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Czeibert K, Nagy G, Csörgő T, Donkó T, Petneházy Ö, Csóka Á, Garamszegi LZ, Kolm N, Kubinyi E. High-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) image series from 413 canid and 18 felid skulls. Sci Data 2024; 11:753. [PMID: 39013883 PMCID: PMC11252271 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03572-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive, three-dimensional imaging tool used in medical imaging, forensic science, industry and engineering, anthropology, and archaeology. The current study used high-resolution medical CT scanning of 431 animal skulls, including 399 dog skulls from 152 breeds, 14 cat skulls from 9 breeds, 14 skulls from 8 wild canid species (gray wolf, golden jackal, coyote, maned wolf, bush dog, red fox, Fennec fox, bat-eared fox), and 4 skulls from 4 wild felid species (wildcat, leopard, serval, caracal). This comprehensive and unique collection of CT image series of skulls can provide a solid foundation not only for comparative anatomical and evolutionary studies but also for the advancement of veterinary education, virtual surgery planning, and the facilitation of training in sophisticated machine learning methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalman Czeibert
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- LimesVet Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, HUN-REN Centre for Ecological Research, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Tibor Csörgő
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Örs Petneházy
- Medicopus Nonprofit Ltd., Kaposvár, Hungary
- Hungarian University of Agriculture- and Life Sciences, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Kaposvár Campus, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Ádám Csóka
- Medicopus Nonprofit Ltd., Kaposvár, Hungary
- Hungarian University of Agriculture- and Life Sciences, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Kaposvár Campus, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | | | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eniko Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" Companion Animal Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
- ELTE NAP Canine Brain Research Group, Budapest, Hungary.
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2
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Ichikawa Y, Kanemaki N, Kanai K. Breed-Specific Skull Morphology Reveals Insights into Canine Optic Chiasm Positioning and Orbital Structure through 3D CT Scan Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:197. [PMID: 38254367 PMCID: PMC10812588 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study's CT scan-based morphometric analysis of 50 adult dogs explored the relationship between skull shape variations (determined by the skull index, SI), optic chiasm, optic canals, and orbital shape. Dogs were classified as brachycephalic (SI ≥ 59), mesocephalic (SI ≥ 51 but <59), and dolichocephalic (SI < 51). No significant age or weight differences were observed. Skull lengths (brachycephalic: 11.39 ± 1.76 cm, mesocephalic: 15.00 ± 2.96 cm, dolichocephalic: 17.96 ± 3.44 cm) and facial lengths (brachycephalic: 3.63 ± 1.00 cm, mesocephalic: 6.46 ± 1.55 cm, dolichocephalic: 8.23 ± 1.03 cm) varied significantly, with shorter orbital depths (brachycephalic: 2.58 ± 0.42 cm, mesocephalic: 3.19 ± 0.65 cm, dolichocephalic: 3.61 ± 0.77 cm) in brachycephalic dogs. The optic chiasm-to-inion horizontal length ratio to cranial horizontal length positively correlated with the SI (r = 0.883, p < 0.001), while the ratio to neurocranial length showed no SI correlation (range: 55.5-75.0). Brachycephalic breeds had a significantly wider optic canal angle (93.74 ± 16.00°), along with broader lacrimal-zygomatic and zygomatic frontal process angles. These findings highlight the zygomatic bone's role in influencing breed-specific orbital variations by connecting the face to the neurocranium, projecting the orbital rim outward and forward with facial shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Ichikawa
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan;
- Ichikawa Animal Hospital, 118-3 Negiuchi, Matsudo-shi 270-0011, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kanemaki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan;
- DVMs Animal Medical Center Yokohama, 2-2 Sawatari, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-0844, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan;
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3
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Paul ES, Packer RMA, McGreevy PD, Coombe E, Mendl E, Neville V. That brachycephalic look: Infant-like facial appearance in short-muzzled dog breeds. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e5. [PMID: 38487431 PMCID: PMC10936394 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2022.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Brachycephalic dog breeds are highly popular, yet their conformation-related disorders represent a major welfare concern. It has been suggested that the current popularity of such breeds can be explained by their cute, infant-like facial appearances. The concept of 'kindchenschema' refers to the observation that certain physical features of infant humans and other animals can automatically stimulate positive and nurturant feelings in adult observers. But the proposal that brachycephalic dogs possess heightened 'kindchenschema' facial features, even into adulthood, has never been formally investigated. Here, we hypothesised that relative muzzle shortening across a range of breeds would be associated with known 'kindchenschema' facial features, including a relatively larger forehead, larger eyes and smaller nose. Relative fronto-facial feature sizes in exemplar photographs of adult dogs from 42 popular breeds were measured and associated with existing data on the relative muzzle length and height-at-withers of the same breeds. Our results show that, in adulthood, shorter-muzzled breeds have relatively larger (taller) foreheads and relatively larger eyes (i.e. area of exposed eyeball relative to overall face area) than longer-muzzled breeds, and that this effect is independent of breed size. In sum, brachycephalic dog breeds do show exaggeration of some, but not all, known fronto-facial 'kindchenschema' features, and this may well contribute to their apparently cute appearance and to their current popularity as companion animals. We conclude that the challenge of addressing conformation-related disorders in companion dogs needs to take account of the cute, 'kindchenschema' looks that many owners are likely to be attracted to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Paul
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, LangfordBS40 5DU, UK
| | - Rowena MA Packer
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, HertsAL9 7TA, UK
| | - Paul D McGreevy
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, Faculty of Science, Agriculture, Business and Law, University of New England, Armidale, NSW2351, Australia
| | - Emily Coombe
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, LangfordBS40 5DU, UK
- Positive Dog Training, Long Ashton, Bristol, UK
| | - Elsa Mendl
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, LangfordBS40 5DU, UK
| | - Vikki Neville
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, LangfordBS40 5DU, UK
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4
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Santos M, Zacarias Junior A, Porto E, Oliveira M. Ocular echobiometry and relationship with cranial and body morphometric parameters in Shih Tzu dogs. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to determine the ocular echobiometry and investigate its correlation with cranial and body morphometric parameters in 50 adult Shih Tzu dogs. The echobiometric measurements of the anterior chamber (AC), vitreous chamber (VC), lens axial thickness (LTA), transverse lens thickness (LTT), and axial length of the eyeball (ALE) were obtained by two-dimensional ultrasonography. Morphometric measurements of bizygomatic distance (BDIST), frontal-occipital distance (FOD), withers height (WH), thoracic circumference (TC), and body length (BL) were also obtained. The mean of the AC depth was 2.83±0.50mm, the VC was 9.18±0.54mm, the LTA was 6.42±0.32mm and the LTT was 9.17±1.18mm, while the mean of the ALE was 18.82±0.66mm. There was no correlation between ocular echobiometric variables and cranial and body morphometric variables in adult dogs of the Shih Tzu breed, as well as no significant difference of these variables when considering gender and age of the dogs (p ≥ 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - E.P. Porto
