1
|
Dale A, Xu G, Kopp SR, Jones MK, Kotze AC, Abdullah S. Pyrantel resistance in canine hookworms in Queensland, Australia. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 48:100985. [PMID: 38316510 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.100985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Hookworms are the most common intestinal nematode parasites of dogs in Australia. The control of these parasites relies mostly on regular deworming with anthelmintics, with pyrantel-based dewormers being a relatively low cost and readily-available option for dog owners. Pyrantel resistance in canine hookworms in Australia was first reported in 2007, however pyrantel-based dewormers are still used against hookworm infection in dogs across Australia. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pyrantel against hookworms infecting dogs housed in a shelter facility in Southeast Queensland which receives rescued or surrendered animals from greyhound rescue centres and dog shelters across this region. A total of 10 dogs were examined using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). There was no reduction in FEC in any of the dogs following pyrantel treatment, with drug efficacies ranging from -0.9% to -283.3%. Given that these dogs originated from various sites across Southeast Queensland, the present study suggests that pyrantel resistance is widespread in this region, and hence this anthelmintic may not be a useful option for treatment of hookworm infections in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Dale
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Xu
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Steven R Kopp
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Andrew C Kotze
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - Swaid Abdullah
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodpai R, Sanpool O, Sadaow L, Boonroumkaew P, Intapan PM, Maleewong W, Yingklang M, Janwan P, Vaisusuk K, Chatan W, Piratae S, Thanchomnang T. Molecular identification and genetic diversity of zoonotic hookworm infections in domestic dogs from northeastern, Thailand. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:115. [PMID: 38285129 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Hookworm infections remain a significant public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions, including Thailand. This study investigated the species and genetic diversity of hookworm infections in domestic dogs from northeastern Thailand. The molecular analysis focused on amplifying and sequencing specific regions of ribosomal RNA genes (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region) and the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene in hookworm larvae recovered from 21 domestic dog stool samples. Among 21 larvae (one larva per infected dog) analyzed, 14 had sequences identical to Ancylostoma caninum, and 7 showed sequences almost identical to Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Phylogenetic analysis of cox1 sequences placed A. caninum and A. ceylanicum in separate clades. The median-joining network of A. caninum cox1 sequences from Thailand showed high haplotype diversity and belonged to the same cluster as sequences from Australia while forming separate clusters from those of A. caninum samples from the USA. The available published A. ceylanicum cox1 sequences (n = 33), in combination with seven sequences in the present study, represented 15 haplotypes distributed among three clusters. Interestingly, A. ceylanicum sequences from dogs and humans shared the same haplotypes. These findings are crucial for recognizing the potential for zoonotic transmission, highlighting the necessity for targeted control measures, and increasing awareness among pet owners and healthcare professionals to mitigate the risk of hookworm transmission to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Patcharaporn Boonroumkaew
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
- Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | | | - Penchom Janwan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Kotchaphon Vaisusuk
- Department of Veterinary Technology and Veterinary Nursing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajabhat Maha Sarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Wasupon Chatan
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Piratae
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Furtado LFV, de Miranda RRC, Tennessen JA, Blouin MS, Rabelo ÉML. Molecular variability of the Ancylostoma secreted Protein-2 (Aca-asp-2) gene from Ancylostoma caninum contributes to expand information on population genetic studies of hookworms. Exp Parasitol 2023; 253:108590. [PMID: 37544398 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Hookworm infection is a major public health problem in many regions of the world. Given the high levels of host morbidity and even mortality of the host caused by these infections, it is crucial to understand the genetic structure of hookworm populations. This understanding can provide insights into the ecology, transmission patterns, mechanisms of drug resistance, and the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies. Previously, we examined presumably neutral molecular markers, such as microsatellites and COI (Cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1) in Brazilian populations of Ancylostoma caninum. Here we analyze the molecular variability of a genomic fragment of the Aca-asp-2 (Ancylostoma secreted protein-2) gene from Ancylostoma caninum. This gene is a highly expressed and activated following the infection of the L3 larvae in the host. We obtained individuals of A. caninum from five different geographic locations in Brazil, sequenced and analyzed parts of the gene. The results revealed extensive polymorphism at this fragment, especially in the intronic region, indicating low selective pressure acting on these sequences. However, we also observed irregular distributions of nucleotides and polymorphisms in the coding region of this gene, resulting in the identification of 27 alleles. The data presented here contribute to expanding the understanding of population genetic studies of hookworms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Viana Furtado
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Rodrigues Cambraia de Miranda
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Avenida Maranhão, 1783, Umuarama, CEP 38405-318, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Élida Mara Leite Rabelo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nath TC, Eom KS, Choe S, Park H, Lee D. Molecular evidence of hookworms in public environment of Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2023; 13:133. [PMID: 36599848 PMCID: PMC9813010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis by precise identification of causative agents is essential for the effectiveness of any control interventions. Despite high zoonotic potential, available literature on hookworms in Bangladesh is still scarce and nonspecific. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of hookworms in public locations across northeastern Bangladesh (Sylhet metropolitan area) using integrated parasitological and molecular assays. A total of 130 samples (80 soil and 50 environmental canine feces) were collected and examined using modified flotation technique and formalin-ether sedimentation methods. Modified plate culture was used to isolate larvae. The identification was made based on morphometric features and confirmed by amplifying the ITS region of the nuclear rDNA. Overall, 66.2% (86/130) of examined samples were positive for hookworms infection. Characteristic eggs (61-68 × 29-37 μm) and/or larvae of hookworms were observed in 73.8% (59/80) soils and 54.0% (27/50) environmental fecal samples. Rhabditiform larvae (0.48-0.54 × 0.04-0.07 mm) were observed in cultured samples. Genetic analysis of rDNA sequences revealed the presence of Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma ceylanicum. In this study, hookworms' contamination of the public environment was substantial. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular proof of A. caninum and A. ceylanicum observed in urban public environment in Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilak Chandra Nath
- International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Keeseon S Eom
- International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
- Department of Parasitology and Parasite Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Seongjun Choe
- Department of Parasitology and Parasite Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hansol Park
- International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
- Department of Parasitology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh.
| | - Dongmin Lee
- International Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
- Department of Parasitology and Parasite Research Center, School of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jimenez Castro PD, Durrence K, Durrence S, Gianechini LS, Collins J, Dunn K, Kaplan RM. Multiple anthelmintic drug resistance in hookworms (Ancylostoma caninum) in a Labrador breeding and training kennel in Georgia, USA. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 261:342-347. [PMID: 36520649 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.08.0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of the 3 major classes of anthelmintics used for the treatment of hookworms in dogs in the US and an extralabel treatment with an FDA-approved product for use in cats in a Labrador kennel with a history of persistent hookworm infections. ANIMALS 22 dogs housed in a single kennel comprised of the following breeds: 19 Labrador Retrievers, 1 English Cocker Spaniel, 1 Chesapeake Bay Retriever, and 1 Boykin Spaniel. PROCEDURES We performed a fecal egg count (FEC) reduction test using 22 dogs that were allocated randomly to 1 of 5 treatment groups: pyrantel pamoate (Pyrantel pamoate suspension), fenbendazole (Safe-Guard suspension 10%), milbemycin oxime (Interceptor), moxidectin plus imidacloprid (Advantage Multi), and emodepside plus praziquantel (Profender topical solution for cats). FEC was performed on samples collected on days 0 and 11. RESULTS FEC reductions for the milbemycin oxime, moxidectin plus imidacloprid, and emodepside plus praziquantel groups were 43.9%, 57.4%, and 100%, respectively. The FEC increased following treatment for the pyrantel and fenbendazole groups. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data demonstrate that the Ancylostoma caninum infecting the dogs in this kennel are highly resistant to all major anthelmintic classes approved for use in dogs in the US but are susceptible to emodepside. This was the first report of multiple anthelmintic drug-resistant A caninum in a dog kennel that does not involve Greyhounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D Jimenez Castro
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,2Grupo de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | | - Leonor Sicalo Gianechini
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - James Collins
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,4Department of Molecular Biosciences, Weinberg College of Art and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL
| | - Kayla Dunn
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,5MySimplePetLab, Denver, CO
| | - Ray M Kaplan
- 1Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.,6School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, Grenada, West Indies
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Inactivating Effects of Common Laboratory Disinfectants, Fixatives, and Temperatures on the Eggs of Soil Transmitted Helminths. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0182821. [PMID: 34908464 PMCID: PMC8672909 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01828-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are important and widespread intestinal pathogens of humans and animals. It is presently unknown which inactivating procedures may be universally effective for safe transport, preservation, and disinfection of STH-contaminated specimens, and this lack of knowledge may expose laboratory staff to higher risk of laboratory-acquired infections (LAI’s). There are limited data on the efficacy of commonly used disinfectants and fecal fixatives for inactivating the eggs of STH. This work tested five disinfectants for surface cleanup, four storage temperature conditions, and six transport/storage fixatives, to inactivate eggs of three species of STH of animal origin (Ascaris suum “roundworm,” Trichuris vulpis “whipworm” and Ancylostoma caninum “hookworm”) as surrogates for human STH. Among disinfectants, exposure to 10% povidone-iodine for ≥5 min inactivated 100% of the three species tested, while 5 min exposure to 95% ethanol inactivated T. vulpis and A. caninum eggs. All of the fixatives tested had inactivation effects on A. caninum hookworm eggs within 24 h of exposure, except potassium dichromate, which required 48 h. 95% ethanol for ≥48 h inactivated eggs from all three STH species. Freezing at ≤−20°C for ≥24 h inactivated eggs of T. vulpis and A. caninum, but only freezing at −80°C for ≥24 h inactivated >99% eggs, including A. suum. This work provides an evidence base for health and safety guidelines and mitigation strategies for the handling, storage, and disposal of stool samples containing STH eggs in laboratory, health care, childcare, or veterinary settings. IMPORTANCE This study systematically evaluates common laboratory disinfectants and storage conditions for their effectiveness in inactivating the infective stages of soil-transmitted helminths (STH). Animal-infecting proxy species were chosen to represent three major groups of STH that infect humans: roundworms, whipworms, and hookworms. Previously published work in this area typically focuses on a particular inactivation method, either for a single STH species, or on a subset of closely related species. Because prediagnostic fecal specimens must be regarded as potentially infectious with a mix of species, such information may be of limited utility in a working laboratory. We provide a straightforward summary of storage and disinfection methods that can achieve complete inactivation across a range of STH species, which represents a significant advance for clinical, veterinary and research laboratory biosafety.
