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Tabnak P, Hasanzade Bashkandi A, Ebrahimnezhad M, Soleimani M. Forkhead box transcription factors (FOXOs and FOXM1) in glioma: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:238. [PMID: 37821870 PMCID: PMC10568859 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is the most aggressive and malignant type of primary brain tumor, comprises the majority of central nervous system deaths, and is categorized into different subgroups according to its histological characteristics, including astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and mixed tumors. The forkhead box (FOX) transcription factors comprise a collection of proteins that play various roles in numerous complex molecular cascades and have been discovered to be differentially expressed in distinct glioma subtypes. FOXM1 and FOXOs have been recognized as crucial transcription factors in tumor cells, including glioma cells. Accumulating data indicates that FOXM1 acts as an oncogene in various types of cancers, and a significant part of studies has investigated its function in glioma. Although recent studies considered FOXO subgroups as tumor suppressors, there are pieces of evidence that they may have an oncogenic role. This review will discuss the subtle functions of FOXOs and FOXM1 in gliomas, dissecting their regulatory network with other proteins, microRNAs and their role in glioma progression, including stem cell differentiation and therapy resistance/sensitivity, alongside highlighting recent pharmacological progress for modulating their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Tabnak
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Mohammad Ebrahimnezhad
- Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Soleimani
- Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Al-Holou WN, Wang H, Ravikumar V, Shankar S, Oneka M, Fehmi Z, Verhaak RG, Kim H, Pratt D, Camelo-Piragua S, Speers C, Wahl DR, Hollon T, Sagher O, Heth JA, Muraszko KM, Lawrence TS, de Carvalho AC, Mikkelsen T, Rao A, Rehemtulla A. Subclonal evolution and expansion of spatially distinct THY1-positive cells is associated with recurrence in glioblastoma. Neoplasia 2023; 36:100872. [PMID: 36621024 PMCID: PMC9841165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma(GBM) is a lethal disease characterized by inevitable recurrence. Here we investigate the molecular pathways mediating resistance, with the goal of identifying novel therapeutic opportunities. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed a longitudinal in vivo recurrence model utilizing patient-derived explants to produce paired specimens(pre- and post-recurrence) following temozolomide(TMZ) and radiation(IR). These specimens were evaluated for treatment response and to identify gene expression pathways driving treatment resistance. Findings were clinically validated using spatial transcriptomics of human GBMs. RESULTS These studies reveal in replicate cohorts, a gene expression profile characterized by upregulation of mesenchymal and stem-like genes at recurrence. Analyses of clinical databases revealed significant association of this transcriptional profile with worse overall survival and upregulation at recurrence. Notably, gene expression analyses identified upregulation of TGFβ signaling, and more than one-hundred-fold increase in THY1 levels at recurrence. Furthermore, THY1-positive cells represented <10% of cells in treatment-naïve tumors, compared to 75-96% in recurrent tumors. We then isolated THY1-positive cells from treatment-naïve patient samples and determined that they were inherently resistant to chemoradiation in orthotopic models. Additionally, using image-guided biopsies from treatment-naïve human GBM, we conducted spatial transcriptomic analyses. This revealed rare THY1+ regions characterized by mesenchymal/stem-like gene expression, analogous to our recurrent mouse model, which co-localized with macrophages within the perivascular niche. We then inhibited TGFBRI activity in vivo which decreased mesenchymal/stem-like protein levels, including THY1, and restored sensitivity to TMZ/IR in recurrent tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that GBM recurrence may result from tumor repopulation by pre-existing, therapy-resistant, THY1-positive, mesenchymal cells within the perivascular niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajd N Al-Holou
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Hanxiao Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, NCRC 520, Room 1342, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States; AstraZeneca, United States
| | - Visweswaran Ravikumar
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Sunita Shankar
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Morgan Oneka
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Ziad Fehmi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | | | - Hoon Kim
- The Jackson Laboratory, Farmington, CT 06032, United States; Department of Biopharmaceutical Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea
| | - Drew Pratt
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, United States
| | | | - Corey Speers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, NCRC 520, Room 1342, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Daniel R Wahl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, NCRC 520, Room 1342, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Todd Hollon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Oren Sagher
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jason A Heth
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Karin M Muraszko
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Theodore S Lawrence
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, NCRC 520, Room 1342, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States
| | - Ana C de Carvalho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Tom Mikkelsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, NCRC 520, Room 1342, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States; Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Alnawaz Rehemtulla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, NCRC 520, Room 1342, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, United States.
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Comprehensive Analysis of Prognostic Value and Immune Infiltration of IGFBP Family Members in Glioblastoma. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2022; 2022:2929695. [PMID: 35832140 PMCID: PMC9273392 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2929695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. The insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP) family is involved in tumorigenesis and the development of multiple cancers. However, little is known about the prognostic value and regulatory mechanisms of IGFBPs in GBM. Oncomine, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, PrognoScan, cBioPortal, LinkedOmics, TIMER, and TISIDB were used to analyze the differential expression, prognostic value, genetic alteration, biological function, and immune cell infiltration of IGFBPs in GBM. We observed that IGFBP1, IGFBP2, IGFBP3, IGFBP4, and IGFBP5 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in patients with GBM, whereas IGFBP6 was downregulated; this difference in mRNA expression was statistically insignificant. Subsequent investigations showed that IGFBP4 and IGFBP6 mRNA levels were significantly associated with overall survival in patients with GBM. Functional Gene Ontology Annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed that genes coexpressed with IGFBP4 and IGFBP6 were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways. These results were validated using the TIMER and TSMIDB databases. This study demonstrated that the IGFBP family has prognostic value in patients with GBM. IGFBP4 and IGFBP6 are two members of the IGFBP family that had the highest prognostic value; thus, they have the potential to serve as survival predictors and immunotherapeutic targets in GBM.
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Buehler M, Yi X, Ge W, Blattmann P, Rushing E, Reifenberger G, Felsberg J, Yeh C, Corn JE, Regli L, Zhang J, Cloos A, Ravi VM, Wiestler B, Heiland DH, Aebersold R, Weller M, Guo T, Weiss T. Quantitative proteomic landscapes of primary and recurrent glioblastoma reveal a protumorigeneic role for FBXO2-dependent glioma-microenvironment interactions. Neuro Oncol 2022; 25:290-302. [PMID: 35802605 PMCID: PMC9925714 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent efforts have described the evolution of glioblastoma from initial diagnosis to post-treatment recurrence on a genomic and transcriptomic level. However, the evolution of the proteomic landscape is largely unknown. METHODS Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry (SWATH-MS) was used to characterize the quantitative proteomes of two independent cohorts of paired newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastomas. Recurrence-associated proteins were validated using immunohistochemistry and further studied in human glioma cell lines, orthotopic xenograft models, and human organotypic brain slice cultures. External spatial transcriptomic, single-cell, and bulk RNA sequencing data were analyzed to gain mechanistic insights. RESULTS Although overall proteomic changes were heterogeneous across patients, we identified BCAS1, INF2, and FBXO2 as consistently upregulated proteins at recurrence and validated these using immunohistochemistry. Knockout of FBXO2 in human glioma cells conferred a strong survival benefit in orthotopic xenograft mouse models and reduced invasive growth in organotypic brain slice cultures. In glioblastoma patient samples, FBXO2 expression was enriched in the tumor infiltration zone and FBXO2-positive cancer cells were associated with synaptic signaling processes. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a potential role of FBXO2-dependent glioma-microenvironment interactions to promote tumor growth. Furthermore, the published datasets provide a valuable resource for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Weigang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Westlake Omics Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peter Blattmann
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Rushing
- Department of Neuropathology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Joerg Felsberg
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany,German Cancer Consortium, partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Charles Yeh
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jacob E Corn
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Regli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Junyi Zhang
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Translational Neuro-Oncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ann Cloos
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Translational Neuro-Oncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vidhya M Ravi
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Translational Neuro-Oncology Research Group, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Wiestler
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dieter Henrik Heiland
- Microenvironment and Immunology Research Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Westlake Intelligent Biomarker Discovery Lab, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tobias Weiss
- Corresponding Author: Tobias Weiss, MD, PhD, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland ()
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Differences in the Expression Patterns of TGFβ Isoforms and Associated Genes in Astrocytic Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081876. [PMID: 35454784 PMCID: PMC9032667 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes associated with the TGFβ isoforms are involved in a number of different cancers, and their effect on the progression of brain tumors is also being discussed. Using an oligonucleotide microarray method, we assessed differences in expression patterns of genes in astrocytic brain tumor sections from 43 patients at different stages of disease. Quantitative mRNA assessment of the three TGFβ isoforms was also performed by real-time RT-qPCR. Oligonucleotide microarray data were analyzed using the PL-Grid Infrastructure. The microarray analysis showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 expression in G3/G4 stage relative to G2, whereas real-time RT-qPCR validation confirmed this change only for the TGFβ2 isoform (p < 0.05). The oligonucleotide microarray method allowed the identification of 16 differential genes associated with TGFβ isoforms. Analysis of the STRING database showed that the proteins encoded by the analyzed genes form a strong interaction network (p < 0.001), and a significant number of proteins are involved in carcinogenesis. Differences in expression patterns of transcripts associated with TGFβ isoforms confirm that they play a role in astrocytic brain tumor transformation. Quantitative assessment of TGFβ2 mRNA may be a valuable method to complement the diagnostic process in the future.