- Universidade Estadual do Norte do Paraná, Brazil
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5
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Brassard C, Bălăşescu A, Arbogast RM, Forest V, Bemilli C, Boroneanţ A, Convertini F, Gandelin M, Radu V, Fleming PA, Guintard C, Kreplins TL, Callou C, Filippo A, Tresset A, Cornette R, Herrel A, Bréhard S. Unexpected morphological diversity in ancient dogs compared to modern relatives. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220147. [PMID: 35582797 PMCID: PMC9115036 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are among the most variable species today, but little is known about the morphological variability in the early phases of their history. The Neolithic transition to farming may have resulted in an early morphological diversification as a result of changes in the anthropic environment or intentional selection on specific morphologies. Here, we describe the variability and modularity in mandible form by comparing 525 dog mandibles from European archaeological sites ranging from 8100 to 3000 cal. BC to a reference sample of modern dogs, wolves, and dingoes. We use three-dimensional geometric morphometrics to quantify the form of complete and fragmented mandibles. We demonstrate that an important morphological variability already existed before the Bronze Age in Europe, yet the largest, smallest, most brachycephalic or dolichocephalic extant dogs have no equivalent in the archaeological sample, resulting in a lower variation compared to modern relatives. The covariation between the anterior and posterior parts of the mandible is lower in archaeological dogs, suggesting a low degree of intentional human selection in early periods. The mandible of modern and ancient dogs differs in functionally important areas, possibly reflecting differences in diet, competition, or the implication of ancient dogs in hunting or defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colline Brassard
- AASPE-UMR 7209, CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France,MECADEV-UMR 7179, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Adrian Bălăşescu
- Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Vianney Forest
- Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP) Midi-Méditerranée, 30900 Nîmes, France,TRACES-UMR 5608, Université Toulouse - Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Bemilli
- AASPE-UMR 7209, CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France,Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP) Île de France, Le Grand Quevillys, France
| | - Adina Boroneanţ
- Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Fabien Convertini
- Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP) Midi-Méditerranée, 30900 Nîmes, France,ASM-UMR 5140, Montpellier, France
| | - Muriel Gandelin
- Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP) Midi-Méditerranée, 30900 Nîmes, France,TRACES-UMR 5608, Université Toulouse - Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Valentin Radu
- National Museum of Romanian History, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Patricia A. Fleming
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Harry Butler Research Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Claude Guintard
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie comparée, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, de l'Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes Atlantique – ONIRIS, Nantes, France,GEROM, UPRES EA 4658, LABCOM ANR NEXTBONE, Faculté de santé de l'Université d'Angers, France
| | - Tracey L. Kreplins
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Harry Butler Research Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Cécile Callou
- AASPE-UMR 7209, CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Andréa Filippo
- AASPE-UMR 7209, CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Anne Tresset
- AASPE-UMR 7209, CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- ISYEB-UMR7205, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- MECADEV-UMR 7179, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Bréhard
- AASPE-UMR 7209, CNRS-Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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6
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Salamanca-Carreño A, Parés-Casanova PM, Vélez-Terranova OM, Monroy-Ochoa NI, Crosby-Granados RA. Modularity among horse mandibles: a study in the Araucan breed. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2022.2070170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arcesio Salamanca-Carreño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | | | | | - Nestor Ismael Monroy-Ochoa
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia
| | - René A. Crosby-Granados
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Villavicencio, Colombia
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7
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O'Keefe FR, Meachen JA, Polly PD. On Information Rank Deficiency in Phenotypic Covariance Matrices. Syst Biol 2021; 71:810-822. [PMID: 34735008 PMCID: PMC9203068 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syab088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigates a form of rank deficiency in phenotypic covariance matrices derived from geometric morphometric data, and its impact on measures of phenotypic integration. We first define a type of rank deficiency based on information theory, then demonstrate that this deficiency impairs the performance of phenotypic integration metrics in a model system. Lastly, we propose methods to treat for this information rank deficiency. Our first goal is to establish how the rank of a typical geometric morphometric covariance matrix relates to the information entropy of its eigenvalue spectrum. This requires clear definitions of matrix rank, of which we define three: the full matrix rank (equal to the number of input variables), the mathematical rank (the number of non-zero eigenvalues), and the information rank or 'effective rank' (equal to the number of non-redundant eigenvalues). We demonstrate that effective rank deficiency arises from a combination of methodological factors - Generalized Procrustes analysis, use of the correlation matrix, and insufficient sample size - as well as phenotypic covariance. Secondly, we use dire wolf jaws to document how differences in effective rank deficiency bias two metrics used to measure phenotypic integration. The eigenvalue variance characterizes the integration change incorrectly, and the standardized generalized variance lacks the sensitivity needed to detect subtle changes in integration. Both metrics are impacted by the inclusion of many small, but non-zero, eigenvalues arising from a lack of information in the covariance matrix, a problem that usually becomes more pronounced as the number of landmarks increases. We propose a new metric for phenotypic integration that combines the standardized generalized variance with information entropy. This metric is equivalent to the standardized generalized variance, but calculated only from those eigenvalues that carry non-redundant information. It is the standardized generalized variance scaled to the effective rank of the eigenvalue spectrum. We demonstrate that this metric successfully detects the shift of integration in our dire wolf sample. Our third goal is to generalize the new metric to compare data sets with different sample sizes and numbers of variables. We develop a standardization for matrix information based on data permutation, then demonstrate that Smilodon jaws are more integrated than dire wolf jaws. Finally, we describe how our information entropy-based measure allows phenotypic integration to be compared in dense semilandmark data sets without bias, allowing characterization of the information content of any given shape, a quantity we term 'latent dispersion'.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Robin O'Keefe