Collapse
|
7
|
Morelli S, Diakou A, Di Cesare A, Colombo M, Traversa D. Canine and Feline Parasitology: Analogies, Differences, and Relevance for Human Health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0026620. [PMID: 34378954 PMCID: PMC8404700 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00266-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats and dogs are treated as family members by most pet owners. Therefore, a high quality of veterinary care and preventive medicine is imperative for animal health and welfare and for the protection of humans from zoonotic pathogens. There is a general perception of cats being treated as "small dogs," especially in the field of clinical parasitology. As a result, several important differences between the two animal species are not taken into proper consideration and are often overlooked. Dogs and cats are profoundly different under evolutionary, biological, ethological, behavioral, and immunological standpoints. These differences impact clinical features, diagnosis, and control of canine and feline parasites and transmission risk for humans. This review outlines the most common parasitoses and vector-borne diseases of dogs and cats, with a focus on major convergences and divergences, and discusses parasites that have (i) evolved based on different preys for dogs and cats, (ii) adapted due to different immunological or behavioral animal profiles, and (iii) developed more similarities than differences in canine and feline infections and associated diseases. Differences, similarities, and peculiarities of canine and feline parasitology are herein reviewed in three macrosections: (i) carnivorism, vegetarianism, anatomy, genetics, and parasites, (ii) evolutionary adaptation of nematodes, including veterinary reconsideration and zoonotic importance, and (iii) behavior and immune system driving ectoparasites and transmitted diseases. Emphasis is given to provide further steps toward a more accurate evaluation of canine and feline parasitology in a changing world in terms of public health relevance and One Health approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Traub RJ, Zendejas-Heredia PA, Massetti L, Colella V. Zoonotic hookworms of dogs and cats - lessons from the past to inform current knowledge and future directions of research. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1233-1241. [PMID: 34748782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The early-to-mid 1900s was an era that marked the first published reports of clinical cases and experimental human infections that provided valuable evidence to inform our current knowledge on the zoonotic nature of the canid and felid hookworms. To this day, descriptions of the pathognomonic syndromes produced in humans by these early pioneers provide vital information on the putative geographical distribution of these hookworm species, even before their discovery in dogs and cats. Cases of hookworm-related cutaneous larvae migrans and Ancylostoma caninum-induced eosinophilic enteritis continue to be reported in the medical literature, most commonly in recent migrants or returned travellers who have spent time in regions in which these canine and feline hookworms remain highly endemic. Ancylostoma ceylanicum, now recognised as the second most common hookworm infecting humans in the Asia Pacific region, is also being reported in regions of Africa and South America previously assumed free of this parasite. Despite the substantial technological progress made in the field of parasite diagnostics, our knowledge on the epidemiology and population-level morbidity impacts of these zoonotic hookworms in humans has remained relatively stagnant over the last few decades, with 'covert' infections continuing to remain undetected by currently available forms of routine diagnostics. Improved diagnostic tools that enable accurate and rapid species-specific diagnosis of zoonotic hookworm infections in humans are required to provide the necessary evidence to advocate for future investments in One Health-based intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Patsy A Zendejas-Heredia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luca Massetti
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vito Colella
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jarošová J, Antolová D, Lukáč B, Maďari A. A Survey of Intestinal Helminths of Dogs in Slovakia with an Emphasis on Zoonotic Species. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11103000. [PMID: 34680018 PMCID: PMC8532715 DOI: 10.3390/ani11103000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dogs are the most popular pet animals worldwide; however, frequent and close contact with people increases the risk of transmission of different zoonotic parasites. As the occurrence of intestinal parasites in the dog population is affected by several factors, understanding the epidemiology of zoonotic parasitic infections is important to minimize the risks for humans. This study presents results about the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in seven different groups of dogs (pet, shelter, guard, working, and hunting dogs, as well as dogs from segregated Roma settlements) in Slovakia. Out of 495 faecal samples collected between 2016 and 2021, eggs of intestinal helminths were detected in 134 (27.1%) samples. Altogether, six different species/genera/families, namely, Toxocara canis (14.7%), Toxascaris leonina (1.6%), Trichuris vulpis (6.3%), Capillaria spp. (1.4%), Ancylostoma/Uncinaria spp. (8.3%), and taeniid eggs (4.0%), were recorded. Infection with Echinococcus multilocularis was confirmed in 2.2% of dogs and 0.4% of the animals were infested with Taenia hydatigena. The results showed that the occurrence of intestinal helminths is quite frequent in the majority of analyzed dog groups, with a close correlation between the occurrence of intestinal helminths and availability of veterinary care and anthelmintic therapy. Abstract Dogs are the most popular pets worldwide; however, close contact with people increases the risk of transmission of different zoonotic parasites. This study aims to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths in dogs in Slovakia. A total of 495 faecal samples collected from pet, shelter, guard, working (police), and hunting dogs, as well as dogs from segregated Roma settlements between 2016 and 2021, were examined using flotation and molecular methods. Eggs of intestinal helminths were detected in 134 (27.1%) samples. Microscopically, six different species/genera/families, namely, Toxocara canis (14.7%), Toxascaris leonina (1.6%), Trichuris vulpis (6.3%), Capillaria spp. (1.4%), Ancylostoma/Uncinaria spp. (8.3%), and taeniid eggs (4.0%), were recorded. Molecular analyses revealed infection with Echinococcus multilocularis in 2.2% of dogs and 0.4% of the animals were infected with Taenia hydatigena. The results showed a correlation between the occurrence of intestinal helminths and the availability of veterinary care, as dogs from Roma settlements and shelter dogs were the most often infected (66.7% and 39.2%, respectively). On the other hand, working animals were in the best health condition, with only 2.5% being positive. The relatively frequent occurrence of zoonotic species points to the constant need for preventive measures and regular deworming of dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Jarošová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-55-633-14-11-13
| | - Daniela Antolová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Branislav Lukáč
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (B.L.); (A.M.)
| | - Aladár Maďari
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (B.L.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jung BK, Lee JY, Chang T, Song H, Chai JY. Rare Case of Enteric Ancylostoma caninum Hookworm Infection, South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:181-183. [PMID: 31855538 PMCID: PMC6924899 DOI: 10.3201/eid2601.191335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 60-year-old man from South Korea underwent a colonoscopy. A juvenile female worm showing 3 pairs of teeth in the buccal cavity was recovered from the descending colon. Partial sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region showed 100% identity with Ancylostoma caninum, the dog hookworm.