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Kiang KMY, Sun S, Leung GKK. ADD3 Deletion in Glioblastoma Predicts Disease Status and Survival. Front Oncol 2022; 11:717793. [PMID: 34970477 PMCID: PMC8712675 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.717793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 10 frequently occurs in gliomas. Whereas genetic loci with allelic deletion often implicate tumor suppressor genes, a putative tumor suppressor Adducin3 (ADD3) mapped to chromosome 10q25.2 was found to be preferentially downregulated in high-grade gliomas compared with low-grade lesions. In this study, we unveil how the assessment of ADD3 deletion provides clinical significance in glioblastoma (GBM). By deletion mapping, we assessed the frequency of LOH in forty-three glioma specimens using five microsatellite markers spanning chromosome 10q23-10qter. Data were validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort with 203 GBM patients. We found that allelic loss in both D10S173 (ADD3/MXI1 locus) and D10S1137 (MGMT locus) were positively associated with tumor grading and proliferative index (MIB-1). However, LOH events at only the ADD3/MXI1 locus provided prognostic significance with a marked reduction in patient survival and appeared to have diagnostic potential in differentiating high-grade gliomas from low-grade ones. Furthermore, we showed progressive loss of ADD3 in six out of seven patient-paired gliomas with malignant progression, as well as in recurrent GBMs. These findings suggest the significance of ADD3/MXI1 locus as a promising marker that can be used to refine the LOH10q assessment. Data further suggest the role of ADD3 as a novel tumor suppressor, whereby the loss of ADD3 is indicative of a progressive disease that may at least partially account for rapid disease progression in GBM. This study revealed for the first time the downregulation of ADD3 on the genetic level resulting from copy number deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrie Mei-Yee Kiang
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stella Sun
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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7
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Fedrizzi T, Ciani Y, Lorenzin F, Cantore T, Gasperini P, Demichelis F. Fast mutual exclusivity algorithm nominates potential synthetic lethal gene pairs through brute force matrix product computations. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4394-4403. [PMID: 34429855 PMCID: PMC8369001 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutual Exclusivity analysis of genomic aberrations contributes to the exploration of potential synthetic lethal (SL) relationships thus guiding the nomination of specific cancer cells vulnerabilities. When multiple classes of genomic aberrations and large cohorts of patients are interrogated, exhaustive genome-wide analyses are not computationally feasible with commonly used approaches. Here we present Fast Mutual Exclusivity (FaME), an algorithm based on matrix multiplication that employs a logarithm-based implementation of the Fisher's exact test to achieve fast computation of genome-wide mutual exclusivity tests; we show that brute force testing for mutual exclusivity of hundreds of millions of aberrations combinations can be performed in few minutes. We applied FaME to allele-specific data from whole exome experiments of 27 TCGA studies cohorts, detecting both mutual exclusivity of point mutations, as well as allele-specific copy number signals that span sets of contiguous cytobands. We next focused on a case study involving the loss of tumor suppressors and druggable genes while exploiting an integrated analysis of both public cell lines loss of function screens data and patients' transcriptomic profiles. FaME algorithm implementation as well as allele-specific analysis output are publicly available at https://github.com/demichelislab/FaME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcisio Fedrizzi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Yari Ciani
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Lorenzin
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Thomas Cantore
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Paola Gasperini
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- The Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Sasai K, Tabu K, Saito T, Matsuba Y, Saido TC, Tanaka S. Difference in the malignancy between RAS and GLI1-transformed astrocytes is associated with frequency of p27 KIP1-positive cells in xenograft tissues. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 223:153465. [PMID: 33989885 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the introduction of GLI1 is sufficient for immortalized human astrocytes to be transformed whereas FOXM1 fails to induce malignant transformation, suggesting differences between GLI1 and FOXM1 in terms of transforming ability despite both transcription factors being overexpressed in malignant gliomas. Moreover, in investigations of mechanisms underlying relatively less-malignant features of GLI1-transformed astrocytes, we found that p27KIP1-positive cells were frequently observed in xenografts derived from GLI1-transformed astrocytes compared to those from RAS-transformed cells. As shRNA-mediated knockdown of p27KIP1 accelerates tumor progression of GLI1-transformed astrocytes, downregulation of p27KIP1 contributes to malignant features of transformed astrocytes. We propose that the models using immortalized/transformed astrocytes are useful to identify the minimal and most crucial set of changes required for glioma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sasai
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Kouichi Tabu
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yukio Matsuba
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shinya Tanaka
- Department of Cancer Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan; WPI Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, N21 W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
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9
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He Q, Li Z. The dysregulated expression and functional effect of CaMK2 in cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:326. [PMID: 34193145 PMCID: PMC8243487 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
CaMK2 (calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2), a multifunctional serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in diverse cellular processes, is vital for the transduction of the Ca2+ signaling cascade. Recently, research has highlighted the involvement of CaMK2 in cancer development. However, the specific effects of CaMK2 on cancer have not been fully elucidated. In this review, we summarize not only the altered expression of CaMK2 in a range of cancers, as evidenced by bioinformatics analysis, but also the significant role of CaMK2 in regulating cancer progression, such as proliferation and metastasis. In addition, we described the functional influence of CaMK2 on cancer stemness and resistance. Understanding the critical effects and mechanisms of CaMK2 in cancer would facilitate the development of a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi He
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, No. 181 Hanyu Road, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Wu W, Deng Z, Alafate W, Wang Y, Xiang J, Zhu L, Li B, Wang M, Wang J. Preoperative Prediction Nomogram Based on Integrated Profiling for Glioblastoma Multiforme in Glioma Patients. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1750. [PMID: 33194573 PMCID: PMC7609958 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Traditional classification that divided gliomas into glioblastoma multiformes (GBM) and lower grade gliomas (LGG) based on pathological morphology has been challenged over the past decade by improvements in molecular stratification, however, the reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy of glioma classification still remains poor. This study aimed to establish and validate a novel nomogram for the preoperative diagnosis of GBM by using integrated data combined with feasible baseline characteristics and preoperative tests. Material and method: The models were established in a primary cohort that included 259 glioma patients who had undergone surgical resection and were pathologically diagnosed from March 2014 to May 2016 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University. The preoperative data were used to construct three models by the best subset regression, the forward stepwise regression, and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and to furthermore establish the nomogram among those models. The assessment of nomogram was carried out by the discrimination and calibration in internal cohorts and external cohorts. Results and discussion: Out of all three models, model 2 contained eight clinical-related variables, which exhibited the minimum Akaike Information Criterion (173.71) and maximum concordance index (0.894). Compared with the other two models, the integrated discrimination index for model 2 was significantly improved, indicating that the nomogram obtained from model 2 was the most appropriate model. Likewise, the nomogram showed great calibration and significant clinical benefit according to calibration curves and the decision curve analysis. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study showed a novel preoperative model that incorporated clinically relevant variables and imaging features with laboratory data that could be used for preoperative prediction in glioma patients, thus providing more reliable evidence for surgical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhong Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wahafu Alafate
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yichang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jianyang Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lizhe Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bolin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Maode Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Center of Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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11
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Identification of New Genetic Clusters in Glioblastoma Multiforme: EGFR Status and ADD3 Losses Influence Prognosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112429. [PMID: 33172155 PMCID: PMC7694764 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GB) is one of the most aggressive tumors. Despite continuous efforts to improve its clinical management, there is still no strategy to avoid a rapid and fatal outcome. EGFR amplification is the most characteristic alteration of these tumors. Although effective therapy against it has not yet been found in GB, it may be central to classifying patients. We investigated somatic-copy number alterations (SCNA) by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in a series of 137 GB, together with the detection of EGFRvIII and FISH analysis for EGFR amplification. Publicly available data from 604 patients were used as a validation cohort. We found statistical associations between EGFR amplification and/or EGFRvIII, and SCNA in CDKN2A, MSH6, MTAP and ADD3. Interestingly, we found that both EGFRvIII and losses on ADD3 were independent markers of bad prognosis (p = 0.028 and 0.014, respectively). Finally, we got an unsupervised hierarchical classification that differentiated three clusters of patients based on their genetic alterations. It offered a landscape of EGFR co-alterations that may improve the comprehension of the mechanisms underlying GB aggressiveness. Our findings can help in defining different genetic profiles, which is necessary to develop new and different approaches in the management of our patients.
