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Sobukawa Y, Hatta T, Funaki D, Nakatani E. Safety of Combined Statin and Fibrate Therapy: Risks of Liver Injury and Acute Kidney Injury in a Cohort Study from the Shizuoka Kokuho Database. Drugs Real World Outcomes 2024; 11:317-330. [PMID: 38727887 PMCID: PMC11176141 DOI: 10.1007/s40801-024-00426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins and fibrates are important means of preventing cardiovascular diseases, particularly when administered in combination as part of various therapeutic strategies. In this study, we explored the risks associated with various combinations of these drugs. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the risk of 1-year hospitalization with acute kidney injury, liver injury, pancreatitis, or rhabdomyolysis related to the concurrent administration of statins and fibrates. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the Shizuoka Kokuho Database, focusing on patients prescribed statins, fibrates, or a combination. Four drug exposure patterns were evaluated: adding statins to fibrates (exposure 1), switching from fibrates to statins (exposure 2), adding fibrates to statins (exposure 3), and switching from statins to fibrates (exposure 4). Hospitalization for the specified conditions within 1 year was the outcome. Propensity score matching was used to create balanced cohorts for comparison. RESULTS We studied 269,226 statin users and 16,282 fibrate users. After propensity score matching, there were 498 participants in the group of exposure 1, matched with 2988 in the fibrate-only group; 1180 in the group of exposure 2, matched with 7080 in the fibrate-only group; 1183 in group of exposure 3, matched with 11,830 in the statin only group; and 1356 in group of exposure 4, matched with 13,560 in the statin only group. The 1-year hospitalization rate with liver injury was higher in the group of exposure 1 than in the fibrate-only group (1.2% vs 0.3%, p < 0.01), in the group of exposure 2 than in the fibrate-only group (0.9% vs 0.3%, p < 0.01), and in the group of exposure 4 than in the statin-only group (0.6% vs 0.2%, p = 0.02). There was also a higher risk of 1-year hospitalization with acute kidney injury in group of exposure 1 than in the fibrate-only group (1.3% vs 0.3%, p = 0.01) but not in evaluations of exposure 2, 3, and 4. However, there were no differences in the risks of 1-year hospitalization with pancreatitis or rhabdomyolysis among the matched groups. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated higher risks of 1-year hospitalization with liver injury or acute kidney injury associated with the use of combinations of statins and fibrates. This underscores the need for a cautious approach to the prescribing of such drug combinations and the importance of monitoring patients for potential adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Sobukawa
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, 4-27-2 Kitaando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan
| | - Taichi Hatta
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, 4-27-2 Kitaando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan
| | - Daito Funaki
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, 4-27-2 Kitaando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan
| | - Eiji Nakatani
- Graduate School of Public Health, Shizuoka Graduate University of Public Health, 4-27-2 Kitaando, Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, 420-0881, Japan.
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Wan EYF, Xu W, Mok AHY, Chin WY, Yu EYT, Chui CSL, Chan EWY, Wong ICK, Lam CLK, Danaei G. Evaluating different low-density lipoprotein cholesterol thresholds to initiate statin for prevention of cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A target trial emulation study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:1877-1887. [PMID: 38379445 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of statin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) when initiating therapy at different baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using territory-wide public electronic medical records in Hong Kong, we emulated a sequence of trials on patients with T2DM with elevated LDL-C levels in every calendar month from January 2008 to December 2014. Pooled logistic regression was applied to obtain the hazard ratios for the major CVDs (stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure), all-cause mortality and major adverse events (myopathies and liver dysfunction) of statin therapy. RESULTS The estimated hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of CVD incidence for statin initiation were 0.78 (0.72, 0.84) in patients with baseline LDL-C of 1.8-2.5 mmol/L (i.e., 70-99 mg/dL) and 0.90 (0.88, 0.92) in patients with baseline LDL-C ≥2.6 mmol/L (i.e., ≥100 mg/dL) in intention-to-treat analysis, which was 0.59 (0.51, 0.68) and 0.77 (0.74, 0.81) in per-protocol analysis, respectively. No significant increased risks were observed for the major adverse events. The absolute 10-year risk difference of overall CVD in per-protocol analysis was -7.1% (-10.7%, -3.6%) and -3.9% (-5.1%, -2.7%) in patients with baseline LDL-C 1.8-2.5 and ≥2.6 mmol/L, respectively. The effectiveness and safety were consistently observed in patients aged >75 years initiating statin at both LDL-C thresholds. CONCLUSIONS Compared with the threshold of 2.6 mmol/L, initiating statin in patients with a lower baseline LDL-C level at 1.8-2.5 mmol/L can further reduce the risks of CVD and all-cause mortality without significantly increasing the risk of major adverse events in patients with T2DM, including patients aged >75 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Yuk Fai Wan
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Wanchun Xu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Anna Hoi Ying Mok
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Weng Yee Chin
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Esther Yee Tak Yu
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Celine Sze Ling Chui
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Esther Wai Yin Chan
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Ian Chi Kei Wong
- Centre for Safe Medication Practice and Research, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health (D24H), Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Sha Tin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Research Department of Practice and Policy, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cindy Lo Kuen Lam
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Goodarz Danaei
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Sadowska A, Osiński P, Roztocka A, Kaczmarz-Chojnacka K, Zapora E, Sawicka D, Car H. Statins-From Fungi to Pharmacy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:466. [PMID: 38203637 PMCID: PMC10779115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Statins have been used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, both as monotherapy and in combination therapy. Natural fermentation processes of fungi such as Monascus spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus terreus, and Pleurotus ostreatus have given rise to natural statins. Compactin (mevastatin), the original naturally occurring statin, is the primary biotransformation substrate in the manufacturing process of marketed drugs. Statins are classified into natural, semi-synthetic derivatives of natural statins, and synthetic ones. Synthetic statins differ from natural statins in their structural composition, with the only common feature being the HMG-CoA-like moiety responsible for suppressing HMG-CoA reductase. Statins do not differ significantly regarding their pleiotropic and adverse effects, but their characteristics depend on their pharmacokinetic parameters and chemical properties. This paper focuses on describing the processes of obtaining natural statins, detailing the pharmacokinetics of available statins, divided into natural and synthetic, and indicating their pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Patryk Osiński
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Alicja Roztocka
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Karolina Kaczmarz-Chojnacka
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Ewa Zapora
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Use, Institute of Forest Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Diana Sawicka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
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Li RX, Chen LY, Limbu SM, Yao B, Qian YF, Zhou WH, Chen LQ, Qiao F, Zhang ML, Du ZY, Luo Y. Atorvastatin remodels lipid distribution between liver and adipose tissues through blocking lipoprotein efflux in fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R281-R292. [PMID: 36572553 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00222.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of cholesterol metabolism in fish is still unclear. Statins play important roles in promoting cholesterol metabolism development in mammals. However, studies on the role of statins in cholesterol metabolism in fish are currently limited. The present study evaluated the effects of statins on cholesterol metabolism in fish. Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were fed on control diets supplemented with three atorvastatin levels (0, 12, and 24 mg/kg diet, ATV0, ATV12, and ATV24, respectively) for 4 wk. Intriguingly, the results showed that both atorvastatin treatments increased hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride contents mainly through inhibiting bile acid synthesis and efflux, and compensatorily enhancing cholesterol synthesis in fish liver (P < 0.05). Moreover, atorvastatin treatment significantly inhibited hepatic very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly and thus decreased serum VLDL content (P < 0.05). However, fish treated with atorvastatin significantly reduced cholesterol and triglycerides contents in adipose tissue (P < 0.05). Further molecular analysis showed that atorvastatin treatment promoted cholesterol synthesis and lipogenesis pathways, but inhibited lipid catabolism and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake in the adipose tissue of fish (P < 0.05). In general, atorvastatin induced the remodeling of lipid distribution between liver and adipose tissues through blocking VLDL efflux from the liver to adipose tissue of fish. Our results provide a novel regulatory pattern of cholesterol metabolism response caused by atorvastatin in fish, which is distinct from mammals: cholesterol inhibition by atorvastatin activates hepatic cholesterol synthesis and inhibits its efflux to maintain cholesterol homeostasis, consequently reduces cholesterol storage in fish adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xin Li
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yun Chen
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Samwel M Limbu
- Department of Aquaculture Technology, School of Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Technology, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bing Yao
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fan Qian
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Hao Zhou
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qiao Chen
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qiao
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ling Zhang
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Yu Du
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Luo
- LANEH, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Prado Y, Aravena D, Llancalahuen FM, Aravena C, Eltit F, Echeverría C, Gatica S, Riedel CA, Simon F. Statins and Hemostasis: Therapeutic Potential Based on Clinical Evidence. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1408:25-47. [PMID: 37093420 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26163-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Hemostasis preserves blood fluidity and prevents its loss after vessel injury. The maintenance of blood fluidity requires a delicate balance between pro-coagulant and fibrinolytic status. Endothelial cells (ECs) in the inner face of blood vessels maintain hemostasis through balancing anti-thrombotic and pro-fibrinolytic activities. Dyslipidemias are linked to hemostatic alterations. Thus, it is necessary a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms linking hemostasis with dyslipidemia. Statins are drugs that decrease cholesterol levels in the blood and are the gold standard for treating hyperlipidemias. Statins can be classified into natural and synthetic molecules, approved for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. The classical mechanism of action of statins is by competitive inhibition of a key enzyme in the synthesis pathway of cholesterol, the HMG-CoA reductase. Statins are frequently administrated by oral ingestion and its interaction with other drugs and food supplements is associated with altered bioavailability. In this review we deeply discuss the actions of statins beyond the control of dyslipidemias, focusing on the actions in thrombotic modulation, vascular and cardiovascular-related diseases, metabolic diseases including metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, and chronic diseases such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic kidney disease. Furthermore, we were prompted to delved deeper in the molecular mechanisms by means statins regulate coagulation acting on liver, platelets, and endothelium. Clinical evidence show that statins are effective regulators of dyslipidemia with a high impact in hemostasis regulation and its deleterious consequences. However, studies are required to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism and improving their therapeutical actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Prado
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Aravena
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe M Llancalahuen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristobal Aravena
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Eltit
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Cesar Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nanomedicine and Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Atacama, Copiapo, Chile
| | - Sebastian Gatica
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Simon
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.
- Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases, Santiago, Chile.
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Toll-like receptor 7 regulates cardiovascular diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Regan-Smith S, Fritzen R, Hierons SJ, Ajjan RA, Blindauer CA, Stewart AJ. Strategies for Therapeutic Amelioration of Aberrant Plasma Zn2+ Handling in Thrombotic Disease: Targeting Fatty Acid/Serum Albumin-Mediated Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810302. [PMID: 36142215 PMCID: PMC9499645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation, maintenance and regulation of blood coagulation is inexorably linked to the actions of Zn2+ in blood plasma. Zn2+ interacts with a variety of haemostatic proteins in the bloodstream including fibrinogen, histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) to regulate haemostasis. The availability of Zn2+ to bind such proteins is controlled by human serum albumin (HSA), which binds 70–85% of plasma Zn2+ under basal conditions. HSA also binds and transports non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Upon NEFA binding, there is a change in the structure of HSA which leads to a reduction in its affinity for Zn2+. This enables other plasma proteins to better compete for binding of Zn2+. In diseases where elevated plasma NEFA concentrations are a feature, such as obesity and diabetes, there is a concurrent increase in hypercoagulability. Evidence indicates that NEFA-induced perturbation of Zn2+-binding by HSA may contribute to the thrombotic complications frequently observed in these pathophysiological conditions. This review highlights potential interventions, both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical that may be employed to combat this dysregulation. Lifestyle and dietary changes have been shown to reduce plasma NEFA concentrations. Furthermore, drugs that influence NEFA levels such as statins and fibrates may be useful in this context. In severely obese patients, more invasive therapies such as bariatric surgery may be useful. Finally, other potential treatments such as chelation therapies, use of cholesteryl transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, lipase inhibitors, fatty acid inhibitors and other treatments are highlighted, which with additional research and appropriate clinical trials, could prove useful in the treatment and management of thrombotic disease through amelioration of plasma Zn2+ dysregulation in high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Remi Fritzen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
| | | | - Ramzi A. Ajjan
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)1334-463546
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Pan X, Hussain MM. Bmal1 regulates production of larger lipoproteins by modulating cAMP-responsive element-binding protein H and apolipoprotein AIV. Hepatology 2022; 76:78-93. [PMID: 34626126 PMCID: PMC8993942 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS High plasma lipid/lipoprotein levels are risk factors for various metabolic diseases. We previously showed that circadian rhythms regulate plasma lipids and deregulation of these rhythms causes hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in mice. Here, we show that global and liver-specific brain and muscle aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like 1 (Bmal1)-deficient mice maintained on a chow or Western diet developed hyperlipidemia, denoted by the presence of higher amounts of triglyceride-rich and apolipoprotein AIV (ApoAIV)-rich larger chylomicron and VLDL due to overproduction. APPROACH AND RESULTS Bmal1 deficiency decreased small heterodimer partner (Shp) and increased microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), a key protein that facilitates primordial lipoprotein assembly and secretion. Moreover, we show that Bmal1 regulates cAMP-responsive element-binding protein H (Crebh) to modulate ApoAIV expression and the assembly of larger lipoproteins. This is supported by the observation that Crebh-deficient and ApoAIV-deficient mice, along with Bmal1-deficient mice with knockdown of Crebh, had smaller lipoproteins. Further, overexpression of Bmal1 in Crebh-deficient mice had no effect on ApoAIV expression and lipoprotein size. CONCLUSIONS These studies indicate that regulation of ApoAIV and assembly of larger lipoproteins by Bmal1 requires Crebh. Mechanistic studies showed that Bmal1 regulates Crebh expression by two mechanisms. First, Bmal1 interacts with the Crebh promoter to control circadian regulation. Second, Bmal1 increases Rev-erbα expression, and nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (Nr1D1, Rev-erbα) interacts with the Crebh promoter to repress expression. In short, Bmal1 modulates both the synthesis of primordial lipoproteins and their subsequent expansion into larger lipoproteins by regulating two different proteins, MTP and ApoAIV, through two different transcription factors, Shp and Crebh. It is likely that disruptions in circadian mechanisms contribute to hyperlipidemia and that avoiding disruptions in circadian rhythms may limit/prevent hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Pan
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, New York University Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Yadav PK, Haruehanroengra P, Irani S, Wang T, Ansari A, Sheng J, Hussain MM. Novel efficacious microRNA-30c analogs reduce apolipoprotein B secretion in human hepatoma and primary hepatocyte cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101813. [PMID: 35278429 PMCID: PMC8980335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High plasma lipid levels have been demonstrated to increase cardiovascular disease risk. Despite advances in treatments to decrease plasma lipids, additional therapeutics are still needed because many people are intolerant or nonresponsive to these therapies. We previously showed that increasing cellular levels of microRNA-30c (miR-30c) using viral vectors or liposomes reduces plasma lipids and atherosclerosis. In this study, we aimed to synthesize potent miR-30c analogs that can be delivered to hepatoma cells without the aid of viral vectors and lipid emulsions. We hypothesized that modification of the passenger strand of miR-30c would increase the stability of miR-30c and augment its delivery to liver cells. Here, we report the successful synthesis of a series of miR-30c analogs by using different chemically modified nucleosides. In these analogs, we left the active sense strand untouched so that its biological activity remained unaltered, and we modified the passenger strand of miR-30c to enhance the stability and uptake of miR-30c by hepatoma cells through phosphorothiorate linkages and the addition of GalNAc. We show that these analogs significantly reduced apolipoprotein B secretion in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells and human primary hepatocytes without affecting apolipoprotein A1 secretion and cellular lipid levels. Our results provide a proof of concept that the passenger strand of miR-30c can be modified to increase its stability and delivery to cells while retaining the potency of the sense strand. We anticipate these miR-30c analogs will be useful in the development of more efficacious analogs for the treatment of hyperlipidemias and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Yadav
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | | | - Sarah Irani
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Abulaish Ansari
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, The RNA Institute, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY USA; VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY 11209, USA.
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10
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Arora MK, Pandey S, Tomar R, Sahoo J, Kumar D, Jangra A. Therapeutic potential of policosanol in the concurrent management of dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
High-fat diet (HFD) possesses a major cause of cardiovascular disease, and hepatosteatosis. Unfortunately, long-term use of statins has a theoretical possibility of worsening of hepatic histology in the patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The objective of the study was to explore hepatoprotective potential of policosanol as an alternative to statins in experimental NAFLD. For the same, young male Wistar rats were fed with HFD for 8 weeks to induce NAFLD. 48 adult Wistar rats were distributed into six investigational groups: normal control, HFD control, and four treatment groups, receiving policosanol (50 and 100 mg/kg/day), atorvastatin (30 mg/kg/day), and silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks along with HFD.
Result
HFD consumption caused profound hepatotoxicity evident by hepatic oxidative stress, increased Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin content. Treatment with policosanol (100 mg/kg) markedly reduced the elevated SGOT, SGPT, and ALP levels in HFD-fed rats. Moreover, policosanol significantly reduced hepatic oxidative stress manifest by reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased glutathione (GSH) level. The treatment with policosanol (100 mg/kg) was found to be more active in attenuating the HFD-induced hepatotoxicity as compared to policosanol (50 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (30 mg/kg). Moreover, we observed that the hepatoprotective potential of policosanol was comparable to the silymarin.