Collapse
|
11
|
Packianathan R, Hodge A, Bruellke N, Jackson C, Maeder S. Efficacy of combination products containing sarolaner, moxidectin and pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) or afoxolaner and milbemycin (NexGard Spectra ®) against induced infestations of Ixodes holocyclus in dogs. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:448. [PMID: 32891172 PMCID: PMC7487620 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Australian paralysis tick, Ixodes holocyclus, causes tick paralysis in dogs and cats in the eastern coastal regions of Australia. Prevention is the best option to protect dogs against this potentially fatal disease and sarolaner provides rapid and sustained efficacy against I. holocyclus. In this laboratory study, the efficacy of two combination endectocides containing sarolaner + moxidectin + pyrantel (Simparica Trio™) and afoxolaner + milbemycin (NexGard Spectra®) was evaluated against an artificial infestation of I. holocyclus. METHODS Twenty-four (n =24) foxhounds were randomly allocated to three treatment groups and artificially infested with 30 adult female viable ticks on Days - 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. On Day 0, dogs in each treatment group were treated with either Drontal® (control group), Simparica Trio™ at the label dose to provide minimum doses of sarolaner (1.2 mg/kg), moxidectin (24 µg/kg) and pyrantel (5 mg/kg) or NexGard Spectra® to provide minimum doses of afoxolaner (2.5 mg/kg) and milbemycin (0.5 mg/kg). Live tick counts were performed at 48 and 72 hours after treatment and after each re-infestation on Days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. Efficacy was determined at each time point relative to counts for control dogs based on geometric means. RESULTS Against an existing infestation, efficacy of both Simparica Trio™ and NexGard Spectra® was 99.6% and 100% at 48 and 72 h time points, respectively (P = 1.000). Against subsequent weekly infestations, treatment with Simparica Trio™ and NexGard Spectra® resulted in efficacy of ≥ 97.7% and ≥ 95.5% (P ≥ 0.0911), respectively at the 48 h time point and at the 72 h time point, Simparica Trio™ and NexGard Spectra® resulted in efficacy of ≥ 99.0% and ≥ 98.4% (P ≥ 0.0511), respectively. There were no treatment-related adverse events in the study. CONCLUSIONS Single doses of Simparica Trio™ and NexGard Spectra® were highly efficacious and provided comparable efficacy against the Australian paralysis tick, I. holocyclus for up to 35 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raj Packianathan
- Zoetis Australia Research and Manufacturing Pty Ltd, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW, 2138, Australia.
| | - Andrew Hodge
- Zoetis Australia Research and Manufacturing Pty Ltd, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW, 2138, Australia
| | - Natalie Bruellke
- Zoetis Australia Research and Manufacturing Pty Ltd, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW, 2138, Australia
| | | | - Steven Maeder
- Zoetis Australia Research and Manufacturing Pty Ltd, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW, 2138, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Massetti L, Colella V, Zendejas PA, Ng-Nguyen D, Harriott L, Marwedel L, Wiethoelter A, Traub RJ. High-throughput multiplex qPCRs for the surveillance of zoonotic species of canine hookworms. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008392. [PMID: 32542036 PMCID: PMC7316352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The canine hookworms Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Ancylostoma caninum and Uncinaria stenocephala are not only capable of producing morbidity and mortality in dogs but are also neglected tropical zoonoses. Each hookworm species differs considerably in its geographical distribution, life cycle, biology, pathogenic impacts on both canine and human hosts, zoonotic potential, and response to treatment with anthelminthics. Here we describe the development and validation of two Taq-Man based multiplex PCR assays capable of detecting and differentiating all four canine hookworm species in faeces of naturally infected dogs. The analytical sensitivity of both assays was assessed using 10-fold serial dilutions of synthetic gene block fragments containing individual sequence targets of each hookworm species. The sensitivity of the assays and ability to detect mixed species infections were compared to a conventional PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism based-approach when applied to laboratory and field samples from endemic areas. The qPCRs detected at least one species of hookworms in 82.4% of PCR-RFLP-negative but microscopy-positive samples. The qPCRs detected an additional 68% mixed infections with different species of canine hookworms, and additional single species infection with A. caninum (47%), U. stenocephala (33%) and A. ceylanicum (0.02%) that were missed by PCR-RFLP. These multiplex qPCR assays will assist field based epidemiological surveillance studies towards an accurate and sensitive monitoring of canine hookworm infections in dogs, to inform their species-specific zoonotic risks to populations living in endemic areas, globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massetti
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vito Colella
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Patsy A Zendejas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dinh Ng-Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Dak Lak, Vietnam
| | - Lana Harriott
- Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
| | - Lara Marwedel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Australia, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anke Wiethoelter
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jimenez Castro PD, Mansour A, Charles S, Hostetler J, Settje T, Kulke D, Kaplan RM. Efficacy evaluation of anthelmintic products against an infection with the canine hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) isolate Worthy 4.1F3P in dogs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2020; 13:22-27. [PMID: 32403053 PMCID: PMC7214830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma caninum is the most prevalent intestinal nematode of dogs, and has a zoonotic potential. Multiple-drug resistance (MDR) has been confirmed in a number of A. caninum isolates, including isolate Worthy 4.1F3P, against all anthelmintic drug classes approved for hookworm treatment in dogs in the United States (US). The cyclooctadepsipeptide emodepside is not registered to use in dogs in the US, but in a number of other countries/regions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of emodepside + praziquantel, as well as three commercial products that are commonly used in the US for treatment of hookworms, against a suspected (subsequently confirmed) MDR A. caninum isolate Worthy 4.1F3P. 40 dogs infected on study day (SD) 0 with 300 third-stage larvae, were randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups with eight dogs each: pyrantel pamoate (Nemex®-2), fenbendazole (Panacur® C), milbemycin oxime (Interceptor®), emodepside + praziquantel tablets and non-treated control. Fecal egg counts (FEC) were performed on SDs 19, 20, 22, 27, 31 and 34. All treatments were administered as per label requirements on SD 24 to dogs in Groups 1 through 4. Two additional treatments were administered on SDs 25 and 26 to dogs in Group 2 as per label requirements. Dogs were necropsied on SD 34 and the digestive tract was removed/processed for worm recovery and enumeration. The geometric mean (GM) worm counts for the control group was 97.4, and for the pyrantel pamoate, fenbendazole, milbemycin oxime, and emodepside + praziquantel groups were 74.8, 72.0, 88.9, and 0.4, respectively. These yielded efficacies of 23.2%, 26.1%, and 8.8%, and 99.6%, respectively. These data support previous findings of the MDR status of Worthy 4.1F3P as treatments with pyrantel pamoate, fenbendazole and milbemycin oxime lacked efficacy. In sharp contrast, Worthy 4.1F3P was highly susceptible to treatment with emodepside + praziquantel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D Jimenez Castro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA; Grupo de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Colombia.
| | | | - Samuel Charles
- Bayer US LLC, Animal Health, Research and Development, Shawnee, KS, USA
| | - Joe Hostetler
- Bayer US LLC, Animal Health, Research and Development, Shawnee, KS, USA
| | - Terry Settje
- Bayer US LLC, Animal Health, Research and Development, Shawnee, KS, USA
| | - Daniel Kulke
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, Drug Discovery & External Innovation, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Ray M Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Furtado LFV, Dias LTDO, Rodrigues TDO, Silva VJD, Oliveira VNGMD, Rabelo ÉML. Egg genotyping reveals the possibility of patent Ancylostoma caninum infection in human intestine. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3006. [PMID: 32080267 PMCID: PMC7033205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookworms are intestinal parasites that cause major public health problems, especially in developing countries. To differentiate eggs from different hookworm species, it is necessary to use molecular methodologies, since the eggs are morphologically similar. Here, we performed the molecular identification of single hookworm eggs from six Brazilian states. Of the 634 eggs individually analyzed, 98.1% (622/634) represented Necator americanus, and surprisingly, 1.9% (12/634 eggs from the same patient) represented Ancylostoma caninum. DNA analysis of the A. caninum-positive stool sample revealed no contamination with animal feces. This is the first report of the presence of A. caninum eggs in human feces, which may have a direct implication for the epidemiology of hookworm infection caused by this species. This suggests the need for special attention regarding prophylaxis, as different reservoirs, previously not described, may have great relevance for the spread of A. caninum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Fernando Viana Furtado
- Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Avenida Juca Stockler, 1130, CEP 37900-106, Nossa Sra. das Gracas, Passos, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Teixeira de Oliveira Dias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thais de Oliveira Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vivian Jordania da Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Valéria Nayara Gomes Mendes de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Élida Mara Leite Rabelo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Departamento de Parasitologia, L4 237, Laboratório de Parasitologia Molecular, Pampulha, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jimenez Castro PD, Howell SB, Schaefer JJ, Avramenko RW, Gilleard JS, Kaplan RM. Multiple drug resistance in the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum: an emerging threat? Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:576. [PMID: 31818311 PMCID: PMC6902405 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The canine hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum is the most prevalent and important intestinal nematode parasite of dogs in the USA. Hookworms are typically well controlled by treatment with all commonly used anthelmintics that are approved for this use in dogs. However, in the past few years, cases of recurrent/persistent canine hookworm infections appear to have dramatically increased, suggesting that anthelmintic resistance (AR) may have evolved in this parasite. These cases are highly overrepresented by greyhounds, but multiple other breeds are also represented. The aim of this study was to characterize several of these suspected resistant isolates using in vitro, genetic and clinical testing to determine if these cases represent true anthelmintic resistance in A. caninum. Methods Fecal samples containing hookworm eggs from three cases of persistent hookworm infections; one from a greyhound, one from a miniature schnauzer and one from a hound-mix, were received by our laboratory. These were then used to establish infections in laboratory dogs and to perform egg hatch assays (EHA) and larval development assays (LDA) for detecting resistance to benzimidazoles and macrocyclic lactones, respectively. Additional EHA and LDA were performed on eggs recovered from the laboratory-induced infections. Fecal egg count reduction tests were performed to detect resistance to pyrantel. Deep amplicon sequencing assays were developed to measure the frequency of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at codons 167, 198 and 200 of the A. caninum isotype-1 β-tubulin gene. Results Resistance ratios for the three A. caninum isolates tested ranged from 6.0 to > 100 and 5.5 to 69.8 for the EHA and LDA, respectively. Following treatment with pyrantel, reduction in faecal egg counts was negative or 0%. Deep amplicon sequencing of the isotype-1 β-tubulin gene identified a high frequency of resistance-associated SNPs at codon 167 in all three resistant isolates and in two additional clinical cases. Conclusions These data conclusively demonstrate multiple anthelmintic resistance in multiple independent isolates of A. caninum, strongly suggesting that this is an emerging problem in the USA. Furthermore, evidence suggest that these resistant hookworms originate from racing greyhound farms and kennels, though additional research is needed to confirm this. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo D Jimenez Castro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA. .,Grupo de Parasitología Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Sue B Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - John J Schaefer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Russell W Avramenko
