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Nery Loiola SH, Stéfano VC, Rosa SL, Proença LR, Dos Santos BM, Soares FA, Saraiva Bresciani KD, Falcão AX, Gomes JF. Staining blindly: an update on coloring techniques for fecal smears in parasitology: a scoping review. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:607-619. [PMID: 38530362 PMCID: PMC11229586 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Dye application for parasite highlighting in the Ova and Parasite exam is a common practice in parasitology diagnosis. Methods: A scoping review investigated how staining solutions interact with parasite structures. After screening 1334 papers, 35 met eligibility criteria. Results: Differentiating background from foreground in the fecal smear under light microscopy is the core of the research on this topic. Refractivity, unevenness of staining, size and temperature were explored to enhance staining protocols. Cryptosporidium spp. and Microsporidia were the main studied species. Conclusion: Studies on diagnostic efficacy outperform those that elucidate the physical-chemical interaction between dyes and parasites. An alternative approach involves technicians using computational tools to reduce subjectivity in fecal smear interpretation, deviating from conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo Hudson Nery Loiola
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Vitória Castilho Stéfano
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Stefany Laryssa Rosa
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rodrigues Proença
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Bianca Martins Dos Santos
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Felipe Augusto Soares
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani
- School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, 793, Clóvis Pestana St., Araçatuba - São Paulo, 16050-680, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Xavier Falcão
- Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, 573, IC-3,5, Saturnino de Brito St., Room 364, Campinas - São Paulo 13083-852, Brazil
| | - Jancarlo Ferreira Gomes
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas - São Paulo, 13083-887, Brazil
- Laboratory of Image Data Science, Institute of Computing, University of Campinas, 573, IC-3,5, Saturnino de Brito St., Room 364, Campinas - São Paulo 13083-852, Brazil
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Manogaran S, Kilavan Packiam K, Senthil Kumar P, Rangasamy G, Saravanan A. Utilization of industrial waste - Liquid cheese whey for the batch fermentation of lovastatin using Fusarium nectrioides (MH173849) an endophytic fungus: Screening, production and characterization. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 318:137947. [PMID: 36706809 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this current research, a novel way of utilizing the plant weed and dairy industrial waste for the cost-effective production of Lovastatin by the novel fungus Fusarium nectrioides (MH173849) under controlled conditions was reported for the first time with scientific evidence. A total of 25 endophytic fungi were isolated from the 90 tissue fragments of Euphorbia hirta (L) and identified based on morphological and microscopical characteristics. All the fungal isolates were screened for Lovastatin production using Neurospora crassa bioassay. Among the 25 fungal isolates, Fusarium sp2, Nigrospora sphaerica, and Fusarium sp 4 showed maximum zone of inhibition and they were further verified by Thin Layer Chromatography. Since the Rf values of Fusarium sp 4 and standard Lovastatin were the same, further characterization was preceded only with Fusarium sp 4. An evolutionary relationship of two positive isolates, Fusarium sp 2 and Fusarium sp 4 was studied with other Lovastatin-producing fungi. Gene sequencing and BLAST revealed that a novel fungus, Fusarium sp 4 was found to be Fusarium nectrioides (MH173849) and it was further used for batch fermentation of Lovastatin in the modified media using liquid cheese whey under controlled conditions, which enhanced the productivity up to 43.40 μg/mL with the minimum purification steps. LC-MS-MS and NMR studies confirmed the production of Lovastatin by F. nectrioides (MH173849) due to the presence of Pyran molecule hydrogen, Hydrogen fusing two molecules as intermediate with triplet signal groups, methylbutanoic acid, and hexahydro naphthalene. Therefore, this fungus may be utilized by industries for the cost-effective production of Lovastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthamarai Manogaran
- Fungal Diversity and Bioreources Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Kilavan Packiam
- Fungal Diversity and Bioreources Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Erode District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India; School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Gayathri Rangasamy
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research and Development & Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India.