- Marshall University, Biological Sciences, Huntington, WV USA
| | - Julie A Meachen
- Des Moines University, Anatomy Department, Des Moines, IA USA
| | - P David Polly
- Indiana University, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Bloomington, IN USA
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8
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Hanot P, Bayarsaikhan J, Guintard C, Haruda A, Mijiddorj E, Schafberg R, Taylor W. Cranial shape diversification in horses: variation and covariation patterns under the impact of artificial selection. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:178. [PMID: 34548035 PMCID: PMC8456661 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01907-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of artificial selection to dramatically impact phenotypic diversity is well known. Large-scale morphological changes in domestic species, emerging over short timescales, offer an accelerated perspective on evolutionary processes. The domestic horse (Equus caballus) provides a striking example of rapid evolution, with major changes in morphology and size likely stemming from artificial selection. However, the microevolutionary mechanisms allowing to generate this variation in a short time interval remain little known. Here, we use 3D geometric morphometrics to quantify skull morphological diversity in the horse, and investigate modularity and integration patterns to understand how morphological associations contribute to cranial evolvability in this taxon. We find that changes in the magnitude of cranial integration contribute to the diversification of the skull morphology in horse breeds. Our results demonstrate that a conserved pattern of modularity does not constrain large-scale morphological variations in horses and that artificial selection has impacted mechanisms underlying phenotypic diversity to facilitate rapid shape changes. More broadly, this study demonstrates that studying microevolutionary processes in domestic species produces important insights into extant phenotypic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Hanot
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Straße 10, 07745, Jena, Germany.,National Museum of Mongolia, 1 Juulchin Street, Ulaanbaatar, 15160, Mongolia
| | - Claude Guintard
- Unité d'Anatomie Comparée, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de l'Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes Atlantique - ONIRIS, Route de Gachet, CS 40706, 44307, Nantes Cedex 03, France.,Groupe d'Etudes Remodelage osseux et bioMateriaux (GEROM), Unité INSERM 922 LHEA/IRIS-IBS, Université d'Angers, 4 rue Larrey CHU d'Angers, Angers, France
| | - Ashleigh Haruda
- Central Natural Science Collections (ZNS), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany.,School of Archaeology, University of Oxford, 1-2 South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3TG, UK
| | - Enkhbayar Mijiddorj
- Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Luvsantseveen Street, 5th Khoroo, 15th Khoroolol, Bayanzurkh District, Ulaanbaatar, 13343, Mongolia
| | - Renate Schafberg
- Central Natural Science Collections (ZNS), Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Domplatz 4, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - William Taylor
- University of Colorado-Boulder, Museum of Natural History, Boulder, CO, USA
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9
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Geiger M, Schoenebeck JJ, Schneider RA, Schmidt MJ, Fischer MS, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Exceptional Changes in Skeletal Anatomy under Domestication: The Case of Brachycephaly. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab023. [PMID: 34409262 PMCID: PMC8366567 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
"Brachycephaly" is generally considered a phenotype in which the facial part of the head is pronouncedly shortened. While brachycephaly is characteristic for some domestic varieties and breeds (e.g., Bulldog, Persian cat, Niata cattle, Anglo-Nubian goat, Middle White pig), this phenotype can also be considered pathological. Despite the superficially similar appearance of "brachycephaly" in such varieties and breeds, closer examination reveals that "brachycephaly" includes a variety of different cranial modifications with likely different genetic and developmental underpinnings and related with specific breed histories. We review the various definitions and characteristics associated with brachycephaly in different domesticated species. We discern different types of brachycephaly ("bulldog-type," "katantognathic," and "allometric" brachycephaly) and discuss morphological conditions related to brachycephaly, including diseases (e.g., brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome). Further, we examine the complex underlying genetic and developmental processes and the culturally and developmentally related reasons why brachycephalic varieties may or may not be prevalent in certain domesticated species. Knowledge on patterns and mechanisms associated with brachycephaly is relevant for domestication research, veterinary and human medicine, as well as evolutionary biology, and highlights the profound influence of artificial selection by humans on animal morphology, evolution, and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Geiger
- Paleontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich,
Karl-Schmid-Str. 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J J Schoenebeck
- Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University
of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25
9RG, UK
| | - R A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San
Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, S-1164, San Francisco, CA
94143-0514, USA
| | - M J Schmidt
- Clinic for Small Animals—Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical
Neurology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Str.
114, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - M S Fischer
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller
University Jena, Erbertstr. 1, 07743 Jena,
Germany
| | - M R Sánchez-Villagra
- Paleontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich,
Karl-Schmid-Str. 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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10
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Parés-Casanova PM. No modularity at ventral level in the horse skull. Anat Histol Embryol 2021; 50:849-852. [PMID: 34379828 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Morphological integration and modularity are concepts that refer to the covariation level between the components of a structure. Morphological modules are independent subsets of highly correlated traits. The horse skull has been studied as a whole functional structure for decades, but the integrative approach towards quantitative examination of modules is scarce. We report here the first evaluation of cranial modularity in the horse at basal level. For this, we studied the modularity hypothesis for splanchnocranium and basicranium modules in the horse, two phenotipic regions under local influence by soft-tissue-hard-tissue interfaces. Using geometric morphometrics to capture the shape and location, we examined both modules in a sample of 23 dry skulls belonging to Pyrenean Horse Breed using 57 two-dimensional cranial landmarks. Modules were compared through partial least squares analyses and Escoufier (RV) coefficient. We tested whether the integration (measured by Escoufier RV coefficient) of splanchnocranium and basicranium strength modules and their covariation pattern (as analysed by partial least squares analysis) subordinate and express similar integration results. A clear modularity was observed. The lack of disproportions in the skulls of domestic horse breeds (compared to dog and cat breeds, for instance) might be an expression of the lack of single modules to evolve. On the other side, integration might have a positive impact on survival as long as the selection pressure is along the trajectory of integrated variation.