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John S Gilleard
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ray M Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xie Y, Xu Z, Zheng Y, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang L, Zhou X, Zuo Z, Gu X, Yang G. The mitochondrial genome of the dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum (Nematoda, Ancylostomatidae) from Southwest China. Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2019; 4:3002-3004. [PMID: 33365829 PMCID: PMC7706842 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2019.1666048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The dog hookworm Ancylostoma caninum (Nematoda, Ancylostomatidae) is a blood-feeding intestinal parasitic nematode and can cause ancylostomiasis in humans. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of this anthropozoonotic hookworm was sequenced through Illumina deep sequencing technology. The whole genome was 13,721 bp in length and encoded 36 genes including 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, and 2 ribosomal RNAs. Phylogeny revealed that A. caninum grouped with species from Ancylostomatinae and separated from species of Bunostominae in the family Ancylostomatidae. Amongst the subfamily Ancylostomatinae, three dog-originated A. caninum, regardless of isolate origins, clustered together and were more closely related to the cat hookworm A. tubaeforme and the human hookworm A. duodenale than to the dog/cat hookworm A. ceylanicum and the sea lion hookworm Uncinaria sanguinis. Taken together, the cumulative mitochondrial DNA data provides insights into phylogenetic studies among Ancylostomatidae nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziyi Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youle Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingxin Li
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunjian Liu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhicai Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Choudhary S, Tipton JG, Abongwa M, Brewer MT, Chelladurai JJ, Musselman N, Martin RJ, Robertson AP. Pharmacological characterization of a homomeric nicotinic acetylcholine receptor formed by Ancylostoma caninum ACR-16. INVERTEBRATE NEUROSCIENCE : IN 2019; 19:11. [PMID: 31486912 PMCID: PMC7869652 DOI: 10.1007/s10158-019-0231-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic nematode infections are treated using anthelmintic drugs, some of which target nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) located in different parasite tissues. The limited arsenal of anthelmintic agents and the prevalence of drug resistance imply that future defense against parasitic infections will depend on the discovery of novel targets and therapeutics. Previous studies have suggested that Ascaris suum ACR-16 nAChRs are a suitable target for the development of antinematodal drugs. In this study, we characterized the pharmacology of the Ancylostoma caninum ACR-16 receptor using two-electrode voltage-clamp electrophysiology. This technique allowed us to study the effects of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on the nematode nAChRs expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Aca-ACR-16 was not sensitive to many of the existing cholinomimetic anthelmintics (levamisole, oxantel, pyrantel, and tribendimidine). 3-Bromocytisine was the most potent agonist (> 130% of the control acetylcholine current) on the Aca-ACR-16 nAChR but, unlike Asu-ACR-16, oxantel did not activate the receptor. The mean time constants of desensitization for agonists on Aca-ACR-16 were longer than the rates observed in Asu-ACR-16. In contrast to Asu-ACR-16, the A. caninum receptor was completely inhibited by DHβE and moderately inhibited by α-BTX. In conclusion, we have successfully reconstituted a fully functional homomeric nAChR, ACR-16, from A. caninum, a model for human hookworm infections. The pharmacology of the receptor is distinct from levamisole-sensitive nematode receptors. The ACR-16 homologue also displayed some pharmacological differences from Asu-ACR-16. Hence, A. caninum ACR-16 may be a valid target site for the development of anthelmintics against hookworm infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - James G Tipton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Melanie Abongwa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Matthew T Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jeba Jesudoss Chelladurai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Nicole Musselman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Richard J Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alan P Robertson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Prevalence of zoonotic parasites in an endangered Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) population in Portugal. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
19
|
Fu Y, Huang Y, Abuzeid AMI, Hang J, Yan X, Wang M, Liu Y, Sun Y, Ran R, Zhang P, Li G. Prevalence and potential zoonotic risk of hookworms from stray dogs and cats in Guangdong, China. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 17:100316. [PMID: 31303229 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm infection is globally prevalent among dogs and cats representing a major public health risk. Although previous studies have surveyed canine and feline hookworms in Guangzhou city, the status of these infection needs to be further explored in other regions of South China. To investigate the prevalence and zoonotic risk of canine and feline hookworms in eight cities (Guangzhou, Foshan, Shenzhen, Huizhou, Zhongshan, Shaoguan, Shantou and Chaozhou) of Guangdong province, China, we developed specific PCR methods based on ITS sequence for identifying three common hookworm species. The results showed that the prevalence of hookworms from stray dogs and cats was 20.23% (142/702) and 15.26% (47/308), respectively. The established PCR methods could identify Ancylostoma ceylanicum, A. caninum and A. tubaeforme. The mixed infections of A. caninum and A. ceylanicum were detected in stray dogs of Guangzhou and Shaoguan, with the rate of 8.3% and 21.2%, respectively. Among the stray dogs in Foshan, the infection rate of A. ceylanicum was higher than that of A. caninum. The stray cats in four of five investigated cities were infected with A. ceylanicum. The different region, age and rearing environments had an impact on the hookworm infection rates of stray dogs and cats. In conclusion, the reported higher infection rate of A. ceylanicum than other hookworm species in stray dogs and cats poses a potential risk to public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeqi Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Yue Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Jianxiong Hang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Xinxin Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Yunqiu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Yongxiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Rongkun Ran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Abstract
Endoparasites have the potential to cause significant health problems in humans and other animals. Consequently, particularly the endoparasites of a zoonotic nature are of great interest to health authorities and scientists. This study investigated the prevalence of different intestinal parasite species of carnivores kept in captivity. Altogether 36 pooled samples of faeces obtained from individual animal enclosures from the Neunkircher Zoo and Wolfspark Werner Freund in Germany were examined. The samples were analysed by means of a flotation concentration method with the use of Faust and Kozák-Mágrová solution. Out of a total of 36 samples, 19 were positive for endoparasites (52.78 %). Furthermore, 13 out of 19 positive samples were protozoans (68.42 %).
Collapse
|
21
|
Zoonotic Helminth Diseases in Dogs and Dingoes Utilising Shared Resources in an Australian Aboriginal Community. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3040110. [PMID: 30297603 PMCID: PMC6306763 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The impacts of free-roaming canids (domestic and wild) on public health have long been a concern in Australian Indigenous communities. We investigated the prevalence of zoonotic helminth diseases in dogs and sympatric dingoes, and used radio telemetry to measure their spatial overlap, in an Aboriginal community in the Wet Tropics of Australia. Samples collected from dingoes and dogs showed high levels of infection with the zoonotic hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum. Dingoes were also positive for A. ceylanicum infection (11.4%), but dogs were infection free. Whipworm, Trichuris vulpis, infection was far more prevalent in necropsies of domestic dogs (78.6%) than dingoes (3.7%). Dogs were free from Dirofilaria immitis infection, while dingoes recorded 46.2% infection. Eleven dingoes and seven free-roaming domestic dogs were fitted with Global Positioning System collars and tracked over an extended period. Dingo home-ranges almost completely overlapped those of the domestic dogs. However, dingoes and dogs did not utilise the same area at the same time, and dogs may have avoided dingoes. This spatial overlap in resource use presents an opportunity for the indirect spill-over and spill-back of parasites between dogs and dingoes. Tracking and camera traps showed that the community rubbish tip and animal carcasses were areas of concentrated activity for dogs and dingoes.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The presence and distribution of various species of canine hookworms in Africa are poorly known. The main objective of this study, therefore, was to identify the hookworm species present in canine faecal samples from Morogoro, Tanzania, using molecular techniques. Faecal samples from 160 local dogs were collected and hookworm positive samples processed to recover larvae for further molecular characterization. DNA was extracted from pools of larvae from individual samples (n = 66), which were analysed subsequently using two different molecular approaches, polymerase chain reaction-linked restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and species-specific PCR coupled with Sanger sequencing. The PCR-RFLP technique detected only the presence of the ubiquitous Ancylostoma caninum in the 66 samples. However, by species-specific PCR coupled with Sanger sequencing we identified ten samples with A. braziliense, two with Uncinaria stenocephala and five with A. ceylanicum. Thus, all four known species of canine hookworms were identified in Morogoro, Tanzania. To our knowledge this is the first report of the detection of the presence of U. stenocephala and A. ceylanicum in Africa using molecular techniques. In addition to their veterinary importance, canine hookworms have zoonotic potential and are of public health concern.