| | - A Saravanan
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
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Mathison BA, Pritt BS. Cyclosporiasis-Updates on Clinical Presentation, Pathology, Clinical Diagnosis, and Treatment. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091863. [PMID: 34576758 PMCID: PMC8471761 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis is an intestinal coccidian parasite transmitted to humans through the consumption of oocysts in fecally contaminated food and water. Infection is found worldwide and is highly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation. Disease in developed countries is usually observed in travelers and in seasonal outbreaks associated with imported produce from endemic areas. Recently, summertime outbreaks in the United States have also been linked to locally grown produce. Cyclosporiasis causes a diarrheal illness which may be severe in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. The increased adoption of highly sensitive molecular diagnostic tests, including commercially available multiplex panels for gastrointestinal pathogens, has facilitated the detection of infection and likely contributed to the increased reports of cases in developed countries. This manuscript reviews important aspects of the biology, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of C. cayetanensis and provides an in-depth discussion of current laboratory diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine A. Mathison
- ARUP Laboratories, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA;
| | - Bobbi S. Pritt
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence:
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Protein bioaccessibility from mycoprotein hyphal structure: In vitro investigation of underlying mechanisms. Food Chem 2020; 330:127252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Li J, Cui Z, Qi M, Zhang L. Advances in Cyclosporiasis Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:43. [PMID: 32117814 PMCID: PMC7026454 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosporiasis is caused by the coccidian parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis and is associated with large and complex food-borne outbreaks worldwide. Associated symptoms include severe watery diarrhea, particularly in infants, and immune dysfunction. With the globalization of human food supply, the occurrence of cyclosporiasis has been increasing in both food growing and importing countries. As well as being a burden on the health of individual humans, cyclosporiasis is a global public health concern. Currently, no vaccine is available but early detection and treatment could result in a favorable clinical outcome. Clinical diagnosis is based on cardinal clinical symptoms and conventional laboratory methods, which usually involve microscopic examination of wet smears, staining tests, fluorescence microscopy, serological testing, or DNA testing for oocysts in the stool. Detection in the vehicle of infection, which can be fresh produce, water, or soil is helpful for case-linkage and source-tracking during cyclosporiasis outbreaks. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) can evidently cure C. cayetanensis infection. However, TMP-SMX is not suitable for patients having sulfonamide intolerance. In such case ciprofloxacin, although less effective than TMP-SMX, is a good option. Another drug of choice is nitazoxanide that can be used in the cases of sulfonamide intolerance and ciprofloxacin resistance. More epidemiological research investigating cyclosporiasis in humans should be conducted worldwide, to achieve a better understanding of its characteristics in this regard. It is also necessary to establish in vitro and/or in vivo protocols for cultivating C. cayetanensis, to facilitate the development of rapid, convenient, precise, and economical detection methods for diagnosis, as well as more effective tracing methods. This review focuses on the advances in clinical features, diagnosis, and therapeutic intervention of cyclosporiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhaohui Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in humans: biological characteristics, clinical features, epidemiology, detection method and treatment. Parasitology 2019; 147:160-170. [PMID: 31699163 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182019001471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclospora cayetanensis, a coccidian parasite that causes protracted and relapsing gastroenteritis, has a short recorded history. At least 54 countries have documented C. cayetanensis infections and 13 of them have recorded cyclosporiasis outbreaks. Cyclospora cayetanensis infections are commonly reported in developing countries with low-socioeconomic levels or in endemic areas, although large outbreaks have also been documented in developed countries. The overall C. cayetanensis prevalence in humans worldwide is 3.55%. Among susceptible populations, the highest prevalence has been documented in immunocompetent individuals with diarrhea. Infections are markedly seasonal, occurring in the rainy season or summer. Cyclospora cayetanensis or Cyclospora-like organisms have also been detected in food, water, soil and some other animals. Detection methods based on oocyst morphology, staining and molecular testing have been developed. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) effectively cures C. cayetanensis infection, whereas ciprofloxacin is less effective than TMP-SMX, but is suitable for patients who cannot tolerate co-trimoxazole. Here, we review the biological characteristics, clinical features, epidemiology, detection methods and treatment of C. cayetanensis in humans, and assess some risk factors for infection with this pathogen.