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12
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Jiang Y, He J, Guo Y, Tao H, Pu F, Li Y. Identification of genes related to low‐grade glioma progression and prognosis based on integrated transcriptome analysis. J Cell Biochem 2020; 121:3099-3111. [PMID: 31886582 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Jimin He
- Department of NeurosurgerySuining Central Hospital Suining China
| | - Yongcan Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine HospitalSouthwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Hualin Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Fei Pu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Yiqin Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
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13
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Kiang KMY, Zhang P, Li N, Zhu Z, Jin L, Leung GKK. Loss of cytoskeleton protein ADD3 promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis in glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Lett 2020; 474:118-126. [PMID: 31958485 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adducin 3 (ADD3) is a crucial assembly factor in the actin cytoskeleton and has been found to be aberrantly expressed in various cancers, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). It has previously been studied in array-based studies with controversial findings as to its functional role in glioma. In microarray analyses of 452 glioma specimens, we found significant downregulation of ADD3 in GBM, but not in less malignant gliomas, compared to normal brain tissue, which suggests that its downregulation might underlie critical events during malignant progression. We also found that ADD3 was functionally dependent on cell-matrix interaction. In our in vivo study, the proliferative and angiogenic capacity of ADD3-depleted GBM cells was promoted, possibly through PCNA, while p53 and p21 expression was suppressed, and pro-angiogenic signals were induced through VEGF-VEGFR-2-mediated activation in endothelial cells. With correlative in vitro, in vivo, and clinical data, we provide compelling evidence on the putative tumor-suppressive role of ADD3 in modulating GBM growth and angiogenesis. As a preclinical study, our research offers a better understanding of the pathogenesis of glioma malignant progression for the benefit of future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karrie Mei-Yee Kiang
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Pingde Zhang
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Zhiyuan Zhu
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Gilberto Ka-Kit Leung
- Department of Surgery, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.
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14
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Depciuch J, Tołpa B, Witek P, Szmuc K, Kaznowska E, Osuchowski M, Król P, Cebulski J. Raman and FTIR spectroscopy in determining the chemical changes in healthy brain tissues and glioblastoma tumor tissues. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 225:117526. [PMID: 31655362 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, also called glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is a particularly malignant form of primary brain tumor. This cancer accounts for 12-15% of all brain tumors. Despite the advances in neurosurgery, radio and chemotherapy the average survival rate is only 12.1-16.6 months. This is due not only to the late diagnosis of the disease, but also to ineffective treatment methods which result from the still low knowledge about the causes of glioblastoma development. Therefore, it is very important to look for new diagnostic methods of detection of the smallest features of cancer. Raman and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can be such methods. In this paper we discuss the chemical composition of sample glioblastoma brain tissues and marginal brain tissues using these two spectroscopy methods. Raman and FTIR spectra of cancer brain tissues showed that the highest differences in the chemical composition, compared to the control brain tissue, occur in the areas corresponding to lipids, collagen and proteins. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy also showed significant changes in the cancer tissues in the phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Interestingly, FTIR spectra after Kramers-Kronig transformations showed signals only for three peaks which corresponded to the vibrations of lipid function groups. Adjustment of the Lorenz function for these three peaks showed that only in the case of cancerous tissues the number of matching lines is different, compared to the control and marginal tissues. Therefore, we assume that lipids could be a spectroscopic marker for brain tumor. Furthermore, principal component analysis (PCA) showed that chemical changes seen between cancer and control tissues are significant and it is possible to differentiate the infected tissue from the healthy one. Interestingly, the PCA analysis also showed that adjacent brain tissues have different chemical composition than the control tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Depciuch
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Krakow, Poland.
| | - B Tołpa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Hospital Nr 2 in Rzeszow, Lwowska 60, 35-309, Poland
| | - P Witek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Centre of Innovation and Transfer of Natural Sciences and Engineering Knowledge, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - K Szmuc
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Centre of Innovation and Transfer of Natural Sciences and Engineering Knowledge, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - E Kaznowska
- Department of Patomorphology, Chair of Morphological Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Rzeszow, Kopisto 2a, 35-959, Poland
| | - M Osuchowski
- Department of Patomorphology, Chair of Morphological Sciences, Medical Faculty, University of Rzeszow, Kopisto 2a, 35-959, Poland
| | - P Król
- Department of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow, Towarnickiego 3, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - J Cebulski
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Centre of Innovation and Transfer of Natural Sciences and Engineering Knowledge, University of Rzeszow, Pigonia 1, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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15
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Caiado H, Conceição N, Tiago D, Marreiros A, Vicente S, Enriquez JL, Vaz AM, Antunes A, Guerreiro H, Caldeira P, Cancela ML. Evaluation of MGP gene expression in colorectal cancer. Gene 2020; 723:144120. [PMID: 31589964 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a vitamin K-dependent, γ-carboxylated protein that was initially found to be a physiological inhibitor of ectopic calcifications affecting mainly cartilage and the vascular system. Mutations in the MGP gene were found to be responsible for a human pathology, the Keutel syndrome, characterized by abnormal calcifications in cartilage, lungs, brain and vascular system. MGP was recently implicated in tumorigenic processes such as angiogenesis and shown to be abnormally regulated in several tumors, including cervical, ovarian, urogenital and breast. This fact has triggered our interest in analyzing the expression of MGP and of its regulator, the transcription factor runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS MGP and RUNX2 expression were analyzed in cancer and non-tumor biopsies samples from 33 CRC patients and 9 healthy controls by RT-qPCR. Consequently, statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the clinical-pathological significance of MGP and RUNX2 in CRC. MGP protein was also detected by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Showed an overall overexpression of MGP in the tumor mucosa of patients at mRNA level when compared to adjacent normal mucosa and healthy control tissues. In addition, analysis of the expression of RUNX2 mRNA demonstrated an overexpression in CRC tissue samples and a positive correlation with MGP expression (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.636; p ≤ 0.01) in tumor mucosa. However correlations between MGP gene expression and clinical-pathological characteristics, such as gender, age and pathology classification did not provide relevant information that may shed light towards the differences of MGP expression observed between normal and malignant tissue. CONCLUSIONS We were able to associate the high levels of MGP mRNA expression with a worse prognosis and survival rate lower than five years. These results contributed to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying MGP deregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Caiado
- ProRegeM PhD Programme in Mechanisms of Disease and Regenerative Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Natércia Conceição
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | - Daniel Tiago
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Ana Marreiros
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Susana Vicente
- Pathology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - Jose Luis Enriquez
- Pathology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Vaz
- Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - Artur Antunes
- Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - Horácio Guerreiro
- Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - Paulo Caldeira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
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16
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Barthel FP, Johnson KC, Wesseling P, Verhaak RGW. Evolving Insights into the Molecular Neuropathology of Diffuse Gliomas in Adults. Neurol Clin 2019; 36:421-437. [PMID: 30072063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in molecular analysis and genome sequencing have prompted a paradigm shift in neuropathology. This article discusses the discovery and clinical relevance of molecular biomarkers in diffuse gliomas in adults and how these biomarkers led to revision of the World Health Organization classification of these tumors. We relate progress in clinical classification to an overview of studies using molecular profiling to study gene expression and DNA methylation to categorize diffuse gliomas in adults and issues dealing with intratumoral heterogeneity. These efforts will refine the taxonomy of diffuse gliomas, facilitate selection of appropriate treatment regimens, and ultimately improve patient's lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floris P Barthel
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands; The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Kevin C Johnson
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and University Medical Center Utrecht, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Roel G W Verhaak
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, 10 Discovery Drive, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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17
