was quite variable across subjects. Kcna1 immunocytochemistry showed "ectopic" Kv1.1 alpha channel subunit expression. CONCLUSIONS Kcna1 deletion in mice results in a seizure disorder that resembles--electrographically and neuropathologically--the patterns seen in rodent models of temporal lobe epilepsy. HSV1 vector-mediated gene transfer into hippocampus yielded variable neuronal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Jürgen Wenzel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Helene Vacher
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Eliana Clark
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - James S. Trimmer
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Angela L. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Bruce L Tempel
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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35
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Howarth JL, Kelly S, Keasey MP, Glover CPJ, Lee YB, Mitrophanous K, Chapple JP, Gallo JM, Cheetham ME, Uney JB. Hsp40 Molecules That Target to the Ubiquitin-proteasome System Decrease Inclusion Formation in Models of Polyglutamine Disease. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1100-1105. [PMID: 17426712 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the ability of heat shock, DnaJ-like-1 (HSJ1) proteins (which contain DnaJ and ubiquitin-interacting motifs) to reduce polyglutamine-mediated inclusion formation. The experiments demonstrated that expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), hsp40, HSJ1a, and HSJ1b significantly reduced protein inclusion formation in a model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). HSJ1a also mediated a significant decrease in the number of inclusions formed in a primary neuronal model of protein aggregation. Studies to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these reductions showed that hsp70 and hsp40 increased chaperone-mediated refolding. In contrast, expression of HSJ1 proteins did not promote chaperone activity but caused an increase in ubiquitylation. Furthermore, HSJ1a was associated with a ubiquitylated luciferase complex, and in the presence of HSJ1a but not an HSJ1a UIM mutant (HSJ1a-deltaUIM) there was a reduction in luciferase protein levels. Together these results show that HSJ1 proteins mediated an increase in target protein degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). We also found that the expression of HSJ1a significantly decreased the number of neurons containing inclusions in an in vivo model of polyglutamine disease. These findings indicate that targeted modification of the UPS to facilitate degradation of misfolded proteins may represent a highly effective therapeutic avenue for the treatment of polyglutamine disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins/physiology
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/physiology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunoprecipitation
- Inclusion Bodies/metabolism
- Luciferases/chemistry
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Male
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/metabolism
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/pathology
- Muscular Atrophy, Spinal/therapy
- Neurons/metabolism
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/metabolism
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Folding
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/physiology
- Transfection
- Ubiquitin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Howarth
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrated Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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36
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a sanctuary site and is protected by various barriers. These regulate brain homeostasis and the transport of endogenous and exogenous compounds by controlling their selective and specific uptake, efflux, and metabolism in the brain. Unfortunately, potential drugs for the treatment of most brain diseases are therefore often not able to cross these barriers. As a result, various drug delivery and targeting strategies are currently being developed to enhance the transport and distribution of drugs into the brain. Here we discuss briefly the biology and physiology of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebro-spinal-fluid barrier (BCSFB), and, in more detail, the possibilities for delivering large-molecular-weight drugs by local and global delivery and by viral and receptor-mediated nonviral drug delivery to the (human) brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G de Boer
- Blood-Brain Barrier Research Group, Division of Pharmacology, Leiden-Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, University of Leiden, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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37