Conclusions
The results of the study clearly indicated that the policosanol could be considered an intriguing approach for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Marahatha R, Basnet S, Bhattarai BR, Budhathoki P, Aryal B, Adhikari B, Lamichhane G, Poudel DK, Parajuli N. Potential natural inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and HMG-CoA reductase in cholesterol regulation: in silico analysis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:1. [PMID: 33386071 PMCID: PMC7775628 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypercholesterolemia has posed a serious threat of heart diseases and stroke worldwide. Xanthine oxidase (XO), the rate-limiting enzyme in uric acid biosynthesis, is regarded as the root of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that generate atherosclerosis and cholesterol crystals. β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is a rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. Although some commercially available enzyme inhibiting drugs have effectively reduced cholesterol levels, most of them have failed to meet potential drug candidates’ requirements. Here, we have carried out an in-silico analysis of secondary metabolites that have already shown good inhibitory activity against XO and HMGR in a wet lab setup. Methods Out of 118 secondary metabolites reviewed, sixteen molecules inhibiting XO and HMGR were selected based on the IC50 values reported in in vitro assays. Further, receptor-based virtual screening was carried out against secondary metabolites using GOLD Protein-Ligand Docking Software, combined with subsequent post-docking, to study the binding affinities of ligands to the enzymes. In-silico ADMET analysis was carried out to explore their pharmacokinetic properties, followed by toxicity prediction through ProTox-II. Results The molecular docking of amentoflavone (GOLD score 70.54, ∆G calc. = − 10.4 Kcal/mol) and ganomycin I (GOLD score 59.61, ∆G calc. = − 6.8 Kcal/mol) displayed that the drug has effectively bound at the competitive site of XO and HMGR, respectively. Besides, 6-paradol and selgin could be potential drug candidates inhibiting XO. Likewise, n-octadecanyl-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl (6′ → 1″)-O-α-D-glucopyranoside could be potential drug candidates to maintain serum cholesterol. In-silico ADMET analysis has shown that these sixteen metabolites were optimal within the categorical range compared to commercially available XO and HMGR inhibitors, respectively. Toxicity analysis through ProTox-II revealed that 6-gingerol, ganoleucoin K, and ganoleucoin Z are toxic for human use. Conclusion This computational analysis supports earlier experimental evidence towards the inhibition of XO and HMGR by natural products. Further study is necessary to explore the clinical efficacy of these secondary molecules, which might be alternatives for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishab Marahatha
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Saroj Basnet
- Center for Drug Design and Molecular Simulation Division, Cancer Care Nepal and Research Center, Jorpati, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bibek Raj Bhattarai
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Prakriti Budhathoki
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Babita Aryal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bikash Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ganesh Lamichhane
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Darbin Kumar Poudel
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Niranjan Parajuli
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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12
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Gachpazan M, Kashani H, Khazaei M, Hassanian SM, Rezayi M, Asgharzadeh F, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA, Avan A. The Impact of Statin Therapy on the Survival of Patients with Gastrointestinal Cancer. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:738-747. [PMID: 30539694 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181211165449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors that may play an important role in the evolution of cancers, due to their effects on cancer cell metabolism. Statins affect several potential pathways, including cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and metastasis. The number of trials assessing the putative clinical benefits of statins in cancer is increasing. Currently, there are several trials listed on the global trial identifier website clinicaltrials.gov. Given the compelling evidence from these trials in a variety of clinical settings, there have been calls for a clinical trial of statins in the adjuvant gastrointestinal cancer setting. However, randomized controlled trials on specific cancer types in relation to statin use, as well as studies on populations without a clinical indication for using statins, have elucidated some potential underlying biological mechanisms, and the investigation of different statins is probably warranted. It would be useful for these trials to incorporate the assessment of tumour biomarkers predictive of statin response in their design. This review summarizes the recent preclinical and clinical studies that assess the application of statins in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers with particular emphasize on their association with cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Gachpazan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hoda Kashani
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Asgharzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gordon A Ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9PH, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic syndrome Research center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies; Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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13
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Oni TE, Biffi G, Baker LA, Hao Y, Tonelli C, Somerville TD, Deschênes A, Belleau P, Hwang CI, Sánchez-Rivera FJ, Cox H, Brosnan E, Doshi A, Lumia RP, Khaledi K, Park Y, Trotman LC, Lowe SW, Krasnitz A, Vakoc CR, Tuveson DA. SOAT1 promotes mevalonate pathway dependency in pancreatic cancer. J Exp Med 2020; 217:151922. [PMID: 32633781 PMCID: PMC7478739 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a dismal prognosis, and new therapies are needed. Altered metabolism is a cancer vulnerability, and several metabolic pathways have been shown to promote PDAC. However, the changes in cholesterol metabolism and their role during PDAC progression remain largely unknown. Here we used organoid and mouse models to determine the drivers of altered cholesterol metabolism in PDAC and the consequences of its disruption on tumor progression. We identified sterol O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1) as a key player in sustaining the mevalonate pathway by converting cholesterol to inert cholesterol esters, thereby preventing the negative feedback elicited by unesterified cholesterol. Genetic targeting of Soat1 impairs cell proliferation in vitro and tumor progression in vivo and reveals a mevalonate pathway dependency in p53 mutant PDAC cells that have undergone p53 loss of heterozygosity (LOH). In contrast, pancreatic organoids lacking p53 mutation and p53 LOH are insensitive to SOAT1 loss, indicating a potential therapeutic window for inhibiting SOAT1 in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobiloba E. Oni
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Giulia Biffi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lindsey A. Baker
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Yuan Hao
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Claudia Tonelli
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | | | - Astrid Deschênes
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | | | - Chang-il Hwang
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | | | - Hilary Cox
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Erin Brosnan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Abhishek Doshi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Rebecca P. Lumia
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Kimia Khaledi
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | - Youngkyu Park
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
| | | | - Scott W. Lowe
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | - David A. Tuveson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Lustgarten Foundation Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY,Correspondence to David A. Tuveson:
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Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Hryszko T, Mysliwiec M. Influence of Simvastatin on Aspects of Thrombogenesis in CAPD Patients. Perit Dial Int 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/089686080302300308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
← Background Patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) are prone to dyslipidemia and have a high risk of cardiovascular death. Statins show beneficial effects on serum lipids and thrombogenesis in various groups of patients, but prospective studies have so far not been performed on CAPD patients. ← Aim To determine the effects of 6 month's treatment with simvastatin on platelet function and some hemostatic parameters, markers of endothelial cell injury, in 14 CAPD patients with hypercholesterolemia. ← Methods Simvastatin was given in a dose of 10 mg at bedtime. Commercially available kits were used for all determinations. ← Results Cholesterol and low density lipoprotein fell significantly as early as after 1 month of the therapy ( p < 0.001). Platelet aggregation in whole blood and plateletrich plasma was transiently decreased by simvastatin therapy. The fibrinolytic activity index increased significantly after 6 months of simvastatin administration ( p < 0.05), reaching values observed in the control group, whereas euglobulin clot lysis time, which was also significantly shortened after 6 months ( p < 0.05), did not reach values obtained in healthy volunteers. Vascular cell adhesion molecule, thrombomodulin, and protein Z decreased significantly after 3 months of the therapy ( p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively), whereas intercellular adhesion molecule decreased after 6 months ( p < 0.05). Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor, protein Z, total tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), TFPI/Xa complexes, and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor concentration and activity fell significantly after 6 months of treatment with simvastatin (all p < 0.05). Tissue plasminogen activator concentration increased after 1 month ( p < 0.01 after 1 month, p < 0.05 after 3 and 6 months), whereas total homocysteine fell after 6 months of simvastatin therapy ( p < 0.05). Truncated TFPI decreased significantly as early as after 1 month of therapy ( p < 0.05 after 1 month, p < 0.01 after 3 and 6 months). ← Conclusion Simvastatin is an effective hypolipemic agent in CAPD patients. It favorably affects platelet aggregation and the extrinsic coagulation pathway, improves fibrinolysis, and ameliorates endothelial dysfunction. Simvastatin might reduce the risk of thrombotic complications in CAPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Malyszko
- Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jacek S. Malyszko
- Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Hryszko
- Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Mysliwiec
- Nephrology and Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland
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15
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Shurshalova GS, Yulmetov AR, Sharapova DA, Aganov AV, Klochkov VV. Interaction of Lovastatin with Model Membranes by NMR Data and from MD Simulations. BIONANOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-020-00722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Barros S, Coimbra AM, Alves N, Pinheiro M, Quintana JB, Santos MM, Neuparth T. Chronic exposure to environmentally relevant levels of simvastatin disrupts zebrafish brain gene signaling involved in energy metabolism. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 83:113-125. [PMID: 32116137 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1733722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a hypocholesterolaemic drug belonging to the statins group, is a widely prescribed pharmaceutical for prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Several studies showed that lipophilic statins, as SIM, cross the blood-brain barrier and interfere with the energy metabolism of the central nervous system in humans and mammalian models. In fish and other aquatic organisms, the effects of SIM on the brain energy metabolism are unknown, particularly following exposure to low environmentally relevant concentrations. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the influence of SIM on gene signaling pathways involved in brain energy metabolism of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) following chronic exposure (90 days) to environmentally relevant SIM concentrations ranging from 8 ng/L to 1000 ng/L. Real-time PCR was used to determine the transcript levels of several genes involved in different pathways of the brain energy metabolism (glut1b, gapdh, acadm, accα, fasn, idh3a, cox4i1, and cox5aa). The findings here reported integrated well with ecological and biochemical responses obtained in a parallel study. Data demonstrated that SIM modulates transcription of key genes involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, in glucose transport and metabolism, in fatty acid synthesis and β-oxidation. Further, SIM exposure led to a sex-dependent transcription profile for some of the studied genes. Overall, the present study demonstrated, for the first time, that SIM modulates gene regulation of key pathways involved in the energy metabolism in fish brain at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barros
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana M Coimbra
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nélson Alves
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marlene Pinheiro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IAQBUS - Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis, Universidade De Santiago De Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
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17
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Molecular Dynamics Simulation Reveals Exposed Residues in the Ligand-Binding Domain of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor that Interacts with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-G Envelope. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111063. [PMID: 31731579 PMCID: PMC6893590 DOI: 10.3390/v11111063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an autosomal dominant disease most often caused by mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene, which consists of 18 exons spanning 45 kb and codes for a precursor protein of 860 amino acids. Mutations in the LDLR gene lead to a reduced hepatic clearance of LDL as well as a high risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Recently, LDLR transgenes have generated interest as potential therapeutic agents. However, LDLR packaging using a lentiviral vector (LVV) system pseudotyped with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-G envelope is not efficient. In this study, we modified the LVV system to improve transduction efficiency and investigated the LDLR regions responsible for transduction inhibition. Transduction efficiency of 293T cells with a 5′-LDLReGFP-3′ fusion construct was only 1.55% compared to 42.32% for the eGFP construct. Moreover, co-expression of LDLR affected eGFP packaging. To determine the specific region of the LDLR protein responsible for packaging inhibition, we designed constructs with mutations or sequential deletions at the 3′ and 5′ ends of LDLR cDNA. All constructs except one without the ligand-binding domain (LBD) (pWoLBD–eGFP) resulted in low transduction efficiency, despite successful packaging of viral RNA in the VSV envelope, as confirmed through RT-PCR. When we evaluated a direct interaction between LDLR and the VSV envelope glycoprotein using MD simulation and protein–protein interactions, we uncovered Val119, Thr120, Thr67, and Thr118 as exposed residues in the LDLR receptor that interact with the VSV protein. Together, our results suggest that the LBD of LDLR interacts with the VSV-G protein during viral packaging, which significantly reduces transduction efficiency.
