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Harrison DE, Strong R, Reifsnyder P, Rosenthal N, Korstanje R, Fernandez E, Flurkey K, Ginsburg BC, Murrell MD, Javors MA, Lopez-Cruzan M, Nelson JF, Willcox BJ, Allsopp R, Watumull DM, Watumull DG, Cortopassi G, Kirkland JL, Tchkonia T, Choi YG, Yousefzadeh MJ, Robbins PD, Mitchell JR, Acar M, Sarnoski EA, Bene MR, Salmon A, Kumar N, Miller RA. Astaxanthin and meclizine extend lifespan in UM-HET3 male mice; fisetin, SG1002 (hydrogen sulfide donor), dimethyl fumarate, mycophenolic acid, and 4-phenylbutyrate do not significantly affect lifespan in either sex at the doses and schedules used. GeroScience 2024; 46:795-816. [PMID: 38041783 PMCID: PMC10828146 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-01011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In genetically heterogeneous (UM-HET3) mice produced by the CByB6F1 × C3D2F1 cross, the Nrf2 activator astaxanthin (Asta) extended the median male lifespan by 12% (p = 0.003, log-rank test), while meclizine (Mec), an mTORC1 inhibitor, extended the male lifespan by 8% (p = 0.03). Asta was fed at 1840 ± 520 (9) ppm and Mec at 544 ± 48 (9) ppm, stated as mean ± SE (n) of independent diet preparations. Both were started at 12 months of age. The 90th percentile lifespan for both treatments was extended in absolute value by 6% in males, but neither was significant by the Wang-Allison test. Five other new agents were also tested as follows: fisetin, SG1002 (hydrogen sulfide donor), dimethyl fumarate, mycophenolic acid, and 4-phenylbutyrate. None of these increased lifespan significantly at the dose and method of administration tested in either sex. Amounts of dimethyl fumarate in the diet averaged 35% of the target dose, which may explain the absence of lifespan effects. Body weight was not significantly affected in males by any of the test agents. Late life weights were lower in females fed Asta and Mec, but lifespan was not significantly affected in these females. The male-specific lifespan benefits from Asta and Mec may provide insights into sex-specific aspects of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Harrison
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
| | - Randy Strong
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Education, and Clinical Center, Geriatric Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Peter Reifsnyder
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Ron Korstanje
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Elizabeth Fernandez
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Education, and Clinical Center, Geriatric Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Flurkey
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Brett C Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Meredith D Murrell
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Martin A Javors
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marisa Lopez-Cruzan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - James F Nelson
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Bradley J Willcox
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Richard Allsopp
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawai'I at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | | | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Murat Acar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ethan A Sarnoski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael R Bene
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Adam Salmon
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Education, and Clinical Center, Geriatric Research, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Navasuja Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Richard A Miller
- Department of Pathology and Geriatrics Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Roy S, Deshmukh RK, Tripathi S, Gaikwad KK, Das SS, Sharma D. Recent Advances in the Carotenoids Added to Food Packaging Films: A Review. Foods 2023; 12:4011. [PMID: 37959130 PMCID: PMC10647467 DOI: 10.3390/foods12214011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food spoilage is one of the key concerns in the food industry. One approach is the improvement of the shelf life of the food by introducing active packaging, and another is intelligent packaging. Detecting packed food spoilage in real-time is key to stopping outbreaks caused by food-borne diseases. Using active materials in packaging can improve shelf life, while the nonharmful color indicator can be useful to trace the quality of the food through simple color detection. Recently, bio-derived active and intelligent packaging has gained a lot of interest from researchers and consumers. For this, the biopolymers and the bioactive natural ingredient are used as indicators to fabricate active packaging material and color-changing sensors that can improve the shelf life and detect the freshness of food in real-time, respectively. Among natural bioactive components, carotenoids are known for their good antimicrobial, antioxidant, and pH-responsive color-indicating properties. Carotenoids are rich in fruits and vegetables and fat-soluble pigments. Including carotenoids in the packaging system improves the film's physical and functional performance. The recent progress on carotenoid pigment-based packaging (active and intelligent) is discussed in this review. The sources and biological activity of the carotenoids are briefly discussed, and then the fabrication and application of carotenoid-activated packaging film are reviewed. The carotenoids-based packaging film can enhance packaged food's shelf life and indicate the freshness of meat and vegetables in real-time. Therefore, incorporating carotenoid-based pigment into the polymer matrix could be promising for developing novel packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarup Roy
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Ram Kumar Deshmukh
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India; (R.K.D.); (S.T.); (K.K.G.)
| | - Shefali Tripathi
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India; (R.K.D.); (S.T.); (K.K.G.)
| | - Kirtiraj K. Gaikwad
- Department of Paper Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India; (R.K.D.); (S.T.); (K.K.G.)
