1
|
Kanojia A, Roy G, Madhubala R, Muthuswami R. Interplay between DOT1L and HDAC1 regulates Leishmania donovani infection in human THP-1 cells. Acta Trop 2024; 258:107352. [PMID: 39103111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, causes visceral leishmaniasis. The parasite modifies the global gene expressions of the host genome, facilitating its survival within the host. Thus, the host epigenetic modulators play important roles in host-pathogen interaction and host epigenetic modification in response to infection. Previously, we had reported that the host epigenetic modulator, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression was upregulated on Leishmania donovani infection. This upregulation led to the repression of host defensin genes in response to the infection. In this paper, we have investigated the interplay between the host DOT1L, a histone methyltransferase, and HDAC1 in response to Leishmania donovani infection. We show that the expression of DOT1L is upregulated both at transcript and protein level following infection leading to increase in H3K79me, H3K79me2, and H3K79me3 levels. ChIP experiments showed that DOT1L regulated the expression of HDAC1. Downregulation of DOT1L using siRNA resulted in decreased expression of HDAC1 and increased transcription of defensin genes and thereby, lower parasite load. In turn, HDAC1 regulates the expression of DOT1L on Leishmania donovani infection as downregulation of HDAC1 using siRNA led to reduced expression of DOT1L. Thus, during Leishmania donovani infection, an interplay between DOT1L and HDAC1 regulates the expression of these two histone modifiers leading to downregulation of defensin gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Kanojia
- Chromatin Remodeling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gargi Roy
- Chromatin Remodeling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- Chromatin Remodeling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rohini Muthuswami
- Chromatin Remodeling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, JNU, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
XENOFOOD—An Autoclaved Feed Supplement Containing Autoclavable Antimicrobial Peptides—Exerts Anticoccidial GI Activity, and Causes Bursa Enlargement, but Has No Detectable Harmful Effects in Broiler Cockerels despite In Vitro Detectable Cytotoxicity on LHM Cells. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030458. [PMID: 36986380 PMCID: PMC10059668 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Entomopathogenic bacteria are obligate symbionts of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species. These bacteria biosynthesize and release non-ribosomal-templated hybrid peptides (NR-AMPs), with strong, and large-spectral antimicrobial potential, capable of inactivating pathogens belonging to different prokaryote, and eukaryote taxa. The cell-free conditioned culture media (CFCM) of Xenorhabdus budapestensis and X. szentirmaii efficiently inactivate poultry pathogens like Clostridium, Histomonas, and Eimeria. To learn whether a bio-preparation containing antimicrobial peptides of Xenorhabdus origin with accompanying (in vitro detectable) cytotoxic effects could be considered a safely applicable preventive feed supplement, we conducted a 42-day feeding experiment on freshly hatched broiler cockerels. XENOFOOD (containing autoclaved X. budapestensis, and X. szentirmaii cultures developed on chicken food) were consumed by the birds. The XENOFOOD exerted detectable gastrointestinal (GI) activity (reducing the numbers of the colony-forming Clostridium perfringens units in the lower jejunum. No animal was lost in the experiment. Neither the body weight, growth rate, feed-conversion ratio, nor organ-weight data differed between the control (C) and treated (T) groups, indicating that the XENOFOOD diet did not result in any detectable adverse effects. We suppose that the parameters indicating a moderate enlargement of bursas of Fabricius (average weight, size, and individual bursa/spleen weight-ratios) in the XENOFOOD-fed group must be an indirect indication that the bursa-controlled humoral immune system neutralized the cytotoxic ingredients of the XENOFOOD in the blood, not allowing to reach their critical cytotoxic concentration in the sensitive tissues.
Collapse
|
3
|
Phenotypical Differences between Leishmania ( Leishmania) amazonensis PH8 and LV79 Strains May Impact Survival in Mammal Host and in Phlebotomine Sand Flies. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020173. [PMID: 36839445 PMCID: PMC9965022 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that L. (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes and amastigotes of the PH8 strain generated larger lesions in mice than LV79, and that lesion-derived amastigotes from the two strains differ in their proteomes. We recently reported that PH8 promastigotes are more phagocytized by macrophages. Promastigotes' membrane-enriched proteomes showed several differences, and samples of each strain clustered based on proteomes. In this paper, we show phenotypic differences between PH8 and LV79 promastigotes that may explain the higher virulence of PH8. We compared in vitro macrophage infections by day 4 (early) and day 6 (late stationary phase) cultures, resistance to complement, and LPG characteristics. PH8 promastigotes showed a higher infectivity and were more resistant to murine complement. LPG was different between the strains, which may influence the interaction with macrophages and survival to complement. We compared the infection of the permissive vector Lutzomyia longipalpis. PH8 was more abundant in the vector's gut 72 h after feeding, which is a moment where blood digestion is finished and the parasites are exposed to the gut environment. Our results indicate that PH8 promastigotes are more infective, more resistant to complement, and infect the permissive vector more efficiently. These data suggest that PH8 is probably better adapted to the sand fly and more prone to survive in the vertebrate host.
Collapse
|
4
|
Esteves S, Costa I, Luelmo S, Santarém N, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Leishmania Vesicle-Depleted Exoproteome: What, Why, and How? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122435. [PMID: 36557688 PMCID: PMC9781507 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a vector-borne parasitic protozoan disease, is among the most important neglected tropical diseases. In the absence of vaccines, disease management is challenging. The available chemotherapy is suboptimal, and there are growing concerns about the emergence of drug resistance. Thus, a better understanding of parasite biology is essential to generate new strategies for disease control. In this context, in vitro parasite exoproteome characterization enabled the identification of proteins involved in parasite survival, pathogenesis, and other biologically relevant processes. After 2005, with the availability of genomic information, these studies became increasingly feasible and revealed the true complexity of the parasite exoproteome. After the discovery of Leishmania extracellular vesicles (EVs), most exoproteome studies shifted to the characterization of EVs. The non-EV portion of the exoproteome, named the vesicle-depleted exoproteome (VDE), has been mostly ignored even if it accounts for a significant portion of the total exoproteome proteins. Herein, we summarize the importance of total exoproteome studies followed by a special emphasis on the available information and the biological relevance of the VDE. Finally, we report on how VDE can be studied and disclose how it might contribute to providing biologically relevant targets for diagnosis, drug, and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Esteves
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Costa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Luelmo
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (A.C.-d.-S.)