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18
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Song Z, Li H, Liang J, Xu Y, Zhu L, Ye X, Wu J, Li W, Xiong Q, Li S. Sulfated polysaccharide from Undaria pinnatifida stabilizes the atherosclerotic plaque via enhancing the dominance of the stabilizing components. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:621-630. [PMID: 31445148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the stable effect and mechanism of sulfated polysaccharide from Undaria pinnatifida (SPUP) on atherosclerotic plaque. The results showed that atherosclerotic plaques in the ApoE-/- mice of high-fat diet model group increased significantly without drug intervention. The content of vulnerable components (lipid, inflammatory macrophage) increased significantly, and the content of stability components (smooth muscle cell, collagen) reduced significantly. However, it could find that atherosclerotic plaque areas were decreased in a dose-dependent manner after SPUP intervention. SPUP could enhance the dominance of the stability components in plaque, and reduce the content of vulnerable component. Furthermore, SPUP could significantly reduce the matrix metalloprotein-9 content in atherosclerotic plaque. These results suggested that SPUP could stabilize atherosclerotic plaque by enhancing the dominance of the stability components content, reducing the vulnerability components content, and lowering the vulnerability index value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyue Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Hailun Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an 223002, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jian Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Yingtao Xu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai 264199, Shangdong, PR China
| | - Lijun Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xianying Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai 264199, Shangdong, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Qingping Xiong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Palygorskite Science and Applied Technology, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Shijie Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Mathematical Engineering Academy of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Development and Research of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, PR China.
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Cholesterol Degradation and Production of Extracellular Cholesterol Oxidase from Bacillus pumilus W1 and Serratia marcescens W8. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1359528. [PMID: 31183360 PMCID: PMC6512041 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1359528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a waxy substance present in all types of the body cells. The presence of higher concentration of low density lipoprotein (LDL) is characterized by abnormal cholesterol level and is associated with cardiovascular diseases which lead to the development of atheroma in arteries known as atherosclerosis. The transformation of cholesterol by bacterial cholesterol oxidase can provide a key solution for the treatment of diseases related to cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives. Previously isolated bacteria from oil-contaminated soil were screened for cholesterol degradation. Among fourteen, five isolates were able to utilize cholesterol. Two strains Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 using cholesterol as only carbon and energy source were selected for degradation studies. Several parameters (incubation time, substrate concentration, pH, temperature, and different metal ions) for cholesterol decomposition by the selected bacterial strains were evaluated. Maximum cholesterol reduction was achieved on the 5th day of incubation, 1g/L of substrate concentration, pH 7, in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, and at 35°C. Cholesterol degradation was analyzed by enzymatic colorimetric method, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under optimized conditions 50% and 84% cholesterol reduction were recorded with Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8, respectively. Cholesterol oxidase activity was assayed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results revealed that Serratia marcescens W1 and Bacillus pumilus W8 have great potential for cholesterol degradation and would be regarded as a source for cholesterol oxidase (CHO).
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Zhang H, Lu X, Liu Z, Du K. Rosuvastatin reduces the pro-inflammatory effects of adriamycin on the expression of HMGB1 and RAGE in rats. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3415-3423. [PMID: 30320373 PMCID: PMC6202077 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosuvastatin has cardiac protective effects through its anti‑inflammatory effects. The nuclear protein high‑mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) can activate inflammatory pathways when released from dying cells. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of rosuvastatin in adriamycin (ADR)‑treated rats. Adult male rats were randomized to three groups: i) Control group, ii) ADR group, and iii) ADR+rosuvastatin group. Serum biochemical indices were measured using an enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography. The expression of HMGB1 and receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) were assessed by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Cytokines were measured using flow cytometry. Rosuvastatin improved the biochemical indices and cardiac morphology and alleviated the pathological lesions. In the ADR+rosuvastatin group, the mRNA and protein levels of HMGB1 and RAGE in the myocardium were significantly lower compared with those in the ADR group (both P<0.05). The results showed that rosuvastatin significantly reduced the levels of HMGB1 and RAGE in the myocardium of the ADR‑treated rats. These results suggest that the protective effects of rosuvastatin may be associated with attenuation of the HMGB1/RAGE‑mediated inflammatory response in ADR‑treated rats. Despite this protective effect of rosuvastatin in the present study, it did not improve cardiac function in terms of the diastolic left ventricular internal dimension, systolic left ventricular internal dimension, left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular fractional shortening; this may be due the observation duration being insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zhengxia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Kang Du
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Al-Habsi AA, Massarsky A, Moon TW. Atorvastatin alters gene expression and cholesterol synthesis in primary rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 224:262-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Barros S, Montes R, Quintana JB, Rodil R, André A, Capitão A, Soares J, Santos MM, Neuparth T. Chronic environmentally relevant levels of simvastatin disrupt embryonic development, biochemical and molecular responses in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 201:47-57. [PMID: 29879595 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Simvastatin (SIM), a hypocholesterolaemic compound, is among the most prescribed pharmaceuticals for cardiovascular disease prevention worldwide. Several studies have shown that acute exposure to SIM causes multiple adverse effects in aquatic organisms. However, uncertainties still remain regarding the chronic effects of SIM in aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of SIM in the model freshwater teleost zebrafish (Danio rerio) following a chronic exposure (90 days) to environmentally relevant concentrations ranging from 8 ng/L to 1000 ng/L. This study used a multi-parameter approach integrating distinct ecologically-relevant endpoints, i.e. survival, growth, reproduction and embryonic development, with biochemical markers (cholesterol and triglycerides). Real Time PCR was used to analyse the transcription levels of key genes involved in the mevalonate pathway (hmgcra, cyp51, and dhcr7). Globally, SIM induced several effects that did not follow a dose-response relationship; embryonic development, biochemical and molecular markers, were significantly impacted in the lower concentrations, 8 ng/L, 40 ng/L and/or 200 ng/L, whereas no effects were recorded for the highest tested SIM levels (1000 ng/L). Taken together, these findings expand our understanding of statin effects in teleosts, demonstrating significant impacts at environmentally relevant concentrations and highlight the importance of addressing the effects of chemicals under chronic low-level concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Barros
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira S/N, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana André
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana Capitão
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Soares
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (U. Porto), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Teresa Neuparth
- CIMAR/CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Endocrine Disruptors and Emerging Contaminants Group, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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23
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Caro-Maldonado A, Camacho L, Zabala-Letona A, Torrano V, Fernández-Ruiz S, Zamacola-Bascaran K, Arreal L, Valcárcel-Jiménez L, Martín-Martín N, Flores JM, Cortazar AR, Zúñiga-García P, Arruabarrena-Aristorena A, Guillaumond F, Cabrera D, Falcón-Perez JM, Aransay AM, Gomez-Muñoz A, Olivan M, Morote J, Carracedo A. Low-dose statin treatment increases prostate cancer aggressiveness. Oncotarget 2017; 9:1494-1504. [PMID: 29416709 PMCID: PMC5788577 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is diagnosed late in life, when co-morbidities are frequent. Among them, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes or metabolic syndrome exhibit an elevated incidence. In turn, prostate cancer patients frequently undergo chronic pharmacological treatments that could alter disease initiation, progression and therapy response. Here we show that treatment with anti-cholesterolemic drugs, statins, at doses achieved in patients, enhance the pro-tumorigenic activity of obesogenic diets. In addition, the use of a mouse model of prostate cancer and human prostate cancer xenografts revealed that in vivo simvastatin administration alone increases prostate cancer aggressiveness. In vitro cell line systems supported the notion that this phenomenon occurs, at least in part, through the direct action on cancer cells of low doses of statins, in range of what is observed in human plasma. In sum, our results reveal a prostate cancer experimental system where statins exhibit an undesirable effect, and warrant further research to address the relevance and implications of this observation in human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Camacho
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Verónica Torrano
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Leire Arreal
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | | | | | - Juana M Flores
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Fabienne Guillaumond
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, U1068, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France.,Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,UMR 7258, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France.,Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - Juan M Falcón-Perez
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque foundation for science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana M Aransay