| | - Sabya Sachi Das
- School of Pharmaceutical and Population Health Informatics, DIT University, Dehradun 248009, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Devanshi Sharma
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, SG Highway, Ahmedabad 382481, Gujrat, India;
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3
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Zhou LY, Wu ZM, Chen XQ, Yu BB, Pan MX, Fang L, Li J, Cui XJ, Yao M, Lu X. Astaxanthin promotes locomotor function recovery and attenuates tissue damage in rats following spinal cord injury: a systematic review and trial sequential analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1255755. [PMID: 37881327 PMCID: PMC10595034 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1255755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic condition with few therapeutic options. Astaxanthin (AST), a natural nutritional supplement with powerful antioxidant activities, is finding its new application in the field of SCI. Here, we performed a systematic review to assess the neurological roles of AST in rats following SCI, and assessed the potential for clinical translation. Searches were conducted on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, the Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang data, Vip Journal Integration Platform, and SinoMed databases. Animal studies that evaluated the neurobiological roles of AST in a rat model of SCI were included. A total of 10 articles were included; most of them had moderate-to-high methodological quality, while the overall quality of evidence was not high. Generally, the meta-analyses revealed that rats treated with AST exhibited an increased Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) score compared with the controls, and the weighted mean differences (WMDs) between those two groups showed a gradual upward trend from days 7 (six studies, n = 88, WMD = 2.85, 95% CI = 1.83 to 3.87, p < 0.00001) to days 28 (five studies, n = 76, WMD = 6.42, 95% CI = 4.29 to 8.55, p < 0.00001) after treatment. AST treatment was associated with improved outcomes in spared white matter area, motor neuron survival, and SOD and MDA levels. Subgroup analyses indicated there were differences in the improvement of BBB scores between distinct injury types. The trial sequential analysis then firmly proved that AST could facilitate the locomotor recovery of rats following SCI. In addition, this review suggested that AST could modulate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuron loss, and autophagy via multiple signaling pathways for treating SCI. Collectively, with a protective effect, good safety, and a systematic action mechanism, AST is a promising candidate for future clinical trials of SCI. Nonetheless, in light of the limitations of the included studies, larger and high-quality studies are needed for verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-yun Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zi-ming Wu
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-qing Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin-bin Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng-xiao Pan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue-jun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B, Hecht K, Takikawa A, Tao R, Kakuta Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Maoka T. Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37888449 PMCID: PMC10608541 DOI: 10.3390/md21100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | | | - Behnaz Shakersain
- AstaReal AB, Signum, Forumvägen 14, Level 16, 131 53 Nacka, Sweden; (P.C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Ruohan Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Yumeka Kakuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi 921-8836, Japan;
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
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5
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Davan I, Fakurazi S, Alias E, Ibrahim N'I, Hwei NM, Hassan H. Astaxanthin as a Potent Antioxidant for Promoting Bone Health: An Up-to-Date Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1480. [PMID: 37508018 PMCID: PMC10376010 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, bone loss and its associated diseases have become a significant public health concern due to increased disability, morbidity, and mortality. Oxidative stress and bone loss are correlated, where oxidative stress suppresses osteoblast activity, resulting in compromised homeostasis between bone formation and resorption. This event causes upregulation of bone remodeling turnover rate with an increased risk of fractures and bone loss. Therefore, supplementation of antioxidants can be proposed to reduce oxidative stress, facilitate the bone remodeling process, suppress the initiation of bone diseases, and improve bone health. Astaxanthin (3,3'-dihydroxy-4-4'-diketo-β-β carotene), a potent antioxidant belonging to the xanthophylls family, is a potential ROS scavenger and could be a promising therapeutic nutraceutical possessing various pharmacological properties. In bone, astaxanthin enhances osteoblast differentiation, osteocytes numbers, and/or differentiation, inhibits osteoclast differentiation, cartilage degradation markers, and increases bone mineral density, expression of osteogenic markers, while reducing bone loss. In this review, we presented the up-to-date findings of the potential anabolic effects of astaxanthin on bone health in vitro, animal, and human studies by providing comprehensive evidence for its future clinical application, especially in treating bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswari Davan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Sharida Fakurazi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Ekram Alias
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nurul 'Izzah Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Ng Min Hwei
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Haniza Hassan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia
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6