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (N.S.); (A.C.-d.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barbosa GR, Marana SR, Stolf BS. Characterization of Leishmania ( L.) amazonensis oligopeptidase B and its role in macrophage infection. Parasitology 2022; 149:1411-1418. [PMID: 35703092 PMCID: PMC11010554 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are parasitic protozoa that cause leishmaniasis, a disease endemic in 98 countries. Leishmania promastigotes are transmitted by the vector and differentiate into amastigotes within phagocytic cells of the vertebrate host. To survive in multiple and hostile environments, the parasite has several virulence factors. Oligopeptidase B (OPB) is a serine peptidase present in prokaryotes, some eukaryotes and some higher plants. It has been considered a virulence factor in trypanosomatids, but only a few studies, performed with Old World species, analysed its role in Leishmania virulence or infectivity.L. (L.) amazonensis is an important agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil. The L. (L.) amazonensis OPB encoding gene has been sequenced and analysed in silico but has never been expressed. In this work, we produced recombinant L. (L.) amazonensis OPB and showed that its pH preferences, Km and inhibition patterns are similar to those reported for L. (L.) major and L. (L.) donovani OPBs. Since Leishmania is known to secrete OPB, we performed in vitro infection assays using the recombinant enzyme. Our results showed that active OPB increased in vitro infection by L. (L.) amazonensis when present before and throughout infection. Our findings suggest that OPB is relevant to L. (L.) amazonensis infection, and that potential drugs acting through OPB will probably be effective for Old and New World Leishmania species. OPB inhibitors may eventually be explored for leishmaniasis chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Rolim Barbosa
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Roberto Marana
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Simonsen Stolf
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chang KP, Reynolds JM, Liu Y, He JJ. Leishmaniac Quest for Developing a Novel Vaccine Platform. Is a Roadmap for Its Advances Provided by the Mad Dash to Produce Vaccines for COVID-19? Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020248. [PMID: 35214706 PMCID: PMC8874365 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
“Bugs as drugs” in medicine encompasses the use of microbes to enhance the efficacy of vaccination, such as the delivery of vaccines by Leishmania—the protozoan etiological agent of leishmaniasis. This novel approach is appraised in light of the successful development of vaccines for Covid-19. All relevant aspects of this pandemic are summarized to provide the necessary framework in contrast to leishmaniasis. The presentation is in a side-by-side matching format with particular emphasis on vaccines. The comparative approach makes it possible to highlight the timeframe of the vaccine workflows condensed by the caveats of pandemic urgency and, at the same time, provides the background of Leishmania behind its use as a vaccine carrier. Previous studies in support of the latter are summarized as follows. Leishmaniasis confers life-long immunity on patients after cure, suggesting the effective vaccination is achievable with whole-cell Leishmania. A new strategy was developed to inactivate these cells in vitro, rendering them non-viable, hence non-disease causing, albeit retaining their immunogenicity and adjuvanticity. This was achieved by installing a dual suicidal mechanism in Leishmania for singlet oxygen (1O2)-initiated inactivation. In vitro cultured Leishmania were genetically engineered for cytosolic accumulation of UV-sensitive uroporphyrin I and further loaded endosomally with a red light-sensitive cationic phthalocyanine. Exposing these doubly dye-loaded Leishmania to light triggers intracellular production of highly reactive but extremely short-lived 1O2, resulting in their rapid and complete inactivation. Immunization of susceptible animals with such inactivated Leishmania elicited immunity to protect them against experimental leishmaniasis. Significantly, the inactivated Leishmania was shown to effectively deliver transgenically add-on ovalbumin (OVA) to antigen-presenting cells (APC), wherein OVA epitopes were processed appropriately for presentation with MHC molecules to activate epitope-specific CD8+ T cells. Application of this approach to deliver cancer vaccine candidates, e.g., enolase-1, was shown to suppress tumor development in mouse models. A similar approach is predicted to elicit lasting immunity against infectious diseases, including complementation of the spike protein-based vaccines in use for COVID-19. This pandemic is devastating, but brings to light the necessity of considering many facets of the disease in developing vaccination programs. Closer collaboration is essential among those in diverse disciplinary areas to provide the roadmap toward greater success in the future. Highlighted herein are several specific issues of vaccinology and new approaches worthy of consideration due to the pandemic.
Collapse
|
7
|
Comparative genomics of Leishmania isolates from Brazil confirms the presence of Leishmania major in the Americas. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1047-1057. [PMID: 34329650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Leishmania) major is an important agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, having as a vector sandflies belonging to the genus Phlebotomus. Although this species has been described as restricted to the Old World, parasites similar to L. major have been isolated from South American patients who have never travelled abroad. These parasites were named "L. major-like", and several studies have been carried out to characterise them biochemically, molecularly, and biologically. However, the phylogenetic origin of these isolates is still unknown. In the present study we characterised three L. major-like isolates, named BH49, BH121 and BH129, using comparative genomics approaches. We evaluated the presence of gene and segmental duplications/deletions and the presence of aneuploidies that could explain the differences in infectivity observed in the BH49 and BH121 isolates. All isolates presented a pattern of mosaic aneuploidy and gene copy number variation, which are common in the genus Leishmania. Virulence factors such as phosphatases and peptidases were found to have increased gene copy numbers in the infective isolate, which could explain the difference in infectivity previously observed between BH121 and BH49. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that BH49, BH121 and BH129 L. major-like grouped with L. major isolates, and suggest they were imported from the Old World in at least two independent events. We suggest that new epidemiological inquiries should also evaluate L. major infections in South America, to assess the epidemiological importance of this species in the New World.
Collapse
|
8
|
Freire ML, Rêgo FD, Cota G, Pascoal-Xavier MA, Oliveira E. Potential antigenic targets used in immunological tests for diagnosis of tegumentary leishmaniasis: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251956. [PMID: 34043671 PMCID: PMC8158869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological tests may represent valuable tools for the diagnosis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) due to their simple execution, less invasive nature and potential use as a point-of-care test. Indeed, several antigenic targets have been used with the aim of improving the restricted scenario for TL-diagnosis. We performed a worldwide systematic review to identify antigenic targets that have been evaluated for the main clinical forms of TL, such as cutaneous (CL) and mucosal (ML) leishmaniasis. Included were original studies evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of immunological tests for human-TL, CL and/or ML diagnosis using purified or recombinant proteins, synthetic peptides or polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to detect Leishmania-specific antibodies or antigens. The review methodology followed PRISMA guidelines and all selected studies were evaluated in accordance with QUADAS-2. Thirty-eight original studies from four databases fulfilled the selection criteria. A total of 79 antigens were evaluated for the detection of antibodies as a diagnostic for TL, CL and/or ML by ELISA. Furthermore, three antibodies were evaluated for the detection of antigen by immunochromatographic test (ICT) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CL-diagnosis. Several antigenic targets showed 100% of sensitivity and specificity, suggesting potential use for TL-diagnosis in its different clinical manifestations. However, a high number of proof-of-concept studies reinforce the need for further analysis aimed at verifying true diagnostic accuracy in clinical practice.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/classification
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Chromatography, Affinity/standards
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/standards
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/standards
- Leishmania/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/diagnosis
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/diagnosis
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/parasitology
- Point-of-Care Testing/standards
- Practice Guidelines as Topic
- Sensitivity and Specificity
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gláucia Cota
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Edward Oliveira
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cacheiro-Llaguno C, Parody N, Escutia MR, Carnés J. Role of Circulating Immune Complexes in the Pathogenesis of Canine Leishmaniasis: New Players in Vaccine Development. Microorganisms 2021; 9:712. [PMID: 33808383 PMCID: PMC8066116 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL), due to Leishmania infantum (L. infantum), uncontrolled infection leads to a strong humoral immune response. As a consequence of the production of high antibody levels and the prolonged presence of parasite antigens, circulating immune complexes (CIC) are formed, which can be deposited in certain organs and tissues, inducing vasculitis, uveitis, dermatitis and especially glomerulonephritis and renal failure. A method to detect CIC and quantify their levels in serum samples from dogs infected with L. infantum has been recently described. It allowed demonstration of a correlation between CIC levels and disease severity. Thus, CIC measurement may be useful for diagnosis, assessment of disease progression and monitoring response to treatment. This is an interesting finding, considering that there remains an urgent need for identification of novel biomarkers to achieve a correct diagnosis and for optimal disease staging of dogs suffering from Leishmania infection. The objective of the present review is to shed light on the role of CIC in CanL, as well as to highlight their potential use not only as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers but also as a valuable tool in vaccine development and new immunotherapy strategies to prevent or control disease outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jerónimo Carnés
- R&D Unit Allergy & Immunology, LETI Pharma, S.L.U., Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.C.-L.); (N.P.); (M.R.E.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Elmahallawy EK, Alkhaldi AAM. Insights into Leishmania Molecules and Their Potential Contribution to the Virulence of the Parasite. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8020033. [PMID: 33672776 PMCID: PMC7924612 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected parasitic diseases affect millions of people worldwide, resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Among other parasitic diseases, leishmaniasis remains an important public health problem caused by the protozoa of the genus Leishmania, transmitted by the bite of the female sand fly. The disease has also been linked to tropical and subtropical regions, in addition to being an endemic disease in many areas around the world, including the Mediterranean basin and South America. Although recent years have witnessed marked advances in Leishmania-related research in various directions, many issues have yet to be elucidated. The intention of the present review is to give an overview of the major virulence factors contributing to the pathogenicity of the parasite. We aimed to provide a concise picture of the factors influencing the reaction of the parasite in its host that might help to develop novel chemotherapeutic and vaccine strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (A.A.M.A.)