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gomez-Muñoz
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mireia Olivan
- Department of Urology and Research Group in Urology, Vall d´Hebron Hospital, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute, and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Morote
- Department of Urology and Research Group in Urology, Vall d´Hebron Hospital, Vall d´Hebron Research Institute, and Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.,CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque foundation for science, Bilbao, Spain
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24
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Exposure to gemfibrozil and atorvastatin affects cholesterol metabolism and steroid production in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 199:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Irani S, Pan X, Peck BCE, Iqbal J, Sethupathy P, Hussain MM. MicroRNA-30c Mimic Mitigates Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis in Mice. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18397-409. [PMID: 27365390 PMCID: PMC5000085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.728451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High plasma cholesterol levels are a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Plasma cholesterol can be reduced by inhibiting lipoprotein production; however, this is associated with steatosis. Previously we showed that lentivirally mediated hepatic expression of microRNA-30c (miR-30c) reduced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in mice without causing hepatosteatosis. Because viral therapy would be formidable, we examined whether a miR-30c mimic can be used to mitigate hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis without inducing steatosis. Delivery of a miR-30c mimic to the liver diminished diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in C57BL/6J mice. Reductions in plasma cholesterol levels were significantly correlated with increases in hepatic miR-30c levels. Long term dose escalation studies showed that miR-30c mimic caused sustained reductions in plasma cholesterol with no obvious side effects. Furthermore, miR-30c mimic significantly reduced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in Apoe(-/-) mice. Mechanistic studies showed that miR-30c mimic had no effect on LDL clearance but reduced lipoprotein production by down-regulating microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression. MiR-30c had no effect on fatty acid oxidation but reduced lipid synthesis. Additionally, whole transcriptome analysis revealed that miR-30c mimic significantly down-regulated hepatic lipid synthesis pathways. Therefore, miR-30c lowers plasma cholesterol and mitigates atherosclerosis by reducing microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression and lipoprotein production and avoids steatosis by diminishing lipid syntheses. It mitigates atherosclerosis most likely by reducing lipoprotein production and plasma cholesterol. These findings establish that increasing hepatic miR-30c levels is a viable treatment option for reducing hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Irani
- From the Molecular and Cell Biology Program, School of Graduate Studies and Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Xiaoyue Pan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Bailey C E Peck
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York 11422, and Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York 11501
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26
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Zhou L, Irani S, Sirwi A, Hussain MM. MicroRNAs regulating apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein production. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:2062-2068. [PMID: 26923435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and have been implicated in many pathological conditions. Significant progress has been made to unveil their role in lipid metabolism. This review aims at summarizing the role of different miRs that regulate hepatic assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins. Overproduction and/or impaired clearance of these lipoproteins from circulation increase plasma concentrations of lipids enhancing risk for cardiovascular disease. So far, three miRs, miR-122, miR-34a, and miR-30c have been shown to modulate hepatic production of apoB-containing low density lipoproteins. In this review, we will first provide a brief overview of lipid metabolism and apoB-containing lipoprotein assembly to orient readers to different steps that have been shown to be regulated by miRs. Then, we will discuss the role of each miR on plasma lipids and atherosclerotic burden. Furthermore, we will summarize mechanistic studies explaining how these miRs regulate hepatic lipid synthesis, fatty acid oxidation, and lipoprotein secretion. Finally, we will briefly highlight the potential use of each miR as a therapeutic drug for treating cardiovascular diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: MicroRNAs and lipid/energy metabolism and related diseases edited by Carlos Fernández-Hernando and Yajaira Suárez.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Zhou
- School of Graduate Studies, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, USA; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sara Irani
- School of Graduate Studies, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, USA; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alaa Sirwi
- School of Graduate Studies, Molecular and Cell Biology Program, USA; Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA; VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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27
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Costa DS, Martino T, Magalhães FC, Justo G, Coelho MG, Barcellos JC, Moura VB, Costa PR, Sabino KC, Dias AG. Synthesis of N-methylarylnitrones derived from alkyloxybenzaldehydes and antineoplastic effect on human cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2053-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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28
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Beverly BEJ, Lambright CS, Furr JR, Sampson H, Wilson VS, McIntyre BS, Foster PMD, Travlos G, Gray LE. Simvastatin and dipentyl phthalate lower ex vivo testicular testosterone production and exhibit additive effects on testicular testosterone and gene expression via distinct mechanistic pathways in the fetal rat. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:524-37. [PMID: 25055962 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differentiation of the male reproductive tract in mammals is driven, in part, by fetal androgen production. In utero, some phthalate esters (PEs) alter fetal Leydig cell differentiation, reducing the expression of several genes associated with steroid synthesis/transport, and consequently, lowering fetal androgen and Insl3 hormone levels. Simvastatin (SMV) is a cholesterol-lowering drug that directly inhibits HMG-CoA reductase. SMV may also disrupt steroid biosynthesis, but through a different mode of action (MOA) than the PEs. As cholesterol is a precursor of steroid hormone biosynthesis, we hypothesized that in utero exposure to SMV during the critical period of sex differentiation would lower fetal testicular testosterone (T) production without affecting genes involved in cholesterol and androgen synthesis and transport. Secondly, we hypothesized that a mixture of SMV and a PE, which may have different MOAs, would reduce testosterone levels in an additive manner. Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were dosed orally with SMV, dipentyl phthalate (DPeP), or SMV plus DPeP from gestational days 14-18, and fetuses were evaluated on GD18. On GD18, SMV lowered fetal T production and serum triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol levels, and downregulated two genes in the fetal testis that were different from those altered by PEs. When SMV and DPeP were administered as a mixture, fetal T production was significantly reduced in an additive manner, thus demonstrating that a mixture of chemicals can induce additive effects on fetal T production even though they display different MOAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandiese E J Beverly
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Christy S Lambright
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Johnathan R Furr
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Hunter Sampson
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Vickie S Wilson
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Barry S McIntyre
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Paul M D Foster
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Gregory Travlos
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - L Earl Gray
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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29
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Efficacy and Safety of Pitavastatin Versus Simvastatin: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Clin Drug Investig 2014; 34:599-608. [DOI: 10.1007/s40261-014-0215-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Somanathan S, Jacobs F, Wang Q, Hanlon AL, Wilson JM, Rader DJ. AAV vectors expressing LDLR gain-of-function variants demonstrate increased efficacy in mouse models of familial hypercholesterolemia. Circ Res 2014; 115:591-9. [PMID: 25023731 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disorder that arises because of loss-of-function mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is a candidate for gene therapy using adeno-associated viral vectors. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) and inducible degrader of LDLR (IDOL) negatively regulate LDLR protein and could dampen adeno-associated viral vector encoded LDLR expression. OBJECTIVE We sought to create vectors expressing gain-of-function human LDLR variants that are resistant to degradation by human PCSK9 (hPCSK9) and IDOL and thereby enhance hepatic LDLR protein abundance and plasma LDL cholesterol reduction. METHODS AND RESULTS Amino acid substitutions were introduced into the coding sequence of human LDLR cDNA to reduce interaction with hPCSK9 and human IDOL. A panel of mutant human LDLRs was initially screened in vitro for escape from PCSK9. The variant human LDLR-L318D was further evaluated using a mouse model of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia lacking endogenous LDLR and apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic, APOBEC-1 (double knockout). Administration of wild-type human LDLR to double knockout mice, expressing hPCSK9, led to diminished LDLR activity. However, LDLR-L318D was resistant to hPCSK9-mediated degradation and effectively reduced cholesterol levels. Similarly, the LDLR-K809R\C818A construct avoided human IDOL regulation and achieved stable reductions in serum cholesterol. An adeno-associated viral vector serotype 8.LDLR-L318D\K809R\C818A vector that carried all 3 amino acid substitutions conferred partial resistance to both hPCSK9- and human IDOL-mediated degradation. CONCLUSIONS Amino acid substitutions in the human LDLR confer partial resistance to PCSK9 and IDOL regulatory pathways with improved reduction in cholesterol levels and improve on a potential gene therapeutic approach to treat homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryanarayan Somanathan
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.S., F.J., Q.W., J.M.W.), Department of Nursing Research, School of Nursing (A.L.H.), and Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Discovery Sciences, Janssen, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (F.J.)