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11
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Wilson LAB, Balcarcel A, Geiger M, Heck L, Sánchez‐Villagra MR. Modularity patterns in mammalian domestication: Assessing developmental hypotheses for diversification. Evol Lett 2021; 5:385-396. [PMID: 34367663 PMCID: PMC8327948 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest hypothesis posits that selection for tameness resulted in mild alterations to neural crest cells during embryonic development, which directly or indirectly caused the appearance of traits associated with the "domestication syndrome" (DS). Although representing an appealing unitary explanation for the generation of domestic phenotypes, support for this hypothesis from morphological data and for the validity of the DS remains a topic of debate. This study used the frameworks of morphological integration and modularity to assess patterns that concern the embryonic origin of the skull and issues around the neural crest hypothesis. Geometric morphometric landmarks were used to quantify cranial trait interactions between six pairs of wild and domestic mammals, comprising representatives that express between five and 17 of the traits included in the DS, and examples from each of the pathways by which animals entered into relationships with humans. We predicted the presence of neural crest vs mesoderm modular structure to the cranium, and that elements in the neural crest module would show lower magnitudes of integration and higher disparity in domestic forms compared to wild forms. Our findings support modular structuring based on tissue origin (neural crest, mesoderm) modules, along with low module integration magnitudes for neural crest cell derived cranial elements, suggesting differential capacity for evolutionary response among those elements. Covariation between the neural crest and mesoderm modules accounted for major components of shape variation for most domestic/wild pairs. Contra to our predictions, however, we find domesticates share similar integration magnitudes to their wild progenitors, indicating that higher disparity in domesticates is not associated with magnitude changes to integration among either neural crest or mesoderm derived elements. Differences in integration magnitude among neural crest and mesoderm elements across species suggest that developmental evolution preserves a framework that promotes flexibility under the selection regimes of domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. B. Wilson
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South WalesSydneyAustralia
- School of Archaeology and AnthropologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraAustralia
| | - Ana Balcarcel
- Palaeontological Institute and MuseumUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Madeleine Geiger
- Palaeontological Institute and MuseumUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Laura Heck
- Palaeontological Institute and MuseumUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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12
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Bowman CE. Feeding design in free-living mesostigmatid chelicerae (Acari: Anactinotrichida). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 84:1-119. [PMID: 33929649 PMCID: PMC8085810 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00612-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A model based upon mechanics is used in a re-analysis of historical acarine morphological work augmented by an extra seven zoophagous mesostigmatid species. This review shows that predatory mesostigmatids do have cheliceral designs with clear rational purposes. Almost invariably within an overall body size class, the switch in predatory style from a worm-like prey feeding ('crushing/mashing' kill) functional group to a micro-arthropod feeding ('active prey cutting/slicing/slashing' kill) functional group is matched by: an increased cheliceral reach, a bigger chelal gape, a larger morphologically estimated chelal crunch force, and a drop in the adductive lever arm velocity ratio of the chela. Small size matters. Several uropodines (Eviphis ostrinus, the omnivore Trachytes aegrota, Urodiaspis tecta and, Uropoda orbicularis) have more elongate chelicerae (greater reach) than their chelal gape would suggest, even allowing for allometry across mesostigmatids. They may be: plesiosaur-like high-speed strikers of prey, scavenging carrion feeders (like long-necked vultures), probing/burrowing crevice feeders of cryptic nematodes, or small morsel/fragmentary food feeders. Some uropodoids have chelicerae and chelae which probably work like a construction-site mechanical excavator-digger with its small bucket. Possible hoeing/bulldozing, spore-cracking and tiny sabre-tooth cat-like striking actions are discussed for others. Subtle changes lead small mesostigmatids to be predator-scavengers (mesocarnivores) or to be predator-fungivores (hypocarnivores). Some uropodines (e.g., the worm-like prey feeder Alliphis siculus and, Uropoda orbicularis) show chelae similar in design to astigmatids and cryptostigmatids indicating possible facultative saprophagy. Scale matters-obligate predatory designs (hypercarnivory) start for mesostigmatids with chelal gape > 150 μm and cheliceral reach > 350 μm (i.e., about 500-650 μm in body size). Commonality of trophic design in these larger species with solifugids is indicated. Veigaia species with low chelal velocity ratio and other morphological strengthening specialisms, appear specially adapted in a concerted way for predating active soft and fast moving springtails (Collembola). Veigaia cerva shows a markedly bigger chelal gape than its cheliceral reach would proportionately infer suggesting it is a crocodile-like sit-and-wait or ambush predator par excellence. A small chelal gape, low cheliceral reach, moderate velocity ratio variant of the worm-like feeding habit design is supported for phytoseiid pollenophagy. Evidence for a resource partitioning model in the evolution of gnathosomal development is found. A comparison to crustacean claws and vertebrate mandibles is made. Alliphis siculus and Rhodacarus strenzkei are surprisingly powerful mega-cephalics for their small size. Parasitids show a canid-like trophic design. The chelicera of the nematophagous Alliphis halleri shows felid-like features. Glyphtholaspis confusa has hyaena-like cheliceral dentition. The latter species has a markedly smaller chelal gape than its cheliceral reach would suggest proportionately, which together with a high chelal velocity ratio and a high estimated chelal crunch force matches a power specialism of feeding on immobile tough fly eggs/pupae by crushing (durophagy). A consideration of gnathosomal orientation is made. Predatory specialisms appear to often match genera especially in larger mesostigmatids, which may scale quite differently. Comparison to holothyrids and opilioacarids indicates that the cheliceral chelae of the former are cutting-style and those of the latter are crushing-style. A simple validated easy-to-use '2:1 on' predictive algorithm of feeding habit type is included based on a strength-speed tradeoff in chelal velocity ratio for ecologists to test in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive E Bowman
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK.