| | - Abdulsalam A. M. Alkhaldi
- Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf 2014, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (E.K.E.); (A.A.M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guedes DC, Santiani MH, Carvalho J, Soccol CR, Minozzo JC, Machado de Ávila RA, de Moura JF, Ramos ELP, Castro GR, Chávez-Olórtegi C, Thomaz-Soccol V. In silico and in vitro Evaluation of Mimetic Peptides as Potential Antigen Candidates for Prophylaxis of Leishmaniosis. Front Chem 2021; 8:601409. [PMID: 33520931 PMCID: PMC7843434 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.601409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen formulation is the main feature for the success of leishmaniosis diagnosis and vaccination, since the disease is caused by different parasite species that display particularities which determine their pathogenicity and virulence. It is desirable that the antigens are recognized by different antibodies and are immunogenic for almost all Leishmania species. To overcome this problem, we selected six potentially immunogenic peptides derived from Leishmania histones and parasite membrane molecules obtained by phage display or spot synthesis and entrapped in liposome structures. We used these peptides to immunize New Zealand rabbits and determine the immunogenic capacity of the chimeric antigen. The peptides induced the production of antibodies as a humoral immune response against L. braziliensis or L. infantum. Next, to evaluate the innate response to induce cellular activation, macrophages from the peptide mix-immunized rabbits were infected in vitro with L. braziliensis or L. infantum. The peptide mix generated the IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4 and TGF-β that led to Th1 and Th2 cellular immune responses. Interestingly, this mix of peptides also induced high expression of iNOS. These results suggest that the mix of peptides derived from histone and parasites membrane molecules was able to mimic parasites proteins and induce cytokines important to CD4+ T cell Th1 and Th2 differentiation and effector molecule to control the parasite infection. Finally, this peptide induced an immune balance that is important to prevent immunopathological disorders, inflammatory reactions, and control the parasite infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Carbonera Guedes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Manuel Hospinal Santiani
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Joyce Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Centro de Produção e Pesquisa de Imunobilógicos, Secretaria De Saúde do Estado do Paraná, Piraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Ferreira de Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Lucas Pires Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Raul Castro
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, CINDEFI, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)-CONICET (CCT La Plata), La Plata, Argentina.,Max Planck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics of Rosario (MPLbioR, UNR-MPIbpC), Partner Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry (MPIbpC, MPG), Centro de Estudios Interdisciplinarios (CEI), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegi
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciência Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanete Thomaz-Soccol
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu Sensu em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alvar J, Alves F, Bucheton B, Burrows L, Büscher P, Carrillo E, Felger I, Hübner MP, Moreno J, Pinazo MJ, Ribeiro I, Sosa-Estani S, Specht S, Tarral A, Wourgaft NS, Bilbe G. Implications of asymptomatic infection for the natural history of selected parasitic tropical diseases. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:231-246. [PMID: 32189034 PMCID: PMC7299918 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00796-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Progress has been made in the control or elimination of tropical diseases, with a significant reduction of incidence. However, there is a risk of re-emergence if the factors fueling transmission are not dealt with. Although it is essential to understand these underlying factors for each disease, asymptomatic carriers are a common element that may promote resurgence; their impact in terms of proportion in the population and role in transmission needs to be determined. In this paper, we review the current evidence on whether or not to treat asymptomatic carriers given the relevance of their role in the transmission of a specific disease, the efficacy and toxicity of existing drugs, the Public Health interest, and the benefit at an individual level, for example, in Chagas disease, to prevent irreversible organ damage. In the absence of other control tools such as vaccines, there is a need for safer drugs with good risk/benefit profiles in order to change the paradigm so that it addresses the complete infectious process beyond manifest disease to include treatment of non-symptomatic infected persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Alvar
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Fabiana Alves
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Louise Burrows
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Eugenia Carrillo
- WHO Collaborating Cenre for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Sakud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Cenre for Leishmaniasis, Instituto de Sakud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabela Ribeiro
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Sosa-Estani
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Centro de Investigación de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIESP-IECS), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabine Specht
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Tarral
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Graeme Bilbe
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roy G, Brar HK, Muthuswami R, Madhubala R. Epigenetic regulation of defense genes by histone deacetylase1 in human cell line-derived macrophages promotes intracellular survival of Leishmania donovani. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008167. [PMID: 32275661 PMCID: PMC7176143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, an intracellular protozoan parasite upon infection, encounters a range of antimicrobial factors within the host cells. Consequently, the parasite has evolved mechanisms to evade this hostile defense system through inhibition of macrophage activation that, in turn, enables parasite replication and survival. There is growing evidence that epigenetic down-regulation of the host genome by intracellular pathogens leads to acute infection. Epigenetic modification is mediated by chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, or DNA methylation. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) removes acetyl groups from lysine residues on histones, thereby leading to chromatin remodeling and gene silencing. Here, using L. donovani infected macrophages differentiated from THP-1 human monocytic cells, we report a link between host chromatin modifications, transcription of defense genes and intracellular infection with L. donovani. Infection with L. donovani led to the silencing of host defense gene expression. Histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) transcript levels, protein expression, and enzyme activity showed a significant increase upon infection. HDAC1 occupancy at the promoters of the defense genes significantly increased upon infection, which in turn resulted in decreased histone H3 acetylation in infected cells, resulting in the down-regulation of mRNA expression of host defense genes. Small molecule mediated inhibition and siRNA mediated down-regulation of HDAC1 increased the expression levels of host defense genes. Interestingly, in this study, we demonstrate that the silencing of HDAC1 by both siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors resulted in decreased intracellular parasite survival. The present data not only demonstrate that up-regulation of HDAC1 and epigenetic silencing of host cell defense genes is essential for L. donovani infection but also provides novel therapeutic strategies against leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Roy
- MolecularParasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur Brar
- MolecularParasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohini Muthuswami
- Chromatin Remodeling Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (RMu); (RMa)
| | - Rentala Madhubala
- MolecularParasitology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (RMu); (RMa)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chauhan K, Kaur G, Kaur S. Evaluation of antileishmanial efficacy of Salidroside against the SSG-sensitive and resistant strain of Leishmania donovani. Parasitol Int 2019; 72:101928. [PMID: 31108221 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.101928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The successful control and eradication of leishmaniasis are still challenging in view of the lack of adequate chemotherapy and potential prophylaxis. Research is going on for finding an appropriate anti-leishmanial drug which should be acceptable in terms of cost and safety. In view of this, the current study investigated the anti-leishmanial efficacy of salidroside (SAL) which is a phenylpropanoid glycoside. The leishmanicidal capacity of SAL was verified in vitro as well as in vivo. The SAL exhibited leishmanicidal activity against the promastigotes of L. donovani which was further validated by propidium iodide staining and its ability to arrest the promastigotes at the sub G0/G1 stage. SAL decreased and controlled the VL infection in mice as estimated by real-time PCR. Active immunomodulation was exhibited upon SAL treatment in BALB/c mice. The characteristic features like pronounced DTH reaction, polarization of immune status to Th1 type of immune response, increased the production of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells indicated the immune-stimulatory property of SAL. In addition to this the expression of NF-ĸB, iNOS genes along with the levels of leishmanicidal species, NO and ROS were found to be augmented in SAL treated infected animals. Moreover, SAL exhibited minimal toxicity to the THP-1 cells and it revealed no toxicity against liver and kidney. The capability of SAL in promoting the immune status in favor of host during VL infection without causing any side-effects may be used as an effective strategy to fight the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pérez-Cabezas B, Santarém N, Cecílio P, Silva C, Silvestre R, A M Catita J, Cordeiro da Silva A. More than just exosomes: distinct Leishmania infantum extracellular products potentiate the establishment of infection. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 8:1541708. [PMID: 30455859 PMCID: PMC6237156 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1541708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of secretion pathways for effector molecule delivery by microorganisms is a trademark of pathogenesis. Leishmania extracellular vesicles (EVs) were shown to have significant immunomodulatory potential. Still, they will act in conjunction with other released parasite-derived products that might modify the EVs effects. Notwithstanding, the immunomodulatory properties of these non-vesicular components and their influence in the infectious process remains unknown. To address this, we explored both in vitro and in vivo the immunomodulatory potential of promastigotes extracellular material (EXO), obtained as a whole or separated in two different fractions: EVs or vesicle depleted EXO (VDE). Using an air pouch model, we observed that EVs and VDE induced a dose-dependent cell recruitment profile different from the one obtained with parasites, attracting significantly fewer neutrophils and more dendritic cells (DCs). Additionally, when we co-inoculated parasites with extracellular products a drop in cell recruitment was observed. Moreover, in vitro, while VDE (but not EVs) downregulated the expression of DCs and macrophages activation markers, both products were able to diminish the responsiveness of these cells to LPS. Finally, the presence of Leishmania infantum extracellular products in the inoculum promoted a dose-dependent infection potentiation in vivo, highlighting their relevance for the infectious process. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that EVs are not the only relevant players among the parasite exogenous products. This, together with the dose-dependency observed, opens new avenues to the comprehension of Leishmania infectious process. The approach presented here should be exploited to revisit existing data and considered for future studies in other infection models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Pérez-Cabezas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Santarém
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Cecílio
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Microbiology and Infection Research Domain, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - José A M Catita
- FP-ENAS Research Unit, UFP Energy, Environment and Health Research Unit, CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Centre, Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.,Paralab, SA, Valbom, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro da Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Parasite Disease Group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oliveira MP, Martins VT, Santos TTO, Lage DP, Ramos FF, Salles BCS, Costa LE, Dias DS, Ribeiro PAF, Schneider MS, Machado-de-Ávila RA, Teixeira AL, Coelho EAF, Chávez-Fumagalli MA. Small Myristoylated Protein-3, Identified as a Potential Virulence Factor in Leishmania amazonensis, Proves to be a Protective Antigen against Visceral Leishmaniasis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E129. [PMID: 29301342 PMCID: PMC5796078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In a proteomics approach conducted with Leishmania amazonensis, parasite proteins showed either an increase or a decrease in their expression content during extensive in vitro cultivation, and were related to the survival and the infectivity of the parasites, respectively. In the current study, a computational screening was performed to predict virulence factors among these molecules. Three proteins were selected, one of which presented no homology to human proteins. This candidate, namely small myristoylated protein-3 (SMP-3), was cloned, and its recombinant version (rSMP-3) was used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy subjects living in an endemic area of leishmaniasis and from visceral leishmaniasis patients. Results showed high interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production and low levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the cell supernatants. An in vivo experiment was then conducted on BALB/c mice, which were immunized with rSMP-3/saponin and later challenged with Leishmania infantum promastigotes. The rSMP-3/saponin combination induced high production of protein-specific IFN-γ, IL-12, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by the spleen cells of the immunized mice. This pattern was associated with protection, which was characterized by a significant reduction in the parasite load in distinct organs of the animals. Altogether, these results have revealed that this new virulence factor is immunogenic in both mice and humans, and have proven its protective efficacy against visceral leishmaniasis in a murine model.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Protozoan/chemistry
- Antigens, Protozoan/metabolism
- Computational Biology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular
- Immunity, Humoral
- Leishmania/pathogenicity
- Leishmania infantum
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Linear Models
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Annotation
- Protozoan Proteins/chemistry
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- Reproducibility of Results
- Structural Homology, Protein
- Virulence Factors/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo P Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vívian T Martins
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Thaís T O Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Daniela P Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda F Ramos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Beatriz C S Salles
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Lourena E Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Daniel S Dias
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia A F Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mônica S Schneider
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo A Machado-de-Ávila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma 88806-000, Santa Catarina, Brazil.
| | - Antônio L Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Neuropsychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1941 East Road, Houston, TX 77041, USA.
| | - Eduardo A F Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, do Colégio Técnico (COLTEC), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Miguel A Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ansari MY, Dikhit MR, Sahoo GC, Ali V, Das P. Recent advancement and treatment of leishmaniasis based on pharmacoinformatics approach: Current and future outlook. GENE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is caused by an intracellular parasite transmitted to humans by the bite of a sand fly. It is endemic in Asia, Africa, the Americas, and the Mediterranean region. Worldwide, 1.5 to 2 million new cases occur each year, 350 million are at risk of acquiring the disease, and leishmaniasis causes 70,000 deaths per year. Clinical features depend on the species of
Leishmania involved and the immune response of the host. Manifestations range from the localized cutaneous to the visceral form with potentially fatal outcomes. Many drugs are used in its treatment, but the only effective treatment is achieved with current pentavalent antimonials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Torres-Guerrero
- Sección de Micología, Hospital "Manuel Gea González" Secretaría de Salud, Calz. de Tlalpan 4800, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | | | - Julieta Ruiz-Esmenjaud
- Sección de Micología, Hospital "Manuel Gea González" Secretaría de Salud, Calz. de Tlalpan 4800, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arenas
- Sección de Micología, Hospital "Manuel Gea González" Secretaría de Salud, Calz. de Tlalpan 4800, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Paladi CS, da Silva DAM, Motta PD, Garcia DM, Teixeira D, Longo-Maugéri IM, Katz S, Barbiéri CL. Treatment of Leishmania (Leishmania) Amazonensis-Infected Mice with a Combination of a Palladacycle Complex and Heat-Killed Propionibacterium acnes Triggers Protective Cellular Immune Responses. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:333. [PMID: 28321209 PMCID: PMC5337482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palladacycle complex DPPE 1.2 was previously reported to inhibit the in vitro and in vivo infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of DPPE 1.2, in association with heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes, on L. (L.) amazonensis infection in two mouse strains, BALB/c and C57BL/6, and to evaluate the immune responses of the treated animals. Foot lesions of L. (L.) amazonensis-infected mice were injected with DPPE 1.2 alone, or associated with P. acnes as an adjuvant. Analysis of T-cell populations in the treated mice and in untreated controls was performed by FACS. Detection of IFN-γ-secreting lymphocytes was carried out by an ELISPOT assay and active TGF-β was measured by means of a double-sandwich ELISA test. The treatment with DPPE 1.2 resulted in a significant reduction of foot lesion sizes and parasite burdens in both mouse strains, and the lowest parasite burden was found in mice treated with DPPE 1.2 plus P. acnes. Mice treated with DPPE 1.2 alone displayed a significant increase of TCD4+ and TCD8+ lymphocytes and IFN-γ secretion which were significantly higher in animals treated with DPPE 1.2 plus P. acnes. A significant reduction of active TGF-β was observed in mice treated with DPPE 1.2 alone or associated with P. acnes. Moreover, DPPE 1.2 associated to P. acnes was non-toxic to treated animals. The destruction of L. (L.) amazonensis by DPPE 1.2 was followed by host inflammatory responses which were exacerbated when the palladacycle complex was associated with P. acnes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina S Paladi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle A M da Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila D Motta