| | - Frank Jacobs
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.S., F.J., Q.W., J.M.W.), Department of Nursing Research, School of Nursing (A.L.H.), and Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Discovery Sciences, Janssen, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (F.J.)
| | - Qiang Wang
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.S., F.J., Q.W., J.M.W.), Department of Nursing Research, School of Nursing (A.L.H.), and Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Discovery Sciences, Janssen, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (F.J.)
| | - Alexandra L Hanlon
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.S., F.J., Q.W., J.M.W.), Department of Nursing Research, School of Nursing (A.L.H.), and Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Discovery Sciences, Janssen, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (F.J.)
| | - James M Wilson
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.S., F.J., Q.W., J.M.W.), Department of Nursing Research, School of Nursing (A.L.H.), and Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Discovery Sciences, Janssen, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (F.J.).
| | - Daniel J Rader
- From the Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.S., F.J., Q.W., J.M.W.), Department of Nursing Research, School of Nursing (A.L.H.), and Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Cardiovascular Institute (D.J.R.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; and Discovery Sciences, Janssen, Pharmaceutical companies of Johnson and Johnson, Beerse, Belgium (F.J.)
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31
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Piechota M, Banaszewska A, Dudziak J, Slomczynski M, Plewa R. Highly upregulated expression of CD36 and MSR1 in circulating monocytes of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Protein J 2012; 31:511-8. [PMID: 22763563 PMCID: PMC3397216 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-012-9431-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) are a group of disorders caused by the significant reduction of circulation in coronary arteries. The most common reason of the dysfunction is a blood clot formed in place of plaque rupture. The role of scavenger receptors in development and progression of atherosclerosis has been confirmed in many animal experiments, however the knowledge about contribution of the receptors in the development of ACS symptoms in humans still remains insufficient. The aim of this work was to define the expression of two scavenger receptors: CD36 and MSR1 in monocytes of patients with ACS after the onset of symptoms and after the 6 months of treatment. The analysis of CD36 and MSR1 expression was carried out with the use of real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Analyses of lipid and glucose concentration in blood and the level of inflammatory markers in plasma were performed additionally for all ACS patients. All data obtained during the research were analyzed using statistical tests, such as Mann Whitney test, Wilcoxon test, or correlation. In all patients with symptoms of ACS the amount of CD36 and MSR1 mRNA in circulating monocytes, as well as the density of both receptors on the cells surface was significantly higher. Re-analysis of subjects after 6 months of treatment, showed a significant decrease in the CD36 and MSR1 expression in all patients who received atorvastatin. The results of presented studies demonstrate that both investigated receptors are involved in the development and/or progression of ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Piechota
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89 Str., 61-614 Poznan, Poland.
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32
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Jin D, Wu Y, Zhao L, Guo J, Zhang K, Chen Z. Atorvastatin reduces serum HMGB1 levels in patients with hyperlipidemia. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:1124-1126. [PMID: 23226786 PMCID: PMC3494102 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) has been identified as a novel pro-inflammatory cytokine in coronary artery disease. This study investigated the effect of atorvastatin on serum HMGB1 levels in patients with hyperlipidemia. In 72 patients with hyperlipidemia, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were compared with the levels in 32 control patients. In hyperlipidemic patients, serum HMGB1 levels were also determined by ELISA before and after a 3-month treatment of atorvastatin (20 mg/day). TC and LDL-C levels in the hyperlipidemic group (6.37±0.94 and 4.99±0.75 mmol/l, respectively) were significantly higher compared to those in the control group (4.34±0.89 and 2.57±0.82 mmol/l, respectively) (both P<0.05). Hs-CRP and HMGB1 levels in the hyperlipidemic group (3.91±1.06 mg/l and 5.42±1.56 ng/ml, respectively) were also significantly higher compared to those in the control group (1.53±0.45 mg/l and 2.11±0.95 ng/ml, respectively) (both P<0.05). After treatment with atorvasatin for three months, TC and LDL-C levels in the hyperlipidemic group were significantly decreased compared to those prior to treatment (TC, 4.67±0.89 vs. 6.37±0.94 mmol/l and LDL-C, 2.75±0.92 vs. 4.99±0.75 mmol/l, respectively) (both P<0.05). HMGB1 and hs-CRP levels in the hyperlipidemic group (3.07±1.24 ng/ml and 1.87±0.79 mg/l, respectively) were also significantly decreased compared to levels prior to treatment (5.42±1.56 ng/ml and 3.91±1.06 mg/l, respectively) (both P<0.05). Serum HMGB1 levels are increased in patients with hyperlipidemia which could be reduced by atorvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoqun Jin
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Huangshi, Huangshi, P.R. China
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33
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Waldron J, Webster C. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the measurement of serum mevalonic acid: a novel marker of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibition by statins. Ann Clin Biochem 2011; 48:223-32. [PMID: 21355014 DOI: 10.1258/acb.2010.010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mevalonic acid (MVA) is synthesized at an early and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of cholesterol by the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, and is a useful measure of statin efficacy or treatment. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the measurement of serum MVA has been developed. METHODS Following the in vitro conversion of MVA to mevalonic acid lactone (MVAL) in the serum, MVAL and a deuterated internal standard were extracted using an online solid-phase extraction procedure. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Luna PFP column (Phenomenex), with enhanced selectivity and improved resolution for polar compounds. A gradient system was used, with mobile phase comprising methanol and water (5 mmol/L ammonium formate buffer, pH 2.5). Analysis was performed using an API 5000 tandem mass spectrometer (Applied Biosystems) in positive electrospray ionization mode. RESULTS The method showed excellent recoveries (98 ± 8%) and imprecision (intra-assay coefficient of variation of 2.2% [6.5 ng/mL] and 2.6% [10.5 ng/mL], and inter-assay coefficient of variation of 9% [10.5 ng/mL]). The assay provides a calibration range up to 50 ng/mL with a limit of detection at 0.1 ng/mL. CONCLUSION A simple, rapid and analytically specific method has been developed for the measurement of serum MVA, in the form of MVAL. The high analytical sensitivity of the method allows for accurate quantitation of MVAL in serum samples, both at the endogenous levels found in healthy individuals and in statin-treated patients where normal levels are expected to be greatly reduced through the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Waldron
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Birmingham Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK.
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Al-Allaf FA, Coutelle C, Waddington SN, David AL, Harbottle R, Themis M. LDLR-Gene therapy for familial hypercholesterolaemia: problems, progress, and perspectives. Int Arch Med 2010; 3:36. [PMID: 21144047 PMCID: PMC3016243 DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-3-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery diseases (CAD) inflict a heavy economical and social burden on most populations and contribute significantly to their morbidity and mortality rates. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) associated familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is the most frequent Mendelian disorder and is a major risk factor for the development of CAD. To date there is no cure for FH. The primary goal of clinical management is to control hypercholesterolaemia in order to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis and to prevent CAD. Permanent phenotypic correction with single administration of a gene therapeutic vector is a goal still needing to be achieved. The first ex vivo clinical trial of gene therapy in FH was conducted nearly 18 years ago. Patients who had inherited LDLR gene mutations were subjected to an aggressive surgical intervention involving partial hepatectomy to obtain the patient's own hepatocytes for ex vivo gene transfer with a replication deficient LDLR-retroviral vector. After successful re-infusion of transduced cells through a catheter placed in the inferior mesenteric vein at the time of liver resection, only low-level expression of the transferred LDLR gene was observed in the five patients enrolled in the trial. In contrast, full reversal of hypercholesterolaemia was later demonstrated in in vivo preclinical studies using LDLR-adenovirus mediated gene transfer. However, the high efficiency of cell division independent gene transfer by adenovirus vectors is limited by their short-term persistence due to episomal maintenance and the cytotoxicity of these highly immunogenic viruses. Novel long-term persisting vectors derived from adeno-associated viruses and lentiviruses, are now available and investigations are underway to determine their safety and efficiency in preparation for clinical application for a variety of diseases. Several novel non-viral based therapies have also been developed recently to lower LDL-C serum levels in FH patients. This article reviews the progress made in the 18 years since the first clinical trial for gene therapy of FH, with emphasis on the development, design, performance and limitations of viral based gene transfer vectors used in studies to ameliorate the effects of LDLR deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal A Al-Allaf
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abedia Campus, P, O, Box 715, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia.