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Brassard C, Merlin M, Monchâtre-Leroy E, Guintard C, Barrat J, Garès H, Larralle A, Triquet R, Houssin C, Callou C, Cornette R, Herrel A. Masticatory system integration in a commensal canid: interrelationships between bones, muscles and bite force in the red fox. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.224394. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.224394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The jaw system in canids is essential for defence and prey acquisition. However, how it varies in wild species in comparison with domestic species remains poorly understood, yet is of interest in terms of understanding the impact of artificial selection. Here, we explored the variability and interrelationships between the upper and lower jaws, muscle architecture and bite force in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). We performed dissections and used 3D geometric morphometric approaches to quantify jaw shape in 68 foxes. We used a static lever model and bite force estimates were compared with in vivo measurements of 10 silver foxes. Our results show strong relationships exist between cranial and mandible shape, and between cranial or mandible shape on the one hand and muscles or estimated bite force on the other hand, confirming the strong integration of the bony and muscular components of the jaw system. These strong relationships are strongly driven by size. The functional links between shape and estimated bite force are stronger for the mandible, which probably reflects its greater specialisation towards biting. We then compared our results with data previously obtained for dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) to investigate the effect of domestication. Foxes and dogs differ in skull shape and muscle physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). They show a similar amount of morphological variation in muscle PCSA, but foxes show lower variation in cranial and mandible shape. Interestingly, the patterns of covariation are not stronger in foxes than in dogs, suggesting that domestication did not lead to a disruption of the functional links of the jaw system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colline Brassard
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, 55 rue Buffon 75005, Paris, France
- Archéozoologie, archéobotanique: sociétés, pratiques et environnements (AASPE), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, CP55, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marilaine Merlin
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, 55 rue Buffon 75005, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Monchâtre-Leroy
- ANSES, Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage, Station expérimentale d'Atton, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Claude Guintard
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie comparée, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, de l'Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes Atlantique – ONIRIS, Nantes Cedex 03, France
- GEROM, UPRES EA 4658, LABCOM ANR NEXTBONE, Faculté de santé de l'Université d'Angers, 49933 Angers Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Barrat
- ANSES, Laboratoire de la rage et de la faune sauvage, Station expérimentale d'Atton, CS 40009, 54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Hélène Garès
- Direction des Services Vétérinaires – D.D.C.S.P.P. de la Dordogne, 24000 Périgueux, France
| | | | - Raymond Triquet
- Université de Lille III, Domaine Universitaire du Pont de Bois BP 60149, Villeneuve d'ascq Cedex 59653, France
| | - Céline Houssin
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Callou
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, 55 rue Buffon 75005, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), CNRS, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Pratique des hautes Etudes, Université des Antilles, CNRS, CP 50, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, 55 rue Buffon 75005, Paris, France
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14
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Gerlach K, Vervuert I, Gittel C, Köhler L, Schmidt N, Winter K, Berner D, Troillet A, Schulz-Kornas E. An anatomical study of the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae and middle nasal conchae in normal Shetland ponies: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 50:431-438. [PMID: 33331012 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Equine paranasal sinuses are susceptible to inflammation. Insufficient drainage through the nasal passages and meatus may lead to the accumulation of inspissated purulent discharge. Particularly in ponies, these anatomical structures are suspected to be relatively small. To date, there are no reports considering the morphology of nasal conchal bullae in small horse breeds such as Shetland ponies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the size of the conchal bullae and the medial nasal conchae of Shetland ponies and their relation to the skull dimension using computed tomography. Reconstructed images of healthy adult heads of Shetland ponies were used. Linear skull measurements as well as two cranial indices of the head dimensions were taken. Length, width and height of the dorsal and ventral conchal bullae and the medial nasal conchae were measured in relation to the skull and compared with the data of skulls of large breed horses. The anatomical proportions of pony heads were characterized by a smaller cranial index and a greater nasal index than those of large breed horses. Shetland ponies showed a longer cranial length compared with the nasal length. Heads are consistently smaller, and the relationship of the bullae to the head length was also smaller than those measured in large breed horses. A negative correlation between the head and bullae size was found. In conclusion, this study suggests that Shetland ponies have distinguishing proportions of the head. These findings are relevant for clinical examination and surgical treatment of equine sinus disease in those breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Gerlach
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingrid Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics (IAND), Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Gittel
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Queen's Veterinary School Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
| | - Lisa Köhler
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nane Schmidt
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karsten Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dagmar Berner
- Royal Veterinary College, Equine Referral Hospital, University of London, London, UK
| | - Antonia Troillet
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ellen Schulz-Kornas
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology (MPWC), Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, Endodontology and Periodontology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Brassard C, Merlin M, Guintard C, Monchâtre-Leroy E, Barrat J, Callou C, Cornette R, Herrel A. Interrelations Between the Cranium, the Mandible and Muscle Architecture in Modern Domestic Dogs. Evol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-020-09515-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Parsons KJ, Rigg A, Conith AJ, Kitchener AC, Harris S, Zhu H. Skull morphology diverges between urban and rural populations of red foxes mirroring patterns of domestication and macroevolution. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200763. [PMID: 32486981 PMCID: PMC7341913 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human activity is drastically altering the habitat use of natural populations. This has been documented as a driver of phenotypic divergence in a number of wild animal populations. Here, we show that urban and rural populations of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from London and surrounding boroughs are divergent in skull traits. These changes are primarily found to be involved with snout length, with urban individuals tending to have shorter and wider muzzles relative to rural individuals, smaller braincases and reduced sexual dimorphism. Changes were widespread and related to muscle attachment sites and thus are likely driven by differing biomechanical demands of feeding or cognition between habitats. Through extensive sampling of the genus Vulpes, we found no support for phylogenetic effects on skull morphology, but patterns of divergence found between urban and rural habitats in V. vulpes quantitatively aligned with macroevolutionary divergence between species. The patterns of skull divergence between urban and rural habitats matched the description of morphological changes that can occur during domestication. Specifically, urban populations of foxes show variation consistent with 'domestication syndrome'. Therefore, we suggest that occurrences of phenotypic divergence in relation to human activity, while interesting themselves, also have the potential to inform us of the conditions and mechanisms that could initiate domestication. Finally, this also suggests that patterns of domestication may be developmentally biased towards larger patterns of interspecific divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Parsons