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De Paula D, Bentley MVLB, Mahato RI. Hydrophobization and bioconjugation for enhanced siRNA delivery and targeting. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2007; 13:431-56. [PMID: 17329355 PMCID: PMC1831859 DOI: 10.1261/rna.459807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is an evolutionarily conserved process by which double-stranded small interfering RNA (siRNA) induces sequence-specific, post-transcriptional gene silencing. Unlike other mRNA targeting strategies, RNAi takes advantage of the physiological gene silencing machinery. The potential use of siRNA as therapeutic agents has attracted great attention as a novel approach for treating severe and chronic diseases. RNAi can be achieved by either delivery of chemically synthesized siRNAs or endogenous expression of small hairpin RNA, siRNA, and microRNA (miRNA). However, the relatively high dose of siRNA required for gene silencing limits its therapeutic applications. This review discusses several strategies to improve therapeutic efficacy as well as to abrogate off-target effects and immunostimulation caused by siRNAs. There is an in-depth discussion on various issues related to the (1) mechanisms of RNAi, (2) methods of siRNA production, (3) barriers to RNAi-based therapies, (4) biodistribution, (5) design of siRNA molecules, (6) chemical modification and bioconjugation, (7) complex formation with lipids and polymers, (8) encapsulation into lipid particles, and (9) target specificity for enhanced therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel De Paula
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
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38
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Sato N, Shimamura M, Takeuchi D, Kurinami H, Ogihara T, Morishita R. Gene therapy for ischemic brain disease with special reference to vascular dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2007.00373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Kitagawa R, Miyachi S, Hanawa H, Takada M, Shimada T. Differential characteristics of HIV-based versus SIV-based lentiviral vector systems: Gene delivery to neurons and axonal transport of expressed gene. Neurosci Res 2007; 57:550-8. [PMID: 17275114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The differential characteristics of lentiviral vectors based on human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) were investigated in rats and monkeys. Each vector was injected into the striatum, and the expression patterns of the marker gene green fluorescent protein (GFP) were analyzed in the basal ganglia. With respect to the capability of gene delivery to neural cells, the HIV-based vector exhibited a higher tropism to neurons than to astroglias in the striatum, and vice versa for the SIV-based vector. The preferential direction of axonal transport of striatally expressed GFP was also examined in the present study. The HIV-based vector allowed for both anterograde transport via the striatopallidal and striatonigral pathways and retrograde transport via the nigrostriatal pathway. The GFP labeling of axon terminals through anterograde transport was apparent regardless of the animal species, while that of neuronal cell bodies through retrograde transport was much more prominent in monkeys than in rats. As for the SIV-based vector, on the other hand, evidence for anterograde transport was obtained much more markedly in monkeys than in rats, and only weak or no retrograde transport occurred in either monkeys or rats. Our results indicate that HIV-based, but not SIV-based, lentiviral vectors possess the high tropism to neurons and permit retrograde transport of an expressed gene, especially in primates. The latter property might carry a potential benefit in gene therapy for Parkinson's disease, as stereotaxic injections of the vectors could be performed into the striatum, spatially larger than the substantia nigra, with greater certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kitagawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
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40
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Wong LF, Goodhead L, Prat C, Mitrophanous KA, Kingsman SM, Mazarakis ND. Lentivirus-mediated gene transfer to the central nervous system: therapeutic and research applications. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:1-9. [PMID: 16409120 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of disorders of the nervous system remains a medical challenge. The key goals are to understand disease mechanisms, to validate therapeutic targets, and to develop new therapeutic strategies. Viral vector-mediated gene transfer can meet these goals and vectors based on lentiviruses have particularly useful features. Lentiviral vectors can deliver 8 kb of sequence, they mediate gene transfer into any neuronal cell type, expression and therapy are sustained, and normal cellular functions in vitro and in vivo are not compromised. After delivery into the nervous system they induce no significant immune responses, there are no unwanted side effects of the vectors per se to date, and manufacturing and safety testing for clinical applications are well advanced. There are now numerous examples of effective long-term treatment of animal models of neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, motor neuron diseases, lysosomal storage diseases, and spinal injury, using a range of therapeutic genes expressed in lentiviral vectors. Significant issues remain in some areas of neural gene therapy including defining the optimum therapeutic gene(s), increasing the specificity of delivery, regulating expression of potentially toxic genes, and designing clinically relevant strategies. We discuss the applications of lentiviral vectors in therapy and research and highlight the essential features that will ensure their translation to the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Fong Wong
- Oxford BioMedica (UK), Medawar Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford OX4 4GA, UK.