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Yang J, Huang C, Yang J, Jiang H, Ding J. Statins attenuate high mobility group box-1 protein induced vascular endothelial activation : a key role for TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 345:189-95. [PMID: 20714791 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Lee YM, Chen WF, Chou DS, Jayakumar T, Hou SY, Lee JJ, Hsiao G, Sheu JR. Cyclic nucleotides and mitogen-activated protein kinases: regulation of simvastatin in platelet activation. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17:45. [PMID: 20525309 PMCID: PMC2894762 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) have been widely used to reduce cardiovascular risk. These statins (i.e., simvastatin) may exert other effects besides from their cholesterol-lowering actions, including inhibition of platelet activation. Platelet activation is relevant to a variety of coronary heart diseases. Although the inhibitory effect of simvastatin in platelet activation has been studied; the detailed signal transductions by which simvastatin inhibit platelet activation has not yet been completely resolved. Methods The aim of this study was to systematically examine the detailed mechanisms of simvastatin in preventing platelet activation. Platelet aggregation, flow cytometric analysis, immunoblotting, and electron spin resonance studies were used to assess the antiplatelet activity of simvastatin. Results Simvastatin (20-50 μM) exhibited more-potent activity of inhibiting platelet aggregation stimulated by collagen than other agonists (i.e., thrombin). Simvastatin inhibited collagen-stimulated platelet activation accompanied by [Ca2+]i mobilization, thromboxane A2 (TxA2) formation, and phospholipase C (PLC)γ2, protein kinase C (PKC), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (i.e., p38 MAPK, JNKs) phosphorylation in washed platelets. Simvastatin obviously increased both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP levels. Simvastatin markedly increased NO release, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression. SQ22536, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, markedly reversed the simvastatin-mediated inhibitory effects on platelet aggregation, PLCγ2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and simvastatin-mediated stimulatory effects on VASP and eNOS phosphorylation. Conclusion The most important findings of this study demonstrate for the first time that inhibitory effect of simvastatin in platelet activation may involve activation of the cyclic AMP-eNOS/NO-cyclic GMP pathway, resulting in inhibition of the PLCγ2-PKC-p38 MAPK-TxA2 cascade, and finally inhibition of platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ming Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Lau KK, Tancredi DJ, Perez RV, Butani L. Unusual pattern of dyslipidemia in children receiving steroid minimization immunosuppression after renal transplantation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 5:1506-12. [PMID: 20507961 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.08431109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Corticosteroids are an important contributor to posttransplant hyperlipidemia. Since 2004, we have used a steroid minimization immunosuppression protocol. This study investigated the effect of steroid minimization on dyslipidemia in pediatric renal allograft recipients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Children (<18 years) who underwent renal transplants at our center from January 2001 to January 2008 were studied. Data analyzed included age, gender, race, body mass index, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and steroid dose. Data between the cohorts receiving maintenance steroids and steroid-minimization were compared using multivariable analyses. The primary outcome measures were the prevalence of, and the effect of steroid use, on dyslipidemia. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients were studied. Sixteen were receiving maintenance steroids, and 13 were on a steroid minimization regimen. Mixed effects analysis of covariance models demonstrated that at 1 month, children receiving maintenance steroids had higher cholesterol compared with the steroid minimization group. Statistically significant differences in total cholesterol were not seen at other time points. Similar findings were noted for the LDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL, and cholesterol/HDL ratios. At 1 month, the serum HDL cholesterol was substantially lower in the steroid minimization group. Differences in the HDL cholesterol levels remained significant throughout the first year. CONCLUSIONS Steroid use is a significant independent risk factor for hypercholesterolemia during the first post-transplant month. The significance of lower HDL cholesterol among patients receiving steroid minimization needs further study and may be cause for concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith K Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Li Y, Shi X, Liu H, Yi S, Zhang X, Fang X. Study of the effect of atorvastatin on the interaction between ICAM-1 and CD11b by live-cell single-molecule force spectroscopy. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-0111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mackay D, Jones PJH. Evaluation of methods for the determination of cholesterol absorption and synthesis in humans. Atherosclerosis 2010; 218:253-62. [PMID: 21763652 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease risk and its associated complications correlate positively with circulating cholesterol levels. Plasma cholesterol levels are maintained by reciprocally related endogenous cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol absorption from dietary and biliary sources. Numerous in vivo clinical methods exist to quantify the absorption and synthesis of cholesterol in humans. This review summarizes these different methods available to study cholesterol absorption and synthesis, highlighting each method's strengths and weaknesses, as well as their applicability in different types of trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Mackay
- Richardson Center for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Canada
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Kojima Y, Ishida T, Sun L, Yasuda T, Toh R, Rikitake Y, Fukuda A, Kume N, Koshiyama H, Taniguchi A, Hirata KI. Pitavastatin decreases the expression of endothelial lipase both in vitro and in vivo. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 87:385-93. [PMID: 20045866 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In addition to their cholesterol-lowering effect, statins increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Endothelial lipase (EL) is a regulator of plasma HDL-C levels. In the present study, the effects of statins on EL expression were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pitavastatin suppressed basal and cytokine-treated EL expression in endothelial cells. Concomitant treatment with mevalonate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate completely reversed the inhibitory effect of pitavastatin, suggesting that geranylgeranylated proteins are involved in the inhibition of EL expression by statins. Inhibition of RhoA activity by overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of RhoA or a Rho kinase inhibitor decreased EL levels. Pitavastatin reduced phospholipase activities of endothelial cells, and concomitant treatment with mevalonate reversed its inhibitory effect. Pitavastatin reduced RhoA activity and EL expression in mouse tissues. Furthermore, plasma EL concentrations in human subjects were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Plasma EL levels were negatively associated with plasma HDL levels in 237 patients with cardiovascular diseases, and pitavastatin treatment reduced plasma EL levels and increased HDL-C levels in 48 patients with hypercholesterolaemia. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that statins can reduce EL expression in vitro and in vivo via inhibition of RhoA activity. The inhibition of EL expression in the vessel wall may contribute to the anti-atherogenic effects of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kojima
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Japan
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Metzger B, Barnes D, Reed J. A Comparison of Pectin, Polyphenols, and Phytosterols, Alone or in Combination, to Lovastatin for Reduction of Serum Lipids in Familial Hypercholesterolemic Swine. J Med Food 2009; 12:854-60. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B.T. Metzger
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Standard Process, Inc., Palmyra, Wisconsin, USA
| | - D.M. Barnes
- Standard Process, Inc., Palmyra, Wisconsin, USA
| | - J.D. Reed
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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McDonald MG, Rieder MJ, Nakano M, Hsia CK, Rettie AE. CYP4F2 is a vitamin K1 oxidase: An explanation for altered warfarin dose in carriers of the V433M variant. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 75:1337-46. [PMID: 19297519 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.054833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic polymorphisms in VKORC1 and CYP2C9, genes controlling vitamin K(1) (VK1) epoxide reduction and (S)-warfarin metabolism, respectively, are major contributors to interindividual variability in warfarin dose. The V433M polymorphism (rs2108622) in CYP4F2 has also been associated with warfarin dose and speculatively linked to altered VK1 metabolism. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the role of CYP4F2 and the V433M polymorphism in the metabolism of VK1 by human liver. In vitro metabolic experiments with accompanying liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis demonstrated that recombinant CYP4F2 (Supersomes) and human liver microsomes supplemented with NADPH converted VK1 to a single product. A screen of all commercially available P450 Supersomes showed that only CYP4F2 was capable of metabolizing VK1 to this product. Steady-state kinetic analysis with recombinant CYP4F2 and with human liver microsomes revealed a substrate K(m) of 8 to 10 microM. Moreover, anti-CYP4F2 IgG, as well as several CYP4F2-selective chemical inhibitors, substantially attenuated the microsomal reaction. Finally, human liver microsomes genotyped for rs2108622 demonstrated reduced vitamin K(1) oxidation and lower CYP4F2 protein concentrations in carriers of the 433M minor allele. These data demonstrate that CYP4F2 is a vitamin K(1) oxidase and that carriers of the CYP4F2 V433M allele have a reduced capacity to metabolize VK1, secondary to an rs2108622-dependent decrease in steady-state hepatic concentrations of the enzyme. Therefore, patients with the rs2108622 polymorphism are likely to have elevated hepatic levels of VK1, necessitating a higher warfarin dose to elicit the same anticoagulant response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G McDonald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
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Mori K, Jono S, Emoto M, Kawagishi T, Yasumoto H, Konishi T, Furumitsu Y, Shioi A, Shoji T, Inaba M, Nishizawa Y. Effects of pravastatin on serum osteoprotegerin levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes. Angiology 2009; 61:86-91. [PMID: 19147525 DOI: 10.1177/0003319708330525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin is a secretory glycoprotein. Recent experimental findings have suggested that osteoprotegerin may protect against vascular calcification and/or atherosclerosis. In humans, osteoprotegerin levels are positively correlated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease and the progression of atherosclerosis. However, it is unclear how osteoprotegerin levels are regulated. Statins are known to have beneficial pleiotropic effects against atherosclerosis beyond their lipid-lowering effects. In this study, we examined whether treatment with pravastatin can alter osteoprotegerin levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes. Osteoprotegerin levels were significantly increased from 6.64 +/- 2.18 pmol/L at baseline to 7.08 +/- 2.29 pmol/L (P = .024) after 3-month treatment with pravastatin. These increases in osteoprotegerin levels remained after 6 months of treatment (7.05 +/- 2.22 pmol/L, P = .026). These findings suggest that pravastatin may exert its pleiotropic effects in part through alteration of osteoprotegerin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Mori