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Kahraman C, Kaya Bilecenoglu D, Sabuncuoglu S, Cankaya IT. Toxicology of pharmaceutical and nutritional longevity compounds. Expert Rev Mol Med 2023; 25:e28. [PMID: 37345424 PMCID: PMC10752229 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2023.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Aging is the most prominent risk factor for many diseases, which is considered to be a complicated biological process. The rate of aging depends on the effectiveness of important mechanisms such as the protection of DNA from free radicals, which protects the structural and functional integrity of cells and tissues. In any organism, not all organs may age at the same rate. Slowing down primary aging and reaching maximum lifespan is the most basic necessity. In this process, it may be possible to slow down or stabilise some diseases by using the compounds for both dietary and pharmacological purposes. Natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, mostly plant-based nutraceuticals, are preferred in the treatment of age-related chronic diseases and can also be used for other diseases. An increasing number of long-term studies on synthetic and natural compounds aim to elucidate preclinically and clinically the mechanisms underlying being healthy and prolongation of life. To delay age-related diseases and prolong the lifespan, it is necessary to take these compounds with diet or pharmaceuticals, along with detailed toxicological results. In this review, the most promising and utilised compounds will be highlighted and it will be discussed whether they have toxic effects in short/long-term use, although they are thought to be used safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Kahraman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Suna Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irem Tatli Cankaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Fullam T, Armon C, Barkhaus P, Barnes B, Beauchamp M, Benatar M, Bertorini T, Bowser R, Bromberg M, Mascias Cadavid J, Carter GT, Dimachkie M, Ennist D, Feldman EL, Heiman-Patterson T, Jhooty S, Lund I, Mcdermott C, Pattee G, Ratner D, Wicks P, Bedlack R. ALSUntangled # 69: astaxanthin. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener 2023:1-5. [PMID: 36694292 DOI: 10.1080/21678421.2023.2171302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ALSUntangled reviews alternative and off-label treatments for people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PALS). Here we review astaxanthin which has plausible mechanisms for slowing ALS progression including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. While there are no ALS-specific pre-clinical studies, one verified "ALS reversal" occurred in a person using a combination of alternative therapies which included astaxanthin. There have been no trials of astaxanthin in people living with ALS. Natural astaxanthin appears to be safe and inexpensive. Based on the above information, we support further pre-clinical and/or clinical trials of astaxanthin in disease models and PALS, respectively, to further elucidate efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmel Armon
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Paul Barkhaus
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Benjamin Barnes
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tulio Bertorini
- Neurology Department, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Robert Bowser
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Mark Bromberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Gregory T Carter
- Department of Rehabilitation, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Mazen Dimachkie
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | | | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Sartaj Jhooty
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Gary Pattee
- Department of Neurology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Paul Wicks
- Independent Consultant, Lichfield, UK, and
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Koopmann IK, Kramer A, Labes A. Development and validation of reliable astaxanthin quantification from natural sources. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278504. [PMID: 36459522 PMCID: PMC9718415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin derived from natural sources occurs in the form of various esters and stereomers, which complicates its quantitative and qualitative analysis. To simplify and standardize astaxanthin measurement with high precision, an enzymolysis-based astaxanthin quantification method was developed to hydrolyze astaxanthin esters and determine free astaxanthin in all its diastereomeric forms. Astaxanthin standards and differently processed Haematococcus pluvialis biomass were investigated. Linear correlation of standards of all-E-astaxanthin was observed in a measurement range between extract concentrations of 1.0 μg/mL and 11.2 μg/mL with a coefficient of variation below 5%. The diastereomers 9Z-, and 13Z-astaxanthin, and two di-Z-forms were detected. In contrast to the measurement of standards, the observed measurement range was extended to 30 μg/mL in extracts from H. pluvialis. The nature of the sample had to be taken into account for measurement, as cell, respectively, sample composition altered the optimal concentration for astaxanthin determination. The measurement precision of all-E-astaxanthin quantification in dried H. pluvialis biomass (1.2-1.8 mg dried biomass per sample) was calculated with a coefficient of variation of maximum 1.1%, whereas it was below 10% regarding the diastereomers. Complete enzymolysis was performed with 1.0 to 2.0 units of cholesterol esterase in the presence of various solvents with up to 2.0 mg biomass (dry weight). The method was compared with other astaxanthin determination approaches in which astaxanthin is converted to acetone in a further step before measurement. The developed method resulted in a higher total astaxanthin recovery but lower selectivity of the diastereomers. The reliability of photometric astaxanthin estimations was assessed by comparing them with the developed chromatographic method. At later stages in the cell cycle of H. pluvialis, all methods yielded similar results (down to 0.1% deviation), but photometry lost precision at earlier stages (up to 31.5% deviation). To optimize sample storage, the shelf life of astaxanthin-containing samples was investigated. Temperatures below -20°C, excluding oxygen, and storing intact H. pluvialis cells instead of dried or disrupted biomass reduced astaxanthin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga K. Koopmann
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Annemarie Kramer
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
| | - Antje Labes