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Asker D, Awad TS. Isolation and characterization of a novel lutein-producing marine microalga using high throughput screening. Food Res Int 2019; 116:660-667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Singh T, Jyoti K, Patnaik A, Singh A, Chauhan R, Chandel SS. Biosynthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles using an endophytic fungal supernatant of Raphanus sativus. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017; 15:31-39. [PMID: 30647639 PMCID: PMC6296651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Endophytic fungal supernatant mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Formations of AgNPs were confirmed by UV-vis, FTIR, XRD, DLS, EDS, TEM and AFM. The synthesised AgNPs show good antimicrobial activity.
In this study, biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from supernatant of endophytic fungus Alternaria sp. isolated from the healthy leaves of Raphanus sativus is studied. The synthesized AgNPs are characterized using UV-vis spectroscopy and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The structural analysis is done by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. The stability of AgNPs is studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) method. The size and shape of AgNPs are observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and found to be spherical with an average particles size of 4–30 nm. Further, these AgNPs have been found to be highly toxic against human pathogenic bacteria, suggesting the possibility of using AgNPs as efficient antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej Singh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manav Bharti University, Solan 173229, India
| | - Kumari Jyoti
- Department of Biotechnology, G.B.P.E.C., Pauri Garhwal, 246194, India
| | - Amar Patnaik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.N.I.T. Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Ajeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, G.B.P.E.C., Pauri Garhwal, 246194, India
| | - Ranchan Chauhan
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Shoolini University, Solan 173229, India
| | - S S Chandel
- Department of Applied Sciences, Manav Bharti University, Solan 173229, India
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Lv X, Zhang W, Chen G, Liu W. Trichoderma reesei Sch9 and Yak1 regulate vegetative growth, conidiation, and stress response and induced cellulase production. J Microbiol 2015; 53:236-42. [PMID: 25636423 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-015-4639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinases are key players in controlling many basic cellular processes in almost all the organisms via mediating signal transduction processes. In the present study, we characterized the cellulolytic Trichoderma reesei orthologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sch9 and Yak1 by sequence alignment and functional analysis. The T. reesei Trsch9Δ and Tryak1Δ mutant strains displayed a decreased growth rate on different carbon sources and produced less conidia. The absence of these two kinases also resulted in different but abnormal polarized apical growth as well as sensitivity to various stresses. In addition, disruption of the genes Trsch9 or Tryak1 resulted in perturbation of cell wall integrity. Interestingly, while the induced production of cellulases was slightly compromised in the Trsch9Δ strain, the extracellular production of cellulases was significantly improved in the absence of Yak1. The results indicate that TrSch9 and TrYak1 play an important role in filamentous growth, stress response and induced production of cellulases in T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, No.27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, Shandong, P. R. China
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Lei Y, Liu G, Li Z, Gao L, Qin Y, Qu Y. Functional characterization of protein kinase CK2 regulatory subunits regulating Penicillium oxalicum asexual development and hydrolytic enzyme production. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 66:44-53. [PMID: 24613994 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Casein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous and conserved phosphate transferase that is critical for the growth and development of eukaryotic cells. In Penicillium oxalicum, one catalytic subunit (CK2A) and two regulatory subunits (CK2B1 and CK2B2) of CK2 were annotated. In this study, CK2 regulatory subunit-defective mutants Δck2B1 and Δck2B2 were constructed to investigate the biological function of CK2 in P. oxalicum. The Δck2B1 strain exhibited minimal changes in morphogenesis and conidiation, whereas the Δck2B2 strain showed delayed conidial germination and drastically reduced conidiation compared with the parent strain. The defect in conidiation in Δck2B2 could be attributed to the reduced expression of transcription factor BrlA. Both Δck2B1 and Δck2B2 showed delayed autolysis in carbon-starvation medium compared with the parent strain. Cellulase and amylase production were decreased considerably in both mutants. The transcript abundances of the main extracellular glycoside hydrolase genes cel7A-2, bgl1, and amy15A, as well as those of three related transcriptional activators (i.e., ClrB, XlnR, and AmyR), were reduced or delayed in the mutants. Epistasis analysis suggested that CK2B1 and CK2B2 might function upstream of transcription factor CreA by inhibiting its repressing activity. In summary, CK2 plays important roles in development and extracellular enzyme production in P. oxalicum, with both unique and overlapping functions performed by the two regulatory subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfeng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Liwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China.