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Anders Rigg
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - A. J. Conith
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - A. C. Kitchener
- Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF, UK
- Institute of Geography, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
| | - S. Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Haoyu Zhu
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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17
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Toledo González V, Ortega Ojeda F, Fonseca GM, García-Ruiz C, Navarro Cáceres P, Pérez-Lloret P, Marín García MDP. A Morphological and Morphometric Dental Analysis as a Forensic Tool to Identify the Iberian Wolf ( Canis Lupus Signatus). Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060975. [PMID: 32503347 PMCID: PMC7341320 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Attacks by Iberian wolves on farm animals routinely cause conflicts with humans and threaten their economic interests related to livestock. However, wolf predation can sometimes be confused with that caused by other carnivores like dogs. Some studies have tried to identify or differentiate canids as the predators responsible for such attacks by analysing their tooth/bite marks on bone remains. Nevertheless, most of those studies have only considered a few dental measurements, and they were carried out in a palaeoecological and zooarchaeological context. As there is still limited information on Iberian wolf‘s dental anatomy that can be used in forensic cases, this study aimed to describe the morphology of the Iberian wolf‘s teeth and to provide new morphometric characteristics, as complete as possible, to collaborate in the correct interpretation of a wolf‘s bite marks at crime scenes. Based on the morphometric dental analysis, it was possible to differentiate female and male wolves. Moreover, the dental morphometric characteristics described can be used, at least as a reference, to identify the Iberian wolf‘s tooth/bite marks or to rule out other potential aggressors. Abstract Depredation by the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) is currently thought to be a problem in some areas of Spain. However, there are few technically validated forensic tools available to determine the veracity of claims with a high degree of scientific confidence, which is important given that such attacks may lead to compensation. The analysis of bite marks on attacked animals could provide scientific evidence to help identify the offender. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the morphological and morphometric characteristics of Iberian wolf dentition. This data collection would serve as a base-point for a more accurate identification of the wolves thorough their bite marks. For the first time, 36 dental variables have been studied in wolves’ skulls, employing univariate and multivariate analyses. The general morphological dental characteristics of wolves are very similar in terms of their dental formula and tooth structure to other canids, like domestic dogs. Sex differentiation was evident, principally in terms of the maxillary distance between the palatal surfaces of the canine teeth (UbC) and the width of the left mandibular canine teeth (LlCWd). New morphometric reference information was obtained that can aid the forensic identification of bite marks caused by the Iberian wolf with greater confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Toledo González
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; (F.O.O.); (C.G.-R.)
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.-L.); (M.d.P.M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Fernando Ortega Ojeda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; (F.O.O.); (C.G.-R.)
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Gabriel M. Fonseca
- Centro de Investigación en Odontología Legal y Forense (CIO), Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, 28871 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain; (F.O.O.); (C.G.-R.)
- University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), Spain
| | - Pablo Navarro Cáceres
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile;
- Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Pilar Pérez-Lloret
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.-L.); (M.d.P.M.G.)
| | - María del Pilar Marín García
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad Complutense of Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (P.P.-L.); (M.d.P.M.G.)
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18
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Segura V, Cassini GH, Prevosti FJ, Machado FA. Integration or Modularity in the Mandible of Canids (Carnivora: Canidae): a Geometric Morphometric Approach. J MAMM EVOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-020-09502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Machado FA, Hubbe A, Melo D, Porto A, Marroig G. Measuring the magnitude of morphological integration: The effect of differences in morphometric representations and the inclusion of size. Evolution 2019; 73:2518-2528. [PMID: 31595985 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of morphological integration is a major aspect of multivariate evolution, providing a simple measure of the intensity of association between morphological traits. Studies concerned with morphological integration usually translate phenotypes into morphometric representations to quantify how different morphological elements covary. Geometric and classic morphometric representations translate biological form in different ways, raising the question if magnitudes of morphological integration estimates obtained from different morphometric representations are compatible. Here we sought to answer this question using the relative eigenvalue variance of the covariance matrix obtained for both geometric and classical representations of empirical and simulated datasets. We quantified the magnitude of morphological integration for both shape and form and compared results between representations. Furthermore, we compared integration values between shape and form to evaluate the effect of the inclusion or not of size on the quantification of the magnitude of morphological integration. Results show that the choice of morphological representation has significant impact on the integration magnitude estimate, either for shape or form. Despite this, ordination of the integration values within representations is relatively the same, allowing for similar conclusions to be reached using different methods. However, the inclusion of size in the dataset significantly changes the estimates of magnitude of morphological integration, hindering the comparison of this statistic obtained from different spaces. Morphometricians should be aware of these differences and must consider how biological hypothesis translate into predictions about integration in each particular choice of representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio A Machado
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, 02125.,División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia,", Av. Ángel Gallardo 470 (C1405DJR), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alex Hubbe
- Departamento de Oceanografia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia, R. Barão de Jeremoabo, S/N - Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-110, Brazil
| | - Diogo Melo
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Rua do Matão, 277 Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Arthur Porto
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of Oslo, 0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gabriel Marroig
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Rua do Matão, 277 Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