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel M Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Teixeira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ieda M Longo-Maugéri
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone Katz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clara L Barbiéri
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Espiau B, Vilhena V, Cuvillier A, Barral A, Merlin G. Phenotypic diversity and selection maintain Leishmania amazonensis infectivity in BALB/c mouse model. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:44-52. [PMID: 28076468 PMCID: PMC5225529 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are protozoan parasites that show remarkable diversity, as revealed by the various clinical forms of leishmaniasis, which can range from mild skin lesions to severe metastatic cutaneous/mucosal lesions. The exact nature and extent of Leishmania phenotypic diversity in establishing infection is not fully understood. In order to try to understand some aspects of this diversity, we subcutaneously infected BALB/c mice with first and second generation subclones of a L. amazonensis strain isolated from a patient (BA125) and examined in vivo lesion growth rate and antimony susceptibility. In vivo fast-, medium- and slow-growing subclones were obtained; moreover, fast-growing subclones could generate slow-growing subclones and inversely, revealing the continuous generation of diversity after passage into mice. No antimony-resistant subclone appeared, probably a rare occurrence. By tagging subclone cells with a L. amazonensis genomic cosmid library, we found that only a very small number of founding cells could produce lesions. Leishmania clones transfected with in vivo selected individual cosmids were also diverse in terms of lesion growth rate, revealing the cosmid-independent intrinsic characteristics of each clone. Our results suggest that only a few of the infecting parasites are able to grow and produce lesions; later, within the cell mixture of each lesion, there coexist several parasite populations with different potentialities to grow lesions during the next infection round. This may reflect a sort of programmed heterogeneity of individual parasites, favoring the survival of some individuals in various environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Espiau
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Trypanosomatidés, Bordeaux, France.,LabEx Corail, Papetoai, Moorea, Polynésie Française
| | - Virginia Vilhena
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Faculdade Anhanguera de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brasil
| | - Armelle Cuvillier
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Trypanosomatidés, Bordeaux, France.,B Cell Design, Limoges, France
| | - Aldina Barral
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Gilles Merlin
- Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Génomique Fonctionnelle des Trypanosomatidés, Bordeaux, France.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
McGwire BS, Satoskar AR. Treatment Options for Leishmaniasis. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-016-0048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
22
|
Chang KP, Kolli BK. New "light" for one-world approach toward safe and effective control of animal diseases and insect vectors from leishmaniac perspectives. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:396. [PMID: 27412129 PMCID: PMC4942964 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1674-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is known to excite photosensitizers (PS) to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of oxygen. This modality is attractive for designing control measures against animal diseases and pests. Many PS have a proven safety record. Also, the ROS cytotoxicity selects no resistant mutants, unlike other drugs and pesticides. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) refers to the use of PS as light activable tumoricides, microbicides and pesticides in medicine and agriculture. Here we describe “photodynamic vaccination” (PDV) that uses PDT-inactivation of parasites, i.e. Leishmania as whole-cell vaccines against leishmaniasis, and as a universal carrier to deliver transgenic add-on vaccines against other infectious and malignant diseases. The efficacy of Leishmania for vaccine delivery makes use of their inherent attributes to parasitize antigen (vaccine)-presenting cells. Inactivation of Leishmania by PDT provides safety for their use. This is accomplished in two different ways: (i) chemical engineering of PS to enhance their uptake, e.g. Si-phthalocyanines; and (ii) transgenic approach to render Leishmania inducible for porphyrinogenesis. Three different schemes of Leishmania-based PDV are presented diagrammatically to depict the cellular events resulting in cell-mediated immunity, as seen experimentally against leishmaniasis and Leishmania-delivered antigen in vitro and in vivo. Safety versus efficacy evaluations are under way for PDT-inactivated Leishmania, including those further processed to facilitate their storage and transport. Leishmania transfected to express cancer and viral vaccine candidates are being prepared accordingly for experimental trials. We have begun to examine PS-mediated photodynamic insecticides (PDI). Mosquito cells take up rose bengal/cyanosine, rendering them light-sensitive to undergo disintegration in vitro, thereby providing a cellular basis for the larvicidal activity seen by the same treatments. Ineffectiveness of phthalocyanines and porphyrins for PDI underscores its requirement for different PS. Differential uptake of PS by insect versus other cells to account for this difference is under study. The ongoing work is patterned after the one-world approach by enlisting the participation of experts in medicinal chemistry, cell/molecular biology, immunology, parasitology, entomology, cancer research, tropical medicine and veterinary medicine. The availability of multidisciplinary expertise is indispensable for implementation of the necessary studies to move the project toward product development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Poo Chang
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Bala K Kolli
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Chicago Medical School/Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leishmania mexicana: promastigotes and amastigotes secrete protein phosphatases and this correlates with the production of inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. Parasitology 2016; 143:1409-20. [PMID: 27220404 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase activity of Leishmania spp. has been shown to deregulate the signalling pathways of the host cell. We here show that Leishmania mexicana promastigotes and amastigotes secrete proteins with phosphatase activity to the culture medium, which was higher in the Promastigote Secretion Medium (PSM) as compared with the Amastigote Secretion Medium (ASM) and was not due to cell lysis, since parasite viability was not affected by the secretion process. The biochemical characterization showed that the phosphatase activity present in PSM was higher in dephosphorylating the peptide END (pY) INASL as compared with the peptide RRA (pT)VA. In contrast, the phosphatase activity in ASM showed little dephosphorylating capacity for both peptides. Inhibition assays demonstrated that the phosphatase activity of both PSM and ASM was sensible only to protein tyrosine phosphatases inhibitors. An antibody against a protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) of Leishmania major cross-reacted with a 44·9 kDa molecule in different cellular fractions of L. mexicana promastigotes and amastigotes, however, in PSM and ASM, the antibody recognized a protein about 70 kDa. By electron microscopy, the PP2C was localized in the flagellar pocket of amastigotes. PSM and ASM induced the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β, IL-12p70 and IL-10 in human macrophages.
Collapse
|
24
|
The role of GlcNAc-PI-de-N-acetylase gene by gene knockout through homologous recombination and its consequences on survival, growth and infectivity of Leishmania major in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Acta Trop 2016; 154:63-72. [PMID: 26571069 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
At present, there are no efficacious vaccines or effective drugs against leishmaniasis; therefore new and innovative control methods are urgently required. One way to achieve this important goal is through using reverse genetic engineering to evaluate important enzymes, proteins and macromolecules. One of the most important enzymes for Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) biosynthetic pathways is GlcNAc-PI-de-N-acetylase (GPI12). The molecular constructs were cloned in Escherichia coli strain Top 10 and confirmed by molecular methods and were transfected by electroporation into Leishmania major. We demonstrated that two alleles of the GPI12 gene in L. major were successfully removed and enabling the generation of a null mutant, which supports the idea that GPI12 is not an essential gene for the growth and survival of Leishmania and the homozygous knockouts of Leishmania are able to survive. We were able to produce a mutant parasite that caused no damaged to the host. Further investigations are essential to check the safety profile in laboratory animals.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu ÂC, Freitas MA, de O. Silva S, Nogueira PM, Soares RP, Pesquero JB, Gomes MA, Pesquero JL, Melo MN. Genetic differences between two Leishmania major-like strains revealed by suppression subtractive hybridization. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 203:34-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
The ability of Leishmania parasites to infect and persist in the antigen-presenting cell population of their mammalian hosts is dependent on their ability to gain entry to their host and host cells, to survive the mammalian cell environment, and to suppress or evade the protective immune response mechanisms of their hosts. A multitude of genes and their products have been implicated in each of these virulence-enhancing strategies to date, and we present an overview of the nature and known function of such virulence genes.