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Cheng Z, Yu C, Cui S, Wang H, Jin H, Wang C, Li B, Qin M, Yang C, He J, Zuo Q, Wang S, Liu J, Ye W, Lv Y, Zhao F, Yao M, Jiang L, Qin W. circTP63 functions as a ceRNA to promote lung squamous cell carcinoma progression by upregulating FOXM1. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3200. [PMID: 31324812 PMCID: PMC6642174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are identified as vital regulators in a variety of cancers. However, the role of circRNA in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) remains largely unknown. Herein, we explore the expression profiles of circRNA and mRNA in 5 paired samples of LUSC. By analyzing the co-expression network of differentially expressed circRNAs and dysregulated mRNAs, we identify that a cell cycle-related circRNA, circTP63, is upregulated in LUSC tissues and its upregulation is correlated with larger tumor size and higher TNM stage in LUSC patients. Elevated circTP63 promotes cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, circTP63 shares miRNA response elements with FOXM1. circTP63 competitively binds to miR-873-3p and prevents miR-873-3p to decrease the level of FOXM1, which upregulates CENPA and CENPB, and finally facilitates cell cycle progression. Circular RNAs are known to regulate cancer. Here, the authors show that the circular RNA circTP63 promotes lung squamous cell carcinoma by competing with endogenous RNA to upregulate FOXM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengtao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaohua Cui
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Haojie Jin
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun Wang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Botai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Meilin Qin
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia He
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiaozhu Zuo
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Siying Wang
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 200233, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yao
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Liyan Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200030, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wenxin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Wang B, Wang W, Meng HY, Chen J, Yuan LJ. Effects and mechanism of siomycin A on the growth and apoptosis of MiaPaCa-2 cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2869-2876. [PMID: 31452766 PMCID: PMC6676398 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Siomycin A is a type of thiopeptide antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation products of an endophytic actinomycin, which is derived from the medicinal plant Acanthopanax senticosus. The present study investigated whether siomycin A has antitumor effects in vitro on a variety of cell lines. A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was performed to detect the effects of siomycin A on cell viability; morphological changes in the MiaPaCa-2 cell line were analyzed using an inverted phase contrast microscope. A Transwell migration assay was applied to detect cell migration ability. The cytoskeleton was observed by laser confocal microscopy, and apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry. A western blot assay was used to detect the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9 and α-tubulin. The results revealed that siomycin A inhibited the proliferation of human tumor cell lines of different origins. As the concentration of siomycin A increased, the cell density decreased gradually and cells exhibited a morphological change from spindle to spherical shape. Furthermore, 24 h after administration, the cell migration ability was inhibited. The cytoskeleton complexity and morphological changes were increased after administration of siomycin A. The percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly increased and the expression levels of MMP-2, MMP-9 and α-tubulin were downregulated by siomycin A. Therefore, siomycin A was determined to effectively inhibit the proliferative ability of a variety of human tumor cell lines. Siomycin A was also determined to affect the cytoskeleton of tumor cells by downregulating the expression of α-tubulin protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Yi Meng
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jie Yuan
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Chronic Diseases, Tangshan Key Laboratory for Preclinical and Basic Research on Chronic Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, P.R. China
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19
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Cesarini V, Silvestris DA, Tassinari V, Tomaselli S, Alon S, Eisenberg E, Locatelli F, Gallo A. ADAR2/miR-589-3p axis controls glioblastoma cell migration/invasion. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2045-2059. [PMID: 29267965 PMCID: PMC5829642 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the emerging role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in human cancers. We systematically characterized miRNA expression and editing in the human brain, which displays the highest number of A-to-I RNA editing sites among human tissues, and in de novo glioblastoma brain cancer. We identified 299 miRNAs altered in their expression and 24 miRNAs differently edited in human brain compared to glioblastoma tissues. We focused on the editing site within the miR-589–3p seed. MiR-589–3p is a unique miRNA almost fully edited (∼100%) in normal brain and with a consistent editing decrease in glioblastoma. The edited version of miR-589–3p inhibits glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion, while the unedited version boosts cell proliferation and motility/invasion, thus being a potential cancer-promoting factor. We demonstrated that the editing of this miRNA is mediated by ADAR2, and retargets miR-589–3p from the tumor-suppressor PCDH9 to ADAM12, which codes for the metalloproteinase 12 promoting glioblastoma invasion. Overall, our study dissects the role of a unique brain-specific editing site within miR-589–3p, with important anticancer features, and highlights the importance of RNA editing as an essential player not only for diversifying the genomic message but also for correcting not-tolerable/critical genomic coding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriana Cesarini
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico A Silvestris
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tassinari
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Tomaselli
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Shahar Alon
- Media Laboratory and McGovern Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Eli Eisenberg
- Raymond and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Franco Locatelli
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy.,Department of Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Angela Gallo
- RNA Editing Laboratory, Oncohaematology Department, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Viale di San Paolo, 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
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20
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Suppression of colorectal cancer cell growth by combined treatment of 6-gingerol and γ-tocotrienol via alteration of multiple signalling pathways. J Nat Med 2019; 73:745-760. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01323-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Lu QR, Qian L, Zhou X. Developmental origins and oncogenic pathways in malignant brain tumors. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 8:e342. [PMID: 30945456 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors such as adult glioblastomas and pediatric high-grade gliomas or medulloblastomas are among the leading causes of cancer-related deaths, exhibiting poor prognoses with little improvement in outcomes in the past several decades. These tumors are heterogeneous and can be initiated from various neural cell types, contributing to therapy resistance. How such heterogeneity arises is linked to the tumor cell of origin and their genetic alterations. Brain tumorigenesis and progression recapitulate key features associated with normal neurogenesis; however, the underlying mechanisms are quite dysregulated as tumor cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner. Recent comprehensive genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic studies at single-cell resolution have shed new light onto diverse tumor-driving events, cellular heterogeneity, and cells of origin in different brain tumors. Primary and secondary glioblastomas develop through different genetic alterations and pathways, such as EGFR amplification and IDH1/2 or TP53 mutation, respectively. Mutations such as histone H3K27M impacting epigenetic modifications define a distinct group of pediatric high-grade gliomas such as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. The identification of distinct genetic, epigenomic profiles and cellular heterogeneity has led to new classifications of adult and pediatric brain tumor subtypes, affording insights into molecular and lineage-specific vulnerabilities for treatment stratification. This review discusses our current understanding of tumor cells of origin, heterogeneity, recurring genetic and epigenetic alterations, oncogenic drivers and signaling pathways for adult glioblastomas, pediatric high-grade gliomas, and medulloblastomas, the genetically heterogeneous groups of malignant brain tumors. This article is categorized under: Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Richard Lu
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lily Qian
- Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xianyao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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22
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CXCR2-Expressing Tumor Cells Drive Vascular Mimicry in Antiangiogenic Therapy-Resistant Glioblastoma. Neoplasia 2019; 20:1070-1082. [PMID: 30236892 PMCID: PMC6151844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma (GBM) was shown to relapse faster and displayed therapeutic resistance to antiangiogenic therapies (AATs) through an alternative tumor cell-driven mechanism of neovascularization called vascular mimicry (VM). We identified highly upregulated interleukin 8 (IL-8)-CXCR2 axis in tumor cells in high-grade human glioma and AAT-treated orthotopic GBM tumors. METHODS: Human GBM tissue sections and tissue array were used to ascertain the clinical relevance of CXCR2-positive tumor cells in the formation of VM. We utilized U251 and U87 human tumor cells to understand VM in an orthotopic GBM model and AAT-mediated enhancement in VM was modeled using vatalanib (anti-VEGFR2) and avastin (anti-VEGF). Later, VM was inhibited by SB225002 (CXCR2 inhibitor) in a preclinical study. RESULTS: Overexpression of IL8 and CXCR2 in human datasets and histological analysis was identified as a bonafide candidate to validate VM through in vitro and animal model studies. AAT-treated tumors displayed a higher number of CXCR2-positive GBM-stem cells with endothelial-like phenotypes. Stable knockdown of CXCR2 expression in tumor cells led to decreased tumor growth as well as incomplete VM structures in the animal models. Similar data were obtained following SB225002 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that tumor cell autonomous IL-8-CXCR2 pathway is instrumental in AAT-mediated resistance and VM formation in GBM. Therefore, CXCR2 can be targeted through SB225002 and can be combined with standard therapies to improve the therapeutic outcomes in clinical trials.