Collapse
|
23
|
Deb B, Uddin A, Mazumder GA, Chakraborty S. Analysis of codon usage pattern of mitochondrial protein-coding genes in different hookworms. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2018; 219:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
24
|
Gordon CA, Kurscheid J, Jones MK, Gray DJ, McManus DP. Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Tropical Australia and Asia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:E56. [PMID: 30270913 PMCID: PMC6082059 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2040056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) infect 2 billion people worldwide including significant numbers in South-East Asia (SEA). In Australia, STH are of less concern; however, indigenous communities are endemic for STH, including Strongyloides stercoralis, as well as for serious clinical infections due to other helminths such as Toxocara spp. The zoonotic hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum is also present in Australia and SEA, and may contribute to human infections particularly among pet owners. High human immigration rates to Australia from SEA, which is highly endemic for STH Strongyloides and Toxocara, has resulted in a high prevalence of these helminthic infections in immigrant communities, particularly since such individuals are not screened for worm infections upon entry. In this review, we consider the current state of STH infections in Australia and SEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| | - Johanna Kurscheid
- Australian National University, Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia.
| | - Darren J Gray
- Australian National University, Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
| | - Donald P McManus
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Queensland 4006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Paredes AJ, Litterio N, Dib A, Allemandi DA, Lanusse C, Bruni SS, Palma SD. A nanocrystal-based formulation improves the pharmacokinetic performance and therapeutic response of albendazole in dogs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 70:51-58. [PMID: 29034951 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here, we aimed to assess the pharmacokinetic performance and therapeutic response (anthelmintic efficacy) of an albendazole (ABZ) nano-sized formulation in dogs. METHODS In the pharmacokinetic study, ABZ self-dispersible nanocrystals (SDNCS) and a control formulation were administered orally to healthy dogs (n = 6). The concentrations of the sulphoxide metabolite in plasma were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. For the anthelmintic efficacy trial, SDNCS and a commercially available formulation of ABZ were given to naturally parasitised dogs. The number of Ancylostoma caninum eggs in the faeces was determined using the McMaster technique. KEY FINDINGS The area under the curve, Tmax and Cmax for the SDNCS were improved compared to the control. The efficacy study showed no statistical differences between the SDNCS and the commercial formulation at the doses of 25 and 12.5 mg/kg. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) between the treatments were found at 6.25 mg/kg (a quarter of the reference dose) with a reduction in the faecal nematode egg counts of 62.0 ± 21.1% and 100 ± 0% for the control and SDNCS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The improved pharmacokinetic performance observed for the novel formulation of ABZ correlated with an improved in vivo therapeutic response against a model intestinal nematode parasite in dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Javier Paredes
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Litterio
- Cátedra de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Católica de Córdoba - Unidad Ejecutora IRNASUS, UCC-CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alicia Dib
- Área Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daniel Alberto Allemandi
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos Lanusse
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Sergio Sánchez Bruni
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Santiago Daniel Palma
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología Farmacéutica (UNITEFA), CONICET and Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Urban Dog Parks as Sources of Canine Parasites: Contamination Rates and Pet Owner Behaviours in Lisbon, Portugal. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 2017:5984086. [PMID: 28947905 PMCID: PMC5602491 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5984086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dog parks represent a recent trend in western countries, enabling owners to spend quality time with their pets in a controlled environment. Despite their growing popularity, few studies have been performed to date on these parks to investigate dog intestinal parasitic infections and soil contamination. The present study examined 369 faecal and 18 soil samples collected from 3 dog parks in Greater Lisbon, Portugal. Additionally, 102 interviews were performed with dog owners to assess dog-walking behaviours and parasite risk. In total, 33% of the faecal dog samples were infected with at least one parasitic agent: hookworms (16.5%), Cryptosporidium spp. (11.9%), Giardia spp. (11.4%), Toxascaris leonina (1.1%), Cystoisospora spp. (1.1%), Toxocara spp. (0.5%), and Sarcocystis sp. (0.3%). The soil of all the parks was contaminated with hookworm eggs. This is the first study performed in a European urban area to assess canine faecal contamination and parasitic agents in dog parks. Our results highlight the potential of these parks as a source of transmission for canine parasites, including some with zoonotic potential. Public awareness and effective preventive measures should be promoted to minimise the health-risk impact to both animals and humans, under the scope of environmental and public health.
Collapse
|
27
|
Smout FA, Skerratt LF, Butler JRA, Johnson CN, Congdon BC, Thompson RCA. The hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum: An emerging public health risk in Australian tropical rainforests and Indigenous communities. One Health 2017; 3:66-69. [PMID: 28616506 PMCID: PMC5454165 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is the common hookworm of domestic dogs and cats throughout Asia, and is an emerging but little understood public health risk in tropical northern Australia. We investigated the prevalence of A. ceylanicum in soil and free-ranging domestic dogs at six rainforest locations in Far North Queensland that are Indigenous Australian communities and popular tourist attractions within the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area. By combining PCR-based techniques with traditional methods of hookworm species identification, we found the prevalence of hookworm in Indigenous community dogs was high (96.3% and 91.9% from necropsy and faecal samples, respectively). The majority of these infections were A. caninum. We also observed, for the first time, the presence of A. ceylanicum infection in domestic dogs (21.7%) and soil (55.6%) in an Indigenous community. A. ceylanicum was present in soil samples from two out of the three popular tourist locations sampled. Our results contribute to the understanding of dogs as a public health risk to Indigenous communities and tourists in the Wet Tropics. Dog health needs to be more fully addressed as part of the Australian Government's commitments to “closing the gap” in chronic disease between Indigenous and other Australians, and encouraging tourism in similar locations. Ancylostoma ceylanicum is the common hookworm of domestic dogs and cats throughout Asia. A. ceylanicum is an emerging public health risk in tropical northern Australia. A first time account of A. ceylanicum infection in domestic dogs in an Indigenous community. A. ceylanicum was present in soil samples from two out of three popular tourist locations sampled. Dogs may be a public health risk to Indigenous communities and tourists in the Wet Tropics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicity A Smout
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Vet Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.,College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Vet Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - James R A Butler
- CSIRO Land and Water, EcoSciences Precinct, GPO Box 2583, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- School of Biological Sciences and Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Bradley C Congdon
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - R C Andrew Thompson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Brown RR, Elston TH, Evans L, Glaser C, Gulledge ML, Jarboe L, Lappin MR, Marcus LC, Tuzio H, Edwards D, Kudrak S, Richards J, Rodan I. Feline zoonoses guidelines from the American Association of Feline Practitioners. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 7:243-74. [PMID: 16130211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
29
|
Loukas A, Hotez PJ, Diemert D, Yazdanbakhsh M, McCarthy JS, Correa-Oliveira R, Croese J, Bethony JM. Hookworm infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2:16088. [PMID: 27929101 DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hookworms are soil-transmitted nematode parasites that can reside for many years in the small intestine of their human hosts; Necator americanus is the predominant infecting species. Adult worms feed on the blood of a host and can cause iron deficiency anaemia, especially in high-risk populations (children and women of childbearing age). Almost 500 million people in developing tropical countries are infected, and simulation models estimate that hookworm infection is responsible for >4 million disability-adjusted life years lost annually. Humans mount an immune response to hookworms, but it is mostly unsuccessful at removing adult worms from the bowel. Accordingly, the host switches to an immune-tolerant state that enables hookworms to reside in the gut for many years. Although anthelmintic drugs are available and widely used, their efficacy varies and the drugs do not prevent reinfection. Thus, other control strategies aimed at improving water quality, sanitation and hygiene are needed. In addition, efforts are underway to develop a human hookworm vaccine through public-private partnerships. However, hookworms could also be a resource; as hookworms have the capability to regulate the host's inflammation, researchers are experimentally infecting patients to treat some inflammatory diseases as an approach to discover new anti-inflammatory molecules. This area of endeavour might well yield new biotherapeutics for autoimmune and allergic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Building E4, James Cook University, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College Of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Sabin Vaccine Institute, Houston, Texas, USA.,Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David Diemert
- Department of Microbiology, Tropical Medicine and Immunology, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.,Sabin Vaccine Institute, Washington DC, USA
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - James S McCarthy
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR) Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - John Croese
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Building E4, James Cook University, McGregor Rd, Smithfield, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Tropical Medicine and Immunology, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pumidonming W, Salman D, Gronsang D, Abdelbaset AE, Sangkaeo K, Kawazu SI, Igarashi M. Prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites of zoonotic significance in dogs and cats in lower Northern Thailand. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1779-1784. [PMID: 27570099 PMCID: PMC5240754 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal zoonotic helminths of dogs and cats have a public health concern
worldwide. We investigated the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of zoonotic
significance in dogs and cats in lower Northern Thailand and utilized molecular tools for
species identification of hookworms and Opisthorchis viverrini. Fecal
samples of 197 dogs and 180 cats were collected. Overall prevalence of infection using
microscopy was 40.1% in dogs and 33.9% in cats. Helminth infection found in both dogs and
cats included hookworms, Spirometra spp., Taenia spp.,
Toxocara spp., O. viverrini,
Strongyloides spp. and Trichuris spp. Hookworms were
the most common helminth in dogs, while Spirometra spp. were the most
prevalent in cats. Among hookworm infection in dogs and cats, Ancylostoma
ceylanicum was the most prevalent hookworm, being 82.1% in hookworm infected
dogs and 95.8% in hookworm infected cats. Mixed-infection due to hookworms and
Spirometra spp. was the most dominant in both dogs and cats. Our