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Shan Da Nan Road 27, Jinan, Shandong 250100, PR China.
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Comparative diagnostic techniques for cryptosporidium infection. Molecules 2014; 19:2674-83. [PMID: 24566329 PMCID: PMC6271508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19022674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea caused by Cryptosporidium is usually mild in immune competent individuals but severe in the young and those with underlying disease leading to compromised immunity. The conventional diagnosis of Cryptosporidium requires observation of the infective oocysts however, their tiny size yields indistinct results, thus limiting the effectiveness of the conventional diagnostic technique, modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) differential staining. Consequent to the abovementioned limitation, ZN staining, sandwich antigen detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (sad-ELISA) and a direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay techniques were evaluated for diagnostic efficacy. Stool samples were collected from 180 consenting adult patients attending outpatient and inpatient clinics at Victoria Hospital, Alice, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Subjects were stratified as; 35 HIV-positive and diarrhoeagenic, 125 HIV-negative diarrhoeagenic and 20 apparently healthy controls. Cryptosporidium incidence following diagnostic techniques were 13 (37.1%; ZN staining), 26 (74.3%; sad-ELISA) and 23 (65.7%; PCR), respectively, among HIV-positive diarrhoeagenic patients and 34 (27.2%; ZN staining), 96 (76.8%; sad-ELISA) and 89 (71.2%; PCR) among HIV-negative diarrhoeagenic patients. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of the diagnostic techniques’ efficiency were: sensitivity: 46.2% (HIV-positive) and 32.3% (HIV-negative) against the ZN technique and 96.9% against sad-ELISA and PCR, respectively, for both HIV-positive and -negative patients; specificity was 88.9% (HIV-positive) and 96.6% (HIV-negative) against the ZN technique. Lastly, the predictive values were 92.3% (HIV-positive) and 96.9% (HIV-negative), respectively, following ZN staining. The sad-ELISA technique proved more suitable for the determination of the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts. The high incidence of Cryptosporidium in HIV-positive subjects as compared to the HIV-negative population accentuates the significance of cryptosporidiosis diagnosis in the treatment and management of HIV cases.
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Biodiversity, Antimicrobial Potential, and Phylogenetic Placement of an Endophytic Fusarium oxysporum NFX 06 Isolated from Nothapodytes foetida. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/172056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity of endophytic fungi associated with the medicinal plant Nothapodytes foetida of Agumbe forest was determined and evaluated for its microbial activity. A total of 170 endophytic isolates were obtained from leaf, stem, seed, and fruit tissues of Nothapodytes foetida. The dominant endophytic fungi belong to genera Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Colletotrichum. Maximum endophytic isolates were obtained from leaves segments followed by fruit, stem, and seed tissues. Hyphomycetes were the dominant group found with 75.29% over other fungal groups. Shannon-Weiner and Simpson indexes showed rich diversity of endophytic fungi suggesting even and uniform occurrence of various species. 88.57%, 74.28%, 62.85%, and 65.71% of isolates have shown activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), and Candida albicans (ATCC 69548), respectively. One of the isolate NFX 06 isolated from leaf has showed considerable antimicrobial activity against all the test pathogens. It was identified as Fusarium oxysporum by ITS sequence analysis; the nucleotide sequence was submitted in the GenBank with an accession number KC914432. Phylogenetic relationship confirmed that the strain F. oxysporum NFX 06 has evolved from an endophytic ancestor.