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Kavanagh K. Developmental plasticity associated with early structural integration and evolutionary patterns: Examples of developmental bias and developmental facilitation in the skeletal system. Evol Dev 2019; 22:196-204. [PMID: 31609080 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The relation of developmental plasticity to evolutionary diversification is a key component of evolutionary theory involving developmental bias, but the basis of the relationship varies among traits and among taxa. Here I review some scenarios of how structural integration during early organogenesis could influence this relationship. When condensations are highly integrated and dependent on each other during early organogenesis, both plasticity and evolution are restricted, for example size proportions in molar tooth rows and phalanges within a digit. When similar condensations develop and remain separate (in tracheal cartilages and feather buds), they show high levels of variation and diversity in number but not in shape and size, at least at early stages. When non-similar structures form separately and then integrate while still undergoing patterning, high levels of plasticity (in number, size, shape; in rib uncinate processes) or new dimensions of ecologically-significant variation (cusp offset, in mammal teeth) are seen. Although each of these structural integration scenarios is unique, the modulation of evolvability is detectable and informative. Parsing the influence of structural integration at these developmental levels, rather than later-stage structural correlations or only through genetic covariation, may be necessary to advance understanding of evolvability of the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Kavanagh
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, North Dartmouth, MA
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Australian dingo continues to cause debate amongst Aboriginal people, pastoralists, scientists and the government in Australia. A lingering controversy is whether the dingo has been tamed and has now reverted to its ancestral wild state or whether its ancestors were domesticated and it now resides on the continent as a feral dog. The goal of this article is to place the discussion onto a theoretical framework, highlight what is currently known about dingo origins and taxonomy and then make a series of experimentally testable organismal, cellular and biochemical predictions that we propose can focus future research. DISCUSSION We consider a canid that has been unconsciously selected as a tamed animal and the endpoint of methodical or what we now call artificial selection as a domesticated animal. We consider wild animals that were formerly tamed as untamed and those wild animals that were formerly domesticated as feralized. Untamed canids are predicted to be marked by a signature of unconscious selection whereas feral animals are hypothesized to be marked by signatures of both unconscious and artificial selection. First, we review the movement of dingo ancestors into Australia. We then discuss how differences between taming and domestication may influence the organismal traits of skull morphometrics, brain and size, seasonal breeding, and sociability. Finally, we consider cellular and molecular level traits including hypotheses concerning the phylogenetic position of dingoes, metabolic genes that appear to be under positive selection and the potential for micronutrient compensation by the gut microbiome. CONCLUSIONS Western Australian Government policy is currently being revised to allow the widespread killing of the Australian dingo. These policies are based on an incomplete understanding of the evolutionary history of the canid and assume the dingo is feralized. However, accumulated evidence does not definitively show that the dingo was ever domesticated and additional focused research is required. We suggest that incorporating ancient DNA data into the debate concerning dingo origins will be pivotal to understanding the evolutionary history of the canid. Further, we advocate that future morphological, behavioural and genetic studies should focus on including genetically pure Alpine and Desert dingoes and not dingo-dog hybrids. Finally, we propose that future studies critically examine genes under selection in the dingo and employ the genome from a wild canid for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. William O. Ballard
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Laura A. B. Wilson
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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22
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Fischer MS, Lehmann SV, Andrada E. Three-dimensional kinematics of canine hind limbs: in vivo, biplanar, high-frequency fluoroscopic analysis of four breeds during walking and trotting. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16982. [PMID: 30451855 PMCID: PMC6242825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The first high-precision 3D in vivo hindlimb kinematic data to be recorded in normal dogs of four different breeds (Beagle, French bulldog, Malinois, Whippet) using biplanar, high-frequency fluoroscopy combined with a 3D optoelectric system followed by a markerless XROMM analysis (Scientific Rotoscoping, SR or 3D-2D registration process) reveal a) 3D hindlimb kinematics to an unprecedented degree of precision and b) substantial limitations to the use of skin marker-based data. We expected hindlimb kinematics to differ in relation to body shape. But, a comparison of the four breeds sets the French bulldog aside from the others in terms of trajectories in the frontal plane (abduction/adduction) and long axis rotation of the femur. French bulldogs translate extensive femoral long axis rotation (>30°) into a strong lateral displacement and rotations about the craniocaudal (roll) and the distal-proximal (yaw) axes of the pelvis in order to compensate for a highly abducted hindlimb position from the beginning of stance. We assume that breeds which exhibit unusual kinematics, especially high femoral abduction, might be susceptible to a higher long-term loading of the cruciate ligaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Fischer
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstr. 1, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Silvia V Lehmann
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstr. 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Emanuel Andrada
- Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Erbertstr. 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Lin AW, Vapniarsky N, Cissell DD, Verstraete FJM, Lin CH, Hatcher DC, Arzi B. The Temporomandibular Joint of the Domestic Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) in Health and Disease. J Comp Pathol 2018; 161:55-67. [PMID: 30173858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the histological, biomechanical and biochemical properties of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) of the domestic dog in health and disease. In addition, we sought to identify structure-function relationships and to characterize TMJ degenerative lesions that may be found naturally in this species. TMJs (n = 20) from fresh cadaver heads (n = 10) of domestic dogs were examined macroscopically and microscopically and by cone-beam computed tomography. The TMJ discs were evaluated for their mechanical and biochemical properties. If TMJ arthritic changes were found, pathological characteristics were described and compared with healthy joints. Five (50%) dogs demonstrated macroscopically normal fibrocartilaginous articular surfaces and fibrous discs and five (50%) dogs exhibited degenerative changes that were observed either in the articular surfaces or the discs. In the articulating surfaces, these changes included erosions, conformational changes and osteophytes. In the discs, degenerative changes were represented by full-thickness perforations. Histologically, pathological specimens demonstrated fibrillations with or without erosions, subchondral bone defects and subchondral bone sclerosis. Significant anisotropy in the TMJ discs was evident on histology and tensile mechanical testing. Specifically, the discs were significantly stiffer and stronger in the rostrocaudal direction compared with the mediolateral direction. No significant differences were detected in compressive properties of different disc regions. Biochemical analyses showed high collagen content and low glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content. No significant differences in biochemical composition, apart from GAG, were detected among the disc regions. GAG concentration was significantly higher in the central region as compared with the caudal (posterior) region. The TMJ of the domestic dog exhibits similarities, but also differences, compared with other mammals with regards to structure-function relationships. The TMJ articular surfaces and the disc exhibit degenerative changes as seen in other species, including perforation of the disc as seen in man. The degenerative changes had greater effects on the mechanical properties compared with the biochemical properties of the TMJ components. Translational motion of the TMJ does occur in dogs, but is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Lin
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - N Vapniarsky
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
| | - D D Cissell
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - F J M Verstraete
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - C H Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - D C Hatcher
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - B Arzi
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