- ZAiT, Center for Analytics in Technology Transfer of Bio and Food Technology Innovations, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, Flensburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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Lektemur Alpan A, Çalışır M. The Effect of Two Different Doses of Astaxanthin on Alveolar Bone Loss in an Experimental Model of Periodontitis in Diabetic Rats. J Vet Dent 2022; 39:224-233. [PMID: 35422169 DOI: 10.1177/08987564221093736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of astaxanthin (ASX) on alveolar bone loss, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) activity in ligature-induced periodontitis in diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced with 50 mg/kg intraperitoneal streptozotocin in 40 male Wistar rats. The Wistar rats were divided into six experimental groups: non-ligated (NL; n = 6); ligature only (L; n = 6); DM only (D; n = 6); DM + ligature (DP; n = 6); DM + ligature + 1 mg/kg/day ASX (ASX 1 group; n = 8); and DM + ligature + astaxanthin 5 mg/kg/day ASX (ASX 5 group; n = 8). Silk ligatures were placed along the gingival margin of the left mandibular first molar tooth. The study duration was 11 days, after which the animals were euthanised. Changes in alveolar bone levels were clinically measured, and RANKL and OPG activities were immunohistochemically examined. Alveolar bone loss was the most significant in the DP group (p < 0.05). Decreased alveolar bone loss was observed in the ASX 5 group (p < 0.05). Although RANKL activity was highest in the DP group, it was observed at lower levels in the groups to which ASX was administered. OPG activity did not differ between groups (p > 0.05). The results of this study suggested that 1 and 5 mg/kg ASX administration reduced RANKL activity and alveolar bone loss in rats with experimentally induced periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysan Lektemur Alpan
- Faculty of Dentistry Department of Periodontology, 52990Pamukkale University, Kınıklı Kampusu, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Metin Çalışır
- Faculty of Dentistry Department of Periodontology, 162296Adıyaman University, Adıyaman, Turkey
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10
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The effect of astaxanthine on ischemia-reperfusion injury in a rat model. J Orthop Sci 2022; 27:1132-1138. [PMID: 34384658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jos.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to compare biochemical and histopathological findings of astaxanthin's potential effects on oxidative stress in ischemia/reperfusion damage (I/R). METHODS Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups: control group; I/R group; I/R + treatment group; drug group. Astaxanthin was orally administered to groups C and D for 14 days. In groups B and C, the femoral artery was clamped for 2 h to form ischemia. The clamp was opened, and reperfusion was performed for 1 h. In all groups, 4 ml of blood sample through intracardiac puncture and gastrocnemius muscle tissue samples were collected. Serum and tissue samples were analyzed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidative level (TOL). Necrosis, inflammation, and caspase-3 in muscle tissue collected for histopathological examination were evaluated. RESULTS Tissue MDA, SOD and TOL values significantly differed between groups. Serum MDA, SOD, TOL and TAC values significantly differed between groups. On necrosis examination, there was a significant difference between groups B and C. Although signs of inflammation significantly differed between groups, there was no significant difference between groups A and C and groups A and D. Although there was a significant difference in caspase-3 results between groups, there was no significant difference between groups A and C. CONCLUSIONS The use of astaxanthin before and after surgery showed preventive or therapeutic effects against I/R damage.
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11
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Recent Advances and the Mechanism of Astaxanthin in Ophthalmological Diseases. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:8071406. [PMID: 35646393 PMCID: PMC9142330 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8071406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST) is a naturally occurring carotenoid that has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptosis effects and is used for the prevention of cancer. There is growing evidence that AST has multiple protective effects against various eye diseases. This article reviews the function and the potential mechanism of AST in dry eye syndrome, keratitis, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, high intraocular pressure, and other ocular diseases. It provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of AST as a potential nutraceutical.
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12
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Koopmann IK, Möller S, Elle C, Hindersin S, Kramer A, Labes A. Optimization of Astaxanthin Recovery in the Downstream Process of Haematococcus pluvialis. Foods 2022; 11:1352. [PMID: 35564075 PMCID: PMC9105871 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin derived from Haematococcus pluvialis is a valuable metabolite applied in a wide range of products. Its extraction depends on a sophisticated series of downstream process steps, including harvesting, disruption, drying, and extraction, of which some are dependent on each other. To determine the processes that yield maximum astaxanthin recovery, bead milling, high-pressure homogenization, and no disruption of H. pluvialis biomass were coupled with spray-drying, vacuum-drying, and freeze-drying in all possible combinations. Eventually, astaxanthin was extracted using supercritical CO2. Optimal conditions for spray-drying were evaluated through the design of experiments and standard least squares regression (feed rate: 5.8 mL/min, spray gas flow: 400 NL/h, inlet temperature: 180 °C). Maximal astaxanthin recoveries were yielded using high-pressure homogenization and lyophilization (85.4%). All combinations of milling or high-pressure homogenization and lyophilization or spray-drying resulted in similar recoveries. Bead milling and spray-drying repeated with a larger spray-dryer resulted in similar astaxanthin recoveries compared with the laboratory scale. Smaller astaxanthin recoveries after the extraction of vacuum-dried biomass were mainly attributed to textural changes. Evaluation of these results in an economic context led to a recommendation for bead milling and spray-drying prior to supercritical CO2 extraction to achieve the maximum astaxanthin recoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga K. Koopmann
- ZAiT, Bio and Food Technology, Faculty Energy and Biotechnology, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Germany; (I.K.K.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
- Sea & Sun Technology GmbH, 24610 Trappenkamp, Germany; (C.E.); (S.H.)
