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Pauwels CGGM, Hintzen KFH, Talhout R, Cremers HWJM, Pennings JLA, Smolinska A, Opperhuizen A, Van Schooten FJ, Boots AW. Smoking regular and low-nicotine cigarettes results in comparable levels of volatile organic compounds in blood and exhaled breath. J Breath Res 2020; 15:016010. [PMID: 33027777 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abbf38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Smokers are exposed to more than 6000 (toxic) smoke components including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this study VOCs levels in headspace of blood and exhaled breath, in the mainstream smoke of three types of cigarettes of one brand varying in declared tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) yields are investigated. The objective was to identify whether VOC levels correlate with TNCO yields of cigarettes smoked according to ISO 3308. Our data show that smoking regular and low-TNCO cigarettes result in comparable levels of VOCs in blood and exhaled breath. Hence, declared TNCO-yields as determined with the ISO 3308 machine smoking protocol are irrelevant for predicting VOC exposure upon human smoking. Venous blood and exhaled breath were sampled from 12 male volunteers directly before and 10 min after smoking cigarettes on 3 d (day 1 Marlboro Red (regular), day 2 Marlboro Prime (highly ventilated, low-TNCO), day 3 Marlboro Prime with blocked filter ventilation (taped)). Upon smoking, the levels of toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, and 2,5-dimethylfuran in both headspace of venous blood and exhaled breath increase within the same range for all three cigarette types smoked. However, no strong correlation was found between VOC levels in exhaled breath and VOC levels in headspace of blood because of variations between the individual smoking volunteers. More research is required in order to use exhaled breath sampling as a non-invasive quantitative marker for volatile toxicants from cigarette smoke exposure of different brands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G G M Pauwels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim F H Hintzen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W J M Cremers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik J Van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes W Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Pauwels CG, Boots AW, Visser WF, Pennings JL, Talhout R, Van Schooten FJ, Opperhuizen A. Characteristic Human Individual Puffing Profiles Can Generate More TNCO than ISO and Health Canada Regimes on Smoking Machine When the Same Brand Is Smoked. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093225. [PMID: 32384697 PMCID: PMC7246490 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human smoking behavior influences exposure to smoke toxicants and is important for risk assessment. In a prospective observational study, the smoking behavior of Marlboro smokers was measured for 36 h. Puff volume, duration, frequency, flow and inter-puff interval were recorded with the portable CReSSmicro™ device, as has often been done by other scientists. However, the use of the CReSSmicro™ device may lead to some registration pitfalls since the method of insertion of the cigarette may influence the data collection. Participants demonstrated consistent individual characteristic puffing behavior over the course of the day, enabling the creation of a personalized puffing profile. These puffing profiles were subsequently used as settings for smoking machine experiments and tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide (TNCO) emissions were generated. The application of human puffing profiles led to TNCO exposures more in the range of Health Canada Intense (HCI)-TNCO emissions than for those of the International Standardization Organization (ISO). Compared to the ISO regime, which applies a low puff volume relative to human smokers, the generation of TNCO may be at least two times higher than when human puffing profiles were applied on the smoking machine. Human smokers showed a higher puffing intensity than HCI and ISO because of higher puffing frequency, which resulted in more puffs per cigarette, than both HCI and ISO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte G.G.M. Pauwels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Agnes W. Boots
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
| | - Wouter F. Visser
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Jeroen L.A. Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands; (W.F.V.); (J.L.A.P.); (R.T.)
| | - Frederik-Jan Van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 3581 CD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (C.G.G.M.P.); (A.W.B.); (F.-J.V.S.)