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Lechuga S, Amin PH, Wolen AR, Ivanov AI. Adducins inhibit lung cancer cell migration through mechanisms involving regulation of cell-matrix adhesion and cadherin-11 expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:395-408. [PMID: 30290240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a critical mechanism controlling tissue morphogenesis, epithelial wound healing and tumor metastasis. Migrating cells depend on orchestrated remodeling of the plasma membrane and the underlying actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by the spectrin-adducin-based membrane skeleton. Expression of adducins is altered during tumorigenesis, however, their involvement in metastatic dissemination of tumor cells remains poorly characterized. This study investigated the roles of α-adducin (ADD1) and γ-adducin (ADD3) in regulating migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. ADD1 was mislocalized, whereas ADD3 was markedly downregulated in NSCLC cells with the invasive mesenchymal phenotype. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ADD1 and ADD3 in epithelial-type NSCLC and normal bronchial epithelial cells promoted their Boyden chamber migration and Matrigel invasion. Furthermore, overexpression of ADD1, but not ADD3, in mesenchymal-type NSCLC cells decreased cell migration and invasion. ADD1-overexpressing NSCLC cells demonstrated increased adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM), accompanied by enhanced assembly of focal adhesions and hyperphosphorylation of Src and paxillin. The increased adhesiveness and decreased motility of ADD1-overexpressing cells were reversed by siRNA-mediated knockdown of Src. By contrast, the accelerated migration of ADD1 and ADD3-depleted NSCLC cells was ECM adhesion-independent and was driven by the upregulated expression of pro-motile cadherin-11. Overall, our findings reveal a novel function of adducins as negative regulators of NSCLC cell migration and invasion, which could be essential for limiting lung cancer progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Lechuga
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Parth H Amin
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Aaron R Wolen
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America
| | - Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, United States of America; Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America.
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Xu X, Bao Z, Liu Y, Jiang K, Zhi T, Wang D, Fan L, Liu N, Ji J. PBX3/MEK/ERK1/2/LIN28/let-7b positive feedback loop enhances mesenchymal phenotype to promote glioblastoma migration and invasion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:158. [PMID: 30016974 PMCID: PMC6050701 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain invasion by glioblastoma (GBM) determines recurrence and prognosis in patients, which is, in part, attributed to increased mesenchymal transition. Here, we report evidence favoring such a role for the Pre-B-cell leukemia homebox (PBX) family member PBX3. METHODS Western blot, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and datasets mining were used to determined proteins or genes expression levels. Wound-healing and transwell assays were used to examine the invasive abilities of GBM cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were used to determine how let-7b regulates PBX3. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and rescue experiments were performed to investigate the involved molecular mechanisms. Orthotopic mouse models were used to assess the role of PBX3 in vivo. RESULTS We found that PBX3 expression levels positively correlated with glioma mesenchymal markers. Ectopic expression of PBX3 promoted invasive phenotypes and triggered the expression of mesenchymal markers, whereas depletion of PBX3 reduced GBM cell invasive abilities and decreased the expression of mesenchymal markers. In addition, inhibition of PBX3 attenuated transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced GBM mesenchymal transition. Mechanistic studies revealed that PBX3 mediated GBM mesenchymal transition through activation of MEK/ERK1/2, leading to increased expression of LIN28 by c-myc. Increased LIN28 inhibited let-7b biogenesis, which then promoted the pro-invasive genes, such as HMGA2 and IL-6. Furthermore, let-7b suppressed PBX3 by directly targeting 3'-UTR of PBX3. Thus, repressed let-7b by PBX3 amplifies PBX3 signaling and forms a positive feedback loop to promote GBM mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight the importance of PBX3 as a key driver of mesenchymal transition and potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiupeng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongyuan Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinlong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kuan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yixing People's Hospital, Yixing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tongle Zhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Vitucci M, Irvin DM, McNeill RS, Schmid RS, Simon JM, Dhruv HD, Siegel MB, Werneke AM, Bash RE, Kim S, Berens ME, Miller CR. Genomic profiles of low-grade murine gliomas evolve during progression to glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2018; 19:1237-1247. [PMID: 28398584 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gliomas are diverse neoplasms with multiple molecular subtypes. How tumor-initiating mutations relate to molecular subtypes as these tumors evolve during malignant progression remains unclear. Methods We used genetically engineered mouse models, histopathology, genetic lineage tracing, expression profiling, and copy number analyses to examine how genomic tumor diversity evolves during the course of malignant progression from low- to high-grade disease. Results Knockout of all 3 retinoblastoma (Rb) family proteins was required to initiate low-grade tumors in adult mouse astrocytes. Mutations activating mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, specifically KrasG12D, potentiated Rb-mediated tumorigenesis. Low-grade tumors showed mutant Kras-specific transcriptome profiles but lacked copy number mutations. These tumors stochastically progressed to high-grade, in part through acquisition of copy number mutations. High-grade tumor transcriptomes were heterogeneous and consisted of 3 subtypes that mimicked human mesenchymal, proneural, and neural glioblastomas. Subtypes were confirmed in validation sets of high-grade mouse tumors initiated by different driver mutations as well as human patient-derived xenograft models and glioblastoma tumors. Conclusion These results suggest that oncogenic driver mutations influence the genomic profiles of low-grade tumors and that these, as well as progression-acquired mutations, contribute strongly to the genomic heterogeneity across high-grade tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Vitucci
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David M Irvin
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Robert S McNeill
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Ralf S Schmid
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Harshil D Dhruv
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marni B Siegel
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Andrea M Werneke
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Seungchan Kim
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Michael E Berens
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
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Fu MH, Wang CY, Hsieh YT, Fang KM, Tzeng SF. Functional Role of Matrix gla Protein in Glioma Cell Migration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:4624-4636. [PMID: 28707070 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor subtype. Despite that metastasis of GBM beyond the central nervous system (CNS) is rare, its malignancy is attributed to the highly infiltration trait, leading to the difficulty of complete surgical excision. Matrix gla protein (MGP) is a vitamin K-dependent small secretory protein, and functions as a calcification inhibitor. The involvement of MGP function in glioma cell dynamics remains to be clarified. The study showed that a low proliferative rat C6 glioma cell line named as C6-2 exhibited faster migratory and invasive capability compared to that observed in a high tumorigenic rat C6 glioma cell line (called as C6-1). Interestingly, C6-2 cells expressed higher levels of MGP molecules than C6-1 cells did. Lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against MGP gene expression (MGP-KD) in C6-2 cells or lentivirus-mediated overexpression of MGP transcripts in C6-1 cells resulted in the morphological alteration of the two cell lines. Moreover, MGP-KD caused a decline in cell migration and invasion ability of C6-2 cells. In contrast, increased expression of MGP in C6-1 cells promoted their cell migration and invasion. The observations were further verified by the results from the implantation of C6-1 and C6-2 cells into ex vivo brain slice and in vivo rat brain. Thus, our results demonstrate that the manipulation of MGP expression in C6 glioma cells can mediate glioma cell migratory activity. Moreover, our findings indicate the possibility that high proliferative glioma cells expressing a high level of MGP may exist and contribute to tumor infiltration and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Hui Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, #1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ti Hsieh
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, #1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Min Fang
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, #1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fen Tzeng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, #1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
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A Review on Adducin from Functional to Pathological Mechanisms: Future Direction in Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3465929. [PMID: 29862265 PMCID: PMC5976920 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3465929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Adducin (ADD) is a family of membrane skeleton proteins including ADD1, ADD2, and ADD3 that are encoded by distinct genes on different chromosomes. Adducin is primarily responsible for the assembly of spectrin-actin network that provides physical support to the plasma membrane and mediates signal transduction in various cellular physiological processes upon regulation by protein kinase C-dependent and calcium/calmodulin-dependent pathways. Abnormal phosphorylation, genetic variations, and alternative splicing of adducin may contribute to alterations in cellular functions involved in pathogenic processes. These alterations are associated with a wide range of diseases including cancer. This paper begins with a discussion on how adducin partakes in the structural formation of membrane skeleton, its regulation, and related functional characteristics, followed by a review on the pathogenesis of hypertension, biliary atresia, and cancer with respect to increased disease susceptibility mediated by adducin polymorphism and/or dysregulation. Given the functional diversity of adducin in different cellular compartments, we aim to provide a knowledge base whereby its pathophysiological roles can be better understood. More importantly, we aim to provide novel insights that may be of significance in turning the adducin model to clinical application.