| | - Simone Möller
- ZAiT, Bio and Food Technology, Faculty Energy and Biotechnology, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Germany; (I.K.K.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
- Sea & Sun Technology GmbH, 24610 Trappenkamp, Germany; (C.E.); (S.H.)
| | - Clemens Elle
- Sea & Sun Technology GmbH, 24610 Trappenkamp, Germany; (C.E.); (S.H.)
| | - Stefan Hindersin
- Sea & Sun Technology GmbH, 24610 Trappenkamp, Germany; (C.E.); (S.H.)
| | - Annemarie Kramer
- ZAiT, Bio and Food Technology, Faculty Energy and Biotechnology, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Germany; (I.K.K.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Antje Labes
- ZAiT, Bio and Food Technology, Faculty Energy and Biotechnology, Flensburg University of Applied Sciences, 24943 Flensburg, Germany; (I.K.K.); (S.M.); (A.K.)
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13
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Ma X, Yamaguchi A, Maeshige N, Uemura M, Noguchi H, Kondo H, Fujino H. Enhancement of astaxanthin incorporation by pulsed high-intensity ultrasound in LPS-stimulated macrophages. J Med Ultrason (2001) 2022; 49:125-132. [PMID: 35089476 DOI: 10.1007/s10396-022-01189-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ultrasound (US) has been reported to improve the permeability of cell membranes to pharmaceuticals by causing cavitation. Astaxanthin (AX) potently terminates the induction of inflammation, but it has low oral bioavailability, which limits its incorporation in local cells and organs and its therapeutic potential. In this study, we aimed to investigate the contribution of US to AX incorporation to compensate for the limited incorporation of AX, and regulation of the pro-inflammatory factor interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by AX. METHODS Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After 2 h, cells were treated with 10 μM AX and/or pulsed high-intensity US irradiation. The cells were then incubated for another 3 h and harvested. AX incorporation in cells was measured by absorbance, and the expression of IL-1β was measured by qPCR. All values are expressed as means ± standard error of the mean. RESULTS The combination of AX and US significantly increased AX incorporation in cells compared to AX alone (p < 0.05). In addition, this combination further suppressed the expression of IL-1β compared to AX alone (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Pulsed high-intensity US irradiation combined with AX treatment promoted AX incorporation in cells and enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Atomu Yamaguchi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeshige
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan.
| | - Mikiko Uemura
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hikari Noguchi
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Kondo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidemi Fujino
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
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Karpiński TM, Ożarowski M, Alam R, Łochyńska M, Stasiewicz M. What Do We Know about Antimicrobial Activity of Astaxanthin and Fucoxanthin? Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010036. [PMID: 35049891 PMCID: PMC8778043 DOI: 10.3390/md20010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST) and fucoxanthin (FUC) are natural xanthophylls, having multidirectional activity, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. Both compounds also show antimicrobial activity, which is presented in this review article. There are few papers that have presented the antimicrobial activity of AST. Obtained antimicrobial concentrations of AST (200-4000 µg/mL) are much higher than recommended by the European Food Safety Authority for consumption (2 mg daily). Therefore, we suggest that AST is unlikely to be of use in the clinical treatment of infections. Our knowledge about the antimicrobial activity of FUC is better and this compound acts against many bacteria already in low concentrations 10-250 µg/mL. Toxicological studies on animals present the safety of FUC application in doses 200 mg/kg body weight and higher. Taking available research into consideration, a clinical application of FUC as the antimicrobial substance is real and can be successful. However, this aspect requires further investigation. In this review, we also present potential mechanisms of antibacterial activity of carotenoids, to which AST and FUC belong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M. Karpiński
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-854-61-38
| | - Marcin Ożarowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznań, Poland; (M.O.); (M.Ł.)
| | - Rahat Alam
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh;
- Biological Solution Centre (BioSol Centre), Farmgate, Dhaka 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Małgorzata Łochyńska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants, Wojska Polskiego 71b, 60-630 Poznań, Poland; (M.O.); (M.Ł.)