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), 3511 GG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Llambi L, Barros M, Parodi C, Pippo A, Nunez V, Colomar M, Ciganda A, Cavalleri F, Goyeneche JJ, Aleman A. Prevalence of invehicle smoking and secondhand smoke exposure in Uruguay. Tob Control 2018; 27:703-705. [PMID: 29351929 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-054092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protection from secondhand smoke (SHS) is one of the fundamental principles of the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control. Objective data on SHS exposure in vehicles in South America is scarce. This study aimed to estimate prevalence of smoking inside vehicles. METHODS The point prevalence of smoking in vehicles was observed, and a method for estimating smoking prevalence was piloted. RESULTS We observed 10 011 vehicles. In 219 (2.2%; 95% CI 1.91 to 2.49) of them, smoking was observed, and in 29.2% of these, another person was exposed to SHS. According to the 'expansion factor' we constructed, direct observation detected one of six to one to nine vehicles in which smoking occurred. The observed prevalence of smoking in vehicles (2.2%) could reflect a real prevalence between 12% and 19%. In 29.2% (95% CI 23.6 to 35.5) and 4.6% (95% CI 2.2 to 8.3) of vehicles in which smoking was observed, another adult or a child, respectively, was exposed to SHS. CONCLUSIONS Smoking was estimated to occur in 12%-19% of vehicles, with involuntary exposure in one of three of vehicles observed. These data underscore a need for new public policies to eliminate SHS in vehicles to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Llambi
- Tobacco Cessation Clinic, Internal Medicine Department, Clinica Medica "A", Hospital de Clinicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mary Barros
- Tobacco Cessation Unit, Psychology Department, Hospital de Clinicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carolina Parodi
- Tobacco Cessation Clinic, Internal Medicine Department, Clinica Medica "A", Hospital de Clinicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Antonella Pippo
- Tobacco Cessation Clinic, Internal Medicine Department, Clinica Medica "A", Hospital de Clinicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Virginia Nunez
- Tobacco Cessation Clinic, Internal Medicine Department, Clinica Medica "A", Hospital de Clinicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mercedes Colomar
- UNICEM, Montevideo Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alvaro Ciganda
- UNICEM, Montevideo Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fiorella Cavalleri
- Quantitative Methods Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan J Goyeneche
- Statistics Institute, Facultad de Ciencias Economicas y Administración, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alicia Aleman
- UNICEM, Montevideo Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Preventive Medicine Department, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Recent advances in MS methods for nicotine and metabolite analysis in human matrices: clinical perspectives. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:2171-83. [PMID: 25331861 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a major global health issue and represents the leading cause of preventable death in the developed countries. Nicotine is a major alkaloid found in tobacco products and its detection with its metabolites in human matrices is generally used for assessing tobacco consumption and second hand exposure. Several analytical techniques have been developed for the detection of nicotine and its metabolites, and MS coupled with chromatography is considered the standard reference method because of its superior sensitivity and specificity. In this work, we reviewed nicotine metabolism, clinical MS and the latest (2009-2014) development of MS-based techniques for measurement of nicotine and metabolites in human matrices. Appropriate biomarker and matrix selection are also critically discussed.
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The relationship between nicotine dependence scores and biomarkers of exposure in adult cigarette smokers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 60:79-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Yerger VB. Menthol's potential effects on nicotine dependence: a tobacco industry perspective. Tob Control 2011; 20 Suppl 2:ii29-36. [PMID: 21504929 PMCID: PMC3088468 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.041970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine what the tobacco industry knows about the potential effects menthol may have on nicotine dependence. METHODS A snowball strategy was used to systematically search the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library (http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/) between 22 February and 29 April, 2010. Of the approximately 11 million documents available in the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library, the iterative searches returned tens of thousands of results. We qualitatively analysed a final collection of 309 documents relevant the effects of menthol on nicotine dependence. RESULTS The tobacco industry knows that menthol overrides the harsh taste of tobacco and alleviates nicotine's irritating effects, synergistically interacts with nicotine, stimulates the trigeminal nerve to elicit a 'liking' response for a tobacco product, and makes low tar, low nicotine tobacco products more acceptable to smokers than non-mentholated low delivery products. CONCLUSION Menthol is not only used in cigarettes as a flavour additive; tobacco companies know that menthol also has sensory effects and interacts with nicotine to produce tobacco products that are easier to smoke, thereby making it easier to expose smokers, especially those who are new and uninitiated, to the addictive power of nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Yerger
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Box 0612, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0612, USA.
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Rangiah K, Hwang WT, Mesaros C, Vachani A, Blair IA. Nicotine exposure and metabolizer phenotypes from analysis of urinary nicotine and its 15 metabolites by LC-MS. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:745-61. [PMID: 21452992 PMCID: PMC3134267 DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Smokers who inhale less deeply are exposed to lower amounts of the toxic substances present in tobacco smoke. In order to more rigorously assess tobacco smoke exposure, it is necessary to have an accurate method for quantifying nicotine and all of its known metabolites. METHODS A stable-isotope dilution LC-MRM/MS assay has been developed for quantification of urinary nicotine and the 15 possible metabolites that could arise from known metabolic pathways. Nicotine, cotinine, trans-3´-hydroxy-cotinine, nicotine-N-oxide, cotinine-N-oxide, nornicotine, norcotinine and 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid were quantified by direct analysis. The corresponding glucuronide metabolites were quantified after urine hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase. RESULTS Nicotine and all 15 nicotine metabolites were quantified by LC-MRM/MS in most urine samples from 61 tobacco smokers. Urinary nicotine and metabolite concentrations ranged from 7.9 to 337.8 µM (mean 75.5 ± 67.8 µM). Three nicotine metabolizer phenotypes were established as reduced metabolizers (ratio < 8), normal metabolizers (ratio 8-30), and extensive metabolizers (ratio > 30). 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)butanoic acid, which has not been quantified previously, was an abundant metabolite in all three phenotypes. CONCLUSION Using this assay it will now be possible to determine whether there are relationships between nicotine exposure and/or metabolizer phenotype with exposure to toxic substances that are present in tobacco smoke and/or to biological response biomarkers to tobacco smoking. This will help in identifying individuals at high risk for developing smoking-related diseases as well as those amenable to smoking cessation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Rangiah
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Hwang
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
| | - Anil Vachani
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Blair
- Centers for Cancer Pharmacology, Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
- Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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