Collapse
|
27
|
Soto M, Corvo L, Garde E, Ramírez L, Iniesta V, Bonay P, Gómez-Nieto C, González VM, Martín ME, Alonso C, Coelho EAF, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Iborra S. Coadministration of the Three Antigenic Leishmania infantum Poly (A) Binding Proteins as a DNA Vaccine Induces Protection against Leishmania major Infection in BALB/c Mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003751. [PMID: 25955652 PMCID: PMC4425485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly conserved intracellular proteins from Leishmania have been described as antigens in natural and experimental infected mammals. The present study aimed to evaluate the antigenicity and prophylactic properties of the Leishmania infantum Poly (A) binding proteins (LiPABPs). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Three different members of the LiPABP family have been described. Recombinant tools based on these proteins were constructed: recombinant proteins and DNA vaccines. The three recombinant proteins were employed for coating ELISA plates. Sera from human and canine patients of visceral leishmaniasis and human patients of mucosal leishmaniasis recognized the three LiPABPs. In addition, the protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine based on the combination of the three Leishmania PABPs has been tested in a model of progressive murine leishmaniasis: BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania major. The induction of a Th1-like response against the LiPABP family by genetic vaccination was able to down-regulate the IL-10 predominant responses elicited by parasite LiPABPs after infection in this murine model. This modulation resulted in a partial protection against L. major infection. LiPABP vaccinated mice showed a reduction on the pathology that was accompanied by a decrease in parasite burdens, in antibody titers against Leishmania antigens and in the IL-4 and IL-10 parasite-specific mediated responses in comparison to control mice groups immunized with saline or with the non-recombinant plasmid. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The results presented here demonstrate for the first time the prophylactic properties of a new family of Leishmania antigenic intracellular proteins, the LiPABPs. The redirection of the immune response elicited against the LiPABP family (from IL-10 towards IFN-γ mediated responses) by genetic vaccination was able to induce a partial protection against the development of the disease in a highly susceptible murine model of leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MS); (SI)
| | - Laura Corvo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Garde
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ramírez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Iniesta
- LeishmanCeres Laboratory (GLP Compliance Certified), Parasitology Unit. Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pedro Bonay
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez-Nieto
- LeishmanCeres Laboratory (GLP Compliance Certified), Parasitology Unit. Veterinary Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Víctor M. González
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Elena Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Investigación, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Alonso
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo A. F. Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz (Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Salvador Iborra
- Immunobiology of Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (MS); (SI)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pereira L, Abbehusen M, Teixeira C, Cunha J, Nascimento IP, Fukutani K, dos-Santos W, Barral A, de Oliveira CI, Barral-Netto M, Soto M, Brodskyn CI. Vaccination with Leishmania infantum acidic ribosomal P0 but not with nucleosomal histones proteins controls Leishmania infantum infection in hamsters. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003490. [PMID: 25642946 PMCID: PMC4313940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several intracellular Leishmania antigens have been identified in order to find a potential vaccine capable of conferring long lasting protection against Leishmania infection. Histones and Acid Ribosomal proteins are already known to induce an effective immune response and have successfully been tested in the cutaneous leishmaniasis mouse model. Here, we investigate the protective ability of L. infantum nucleosomal histones (HIS) and ribosomal acidic protein P0 (LiP0) against L. infantum infection in the hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis using two different strategies: homologous (plasmid DNA only) or heterologous immunization (plasmid DNA plus recombinant protein and adjuvant). Methodology/Principal Findings Immunization with both antigens using the heterologous strategy presented a high antibody production level while the homologous strategy immunized group showed predominantly a cellular immune response with parasite load reduction. The pcDNA-LiP0 immunized group showed increased expression ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 and IFN-γ/TGF-β in the lymph nodes before challenge. Two months after infection hamsters immunized with the empty plasmid presented a pro-inflammatory immune response in the early stages of infection with increased expression ratio of IFN-γ/IL-10 and IFN-γ/TGF-β, whereas hamsters immunized with pcDNA-HIS presented an increase only in the ratio IFN-γ/ TGF-β. On the other hand, hamsters immunized with LiP0 did not present any increase in the IFN-γ/TGF-β and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio independently of the immunization strategy used. Conversely, five months after infection, hamsters immunized with HIS maintained a pro-inflammatory immune response (ratio IFN-γ/ IL-10) while pcDNA-LiP0 immunized hamsters continued showing a balanced cytokine profile of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover we observed a significant reduction in parasite load in the spleen, liver and lymph node in this group compared with controls. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that vaccination with L. infantum LiP0 antigen administered in a DNA formulation could be considered a potential component in a vaccine formulation against visceral leishmaniasis. Visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is the most severe form of leishmaniasis. The disease is fatal if not treated and there is no vaccine available for human use. In the search for potential antigens, the protective ability of conserved parasite protein families such as L. infantum histones (HIS) and acidic ribosomal (LiP0) antigens were successfully tested in the mouse model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Here, we evaluate HIS and LiP0 antigens using two different immunization strategies in the hamster model of visceral leishmaniasis. Hamsters are highly susceptible to L. infantum infection and we demonstrate that immunization with LiP0, but not HIS, protects against the fatal outcome of visceral leishmaniasis. Immunization with LiP0 was able to induce an increased expression of IFN-γ in detriment of IL-10 and TGF-β in the draining lymph node before infection creating an inhospitable environment for parasite growth. Following challenge, a reduced parasite load in the lymph node, spleen and liver of LiP0 immunized hamsters was detected five months after challenge. These findings suggest that LiP0 used in a DNA formulation could be considered a potential component in a vaccine formulation against visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lais Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jurema Cunha
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Indiani de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa," Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cláudia Ida Brodskyn
- Centro de Pesquisa Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ-BA, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hussain H, Al-Harrasi A, Al-Rawahi A, Green IR, Gibbons S. Fruitful decade for antileishmanial compounds from 2002 to late 2011. Chem Rev 2014; 114:10369-428. [PMID: 25253511 DOI: 10.1021/cr400552x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidayat Hussain
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa , P.O. Box 33, Birkat Al Mauz, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a global term for cutaneous and visceral anthroponotic and zoonotic diseases caused by the vector-borne parasites of the genus Leishmania. These diseases afflict at least 2 million people each year with more than 350 million at risk in 98 countries worldwide. These are diseases mostly of the impoverished making prevention, diagnosis and treatment difficult. Therapy of leishmaniasis ranges from local treatment of cutaneous lesions to systemic, often toxic, therapy for disseminated cutaneous, mucocutaneous and deadly visceral disease. This review is a summary of the clinical syndromes caused by Leishmania and treatment regimens currently used for various forms of leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B.S. McGwire
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA and Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - A.R. Satoskar
- From the Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA and Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Carvalho RF, Ribeiro IF, Miranda-Vilela AL, de Souza Filho J, Martins OP, de Oliveira Cintra e Silva D, Tedesco AC, Lacava ZGM, Báo SN, Sampaio RNR. Leishmanicidal activity of amphotericin B encapsulated in PLGA–DMSA nanoparticles to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in C57BL/6 mice. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:217-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
32
|
Santarém N, Racine G, Silvestre R, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Ouellette M. Exoproteome dynamics in Leishmania infantum. J Proteomics 2013; 84:106-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
33
|
Farias LHS, Rodrigues APD, Silveira FT, Seabra SH, DaMatta RA, Saraiva EM, Silva EO. Phosphatidylserine Exposure and Surface Sugars in Two Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis Strains Involved in Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis 2012; 207:537-43. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
|
34
|
Santarém N, Silvestre R, Tavares J, Silva M, Cabral S, Maciel J, Cordeiro-da-Silva A. Immune response regulation by leishmania secreted and nonsecreted antigens. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2007:85154. [PMID: 17710243 PMCID: PMC1940321 DOI: 10.1155/2007/85154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infection consists in two sequential events, the host cell colonization followed by the proliferation/dissemination of the parasite. In this review, we discuss the importance of two distinct sets of molecules, the secreted and/or surface and the nonsecreted antigens. The importance of the immune response against secreted and surface antigens is noted in the establishment of the infection and we dissect the contribution of the nonsecreted antigens in the immunopathology associated with leishmaniasis, showing the importance of these panantigens during the course of the infection. As a further example of proteins belonging to these two different groups, we include several laboratorial observations on Leishmania Sir2 and LicTXNPx as excreted/secreted proteins and LmS3arp and