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Mehta S, Lo Cascio C. Developmentally regulated signaling pathways in glioma invasion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:385-402. [PMID: 28821904 PMCID: PMC5765207 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common, infiltrative, and lethal primary brain tumors affecting the adult population. The grim prognosis for this disease is due to a combination of the presence of highly invasive tumor cells that escape surgical resection and the presence of a population of therapy-resistant cancer stem cells found within these tumors. Several studies suggest that glioma cells have cleverly hijacked the normal developmental program of neural progenitor cells, including their transcriptional programs, to enhance gliomagenesis. In this review, we summarize the role of developmentally regulated signaling pathways that have been found to facilitate glioma growth and invasion. Furthermore, we discuss how the microenvironment and treatment-induced perturbations of these highly interconnected signaling networks can trigger a shift in cellular phenotype and tumor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetal Mehta
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
| | - Costanza Lo Cascio
- Division of Neurobiology, Barrow Brain Tumor Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
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Liu X, Li L, Chen X, Wang X, Mu L, Li Y, Xu Q, Xie Q, Lu F. No Association between EGF +61 A/G Polymorphism and Increased Risk of Glioma. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 24:77-82. [DOI: 10.1177/172460080902400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the epidermal growth factor ( EGF) gene +61 A/G in the 5′-untranslated region has been reported to be associated with susceptibility to glioma. A case-control study (168 glioma patients and 194 normal controls) was conducted to elucidate its possible association with the risk of glioma in the Chinese population. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay was used to analyze the EGF genotypes. The genotyping results were further confirmed by direct sequencing. The EGF +61A and +61G allele frequencies in the glioma group were 32.1% and 67.9%, respectively, while they were 30.4% and 69.6% in the healthy controls. Furthermore, the frequency of the A/A, A/G and G/G genotypes in glioma patients was 8.9%, 46.4%, and 44.7%, respectively, and 8.3%, 44.3%, and 47.4% in controls. There was no significant difference between patients and healthy controls. The EGF +61 A/G and +61 G/G genotypes were not significantly associated with risk of glioma compared with the A/A genotype. In addition, no significant association was observed between EGF polymorphism and different histological grades of glioma. These results indicate that the EGF +61 A/G polymorphism is not associated with susceptibility to glioma in the Chinese population. In addition, a literature review revealed a significantly higher rate of the A/A genotype in Caucasian compared with East Asian subjects. Such differences in genotype distribution between Caucasian and Asian people should be taken into account in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Liu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Li Li
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing - PR China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Luyan Mu
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang Province
| | - Yajuan Li
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing - PR China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing - PR China
| | - Qing Xie
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing - PR China
| | - Fengmin Lu
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing - PR China
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Egawa M, Yoshida Y, Ogura S, Kurahashi T, Kizu T, Furuta K, Kamada Y, Chatani N, Hamano M, Kiso S, Hikita H, Tatsumi T, Eguchi H, Nagano H, Doki Y, Mori M, Takehara T. Increased expression of Forkhead box M1 transcription factor is associated with clinicopathological features and confers a poor prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:1196-1205. [PMID: 28002884 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Forkhead Box M1 (FoxM1) is a proliferation-specific transcription factor. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the clinicopathological and prognostic values of FoxM1 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and correlate FoxM1 expression with various etiologies of liver diseases. We also investigated its therapeutic value in HCC. METHODS We investigated the expression of FoxM1 in tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues of 79 Japanese HCC patients by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Depletion by siRNA or specific inhibition by siomycin A were also used to investigate the effect of FoxM1 inhibition on stem-like features of human HCC cells. RESULTS Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that tumor tissues displayed an approximately 14-fold increase in FoxM1 expression compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues. Interestingly, the expression levels of FoxM1in tumor tissues did not depend on the etiology of liver disease. The expression of FoxM1 in tumor tissues was associated with serum α-fetoprotein level, maximum tumor size, histological grade, TNM staging, and portal involvement. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the high FoxM1 expression (≥median) group had a poor prognosis compared with the low FoxM1 expression (<median) group. Using multivariate analysis, the expression of FoxM1 in tumor tissues was shown to be an independent prognostic factor that affected overall survival and disease-free survival. Furthermore, FoxM1 inhibition by siRNA or siomycin A reduced spheroid colony formation of HCC cells in vitro. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that FoxM1 might be a prognostic biomarker and a promising therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Egawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Takashi Kizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Mina Hamano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kiso
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hayato Hikita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Digestive Surgery and Surgical Oncology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Felsberg J, Hentschel B, Kaulich K, Gramatzki D, Zacher A, Malzkorn B, Kamp M, Sabel M, Simon M, Westphal M, Schackert G, Tonn JC, Pietsch T, von Deimling A, Loeffler M, Reifenberger G, Weller M. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Variant III (EGFRvIII) Positivity in EGFR-Amplified Glioblastomas: Prognostic Role and Comparison between Primary and Recurrent Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6846-6855. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Long noncoding RNA FTX is upregulated in gliomas and promotes proliferation and invasion of glioma cells by negatively regulating miR-342-3p. J Transl Med 2017; 97:447-457. [PMID: 28112756 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2016.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas remain a major public health challenge, posing a high risk for brain tumor-related morbidity and mortality. However, the mechanisms that drive the development of gliomas remain largely unknown. Emerging evidence has shown that long noncoding RNAs are key factors in glioma pathogenesis. qRT-PCR analysis was used to assess the expression of FTX and miR-342-3p in the different stages of gliomas in tissues. Bioinformatics tool DIANA and TargetSCan were used to predict the targets of FTX and miR-342-3p, respectively. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to test the correlation between the expression levels of FTX, miR-342-3p, and astrocyte-elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). To examine the role of FTX in regulating proliferation and invasion of glioma cells, specific siRNA was used to knockdown FTX, and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and transwell assays were performed. Furthermore, rescue experiments were performed to further confirm the regulation of miR-342-3p by FTX. We then found that the expression of FTX and miR-342-3p was associated with progression of gliomas. FTX directly inhibited the expression of miR-342-3p, which subsequently regulates the expression of AEG-1. Collectively, FTX is critical for proliferation and invasion of glioma cells by regulating miR-342-3p and AEG-1. Our findings indicate that FTX and miR-342-3p may serve as a biomarker of glioma diagnosis, and offer potential novel therapeutic targets of treatment of gliomas.
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Song X, Fiati Kenston SS, Zhao J, Yang D, Gu Y. Roles of FoxM1 in cell regulation and breast cancer targeting therapy. Med Oncol 2017; 34:41. [PMID: 28176242 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-0888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box M1 (FoxM1) is an oncogenic transcription factor involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism and DNA damage response. It is overexpressed in many human cancers, especially in breast cancers. Posttranslational modifications are known to play an important role in regulating the expression and transcriptional activity of FoxM1. In this review, we characterize the posttranslational modifications of FoxM1, summarize modifications of FoxM1 by different kinases, explore the relationship between the different sites of modifications and comprehensively describe how posttranslational modifications to regulate the function of FoxM1 by changing protein stability, nucleus localization and transcriptional activity. Additionally, we systematically summarize the roles of FoxM1 in breast cancer occurrence, therapy and drug resistance. The purpose of this paper tries to give a better understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of FoxM1 in cell regulation and highlights potential of a new method for breast cancer therapy by targeting FoxM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Song
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Samuel Selorm Fiati Kenston
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Danting Yang
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanliang Gu
- Department of Preventative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Medicine School of Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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Conti A, Fredolini C, Tamburro D, Magagnoli G, Zhou W, Liotta LA, Picci P, Luchini A, Benassi MS. Identification of novel candidate circulating biomarkers for malignant soft tissue sarcomas: Correlation with metastatic progression. Proteomics 2016; 16:689-97. [PMID: 26699407 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors for which identification and validation of biological markers may improve clinical management. The fraction of low-molecular-weight (LMW) circulating proteins and fragments of proteins is a rich source of new potential biomarkers. To identify circulating biomarkers useful for STS early diagnosis and prognosis, we analyzed 53 high-grade STS sera using hydrogel core-shell nanoparticles that selectively entrap LMW proteins by size exclusion and affinity chromatography, protect them from degradation and amplify their concentration for mass spectrometry detection. Twenty-two analytes mostly involved in inflammatory and immunological response, showed a progressive increase from benign to malignant STS with a relative difference in abundance, more than 50% when compared to healthy control. 16 of these were higher in metastatic compared to non-metastatic tumors. Cox's regression analysis revealed a statistical significant association between the abundance of lactotransferrin (LTF) and complement factor H-related 5 (CFHR5) and risk of metastasis. In particular, CFHR5 was associated with the risk of metastasis. The role of circulating proteins involved in metastatic progression will be crucial for a better understanding of STS biology and patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Conti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Claudia Fredolini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Davide Tamburro
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Giovanna Magagnoli
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Lance A Liotta
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Piero Picci
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Luchini
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Maria Serena Benassi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
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PPIC, EMP3 and CHI3L1 Are Novel Prognostic Markers for High Grade Glioma. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111808. [PMID: 27801851 PMCID: PMC5133809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment methods for patients diagnosed with gliomas have shown limited success. This is partly due to the lack of prognostic genes available to accurately predict disease outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate novel prognostic genes based on the molecular profile of tumor samples and their correlation with clinical parameters. In the current study, microarray data (GSE4412 and GSE7696) downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus were used to identify differentially expressed prognostic genes (DEPGs) by significant analysis of microarray (SAM) between long-term survivors (>2 years) and short-term survivors (≤2 years). DEPGs generated from these two datasets were intersected to obtain a list of common DEPGs. The expression of a subset of common DEPGs was then independently validated by real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR (qPCR). Survival value of the common DEPGs was validated using known survival data from the GSE4412 and TCGA dataset. After intersecting DEPGs generated from the above two datasets, three genes were identified which may potentially be used to determine glioma patient prognosis. Independent validation with glioma patients tissue (n = 70) and normal brain tissue (n = 19) found PPIC, EMP3 and CHI3L1 were up-regulated in glioma tissue. Survival value validation showed that the three genes correlated with patient survival by Kaplan-Meir analysis, including grades, age and therapy.