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41
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Sah DY, Porreca F, Ossipov MH. Modulation of neurotrophic growth factors as a therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain. Drug Dev Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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42
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Shevtsova Z, Malik I, Garrido M, Schöll U, Bähr M, Kügler S. Potentiation of in vivo neuroprotection by BclXL and GDNF co-expression depends on post-lesion time in deafferentiated CNS neurons. Gene Ther 2006; 13:1569-78. [PMID: 16838029 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate effective and long-lasting neuroprotective strategies, we analysed a combination of mitochondrial protection and neurotrophic support in two well-defined animal models of neurodegeneration, traumatic lesion of optic nerve and complete 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion of nigrostriatal pathway. Neuroprotection by BclX(L), Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) or BclX(L) plus GDNF co-expression were studied at 2 weeks and at 6-8 weeks after lesions. In both lesion paradigms, the efficacy of this combination approach significantly differed depending on post-lesion time. We show that BclX(L) expression is more important for neuronal survival in the early phase after lesions, whereas GDNF-mediated neuroprotection becomes more prominent in the advanced state of neurodegeneration. BclX(L) expression was not sufficient to finally inhibit degeneration of deafferentiated central nervous system neurons. Long-lasting GDNF-mediated neuroprotection depended on BclX(L) co-expression in the traumatic lesion paradigm, but was independent of BclX(L) in the 6-OHDA lesion model. The results demonstrate that neuroprotection studies in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases should generally be performed over extended periods of time in order to reveal the actual potency of a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Shevtsova
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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43
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Balaggan KS, Binley K, Esapa M, MacLaren RE, Iqball S, Duran Y, Pearson RA, Kan O, Barker SE, Smith AJ, Bainbridge JWB, Naylor S, Ali RR. EIAV vector-mediated delivery of endostatin or angiostatin inhibits angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability in experimental CNV. Gene Ther 2006; 13:1153-65. [PMID: 16572190 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV)-based lentiviral vectors encoding endostatin (EIAV.endostatin) or angiostatin (EIAV.angiostatin) in inhibiting angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability in the laser-induced model of choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). Equine infectious anaemia virus.endostatin, EIAV.angiostatin or control (EIAV.null) vectors were administered into the subretinal space of C57Bl/6J mice. Two weeks after laser injury CNV areas and the degree of vascular hyperpermeability were measured by image analysis of in vivo fluorescein angiograms. Compared with EIAV.null-injected eyes, EIAV.endostatin resulted in a 59.5% (P<0.001) reduction in CNV area and a reduction in hyperpermeability of 25.6% (P<0.05). Equine infectious anaemia virus.angiostatin resulted in a 50.0% (P<0.05) reduction in CNV area and a 23.9% (P<0.05) reduction in hyperpermeability. Equine infectious anaemia virus.endostatin, but not EIAV.angiostatin significantly augmented the frequency of apoptosis within the induced CNV as compared with injected controls. TdT-dUTP terminal nick end labeling analysis 5 weeks post-injection, and histological and retinal flatmount analysis 12 months post-injection revealed no evidence of vector- or transgene expression-related deleterious effects on neurosensory retinal cells, or mature retinal vasculature in non-lasered eyes. Highly expressing EIAV-based vectors encoding endostatin or angiostatin effectively control angiogenesis and hyperpermeability in experimental CNV without long-term deleterious effects, supporting the use of such a strategy in the management of patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Balaggan
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
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44
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Wong LF, Goodhead L, Prat C, Mitrophanous KA, Kingsman SM, Mazarakis ND. Lentivirus-Mediated Gene Transfer to the Central Nervous System: Therapeutic and Research Applications. Hum Gene Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.17.ft-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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45
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Abordo-Adesida E, Follenzi A, Barcia C, Sciascia S, Castro MG, Naldini L, Lowenstein PR. Stability of lentiviral vector-mediated transgene expression in the brain in the presence of systemic antivector immune responses. Hum Gene Ther 2005; 16:741-51. [PMID: 15960605 PMCID: PMC2676203 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2005.16.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors are promising tools for gene therapy in the CNS. It is therefore important to characterize their interactions with the immune system in the CNS. This work characterizes transgene expression and brain inflammation in the presence or absence of immune responses generated after systemic immunization with lentiviral vectors. We characterized transduction with SIN-LV vectors in the CNS. A dose-response curve using SIN-LV-GFP demonstrated detectable transgene expression in the striatum at a dose of 10(2), and maximum expression at 10(6), transducing units of lentiviral vector, with minimal increase in inflammatory markers between the lowest and highest dose of vector injected. Our studies demonstrate that injection of a lentiviral vector into the CNS did not cause a measurable inflammatory response. Systemic immunization after CNS injection, with the lentiviral vector expressing the same transgene as a vector injected into the CNS, caused a decrease in transgene expression in the CNS, concomitantly with an infiltration of inflammatory cells into the CNS parenchyma at the injection site. However, peripheral immunization with a lentiviral vector carrying a different transgene did not diminish transgene expression, or cause CNS inflammation. Systemic immunization preceding injection of lentiviral vectors into the CNS determined that preexisting antilentiviral immunity, regardless of the transgene, did not affect transgene expression. Furthermore, we showed that the transgene, but not the virion or vector components, is responsible for providing antigenic epitopes to the activated immune system, on systemic immunization with lentivirus. Low immunogenicity and prolonged transgene expression in the presence of preexisting lentiviral immunity are encouraging data for the future use of lentiviral vectors in CNS gene therapy. In summary, the lentiviral vectors tested induced undetectable activation of innate immune responses, and stimulation of adaptive immune responses against lentiviral vectors was effective in causing a decrease in transgene expression only if the immune response was directed against the transgene. A systemic immune response against vector components alone did not cause brain inflammation, possibly because vector-derived epitopes were not being presented in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Abordo-Adesida
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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