- Departments of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicinev Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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Do R, Paré G, Montpetit A, Hudson TJ, Gaudet D, Engert JC. K45R variant of squalene synthase increases total cholesterol levels in two study samples from a French Canadian population. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:689-94. [PMID: 18350552 DOI: 10.1002/humu.20702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Squalene synthase is an important component of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, and inhibitors of this enzyme have been shown to lower plasma cholesterol levels. Previously, we sequenced the squalene synthase gene, FDFT1 (farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase), and identified several SNPs, including a nonsynonymous variant, rs11549147:A>G (K45R). To examine the possible association of K45R with plasma lipid traits, we tested 887 individuals from 149 families from the founder population of Saguenay-Lac St. Jean (SLSJ), Quebec. K45R was associated with increased total cholesterol (TC) (P=0.035) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) (P=0.01). These results were replicated in an independent sample of unrelated individuals (P=0.0008 for TC, P=0.004 for non-HDL-C). This SNP also influenced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P=0.042) and HDL-C (P=0.025) in the family-based sample, and triglycerides (TG) (P=0.007) in the unrelated subjects. The lysine (K) in codon 45 is conserved across 11 mammals and lies in a potential exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) site. These results suggest that this coding variant in the squalene synthase gene influences plasma cholesterol levels, possibly by affecting the intracellular production of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Do
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Wang SR, Chen Y, Wu LP, Miao WJ, Xiong MJ, Chen C, Zhong ZR, Ye LM. Development of predictive quantitative retention-activity relationship models of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors by biopartitioning micellar chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:243-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Wolozin B, Wang SW, Li NC, Lee A, Lee TA, Kazis LE. Simvastatin is associated with a reduced incidence of dementia and Parkinson's disease. BMC Med 2007; 5:20. [PMID: 17640385 PMCID: PMC1955446 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are a class of medications that reduce cholesterol by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Whether statins can benefit patients with dementia remains unclear because of conflicting results. We hypothesized that some of the confusion in the literature might arise from differences in efficacy of different statins. We used a large database to compare the action of several different statins to investigate whether some statins might be differentially associated with a reduction in the incidence of dementia and Parkinson's disease. METHODS We analyzed data from the decision support system of the US Veterans Affairs database, which contains diagnostic, medication and demographic information on 4.5 million subjects. The association of lovastatin, simvastatin and atorvastatin with dementia was examined with Cox proportional hazard models for subjects taking statins compared with subjects taking cardiovascular medications other than statins, after adjusting for covariates associated with dementia or Parkinson's disease. RESULTS We observed that simvastatin is associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of dementia in subjects > or =65 years, using any of three models. The first model incorporated adjustment for age, the second model included adjusted for three known risk factors for dementia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease or diabetes, and the third model incorporated adjustment for the Charlson index, which is an index that provides a broad assessment of chronic disease. Data were obtained for over 700,000 subjects taking simvastatin and over 50,000 subjects taking atorvastatin who were aged >64 years. Using model 3, the hazard ratio for incident dementia for simvastatin and atorvastatin are 0.46 (CI 0.44-0.48, p < 0.0001) and 0.91 (CI 0.80-1.02, p = 0.11), respectively. Lovastatin was not associated with a reduction in the incidence of dementia. Simvastatin also exhibited a reduced hazard ratio for newly acquired Parkinson's disease (HR 0.51, CI 0.4-0.55, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Simvastatin is associated with a strong reduction in the incidence of dementia and Parkinson's disease, whereas atorvastatin is associated with a modest reduction in incident dementia and Parkinson's disease, which shows only a trend towards significance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley W Wang
- Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (CAPP), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Health Quality Outcomes and Economic Research (CHQOER) Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Nien-Chen Li
- Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (CAPP), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Health Quality Outcomes and Economic Research (CHQOER) Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Bedford, MA, USA
| | - Austin Lee
- College of Management, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
- College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
| | - Todd A Lee
- Midwest Center for Health Services and Policy Research, Hines Veterans Affairs Medical Center, IL, USA
| | - Lewis E Kazis
- Center for the Assessment of Pharmaceutical Practices (CAPP), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Health Quality Outcomes and Economic Research (CHQOER) Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC), Bedford, MA, USA
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Abstract
The statins have proved to be some of the most potent therapies for reducing elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and lessening the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and related events. Nonetheless, there are still questions about the clinical relevance of individual drug characteristics, such as chemical derivation, solubility properties, and metabolic route, in terms of tolerability or therapeutic benefit. At the same time, no clear explanation has emerged for the significantly steeper reductions in LDL cholesterol levels achieved with atorvastatin versus lovastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, or fluvastatin, or, more recently, with rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin, although possible mechanisms have been suggested. More studies are needed to characterize the effects of statins on high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in different patient groups. Clearly, though, several statins have yielded significant reductions in CHD risk and have shown to be well tolerated in both primary and secondary prevention trials. The possibility that statins exert pronounced effects beyond lowering blood lipids is opening other avenues of research into the benefits of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Jones
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Newer, more effective statins are powerful agents for reducing elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and thereby lowering the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and related adverse events. Although LDL remains the primary target of therapy for reducing CHD risk, increased interest is focusing on apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoprotein subfractions--particularly very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). VLDL remnants, and intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL)--as secondary targets of therapy. Elevated apoB is known to be an important risk factor for CHD, and dysregulation of the metabolism of apoB-containing lipoproteins is involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. Statins reduce circulating concentrations of atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins by decreasing the production of VLDL in the liver and, thus, the production of VLDL remnants and LDL. Statins also increase the clearance of these particles through upregulation of LDL receptors in the liver. Efforts to develop statins with enhanced lipid-modifying properties are ongoing. The optimal statin would offer a high degree of inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, a prolonged duration of action, hepatic selectivity for maximal upregulation of LDL receptors, and a low potential for drug-drug interactions. Recent studies have shown that rosuvastatin, a new agent in this class, demonstrates these qualities. Rosuvastatin is a highly effective inhibitor of HMG-CoA reductase, is relatively nonlipophilic, has a half-life of approximately 20 h, exhibits hepatic selectivity, has little systemic availability, and has a low potential for drug-drug interactions because of its limited degree of metabolism by the cytochrome P450 system. A recent double-blind, crossover study revealed that treatment with rosuvastatin resulted in marked reductions in apoB-containing lipoproteins in patients with type IIa or IIb dyslipidemia. By reducing the number of atherogenic lipoprotein particles, rosuvastatin decreases the atherosclerotic burden in hyperlipidemic patients at high risk for CHD and related adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M John Chapman
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Unit 551, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France.
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Antonchick AV, Zhabinskii VN, Khripach VA. Oxysterols: Genesis and basic functions. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162007030028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bullano MF, Kamat S, Wertz DA, Borok GM, Gandhi SK, McDonough KL, Willey VJ. Effectiveness of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in reducing lipid levels and achieving low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol goals in a usual care setting. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 64:276-84. [PMID: 17244877 DOI: 10.2146/060104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The effectiveness of rosuvastatin versus atorvastatin in reducing lipid levels and achieving low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol goals in patients treated in a usual care setting was studied. METHODS Electronic medical and pharmacy administrative claims from a western U.S. health plan with approximately 8 million covered members were extracted and used in this retrospective, longitudinal cohort study. Patients age 18 years or older who were newly initiated on rosuvastatin or atorvastatin between August 1, 2003, and June 30, 2004, were included. Propensity-score matching on baseline characteristics was used to minimize selection bias between groups. Administrative claims and medical records were used to assign patients a cardiovascular risk status and corresponding LDL cholesterol goal using guidelines from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Changes in lipid levels and attainment rates of goal LDL cholesterol levels were estimated after accounting for baseline covariates using regression techniques. RESULTS A total of 453 patients met the study criteria. The mean dose of rosuvastatin was 11 mg compared with 15 mg for atorvastatin. After adjusting for baseline differences between groups, patients receiving rosuvastatin had significantly greater mean percent reductions in LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and non-high-density-lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol than did patients receiving atorvastatin (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). No significant differences were found in HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels between groups. Attainment rates for NCEP LDL cholesterol goals were significantly higher in patients receiving rosuvastatin. CONCLUSION Patients treated in a usual care setting with rosuvastatin had significantly greater reductions in LDL cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol levels compared with those receiving atorvastatin. Patients receiving rosuvastatin were more likely to attain NCEP LDL cholesterol goals compared with patients treated with atorvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bullano
- Health Economics and Outcomes Research, AstraZeneca LP, 800 Delaware Avenue, Wilmington, DE 19801, USA
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