| | - Mark Stasiewicz
- Research Group of Medical Microbiology, Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland;
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Kumar S, Kumar R, Kumari A, Panwar A. Astaxanthin: A super antioxidant from microalgae and its therapeutic potential. J Basic Microbiol 2021; 62:1064-1082. [PMID: 34817092 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid, super antioxidant molecule. It has higher antioxidant activity than a range of carotenoids, thus has applications in cosmetics, aquaculture, nutraceuticals, therapeutics, and pharmaceuticals. Naturally, it is derived from Haematococcus pluvialis via a one-stage process or two-stage process. Natural astaxanthin significantly reduces oxidative and free-radical stress as compared to synthetic astaxanthin. The present review summarizes all the aspects of astaxanthin, including its structure, chemistry, bioavailability, and current production technology. Also, this paper gives a detailed mechanism for the potential role of astaxanthin as nutraceuticals for cardiovascular disease prevention, skin protection, antidiabetic and anticancer, cosmetic ingredient, natural food colorant, and feed supplement in poultry and aquaculture. Astaxanthin is one of the high-valued microalgae products of the future. However, due to some risks involved or not having adequate research in terms of long-term consumption, it is still yet to be explored by food industries. Although the cost of naturally derived astaxanthin is high, it accounts for only a 1% share in total astaxanthin available in the global market. Therefore, scientists are looking for ways to cut down the cost of natural astaxanthin to be made available to consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
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- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Anju Kumari
- Centre of Food Science and Technology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
| | - Anil Panwar
- Department of Molecular Biology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, India
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Beneficial effects and health benefits of Astaxanthin molecules on animal production: A review. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:69-78. [PMID: 34111716 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST) is a red pigment of carotenoid and is considered a high-quality keto-carotenoid pigment with food, livestock, cosmetic, therapeutic and nutraceutical proposes. Astaxanthin exists naturally in fish, crustacean, algae, and birds that naturally exists, principally as fatty acid esters. Many investigations have exhibited the beneficial impacts of astaxanthin when utilized as a pharmaceutical agent in animal nutrition. Astaxanthin has a variety of considerable biological actions, such as being antihypertensive, an antioxidant, anti-obesity properties, and anti-carcinogenic. Astaxanthin has recently acquired popularity as a powerful immunomodulator to maintain the health status and well-being of both animals and humans. The use of astaxanthin is broadly utilized in medical sciences and the nutrition pf aquatic species; however, it presently has limited applications in broader animal nutrition. Understanding astaxanthin's structure, source, and mode of action in the body provides a conceptual base for its clinical application and could enhance the screening of compounds associated with the treatment of many diseases. This review article aims to clarify the important aspects of astaxanthin such as its synthesis, bioavailability, and therapeutics actions, with special interest in practical applications. Awareness of this benefits and production is expected to aid the livestock industry to develop nutritional strategies that ensure the protection of animal health.
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Kanwugu ON, Glukhareva TV, Danilova IG, Kovaleva EG. Natural antioxidants in diabetes treatment and management: prospects of astaxanthin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:5005-5028. [PMID: 33591215 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1881434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes remains a major health emergency in our entire world, affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide. In conjunction with its much-dreaded complications (e.g., nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, etc.) it substantially reduces the quality of life, increases mortality as well as economic burden among patients. Over the years, oxidative stress and inflammation have been highlighted as key players in the development and progression of diabetes and its associated complications. Much research has been devoted, as such, to the role of antioxidants in diabetes. Astaxanthin is a powerful antioxidant found mostly in marine organisms. Over the past years, several studies have demonstrated that astaxanthin could be useful in the treatment and management of diabetes. It has been shown to protect β-cells, neurons as well as several organs including the eyes, kidney, liver, etc. against oxidative injuries experienced during diabetes. Furthermore, it improves glucose and lipid metabolism along with cardiovascular health. Its beneficial effects are exerted through multiple actions on cellular functions. Considering these and the fact that foods and natural products with biological and pharmacological activities are of much interest in the 21st-century food and drug industry, astaxanthin has a bright prospect in the management of diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman N Kanwugu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Glukhareva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia.,Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Irina G Danilova
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russia Academy of Science, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Elena G Kovaleva
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Li J, Guo C, Wu J. Astaxanthin in Liver Health and Disease: A Potential Therapeutic Agent. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2275-2285. [PMID: 32606597 PMCID: PMC7293384 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s230749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a carotenoid derived from oxygen-containing non-vitamin A sources and is mainly obtained from marine organisms. Studies have demonstrated that astaxanthin is a natural antioxidant product and it is widely used in the fields of medicine, health-care products and cosmetics. Studies have shown that astaxanthin has important preventive and therapeutic effects on liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, liver cancer, drug and ischemia-induced liver injury, and its mechanism is related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the latest data on astaxanthin in the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. An understanding of the structure, source and mechanism of action of astaxanthin in the body would not only provide a theoretical basis for its clinical application but could also have important significance in screening and improving related compounds for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyong Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianye Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Putuo People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200060, People's Republic of China