finding showed that zoonotic helminth infection is highly prevalent in dogs and cats in
the lower Northern area of Thailand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilawan Pumidonming
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fankhauser R, Hamel D, Dorr P, Reinemeyer CR, Crafford D, Bowman DD, Ulrich M, Yoon S, Larsen DL. Efficacy of oral afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables against induced gastrointestinal nematode infections in dogs. Vet Parasitol 2016; 225:117-22. [PMID: 27369586 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of oral afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime combination chewables against induced gastrointestinal nematode infections in dogs was evaluated in six separate studies. Two studies were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the product against Toxocara canis, two studies evaluated the efficacy against Toxascaris leonina, one study evaluated the efficacy against Ancylostoma braziliense, and one study evaluated the efficacy against Ancylostoma caninum. In the A. caninum study, the efficacy of milbemycin oxime alone and afoxolaner alone was also evaluated. Dogs in all studies were inoculated with infective eggs or larvae and confirmed to have patent infections based on a fecal examination prior to allocation to study group and treatment. Each study utilized a randomized block design with blocks based on pre-treatment body weight. All dogs were assigned to blocks based on body weight, and then each dog within a block was randomly assigned to treatment group. There were two groups of 10 dogs each in the T. canis, T. leonina, and A. braziliense studies: 1) an untreated (control) group and 2) a group treated with afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables (NexGard Spectra(®), Merial). This group was treated at a dose as close as possible to the minimum effective dose of afoxolaner and milbemycin oxime (2.5mg+0.5mg per kg body weight, respectively) once on Day 0 using whole chews. There were four groups of 10 dogs each in the A. caninum study: 1) untreated (control), 2) NexGard Spectra(®) as described above, 3) milbemycin oxime alone (dose of at least 0.5mg per kg of body weight) and 4) afoxalaner alone (dose of at least 2.5mg per kg body weight). For parasite recovery and counts, dogs were euthanized humanely and necropsied seven days after treatment. The efficacy of the afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime combination was ≥98% against T. canis, ≥95.8% against T. leonina, and 90.2% against A. braziliense. Efficacy of the combination against A. caninum was 99.7%, while the efficacy of milbemycin oxime alone was 99.6% and the efficacy of afoxolaner alone was 2.1%. Dogs treated with afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables had significantly (p≤0.0002) fewer nematodes than the untreated controls in all studies. There were no adverse events or other health problems that were related to treatment with Nexgard Spectra(®) in these studies. The results of these controlled studies demonstrate the high efficacy of the afoxolaner plus milbemycin oxime chewables against a broad range of canine intestinal nematode infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dietmar Hamel
- Merial GmbH, Kathrinenhof Research Center, Walchenseestr. 8-12, 83101 Rohrdorf, Germany.
| | - Paul Dorr
- Merial, Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA 30096, USA.
| | - Craig R Reinemeyer
- East Tennessee Clinical Research, Inc., 80 Copper Ridge Farm Road, Rockwood, TN 37854, USA.
| | - Dionne Crafford
- ClinVet International (Pty) Ltd., Uitsig Road, Bainsvlei, 9321 Bloemfontein, South Africa; University of Johannesburg, Department of Zoology, c/o Kingsway and University Road, Aucklandpark, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Dwight D Bowman
- Cheri-Hill Kennel & Supply, Inc., 17190 Polk Road, Stanwood, MI 49346, USA.
| | - Michael Ulrich
- Cheri-Hill Kennel & Supply, Inc., 17190 Polk Road, Stanwood, MI 49346, USA.
| | - Stephen Yoon
- Merial, Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA 30096, USA.
| | - Diane L Larsen
- Merial, Inc., 3239 Satellite Blvd., Duluth, GA 30096, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gordon CA, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gray DJ, Gobert GN. The Increase of Exotic Zoonotic Helminth Infections: The Impact of Urbanization, Climate Change and Globalization. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2016; 91:311-97. [PMID: 27015952 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zoonotic parasitic diseases are increasingly impacting human populations due to the effects of globalization, urbanization and climate change. Here we review the recent literature on the most important helminth zoonoses, including reports of incidence and prevalence. We discuss those helminth diseases which are increasing in endemic areas and consider their geographical spread into new regions within the framework of globalization, urbanization and climate change to determine the effect these variables are having on disease incidence, transmission and the associated challenges presented for public health initiatives, including control and elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Gordon
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Malcolm K Jones
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Detection of Helminth Eggs and Identification of Hookworm Species in Stray Cats, Dogs and Soil from Klang Valley, Malaysia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142231. [PMID: 26671680 PMCID: PMC4682862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of helminth eggs excreted in the faeces of stray cats, dogs and in soil samples. A total of 505 fresh samples of faeces (from 227 dogs and 152 cats) and soil were collected. The egg stage was detected via microscopy after the application of formalin–ether concentration technique. Genomic DNA was extracted from the samples containing hookworm eggs and used for further identification to the species level using real-time polymerase chain reaction coupled with high resolution melting analysis. Microscopic observation showed that the overall prevalence of helminth eggs among stray cats and dogs was 75.7% (95% CI = 71.2%–79.9%), in which 87.7% of dogs and 57.9% of cats were infected with at least one parasite genus. Five genera of heliminth eggs were detected in the faecal samples, including hookworms (46.4%), Toxocara (11.1%), Trichuris (8.4%), Spirometra (7.4%) and Ascaris (2.4%). The prevalence of helminth infections among stray dogs was significantly higher than that among stray cats (p < 0.001). Only three genera of helminths were detected in soil samples with the prevalence of 23% (95% CI = 15.1%–31%), consisting of hookworms (16.6%), Ascaris (4%) and Toxocara (2.4%). The molecular identification of hookworm species revealed that Ancylostoma ceylanicum was dominant in both faecal and soil samples. The dog hookworm, Ancylostoma caninum, was also detected among cats, which is the first such occurrence reported in Malaysia till date. This finding indicated that there was a cross-infection of A. caninum between stray cats and dogs because of their coexistent within human communities. Taken together, these data suggest the potential role of stray cats and dogs as being the main sources of environmental contamination as well as for human infections.
Collapse
|
34
|
Poirotte C, Basset D, Willaume E, Makaba F, Kappeler PM, Charpentier MJ. Environmental and individual determinants of parasite richness across seasons in a free-ranging population of Mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:442-56. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Basset
- Parasitology Laboratory; CHU Montpellier; 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | | | | | - Peter M. Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology; German Primate Center; Göttingen 37077 Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ahn KS, Ahn AJ, Kim TH, Suh GH, Joo KW, Shin SS. Identification and Prevalence of Globocephalus samoensis (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) among Wild Boars (Sus scrofa coreanus) from Southwestern Regions of Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:611-8. [PMID: 26537041 PMCID: PMC4635825 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.5.611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study describes the first record of Globocephalus samoensis (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) recovered in wild boars from southwestern regions of Korea. Gastrointestinal tracts of 111 Korean wild boars (Sus scrofa coreanus) hunted from mountains in Suncheon-si, Gwangyang-si, and Boseong-gun between 2009 and 2012 were examined for their visceral helminths. G. samoensis, as identified by morphological characteristics of the head and tail, were recovered from the small intestine of 51 (45.9%) wild boars. Worms were found from 7 of 28 wild boars (25.0%) from Suncheon-si, 40 of 79 (50.6%) from Gwangyang-si, and all 4 (100%) from Boseong-gun. The length of adult females was 7.2±0.5 mm, and the thickest part of the body measured the average 0.47±0.03 mm, while those of males were 6.52±0.19 and 0.37±0.02 mm, respectively. The buccal cavity was equipped with a pair of large and bicuspid subventral lancets near the base of the capsule. The average length of spicules of males was 0.45±0.02 mm. By the present study, G. samoensis is recorded for the first time in southwestern regions of Korea. Additionally, morphological characteristics and identification keys provided in the present study will be helpful in the faunistic and taxonomic studies for strongylid nematodes in both domestic and wild pigs. The infection of G. samoensis apparently did not elicit pathologic lesions, as revealed by macroscopic observation during the autopsy of all wild boars in this study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Sung Ahn
- Department of Parasitology and Department of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Ah-Jin Ahn
- Department of Parasitology and Department of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Department of Parasitology and Department of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Guk-Hyun Suh
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Woong Joo
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Gwangju Health University, Gwangju 62287, Korea
| | - Sung-Shik Shin
- Department of Parasitology and Department of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ng-Nguyen D, Hii SF, Nguyen VAT, Van Nguyen T, Van Nguyen D, Traub RJ. Re-evaluation of the species of hookworms infecting dogs in Central Vietnam. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:401. [PMID: 26216353 PMCID: PMC4517506 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation of canine hookworm species is crucial from both a veterinary and public health standpoint. In Vietnam, three hookworm species, namely Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma braziliense and Uncinaria stenocephala are reported to infect dogs. In light of the emerging distribution of A. ceylanicum in Asia, this study aims to re-evaluate the status of Ancylostoma in dogs in Vietnam. METHODS Faecal samples collected from 200 community dogs in Dak Lak province were subjected to faecal floatation for the detection of hookworm eggs. Hookworm-positive samples were subjected to a PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA for hookworm species identification. A subset of hookworm-positive samples was also subject to haplotype characterisation at the cytochrome oxidase-1 (COX-1) gene. Detailed morphological criteria were utilised in addition to molecular markers, to identify adult hookworms recovered from necropsied dogs. RESULTS Of 200 canine faecal samples, 111 (55.5 %) were positive for hookworm eggs on faecal flotation. Of these, 94/111 (84.7 %) were successfully amplified and assigned species status by PCR-RFLP targeting the ITS region. In total, 54.3 % (51/94) dogs harboured single infections with A. ceylanicum, 33.0 % (31/94) with A. caninum, and 12.7 % (12/94) harboured mixed infections with both A. ceylanicum and A. caninum. Adult worms recovered from necropsied dogs matched morphological description provided for A. ceylanicum, Looss (1911) for which the mediolateral and posteriolateral rays are parallel. Characterisation of the COX-1 gene placed all Vietnamese canine isolates of A. ceylanicum within the 'zoonotic' haplotype. CONCLUSION Based on this information, it is apparent that the hookworms present in dogs in Vietnam are those of A. ceylanicum and not A. braziliense. Owing to the endemic nature of this significant zoonosis in dogs, the study strongly advocates for specific identification of this hookworm in human hookworm surveys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Ng-Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| | - Sze Fui Hii
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia.