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Down-regulation of IKKβ expression in glioma-infiltrating microglia/macrophages is associated with defective inflammatory/immune gene responses in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33077-90. [PMID: 26427514 PMCID: PMC4741750 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive malignancy associated with profound host immunosuppression. Microglia and macrophages infiltrating GBM acquire the pro-tumorigenic, M2 phenotype and support tumor invasion, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and block immune responses both locally and systematically. Mechanisms responsible for immunological deficits in GBM patients are poorly understood. We analyzed immune/inflammatory gene expression in five datasets of low and high grade gliomas, and performed Gene Ontology and signaling pathway analyses to identify defective transcriptional responses. The expression of many immune/inflammatory response and TLR signaling pathway genes was reduced in high grade gliomas compared to low grade gliomas. In particular, we found the reduced expression of the IKBKB, a gene coding for IKKβ, which phosphorylates IκB proteins and represents a convergence point for most signal transduction pathways leading to NFκB activation. The reduced IKBKB expression and IKKβ levels in GBM tissues were demonstrated by qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The IKKβ expression was down-regulated in microglia/macrophages infiltrating glioblastoma. NFκB activation, prominent in microglia/macrophages infiltrating low grade gliomas, was reduced in microglia/macrophages in glioblastoma tissues. Down-regulation of IKBKB expression and NFκB signaling in microglia/macrophages infiltrating glioblastoma correlates with defective expression of immune/inflammatory genes and M2 polarization that may result in the global impairment of anti-tumor immune responses in glioblastoma.
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EphrinB2 repression through ZEB2 mediates tumour invasion and anti-angiogenic resistance. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12329. [PMID: 27470974 PMCID: PMC4974575 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse invasion of the surrounding brain parenchyma is a major obstacle in the treatment of gliomas with various therapeutics, including anti-angiogenic agents. Here we identify the epi-/genetic and microenvironmental downregulation of ephrinB2 as a crucial step that promotes tumour invasion by abrogation of repulsive signals. We demonstrate that ephrinB2 is downregulated in human gliomas as a consequence of promoter hypermethylation and gene deletion. Consistently, genetic deletion of ephrinB2 in a murine high-grade glioma model increases invasion. Importantly, ephrinB2 gene silencing is complemented by a hypoxia-induced transcriptional repression. Mechanistically, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α induces the EMT repressor ZEB2, which directly downregulates ephrinB2 through promoter binding to enhance tumour invasiveness. This mechanism is activated following anti-angiogenic treatment of gliomas and is efficiently blocked by disrupting ZEB2 activity. Taken together, our results identify ZEB2 as an attractive therapeutic target to inhibit tumour invasion and counteract tumour resistance mechanisms induced by anti-angiogenic treatment strategies. Ephrins are transmembrane proteins involved in cell-cell communication, and implicated in cancer cell growth and progression. Here, the authors show that EphrinB2 expression is reduced in glioma cells both by genetic and epigenetic alterations and under hypoxia, through a HIF1α-mediated direct regulation of ZEB2, which enhances invasion and anti-angiogenic resistance.
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Gheorghe SR, Crăciun AM. Matrix Gla protein in tumoral pathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 89:319-21. [PMID: 27547048 PMCID: PMC4990424 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix Gla protein is a vitamin K-dependent protein secreted by chondrocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells. The presence of matrix Gla protein was reported in arterial and venous walls, lungs, kidney, uterus, heart, tooth cementum and eyes. Several studies identified matrix Gla protein in tumoral pathology. Until recently, it was thought to only have an inhibitory role of physiological and ectopic calcification. New studies demonstrated that it also has a role in physiological and pathological angiogenesis, as well as in tumorigenesis. The aim of this review is to report the latest findings related to the expression and clinical implications of matrix Gla protein in different types of cancer with an emphasis on cerebral tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Roxana Gheorghe
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mărioara Crăciun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Skubal M, Gielen GH, Waha A, Gessi M, Kaczmarczyk L, Seifert G, Freihoff D, Freihoff J, Pietsch T, Simon M, Theis M, Steinhäuser C, Waha A. Altered splicing leads to reduced activation of CPEB3 in high-grade gliomas. Oncotarget 2016; 7:41898-41912. [PMID: 27256982 PMCID: PMC5173104 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding proteins (CPEBs) are auxiliary translational factors that associate with consensus sequences present in 3'UTRs of mRNAs, thereby activating or repressing their translation. Knowing that CPEBs are players in cell cycle regulation and cellular senescence prompted us to investigate their contribution to the molecular pathology of gliomas-most frequent of intracranial tumors found in humans. To this end, we performed methylation analyses in the promoter regions of CPEB1-4 and identified the CPEB1 gene to be hypermethylated in tumor samples. Decreased expression of CPEB1 protein in gliomas correlated with the rising grade of tumor malignancy. Abundant expression of CPEBs2-4 was observed in several glioma specimens. Interestingly, expression of CPEB3 positively correlated with tumor progression and malignancy but negatively correlated with protein phosphorylation in the alternatively spliced region. Our data suggest that loss of CPEB3 activity in high-grade gliomas is caused by expression of alternatively spliced variants lacking the B-region that overlaps with the kinase recognition site. We conclude that deregulation of CPEB proteins may be a frequent phenomenon in gliomas and occurs on the level of transcription involving epigenetic mechanism as well as on the level of mRNA splicing, which generates isoforms with compromised biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Skubal
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerrit H. Gielen
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anke Waha
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marco Gessi
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lech Kaczmarczyk
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerald Seifert
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dorothee Freihoff
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Freihoff
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Pietsch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Simon
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Theis
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Waha
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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Polisetty RV, Gautam P, Gupta MK, Sharma R, Gowda H, Renu D, Shivakumar BM, Lakshmikantha A, Mariswamappa K, Ankathi P, Purohit AK, Uppin MS, Sundaram C, Sirdeshmukh R. Microsomal membrane proteome of low grade diffuse astrocytomas: Differentially expressed proteins and candidate surveillance biomarkers. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26882. [PMID: 27246909 PMCID: PMC4887981 DOI: 10.1038/srep26882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse astrocytoma (DA; WHO grade II) is a low-grade, primary brain neoplasm with high potential of recurrence as higher grade malignant form. We have analyzed differentially expressed membrane proteins from these tumors, using high-resolution mass spectrometry. A total of 2803 proteins were identified, 340 of them differentially expressed with minimum of 2 fold change and based on ≥2 unique peptides. Bioinformatics analysis of this dataset also revealed important molecular networks and pathways relevant to tumorigenesis, mTOR signaling pathway being a major pathway identified. Comparison of 340 differentially expressed proteins with the transcript data from Grade II diffuse astrocytomas reported earlier, revealed about 190 of the proteins correlate in their trends in expression. Considering progressive and recurrent nature of these tumors, we have mapped the differentially expressed proteins for their secretory potential, integrated the resulting list with similar list of proteins from anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO Grade III) tumors and provide a panel of proteins along with their proteotypic peptides, as a resource that would be useful for investigation as circulatory plasma markers for post-treatment surveillance of DA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poonam Gautam
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Hyderabad, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Hyderabad, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India.,Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Praveen Ankathi
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Megha S Uppin
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | - Challa Sundaram
- Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ravi Sirdeshmukh
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR), Hyderabad, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore, India.,Neuro-Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Center for Translational Research, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