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Niu T, Zhou J, Wang F, Xuan R, Chen J, Wu W, Chen H. Safety assessment of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis: Acute toxicity, genotoxicity, distribution and repeat-dose toxicity studies in gestation mice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 115:104695. [PMID: 32512118 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural astaxanthin is the strongest antioxidant ever discovered, with many biological functions, and it is widely used in the fields of health food and biomedical research. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the plasma concentration, distribution and safety of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis in pregnant mice. In the acute studies, the oral LD50 of astaxanthin was greater than 20 g/kg·bw. In mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, 10 g/kg·bw astaxanthin did not cause damage to chromosomes and mitotic apparatus of pregnant mice. After treatment with a single dose of 500 mg/kg·bw astaxanthin, the concentration of astaxanthin in plasma reached the maximum at 8 h (55.7 μg/L), which was completely metabolized after 48 h. In the repeat-dose toxicity test, 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg·bw astaxanthin showed no abnormalities in terms of body and organ weight as well as hematological and biochemical parameters in clinical observation throughout the pregnancy. During pregnancy, the liver accumulated the highest content of astaxanthin, while the eye exhibited the least. The results indicated that administration of astaxanthin from H. pluvialis throughout pregnancy had no adverse effect on mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Niu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Medical University Ningbo Medical Center, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rongrong Xuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Juanjuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Haimin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
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Faraone I, Sinisgalli C, Ostuni A, Armentano MF, Carmosino M, Milella L, Russo D, Labanca F, Khan H. Astaxanthin anticancer effects are mediated through multiple molecular mechanisms: A systematic review. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104689. [PMID: 32057895 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the latest decades, the interest on the effectiveness of natural compounds and their impact on human health constantly increased, especially on those demonstrating to be effective on cancer. Molecules coming from nature are currently used in chemotherapy like Taxol, Vincristine or Vinblastine, and several other natural substances have been showed to be active in reducing cancer cell progression and migration. Among them, astaxanthin, a xanthophyll red colored carotenoid, displayed different biological activities including, antinflammatory, antioxidant, proapoptotic, and anticancer effects. It can induce apoptosis through downregulation of antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2, p-Bad, and survivin) expression and upregulation of proapoptotic ones (Bax/Bad and PARP). Thanks to these mechanisms, it can exert anticancer effects towards colorectal cancer, melanoma, or gastric carcinoma cell lines. Moreover, it possesses antiproliferative activity in many experimental models and enhances the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapic drugs on tumor cells underling its potential future use. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the anticancer potential of astaxanthin by modulating several molecular targets. While it has been clearly demonstrated its multitarget activity in the prevention and regression of malignant cells in in vitro or in preclinical investigations, further clinical studies are needed to assess its real potential as anticancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Faraone
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10 85100 Potenza, Italy; BioActiPlant s.r.l., Via dell'Ateneo lucano, 10 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Chiara Sinisgalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10 85100 Potenza, Italy; BioActiPlant s.r.l., Via dell'Ateneo lucano, 10 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Angela Ostuni
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10 85100 Potenza, Italy; BioActiPlant s.r.l., Via dell'Ateneo lucano, 10 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Armentano
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10 85100 Potenza, Italy; BioActiPlant s.r.l., Via dell'Ateneo lucano, 10 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Monica Carmosino
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10 85100 Potenza, Italy; BioActiPlant s.r.l., Via dell'Ateneo lucano, 10 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Luigi Milella
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Daniela Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10 85100 Potenza, Italy; BioActiPlant s.r.l., Via dell'Ateneo lucano, 10 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Fabiana Labanca
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università della Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano, 10 85100 Potenza, Italy.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
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Williamson EM, Liu X, Izzo AA. Trends in use, pharmacology, and clinical applications of emerging herbal nutraceuticals. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:1227-1240. [PMID: 31799702 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutraceuticals market is vast, encompassing many different products with inconsistent levels of evidence available to support their use. This overview represents a Western perspective of the nutraceuticals market, with a brief comparison with that in China, as an illustration of how individual health supplements increase and decrease in popularity in regional terms. Recent changes in sales patterns, mainly taken from the US market, are summarized and a selection of five newer products, which have not been subject to extensive recent review are profiled: astaxanthin, a carotenoid found in red algae, seafood, salmon and trout, as an antioxidant; cannabidiol, a non-euphoric marijuana ingredient used as mood enhancer and for painful/inflammatory conditions; modified extracts of ginseng used in new indications including dementia and space travel; monk fruit, a non-sugar high intensity sweetener and nigella seed, a popular food ingredient and Asian medicine, which has experienced an extraordinary rise in sales recently. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on The Pharmacology of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.6/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinmin Liu