| | - Van-Anh T Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak, Vietnam.
| | - Trong Van Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak, Vietnam.
| | - Dien Van Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak, Vietnam.
| | - Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Levels of Ancylostoma infections and phylogenetic analysis of cox 1 gene of A. ceylanicum in stray cat faecal samples from Guangzhou, China. J Helminthol 2015; 90:392-7. [PMID: 26123649 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x15000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a common zoonotic nematode. Cats act as natural reservoirs of the hookworm and are involved in transmitting infection to humans, thus posing a potential risk to public health. The prevalence of feline A. ceylanicum in Guangzhou (South China) was surveyed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). In total, 112 faecal samples were examined; 34.8% (39/112) and 43.8% (49/112) samples were positive with hookworms by microscopy and PCR method, respectively. Among them, 40.8% of samples harboured A. ceylanicum. Twelve positive A. ceylanicum samples were selected randomly and used for cox 1 sequence analysis. Sequencing results revealed that they had 97-99% similarity with A. ceylanicum cox 1 gene sequences deposited in GenBank. A phylogenetic tree showed that A. ceylanicum isolates were divided into two groups: one comprising four isolates from Guangzhou (South China), and the other comprising those from Malaysia, Cambodia and Guangzhou. In the latter group, all A. ceylanicum isolates from Guangzhou were clustered into a minor group again. The results indicate that the high prevalence of A. ceylanicum in stray cats in South China poses a potential risk of hookworm transmission from pet cats to humans, and that A. ceylanicum may be a species complex worldwide.
Collapse
|
38
|
Mackenstedt U, Jenkins D, Romig T. The role of wildlife in the transmission of parasitic zoonoses in peri-urban and urban areas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 4:71-9. [PMID: 25830108 PMCID: PMC4356871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last 100 years in many countries of the world, there have been dramatic changes in natural/rural landscapes due to urbanization. Since many wildlife species are unable to adapt to these alterations in their environment, urbanization is commonly responsible for a decline of biodiversity in areas of urban development. In contrast, some wild animal species are attracted to peri-urban and urban habitats due to the availability of an abundant food supply and the presence of structures in which to shelter. Urban foxes and/or raccoons are common sights in many peri-urban and urban areas of Europe where they can reach far higher population densities than in their natural habitats. The same is true for foxes and dingoes in some urban areas of Australia. Unfortunately, some of these highly adaptable species are also hosts for a number of parasites of public health and veterinary importance. Due to the complexity of many parasitic life cycles involving several host species, the interactions between wild animals, domestic animals and humans are not fully understood. The role of potential hosts for transmission of a zoonotic disease in urban or peri-urban areas cannot be extrapolated from data obtained in rural areas. Since more than 75% of human diseases are of zoonotic origin, it is important to understand the dynamics between wildlife, domestic animal species and humans in urbanized areas, and to conduct more focused research on transmission of zoonotic parasites including arthropod vectors under such conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Mackenstedt
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David Jenkins
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Straße 34, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
First identification of the F200Y SNP in the β-tubulin gene linked to benzimidazole resistance in Ancylostoma caninum. Vet Parasitol 2014; 206:313-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
40
|
Traub RJ, Pednekar RP, Cuttell L, Porter RB, Abd Megat Rani PA, Gatne ML. The prevalence and distribution of gastrointestinal parasites of stray and refuge dogs in four locations in India. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:233-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
41
|
Zolfaghari Emameh R, Barker H, Hytönen VP, Tolvanen MEE, Parkkila S. Beta carbonic anhydrases: novel targets for pesticides and anti-parasitic agents in agriculture and livestock husbandry. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:403. [PMID: 25174433 PMCID: PMC4162934 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genomes of many insect and parasite species contain beta carbonic anhydrase (β-CA) protein coding sequences. The lack of β-CA proteins in mammals makes them interesting target proteins for inhibition in treatment of some infectious diseases and pests. Many insects and parasites represent important pests for agriculture and cause enormous economic damage worldwide. Meanwhile, pollution of the environment by old pesticides, emergence of strains resistant to them, and their off-target effects are major challenges for agriculture and society. METHODS In this study, we analyzed a multiple sequence alignment of 31 β-CAs from insects, some parasites, and selected plant species relevant to agriculture and livestock husbandry. Using bioinformatics tools a phylogenetic tree was generated and the subcellular localizations and antigenic sites of each protein were predicted. Structural models for β-CAs of Ancylostoma caninum, Ascaris suum, Trichinella spiralis, and Entamoeba histolytica, were built using Pisum sativum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-CAs as templates. RESULTS Six β-CAs of insects and parasites and six β-CAs of plants are predicted to be mitochondrial and chloroplastic, respectively, and thus may be involved in important metabolic functions. All 31 sequences showed the presence of the highly conserved β-CA active site sequence motifs, CXDXR and HXXC (C: cysteine, D: aspartic acid, R: arginine, H: histidine, X: any residue). We discovered that these two motifs are more antigenic than others. Homology models suggested that these motifs are mostly buried and thus not well accessible for recognition by antibodies. CONCLUSIONS The predicted mitochondrial localization of several β-CAs and hidden antigenic epitopes within the protein molecule, suggest that they may not be considered major targets for vaccines. Instead, they are promising candidate enzymes for small-molecule inhibitors which can easily penetrate the cell membrane. Based on current knowledge, we conclude that β-CAs are potential targets for development of small molecule pesticides or anti-parasitic agents with minimal side effects on vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari Emameh
- />School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- />BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- />Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 4, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Harlan Barker
- />School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- />BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P Hytönen
- />BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- />Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 4, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Martti E E Tolvanen
- />BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- />Department of Information Technology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- />School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- />BioMediTech, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- />Fimlab Laboratories Ltd and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu 4, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Takács A, Szabó L, Juhász L, Takács A, Lanszki J, Takács P, Heltai M. Data on the parasitological status of golden jackal (Canis aureus L., 1758) in Hungary. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:33-41. [PMID: 24334089 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Hungary, twenty Canis aureus individuals were submitted to parasitological examinations in 2010-2012. Two Coccidia: Cystoisospora canis (15%) and Toxoplasma-type oocysts (5%), one Trematoda: Alaria alata (10%), six Cestoda: Mesocestoides lineatus (20%), Echinococcus granulosus (10%), Dipylidium caninums (5%), Taenia hydatigena (15%), Taenia pisiformis (20%), Taenia crassiceps (40%), and nine Nematoda: Angiostrongylus vasorum (10%), Crenosoma vulpis (30%), Capillaria aerophila (5%), Toxocara canis (20%), Toxascaris leonina (15%), Trichuris vulpis (10%), Ancylostoma caninum (45%), Uncinaria stenocephala (40%), Capillaria plica (45%) have been identified. Angiostronglyus vasorum has been reported from carnivores in Europe, Africa, South America and North America. The helminth A. vasorum or French heartworm is a metastrongylid nematode, widely distributed in Western Europe, that infects the pulmonary arterial tree of dogs, various species of foxes, wolves, Eurasian badgers, coyotes and stoats. To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural A. vasorum infection in golden jackal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- András Takács
- 1 University of Debrecen Centre for Agricultural and Applied Economic Sciences Debrecen Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- 2 Szent István University Institute for Wildlife Conservation Páter K. u. 1 H-2100 Gödöllő Hungary
| | - Lajos Juhász
- 1 University of Debrecen Centre for Agricultural and Applied Economic Sciences Debrecen Hungary
| | - András Takács
- 3 University of West Hungary Faculty of Geoinformatics Székesfehérvár Hungary
| | - József Lanszki
- 4 University of Kaposvár Department of Nature Conservation Kaposvár Hungary
| | | | - Miklós Heltai
- 2 Szent István University Institute for Wildlife Conservation Páter K. u. 1 H-2100 Gödöllő Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gasser RB, Cantacessi C, Campbell BE. Improved molecular diagnostic tools for human hookworms. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 9:17-21. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.9.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
44
|
Sudan V, Jaiswal AK, Shanker D, Kanojiya D, Sachan A. Prevalence of endoparasitic infections of non descript dogs in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh. J Parasit Dis 2013; 39:491-4. [PMID: 26345058 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate, through cross-sectional survey, the distribution, types and prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites affecting stray dogs in and around Mathura, India. Freshly voided faecal samples of 108 identified, stray, non descript dogs of either sex and different age groups were collected and examined for coprological examination by direct faecal smear method; simple flotation and sedimentation techniques to detect parasitic oocysts and/or eggs. A total of 96 samples (88.9 %) were found positive for helminthic eggs (nematodes and cestodes) while 16 (14.2 %) were found to be positive for protozoan infections with a overall parasitic prevalence of 98 (90.7 %). Single parasite infections (72.2 %) were more common than two or more infections (27.8 %). The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that Ancylostoma caninum eggs were by far the most common (55.6 %). The other detected worm egg species and their respective frequencies were: Toxocara canis (51.9 %), Dypilidium caninim (50.0 %), Taenids (33.3 %), Toxocara leonina (25.9 %), Diphylobothrium latum (5.6 %), Spirocerca lupi (3.7 %) and Physaloptera canis (3.7 %). Eimeria canis oocysts were detected in eight samples (7.4 %) besides, total coccidian oocysts in 16 samples (14.8 %). The prevalence of helminth eggs was higher in puppies compared to adults. The prevalence of different species of helminths also varied in different age groups. The high prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminth parasites of zoonotic potential registered in the dogs indicates a potential risk to human health. The public health significance of the encountered parasitic infections is described and the prevalence is compared with the surrounding areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Sudan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, U P Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 India