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Geiger M, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Similar rates of morphological evolution in domesticated and wild pigs and dogs. Front Zool 2018; 15:23. [PMID: 29796043 PMCID: PMC5966889 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whether the great morphological disparity of domesticated forms is the result of uniformly higher evolutionary rates compared to the wild populations is debated. We provide new data on changes of skull dimensions within historical time periods in wild and domesticated dogs and pigs to test if domestication might lead to an accelerated tempo of evolution in comparison to the wild conspecifics. Darwins and Haldanes were used to quantify evolutionary rates. Comparisons with evolutionary rates in other species and concerning other characteristics from the literature were conducted. Results Newly gathered and literature data show that most skull dimensions do not change faster in domesticated breeds than in wild populations, although it is well known that there is extensive artificial selection on skull shape in some dog breeds. Evolutionary rates among domesticated forms and traits (e.g., production traits in pigs, and racing speed in some horses and greyhounds) might vary greatly with species and breeding aim. Conclusions Our study shows that evolutionary rates in domestication are not in any event faster than those in the wild, although they are often perceived as such given the vast changes that appear in a relatively short period of time. This may imply that evolution under natural conditions – i.e., without human intervention – is not as slow as previously described, for example by Darwin. On the other hand, our results illustrate how diverse domestication is in tempo, mode, and processes involved. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12983-018-0265-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Geiger
- 1Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland.,2Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Marcelo R Sánchez-Villagra
- 1Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
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Heck L, Wilson LAB, Evin A, Stange M, Sánchez-Villagra MR. Shape variation and modularity of skull and teeth in domesticated horses and wild equids. Front Zool 2018; 15:14. [PMID: 29713365 PMCID: PMC5907714 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-018-0258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In horses, the morphological changes induced by the process of domestication are reportedly less pronounced than in other species, such as dogs or pigs - although the horses' disparity has rarely been empirically tested. We investigated shape differences and modularity of domesticated horses, Przewalski's horses, donkeys and zebras. Mandibular and tooth shape have been shown to be valuable features for differentiating wild and domesticated forms in some mammals. RESULTS Both mandible and teeth, show a pattern of shape space occupation analogous to that of the cranium, with domesticated horses occupying a similar extension in shape space to that of wild equids. Only cranial shape data exhibit a tendency to separate domesticated horses and Przewalski's horses from donkeys and zebras. Maximum likelihood model-based tests confirm the horse cranium is composed of six developmental modules, as reported for placental mammals in general. The magnitude of integration in domesticated horse skull was lower than in wild equids across all six cranial modules, and lower values of integration were associated with higher disparity values across all modules. CONCLUSION This is the first study that combines different skeletal features for the description and comparison of shape changes in all living equid groups using geometric morphometrics. We support Darwin's hypothesis that the shape variation in the skull of domesticated horses is similar to the shape variation of all wild equid species existing today. Lower magnitudes of module integration are recovered in domesticated horses compared to their wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heck
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura A. B. Wilson
- Palaeontology, Geobiology and Earth Archives Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Allowen Evin
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution – Montpellier, CNRS UMR 5554, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Department of Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Madlen Stange
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Sánchez-Villagra MR, Segura V, Geiger M, Heck L, Veitschegger K, Flores D. On the lack of a universal pattern associated with mammalian domestication: differences in skull growth trajectories across phylogeny. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170876. [PMID: 29134088 PMCID: PMC5666271 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As shown in a taxonomically broad study, domestication modifies postnatal growth. Skull shape across 1128 individuals was characterized by 14 linear measurements, comparing 13 pairs of wild versus domesticated forms. Among wild forms, the boar, the rabbit and the wolf have the highest proportion of allometric growth, explaining in part the great morphological diversity of the domesticated forms of these species. Wild forms exhibit more isometric growth than their domesticated counterparts. Multivariate comparisons show that dogs and llamas exhibit the greatest amount of differences in trajectories with their wild counterparts. The least amount is recorded in the pig-boar, and camel and horse pairs. Bivariate analyses reveal that most domesticated forms have growth trajectories different from their respective wild counterparts with regard to the slopes. In pigs and camels slopes are shared and intercepts are different. There is a trajectory extension in most domesticated herbivores and the contrary pattern in carnivorous forms. However, there is no single, universal and global pattern of paedomorphosis or any other kind of heterochrony behind the morphological diversification that accompanies domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Author for correspondence: Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra e-mail:
| | - Valentina Segura
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Argentina
| | - Madeleine Geiger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Laura Heck
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kristof Veitschegger
- Palaeontological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Flores
- Unidad Ejecutora Lillo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Fundación Miguel Lillo, Argentina
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Curth S, Fischer MS, Kupczik K. Can skull form predict the shape of the temporomandibular joint? A study using geometric morphometrics on the skulls of wolves and domestic dogs. Ann Anat 2017; 214:53-62. [PMID: 28865771 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) conducts and restrains masticatory movements between the mammalian cranium and the mandible. Through this functional integration, TMJ morphology in wild mammals is strongly correlated with diet, resulting in a wide range of TMJ variations. However, in artificially selected and closely related domestic dogs, dietary specialisations between breeds can be ruled out as a diversifying factor although they display an enormous variation in TMJ morphology. This raises the question of the origin of this variation. Here we hypothesise that, even in the face of reduced functional demands, TMJ shape in dogs can be predicted by skull form; i.e. that the TMJ is still highly integrated in the dog skull. If true, TMJ variation in the dog would be a plain by-product of the enormous cranial variation in dogs and its genetic causes. We addressed this hypothesis using geometric morphometry on a data set of 214 dog and 60 wolf skulls. We digitized 53 three-dimensional landmarks of the skull and the TMJ on CT-based segmentations and compared (1) the variation between domestic dog and wolf TMJs (via principal component analysis) and (2) the pattern of covariation of skull size, flexion and rostrum length with TMJ shape (via regression of centroid size on shape and partial least squares analyses). We show that the TMJ in domestic dogs is significantly more diverse than in wolves: its shape covaries significantly with skull size, flexion and rostrum proportions in patterns which resemble those observed in primates. Similar patterns in canids, which are carnivorous, and primates, which are mostly frugivorous imply the existence of basic TMJ integration patterns which are independent of dietary adaptations. However, only limited amounts of TMJ variation in dogs can be explained by simple covariation with overall skull geometry. This implies that the final TMJ shape is gained partially independently of the rest of the skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Curth
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Martin S Fischer
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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