- Research Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Mei S, Song X, Wang Y, Wang J, Su S, Zhu J, Geng Y. Studies on Protection of Astaxanthin from Oxidative Damage Induced by H 2O 2 in RAW 264.7 Cells Based on 1H NMR Metabolomics. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:13568-13576. [PMID: 31709793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AST) is a fat-soluble and non-vitamin A source of carotenoid that can quench reactive oxygen species and it has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abilities. Herein, we have used H2O2 to establish a model of oxidative damage to RAW 264.7 cells and cells treated with vitamin C as the positive control group. The changes in metabolome were examined using 1H NMR and the results demonstrated that H2O2 treatment and various metabolic pathways such as amino acid, glucose, and glycerolipid metabolism were downregulated, which in turn affected citric acid cycle and energy status. AST could reverse downregulation of some of these metabolic pathways to a certain extent, and reduce cellular oxidative stress and death. The AST group differed from the vitamin C group in regulating d-glutamine, d-glutamic acid, pyruvate, and glycerolipid metabolism. The experimental results help to further understand the antioxidant effects of AST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhuan Mei
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Xiao Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Yali Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
| | - Jun Wang
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control , Jinan 250101 , China
| | - Shufang Su
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control , Jinan 250101 , China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control , Jinan 250101 , China
| | - Yue Geng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety of SDNU, Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology, College of Life Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , China
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Brendler T, Williamson EM. Astaxanthin: How much is too much? A safety review. Phytother Res 2019; 33:3090-3111. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brendler
- Plantaphile Collingswood NJ USA
- Department of Botany and Plant BiotechnologyUniversity of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
- Traditional Medicinals Rohnert Park CA USA
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Fakhri S, Abbaszadeh F, Dargahi L, Jorjani M. Astaxanthin: A mechanistic review on its biological activities and health benefits. Pharmacol Res 2018; 136:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Polyploid polynuclear consecutive cell-cycle enables large genome-size in Haematococcus pluvialis. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Wu CS. Interface design, cytocompatibility, and biological activity of astaxanthin/polyester composites. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2017.1354203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-San Wu
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Balci Yuce H, Lektemur Alpan A, Gevrek F, Toker H. Investigation of the effect of astaxanthin on alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2017; 53:131-138. [PMID: 29044575 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Astaxanthin is a keto-carotenoid that has a strong antioxidant effect. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of astaxanthin on alveolar bone loss and histopathological changes in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: non-ligated (C, n = 6); ligature only (L, n = 6); ligature and astaxanthin (1 mg/kg/day astaxanthin, AS1 group, n = 8); ligature and astaxanthin (5 mg/kg/day astaxanthin, AS5 group, n = 8). Silk ligatures were placed at the gingival margin of lower first molars of the mandibular quadrant. The study duration was 11 days and the animals were killed at the end of this period. Changes in alveolar bone levels were clinically measured and tissues were immunohistochemically examined, osteocalcin, bone morphogenic protein-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, Bax and bcl-2 levels in alveolar bone and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast cells, osteoblast and inflammatory cell counts were determined. RESULTS Alveolar bone loss was highest in the L group and the differences among the L, AS1 and AS5 groups were also significant (P < .05). Both doses of astaxanthin decreased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive+ osteoclast cell and increased osteoblast cell counts (P < .05). The inflammation in the L group was also higher than those of the C and AS1 groups were (P < .05) indicating the anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin. Although inducible nitric oxide synthase, osteocalcin, bone morphogenic protein-2 and bax staining percentages were all highest in the AS5 group and bcl-2 staining percentage was highest in the AS1 group, values were close to each other (P > .05). CONCLUSION Within the limits of this study, it can be suggested that astaxanthin administration may reduce alveolar bone loss by increasing osteoblastic activity and decrease osteoclastic activity in experimental periodontitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Balci Yuce
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - A Lektemur Alpan
- Department of Periodontology, Pamukkale University Faculty of Dentistry, Denizli, Turkey
| | - F Gevrek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - H Toker
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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Visioli F, Artaria C. Astaxanthin in cardiovascular health and disease: mechanisms of action, therapeutic merits, and knowledge gaps. Food Funct 2017; 8:39-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01721e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Visioli
- Laboratory of Functional Foods
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies (IMDEA) – 6 Food
- CEI UAM+CSIC
- Madrid
- Spain
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Subchronic (13-week) toxicity and prenatal developmental toxicity studies of dietary astaxanthin in rats. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:819-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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