LimTXNPx as nonsecreted/panantigens. The role of these two groups of antigens in the immune response observed during the infection is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Santarém
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sofia Cabral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Maciel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- *Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vanaerschot M, Decuypere S, Berg M, Roy S, Dujardin JC. Drug-resistant microorganisms with a higher fitness--can medicines boost pathogens? Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 39:384-94. [PMID: 22950457 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.716818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant microorganisms (DRMs) are generally thought to suffer from a fitness cost associated with their drug-resistant trait, inflicting them a disadvantage when the drug pressure reduces. However, Leishmania resistant to pentavalent antimonies shows traits of a higher fitness compared to its sensitive counterparts. This is likely due the combination of an intracellular pathogen and a drug that targets the parasite's general defense mechanisms while at the same time stimulating the host's immune system, resulting in a DRM that is better adapted to withstand the host's immune response. This review aims to highlight how this fitter DRM has emerged and how it might affect the control of leishmaniasis. However, this unprecedented example of fitter antimony-resistant Leishmania donovani is also of significance for the control of other microorganisms, warranting more caution when applying or designing drugs that attack their general defense mechanisms or interact with the host's immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manu Vanaerschot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp , Antwerpen , Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Domínguez-Bernal G, Horcajo P, Orden JA, De La Fuente R, Herrero-Gil A, Ordóñez-Gutiérrez L, Carrión J. Mitigating an undesirable immune response of inherent susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniosis in a mouse model: the role of the pathoantigenic HISA70 DNA vaccine. Vet Res 2012; 43:59. [PMID: 22876751 PMCID: PMC3503552 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-43-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania major is the major cause of cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) outside of the Americas. In the present study we have cloned six Leishmania genes (H2A, H2B, H3, H4, A2 and HSP70) into the eukaryotic expression vector pCMVβ-m2a, resulting in pCMV-HISA70m2A, which encodes all six pathoantigenic proteins as a single polyprotein. This expression plasmid has been evaluated as a novel vaccine candidate in the BALB/c mouse model of CL. The DNA vaccine shifted the immune response normally induced by L. major infection away from a Th2-specific pathway to one of basal susceptibility. Immunization with pCMV-HISA70m2A dramatically reduced footpad lesions and lymph node parasite burdens relative to infected control mice. Complete absence of visceral parasite burden was observed in all 12 immunized animals but not in any of the 24 control mice. Moreover, vaccinated mice produced large amounts of IFN-γ, IL-17 and NO at 7 weeks post-infection (pi), and they showed lower arginase activity at the site of infection, lower IL-4 production and a weaker humoral immune response than infected control mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate the ability of the HISA70 vaccine to shift the murine immune response to L. major infection away from an undesirable, Th2-specific pathway to a less susceptible-like pathway involving Th1 and Th17 cytokine profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Domínguez-Bernal
- Department of Animal Health, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Oladiran A, Belosevic M. Recombinant glycoprotein 63 (Gp63) of Trypanosoma carassii suppresses antimicrobial responses of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) monocytes and macrophages. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:621-33. [PMID: 22584131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that proteins secreted by Trypanosoma carassii play a role in evasion of fish host immune responses. To further understand how these parasites survive in the host, we cloned and expressed T. carassii glycoprotein 63 (Tcagp63), and generated a rabbit polyclonal antibody to the recombinant protein (rTcagp63). Tcagp63 was similar to gp63 of other trypanosomes and grouped with Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei gp63 in phylogenetic analysis. We showed that rTcagp63 down-regulated Aeromonas salmonicida and recombinant goldfish TNFα2-induced production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates. Macrophages treated with rTcagp63 also exhibited significant reduction in the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-A, TNFα-1 and TNFα-2. Recombinant Tcagp63 bound to and was internalised by goldfish macrophages. The Tcagp63 may act by altering the signalling events important in downstream monocyte/macrophage antimicrobial and other cytokine-induced functions. We believe that this is the first report on downregulation of antimicrobial responses by trypanosome gp63.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayoola Oladiran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lacerda DI, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Nunes MP, De-Luca PM, Genestra MDS, Leon LLP, Berrêdo-Pinho M, Mendonça-Lima L, Matos DCDS, Medeiros MA, Mendonça SCFD. Kinetoplastid membrane protein-11 exacerbates infection with Leishmania amazonensis in murine macrophages. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:238-45. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
39
|
Länger BM, Pou-Barreto C, González-Alcón C, Valladares B, Wimmer B, Torres NV. Modeling of leishmaniasis infection dynamics: novel application to the design of effective therapies. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2012; 6:1. [PMID: 22222070 PMCID: PMC3293051 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-6-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The WHO considers leishmaniasis as one of the six most important tropical diseases worldwide. It is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania that are passed on to humans and animals by the phlebotomine sandfly. Despite all of the research, there is still a lack of understanding on the metabolism of the parasite and the progression of the disease. In this study, a mathematical model of disease progression was developed based on experimental data of clinical symptoms, immunological responses, and parasite load for Leishmania amazonensis in BALB/c mice. Results Four biologically significant variables were chosen to develop a differential equation model based on the GMA power-law formalism. Parameters were determined to minimize error in the model dynamics and time series experimental data. Subsequently, the model robustness was tested and the model predictions were verified by comparing them with experimental observations made in different experimental conditions. The model obtained helps to quantify relationships between the selected variables, leads to a better understanding of disease progression, and aids in the identification of crucial points for introducing therapeutic methods. Conclusions Our model can be used to identify the biological factors that must be changed to minimize parasite load in the host body, and contributes to the design of effective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina M Länger
- Grupo de Tecnología Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
DE ALMEIDA MARCOSC, MOREIRA HELMARN. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF IMMUNE RESPONSE IN CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS. J BIOL SYST 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339007002209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The TH1/TH2 paradigm has been largely used in the interpretation of several diseases, particularly in leishmaniasis. As far as we know there is no mathematical description of this model related to leishmaniasis. We have extended and modified a previous published set of equations1in order to adapt it to leishmanial disease particularities. The main modifications were: (1) the analysis of logistic and exponential parasite growth curves, (2) the assumption of the TH2 arm of the immune response having a positive action on parasite growth. The set of three simultaneous differential equations describing the TH1 arm, TH2 arm and parasite growth were analyzed for conditions of existence and stability of the solutions.Stable solutions valid for the logistic and exponential parasite growth models, with its possible clinical correlations, were obtained in the following situations: (1) parasite and TH2 extinction [TH1 cure], (2) parasite extinction and TH1/TH2 co-existence [TH1/TH2 cure], (3) TH1 and parasite co-existence, TH2 extinction [stable TH1 infection], and (4) TH1, TH2 and parasite co-existence [stable TH1/TH2 infection]. TH2 and parasite co-existence associated to TH1 extinction [stable TH2 infection] was obtained only with the logistic growth model. The model also provides an alternative hypothesis for TH1 bias in resistant mice and emphazises the importance of natural immunity for the existence of chronic states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - HELMAR N. MOREIRA