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, U P Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 India
| | - Daya Shanker
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, U P Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 India
| | - Dharamendra Kanojiya
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, U P Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 India
| | - Amreesh Sachan
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, U P Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, 281001 India
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ngui R, Mahdy MAK, Chua KH, Traub R, Lim YAL. Genetic characterization of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (cox 1) gene of the zoonotic parasitic nematode, Ancylostoma ceylanicum from humans, dogs and cats. Acta Trop 2013; 128:154-7. [PMID: 23774318 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is the only zoonotic hookworm species that is able to produce patent infections in humans with the majority of cases reported in South East Asia. Over the past few years, there have been an increasing number of studies investigating the prevalence of this parasitic zoonosis using molecular diagnostic tools and a single genetic locus as marker for species identification. As there can be limitations in using a single genetic locus for epidemiological studies and genetic discrimination, the complementary use of a more variable locus will provide additional evidence to support the zoonotic exchange of hookworm species between humans and animals. In the present study, the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) sequence of A. ceylanicum from positive human and animal fecal samples were determined and compared with published reference sequences. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that isolates of A. ceylanicum were divided into two clusters, one consisting 3 human isolates and the other comprising 19 isolates of human and animal origin from different geographical locations within Malaysia. The two groups of A. ceylanicum could be distinguished from one another through five fixed nucleotide differences at locations 891, 966, 1008, 1077 and 1083. The detection of genetically distinct groups and considerable level of genetic variation within the cox 1 sequence of A. ceylanicum might suggest potential haplotype-linked differences in zoonotic, epidemiological and pathobiological characteristics, a hypothesis that still needs further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romano Ngui
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Molecular identification of Ancylostoma caninum isolated from cats in southern China based on complete ITS sequence. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:868050. [PMID: 24175305 PMCID: PMC3794661 DOI: 10.1155/2013/868050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma caninum is a blood-feeding parasitic intestinal nematode which infects dogs, cats, and other mammals throughout the world. A highly sensitive and species-specific PCR-RFLP technique was utilised to detect the prevalence of A. caninum in cats in Guangzhou, southern China. Of the 102 fecal samples examined, the prevalence of A. caninum in cats was 95.1% and 83.3% using PCR-RFLP and microscopy, respectively. Among them, the prevalence of single hookworm infection with A. caninum was 54.90%, while mixed infections with both A. caninum and A. ceylanicum were 40.20%. Comparative analysis of three complete ITS sequences obtained from cat-derived A. caninum showed the same length (738 bp) as that of dog-derived A. caninum. However, the sequence variation range was 98.6%–100%, where only one cat isolate (M63) showed 100% sequence similarity in comparison with two dog-derived A. caninum isolates (AM850106, EU159416) in the same studied area. The phylogenetic tree revealed A. caninum derived from both cats and dogs in single cluster. Results suggest that cats could be the main host of A. caninum in China, which may cause cross-infection between dogs and cats in the same area.
Collapse
|
47
|
Morphometric and molecular characterization of the species of Uncinaria Frölich, 1789 (Nematoda) parasitic in the Australian fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus (Schreber), with notes on hookworms in three other pinniped hosts. Syst Parasitol 2013; 85:65-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s11230-013-9407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
48
|
Kline K, McCarthy JS, Pearson M, Loukas A, Hotez PJ. Neglected tropical diseases of Oceania: review of their prevalence, distribution, and opportunities for control. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e1755. [PMID: 23383349 PMCID: PMC3561157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Among Oceania's population of 35 million people, the greatest number living in poverty currently live in Papua New Guinea (PNG), Fiji, Vanuatu, and the Solomon Islands. These impoverished populations are at high risk for selected NTDs, including Necator americanus hookworm infection, strongyloidiasis, lymphatic filariasis (LF), balantidiasis, yaws, trachoma, leprosy, and scabies, in addition to outbreaks of dengue and other arboviral infections including Japanese encephalitis virus infection. PNG stands out for having the largest number of cases and highest prevalence for most of these NTDs. However, Australia's Aboriginal population also suffers from a range of significant NTDs. Through the Pacific Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis, enormous strides have been made in eliminating LF in Oceania through programs of mass drug administration (MDA), although LF remains widespread in PNG. There are opportunities to scale up MDA for PNG's major NTDs, which could be accomplished through an integrated package that combines albendazole, ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and azithromycin, in a program of national control. Australia's Aboriginal population may benefit from appropriately integrated MDA into primary health care systems. Several emerging viral NTDs remain important threats to the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kline
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, and National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital-Baylor College of Medicine Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - James S. McCarthy
- Clinical Tropical Medicine Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mark Pearson
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, and National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital-Baylor College of Medicine Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liccioli S, Catalano S, Kutz S, Lejeune M, Verocai G, Duignan P, Fuentealba C, Hart M, Ruckstuhl K, Massolo A. Gastrointestinal parasites of coyotes (Canis latrans) in the metropolitan area of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. CAN J ZOOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1139/z2012-070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Disease ecology is a relevant but relatively unexplored subject of research in urban coyotes ( Canis latrans Say, 1823). In fact, this carnivore may play a role in the circulation of parasites that can have implications on the health of humans and domestic dogs, but can also be affected by pathogens transmitted from domestic reservoirs. To investigate the gastrointestinal parasites of urban coyotes in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, we analyzed 61 carcasses and 247 fecal samples collected within the metropolitan area, including city parks, in 2009–2010. We found nine parasite taxa: Toxascaris leonina (Linstow, 1902), Uncinaria stenocephala (Railliet, 1884), Ancylostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859), Pterygodermatites affinis (Jägerskiöld, 1904), Trichuris vulpis (Froelich, 1789), Echinococcus multilocularis Leuckart, 1863, Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800), genus Giardia Kunstler, 1882, and genus Cystoisospora Frenkel, 1977. Factors related to coyote ecology, habitat characteristics, and dog management likely influence the community of coyote parasites in an urban environment, and need to be taken into account to assess the actual role of this carnivore in the maintenance of parasites in the city landscape. Further research is needed to assess the current risk for transmission of potentially zoonotic parasites (e.g., E. multilocularis, T. crassiceps, Giardia sp.) among coyotes, dogs, and humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. Liccioli
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - S. Catalano
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - S.J. Kutz
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - M. Lejeune
- Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre Alberta, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - G.G. Verocai
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - P.J. Duignan
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - C. Fuentealba
- Ross University, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, Saint Kitts and Nevis
| | - M. Hart
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - K.E. Ruckstuhl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - A. Massolo
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive Northwest, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Traversa D. Pet roundworms and hookworms: a continuing need for global worming. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:91. [PMID: 22574783 PMCID: PMC3418564 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascarids and ancylostomatids are the most important parasites affecting dogs and cats worldwide, in terms of diffusion and risk for animal and human health. Different misconceptions have led the general public and pet owners to minimize the importance of these intestinal worms. A low grade of interest is also registered among veterinary professions, although there is a significant merit in keeping our guard up against these parasites. This article reviews current knowledge of ascarids and ancylostomatids, with a special focus on pathogenicity, epidemiology and control methods in veterinary and human medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donato Traversa
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|