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Moretti M, Minerdi D, Gehrig P, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML, Riedel K. A bacterial-fungal metaproteomic analysis enlightens an intriguing multicomponent interaction in the rhizosphere of Lactuca sativa. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2061-77. [PMID: 22360353 DOI: 10.1021/pr201204v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum MSA 35 [wild-type (WT) strain] is an antagonistic isolate that protects plants against pathogenic Fusaria. This strain lives in association with ectosymbiotic bacteria. When cured of the prokaryotic symbionts [cured (CU) form], the fungus is pathogenic, causing wilt symptoms similar to those of F. oxysporum f.sp. lactucae. The aim of this study was to understand if and how the host plant Lactuca sativa contributes to the expression of the antagonistic/pathogenic behaviors of MSA 35 strains. A time-course comparative analysis of the proteomic profiles of WT and CU strains was performed. Fungal proteins expressed during the early stages of plant-fungus interaction were involved in stress defense, energy metabolism, and virulence and were equally induced in both strains. In the late phase of the interkingdom interaction, only CU strain continued the production of virulence- and energy-related proteins. The expression analysis of lettuce genes coding for proteins involved in resistance-related processes corroborated proteomic data by showing that, at the beginning of the interaction, both fungi are perceived by the plant as pathogen. On the contrary, after 8 days, only the CU strain is able to induce plant gene expression. For the first time, it was demonstrated that an antagonistic F. oxysporum behaves initially as pathogen, showing an interesting similarity with other beneficial organisms such as mychorrizae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Moretti
- Agroinnova-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Field, University of Torino, Italy
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SIDDIQUI RUQAIYYAH, JARROLL EDWARDL, KHAN NAVEEDA. Balamuthia mandrillaris: Staining Properties of Cysts and Trophozoites and the Effect of 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile and Calcofluor White on Encystment. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2009; 56:136-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kaushik K, Khurana S, Wanchu A, Malla N. Evaluation of staining techniques, antigen detection and nested PCR for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients. Acta Trop 2008; 107:1-7. [PMID: 18479668 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to determine the efficacy of modified Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN), safranine methylene blue (SM) staining, antigen detection ELISA and a nested PCR assay (specific for Cryptosporidium parvum) for detection of Cryptosporidium in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients with diarrhoea. Cryptosporidium was detected in 10 (4.9%), 9 (4.4%), 39 (18.9%) and 27 (13.1%) of 206 HIV seropositive and 7 (4.6%), 6 (3.9%), 21 (13.7%) and 17 (11.1%) of 153 HIV seronegative patients by ZN staining, SM staining, antigen detection ELISA and PCR, respectively. None of the 50 apparently healthy control subjects was found to be infected with Cryptosporidium by any of the techniques. Based on the criteria of 'true positive' samples positive by at least any two techniques out of ZN staining, antigen detection and PCR, sensitivity of ZN and SM staining techniques was 37% and 33.3% in HIV seropositive and 41.2% and 35.3% in seronegative patients, respectively. Sensitivity of antigen detection ELISA was 92.6% and 94.1% in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients, respectively, while sensitivity of PCR was 100% each in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients. Specificity of all three techniques, i.e. ZN, SM staining and PCR was 100% in both HIV seropositive and seronegative patients while specificity of antigen detection was 92.2% and 96.3% in HIV seropositive and seronegative patients, respectively. The staining techniques were found less sensitive as compared to antigen detection and PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium in HIV seropositive patients with CD4 count >200cells/microl.
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Minerdi D, Moretti M, Gilardi G, Barberio C, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A. Bacterial ectosymbionts and virulence silencing in a Fusarium oxysporum strain. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:1725-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Vignesh R, Sekar R, Shankar EM, Kumarasamy N, Murugavel KG, Irene P, Solomon S, Balakrishnan P. Wet mounting using iodine–glycerol provides a semi-permanent preparation for microscopic observation of faecal parasites. J Med Microbiol 2008; 57:679-680. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.47851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Vignesh
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Campus, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Ramalingam Sekar
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Campus, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Esaki Muthu Shankar
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Campus, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Campus, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Kailapuri G. Murugavel
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Campus, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Paulas Irene
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Campus, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Suniti Solomon
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Campus, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- YRG Centre for AIDS Research and Education, VHS Campus, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Taramani, Chennai 600 113, India
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