- Department of Mathematics, Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, CEP: 70910-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Côrtes LM, Silva RM, Pereira BA, Guerra C, Zapata AC, Bello FJ, Finkelstein LC, Madeira MF, Brazil RP, Côrte-Real S, Alves CR. Lulo cell line derived from Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae): a novel model to assay Leishmania spp. and vector interaction. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:216. [PMID: 22082050 PMCID: PMC3228680 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania (Vianna) braziliensis, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi are important parasites in the scenario of leishmaniasis in Brazil. During the life cycle of these parasites, the promastigote forms adhere to the midgut epithelial microvillii of phlebotomine insects to avoid being secreted along with digestive products. Lulo cells are a potential model that will help to understand the features of this adhesion phenomenon. Here, we analyze the interaction between Leishmania spp. promastigotes and Lulo cells in vitro, specifically focusing on adhesion events occurring between three Leishmania species and this cell line. Methods Confluent monolayers of Lulo cells were incubated with promastigotes and adhesion was assessed using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Findings The results indicate that species from the subgenera Leishmania and Viannia have great potential to adhere to Lulo cells. The highest adherence rate was observed for L. (L.) chagasi after 24 h of incubation with Lulo cells (27.3 ± 1.8% of cells with adhered promastigotes), followed by L. (L.) amazonensis (16.0 ± 0.7%) and L. (V.) braziliensis (3.0 ± 0.7%), both after 48 h. In the ultrastructural analysis, promastigote adherence was also assessed by scanning electron microscopy, showing that, for parasites from both subgenera, adhesion occurs by both the body and the flagellum. The interaction of Lulo cells with Leishmania (L.) chagasi showed the participation of cytoplasmic projections from the former closely associating the parasites with the cells. Conclusions We present evidence that Lulo cells can be useful in studies of insect-parasite interactions for Leishmania species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luzia Mc Côrtes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Av, Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro-CEP 21040-360, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Carrión J. Mechanisms of immunity to Leishmania major infection in mice: the contribution of DNA vaccines coding for two novel sets of histones (H2A-H2B or H3-H4). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 34:381-6. [PMID: 21840052 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune phenotype conferred by two different sets of histone genes (H2A-H2B or H3-H4) was assessed. BALB/c mice vaccinated with pcDNA3H2AH2B succumbed to progressive cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL), whereas vaccination with pcDNA3H3H4 resulted in partial resistance to Leishmania major challenge associated with the development of mixed T helper 1 (Th1)/Th2-type response and a reduction in parasite-specific Treg cells number at the site of infection. Therefore, the presence of histones H3 and H4 may be considered essential in the development of vaccine strategies against CL based on the Leishmania histones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Carrión
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Mizbani A, Taslimi Y, Zahedifard F, Taheri T, Rafati S. Effect of A2 gene on infectivity of the nonpathogenic parasite Leishmania tarentolae. Parasitol Res 2011; 109:793-9. [PMID: 21442256 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-011-2325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several species of protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are pathogenic to mammals and cause a wide spectrum of pathologies in human. However, the genus includes some species which infect reptiles. Leishmania tarentolae is a lizard pathogen absolutely nonpathogenic to mammals. Recent studies have shown that among some major virulence factors, A2 is absent in this species. First identified as an amastigote-specific gene in Leishmania donovani, A2 has been proved to play a major role in parasite virulence and visceralization capability. In this study, we have transfected A2 episomally into L. tarentolae and evaluated its effect on infectivity and survival of the parasites, in vitro and in vivo. During infection of in vitro-cultured intraperitoneal macrophages of BALB/c mice, A2-expressing L. tarentolae parasites demonstrated significantly higher level of infectivity in days 3 and 4 post-infection in comparison with the wild-type strain as control. Furthermore, in vivo infection showed that A2 has significantly increased the ability of L. tarentolae to survive in the liver of BALB/c mice. Altogether, our results show that A2 is functional in L. tarentolae, although through an unknown mechanism, and loss of A2 has been one of the factors partly contributing to the loss of virulence of L. tarentolae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mizbani
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tabatabaee PA, Abolhassani M, Mahdavi M, Nahrevanian H, Azadmanesh K. Leishmania major: Secreted antigens of Leishmania major promastigotes shift the immune response of the C57BL/6 mice toward Th2 in vitro. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
45
|
BluePort: a platform to study the eosinophilic response of mice to the bite of a vector of Leishmania parasites, Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13546. [PMID: 21048957 PMCID: PMC2965088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral Leishmaniasis is a serious human disease transmitted, in the New World, by Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies. Natural resistance to Leishmania transmission in residents of endemic areas has been attributed to the acquisition of immunity to sand fly salivary proteins. One theoretical way to accelerate the acquisition of this immunity is to increase the density of antigen-presenting cells at the sand fly bite site. Here we describe a novel tissue platform that can be used for this purpose. Methodology/Principal Findings BluePort is a well-vascularized and macrophage-rich compartment induced in the subcutaneous tissue of mice via injection of agarose beads covered with Cibacron blue. We describe the sequence of inflammatory events leading to its formation and how it can be used to study the dermal response to the bite of L. longipalpis sand flies. Results presented indicate that a shift in the inflammatory response, from neutrophilic to eosinophilic, is the main histopathological feature associated with the immunity acquired through repeated exposure to the bite of sand flies, and that the BluePort tissue compartment could be used to accelerate this process. In addition, changes observed inside the BluePort parenchyma indicate that it could be used to study complex immunobiological processes, and to develop ectopic secondary lymphoid structures. Conclusions/Significance Understanding the characteristics of the dermal response to the bite of sand flies is a critical element of strategies to control leishmaniasis using vaccines that target salivary proteins. Finding that dermal eosinophilia is such a prominent component of the anti-salivary immunity induced by repeated exposure to sand fly bites raises one important consideration: how to avoid the immunological conflict derived from a protective Th2-driven immunity directed to sand fly saliva with a protective Th1-driven immunity directed to the parasite. The BluePort platform is an ideal tool to address experimentally this conundrum.
Collapse
|
46
|
da Silva-López RE, dos Santos TR, Morgado-Díaz JA, Tanaka MN, de Simone SG. Serine protease activities in Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi promastigotes. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:1151-62. [PMID: 20668879 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports the isolation, biochemical characterization, and subcellular location of serine proteases from aqueous, detergent soluble, and culture supernatant of Leishmania chagasi promastigote extracts, respectively, LCSII, LCSI, and LCSIII. The active enzyme molecular masses of LCSII were about 105, 66, and 60 kDa; of LCSI, 60 and 58 kDa; and of LCSIII, approximately 76 and 68 kDa. Optimal pH for the enzymes was 7.0 for LCSI and LCSIII and 8.5 for LCSII, and the optimal temperature for all enzymes was 37°C, using α-N-ρ-tosyl-L: -arginine methyl ester as substrate. Assay of thermal stability indicated that LCSIII is the more stable enzyme. Hemoglobin, bovine serum albumin, and ovalbumin were hydrolyzed by LCSII and LCSI but not by LCSIII. Inhibition studies suggested that enzymes belong to the serine protease class modulated by divalent cations. Rabbit antiserum against 56-kDa serine protease of Leishmania amazonensis identified proteins in all extracts of L. chagasi. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry demonstrated that serine proteases are located in flagellar pocket region and cytoplasmic vesicles of L. chagasi promastigotes. These findings indicate that L. chagasi serine proteases differ from L. amazonensis proteases and all known flagellate proteases, but display some similarities with serine proteases from other Leishmania species, suggesting a conservation of this enzymatic activity in the genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Elisa da Silva-López
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Matta NE, Cysne-Finkelstein L, Machado GMC, Da-Cruz AM, Leon L. Differences in the antigenic profile and infectivity of murine macrophages of Leishmania (Viannia) parasites. J Parasitol 2010; 96:509-15. [PMID: 20557195 DOI: 10.1645/ge-2241.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The antigenic profile and infectivity were compared between 3 recent Leishmania (Viannia) isolates from the Amazonian region (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia [INPA] strains) and 3 World Health Organization (WHO) reference species (Leishmania guyanensis, Leishmania braziliensis, and Leishmania naiffi). Differences were observed in the peak and extent of promastigote growth. The WHO reference strains exhibited significantly higher exponential growth as promastigotes than INPA strains. In the immunoblot analyses, the INPA strains revealed several specific peptide fragments, as well as the greatest recognition frequencies by sera from Leishmania sp.-infected patients; among the latter, antigens derived from L. naiffi were the most frequently recognized. In vitro infection was carried out using mice peritoneal macrophages; all strains were able to enter the macrophages, but only L. amazonensis was able to reproduce. A striking observation was that L. naiffi exhibited the longest survival time inside the macrophages. Our data strongly suggest the application of recently isolated parasites as sources of antigen for diagnosis procedures. Moreover, L. naiffi species possesses several characteristics relevant for its use as a source of novel antigens to be explored in the design of diagnostic tools and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nubia E Matta
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Leishmania mexicana promastigotes secrete a protein tyrosine phosphatase. Parasitol Res 2010; 107:309-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-010-1863-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
49
|
Ghoshal A, Gerwig GJ, Kamerling JP, Mandal C. Sialic acids in different Leishmania sp., its correlation with nitric oxide resistance and host responses. Glycobiology 2010; 20:553-66. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
|
50
|
Challenges and perspectives in vaccination against leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int 2009; 58:319-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|