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Ichikawa T, Otani Y, Kurozumi K, Date I. Phenotypic Transition as a Survival Strategy of Glioma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2016; 56:387-95. [PMID: 27169497 PMCID: PMC4945597 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is characterized by rapid proliferation, invasion into surrounding central nervous system tissues, and aberrant vascularization. There is increasing evidence that shows gliomas are more complex than previously thought, as each tumor comprises considerable intratumoral heterogeneity with mixtures of genetically and phenotypically distinct subclones. Heterogeneity within and across tumors is recognized as a critical factor that limits therapeutic progress for malignant glioma. Recent genotyping and expression profiling of gliomas has allowed for the creation of classification schemes that assign tumors to subtypes based on similarity to defined expression signatures. Also, malignant gliomas frequently shift their biological features upon recurrence and progression. The ability of glioma cells to resist adverse conditions such as hypoxia and metabolic stress is necessary for sustained tumor growth and strongly influences tumor behaviors. In general, glioma cells are in one of two phenotypic categories: higher proliferative activity with angiogenesis, or higher migratory activity with attenuated proliferative ability. Further, they switch phenotypic categories depending on the situation. To date, a multidimensional approach has been employed to clarify the mechanisms of phenotypic shift of glioma. Various molecular and signaling pathways are involved in phenotypic shifts of glioma, possibly with crosstalk between them. In this review, we discuss molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity of glioma cells and mechanisms of phenotypic shifts in regard to the glioma proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie phenotypic shifts of glioma may provide new insights into targeted therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotsugu Ichikawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Schulten HJ, Hussein D, Al-Adwani F, Karim S, Al-Maghrabi J, Al-Sharif M, Jamal A, Al-Ghamdi F, Baeesa SS, Bangash M, Chaudhary A, Al-Qahtani M. Microarray Expression Data Identify DCC as a Candidate Gene for Early Meningioma Progression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153681. [PMID: 27096627 PMCID: PMC4838307 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors bearing in a minority of cases an aggressive phenotype. Although meningiomas are stratified according to their histology and clinical behavior, the underlying molecular genetics predicting aggressiveness are not thoroughly understood. We performed whole transcript expression profiling in 10 grade I and four grade II meningiomas, three of which invaded the brain. Microarray expression analysis identified deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) as a differentially expressed gene (DEG) enabling us to cluster meningiomas into DCC low expression (3 grade I and 3 grade II tumors), DCC medium expression (2 grade I and 1 grade II tumors), and DCC high expression (5 grade I tumors) groups. Comparison between the DCC low expression and DCC high expression groups resulted in 416 DEGs (p-value < 0.05; fold change > 2). The most significantly downregulated genes in the DCC low expression group comprised DCC, phosphodiesterase 1C (PDE1C), calmodulin-dependent 70kDa olfactomedin 2 (OLFM2), glutathione S-transferase mu 5 (GSTM5), phosphotyrosine interaction domain containing 1 (PID1), sema domain, transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic domain, (semaphorin) 6D (SEMA6D), and indolethylamine N-methyltransferase (INMT). The most significantly upregulated genes comprised chromosome 5 open reading frame 63 (C5orf63), homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2), and basic helix-loop-helix family, member e40 (BHLHE40). Biofunctional analysis identified as predicted top upstream regulators beta-estradiol, TGFB1, Tgf beta complex, LY294002, and dexamethasone and as predicted top regulator effectors NFkB, PIK3R1, and CREBBP. The microarray expression data served also for a comparison between meningiomas from female and male patients and for a comparison between brain invasive and non-invasive meningiomas resulting in a number of significant DEGs and related biofunctions. In conclusion, based on its expression levels, DCC may constitute a valid biomarker to identify those benign meningiomas at risk for progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Deema Hussein
- King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatima Al-Adwani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajjad Karim
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Al-Sharif
- Department of Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif Jamal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh S. Baeesa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Bangash
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Chaudhary
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Qahtani
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- KACST Technology Innovation Center in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Expression and gene doses changes of the p53-regulator PPM1D in meningiomas: a role in meningioma progression? Brain Tumor Pathol 2016; 33:191-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10014-016-0252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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44
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Bai H, Harmancı AS, Erson-Omay EZ, Li J, Coşkun S, Simon M, Krischek B, Özduman K, Omay SB, Sorensen EA, Turcan Ş, Bakırcığlu M, Carrión-Grant G, Murray PB, Clark VE, Ercan-Sencicek AG, Knight J, Sencar L, Altınok S, Kaulen LD, Gülez B, Timmer M, Schramm J, Mishra-Gorur K, Henegariu O, Moliterno J, Louvi A, Chan TA, Tannheimer SL, Pamir MN, Vortmeyer AO, Bilguvar K, Yasuno K, Günel M. Integrated genomic characterization of IDH1-mutant glioma malignant progression. Nat Genet 2016; 48:59-66. [PMID: 26618343 PMCID: PMC4829945 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas represent approximately 30% of all central nervous system tumors and 80% of malignant brain tumors. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the malignant progression of low-grade gliomas with mutations in IDH1 (encoding isocitrate dehydrogenase 1), we studied paired tumor samples from 41 patients, comparing higher-grade, progressed samples to their lower-grade counterparts. Integrated genomic analyses, including whole-exome sequencing and copy number, gene expression and DNA methylation profiling, demonstrated nonlinear clonal expansion of the original tumors and identified oncogenic pathways driving progression. These include activation of the MYC and RTK-RAS-PI3K pathways and upregulation of the FOXM1- and E2F2-mediated cell cycle transitions, as well as epigenetic silencing of developmental transcription factor genes bound by Polycomb repressive complex 2 in human embryonic stem cells. Our results not only provide mechanistic insight into the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms driving glioma progression but also identify inhibition of the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwen Bai
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Akdes Serin Harmancı
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - E Zeynep Erson-Omay
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Süleyman Coşkun
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthias Simon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Boris Krischek
- Department of General Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Koray Özduman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Acıbadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Bülent Omay
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eric A Sorensen
- Translational Medicine, Biomarkers, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Şevin Turcan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mehmet Bakırcığlu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Acıbadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Geneive Carrión-Grant
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Phillip B Murray
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Victoria E Clark
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - A Gulhan Ercan-Sencicek
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - James Knight
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, Orange, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leman Sencar
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Selin Altınok
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leon D Kaulen
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Burcu Gülez
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marco Timmer
- Department of General Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Schramm
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bonn Medical School, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ketu Mishra-Gorur
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Octavian Henegariu
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer Moliterno
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Angeliki Louvi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Timothy A Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stacey L Tannheimer
- Translational Medicine, Biomarkers, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - M Necmettin Pamir
- Department of Neurosurgery, Acıbadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, Orange, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Katsuhito Yasuno
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Murat Günel
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Program in Brain Tumor Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Program on Neurogenetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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45
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Jiang CM, Wang XH, Shu J, Yang WX, Fu P, Zhuang LL, Zhou GP. Analysis of differentially expressed genes based on microarray data of glioma. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:17321-17332. [PMID: 26770324 PMCID: PMC4694224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Glioma represents one of the main causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Unfortunately, its exact molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood, which limits the prognosis and therapy. This study aimed to identify the critical genes, transcription factors and the possible biochemical pathways that may affect glioma progression at transcription level. After downloading micro-array data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between glioma and normal samples were screened. We predicted novel glioma-related genes and carried on online software DAVID to conduct GO enrichment and transcription factor analysis of these selected genes. String software was applied to construct a PPI protein interaction network, as well as to find the key genes and transcription factors in the regulation of glioma. A total of 97 DEGs were identified associated with cancer, the GO enrichment analysis indicated these DEGs were mainly relevant to immune responses as well as regulation of cell growth. In addition, the transcription factor analysis showed these DEGs were regulated by the binding sites of transcription factors GLI2, SP1, SMAD7, SMAD3, RELA, STAT5B, CTNNB1, STAT5A, TFAP2A and SP3. PPI protein interaction network analysis demonstrated the hub nodes in the interaction network were EGFR, TGFB1, FN1 and MYC. The hub DEGs may be the most critical in glioma and could be considered as drug targets for glioma therapy after further exploration. Besides, with the identification of regulating transcription factors, the pathogenesis of glioma at transcription level might be brought to light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Jin Shu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Wei-Xia Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, China
| | - Li-Li Zhuang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, Jiangsu Province 210029, China
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46
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Wolter M, Werner T, Malzkorn B, Reifenberger G. Role of microRNAs Located on Chromosome Arm 10q in Malignant Gliomas. Brain Pathol 2015. [PMID: 26223576 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deletions of chromosome arm 10q are found in most glioblastomas and subsets of lower grade gliomas. Mutations in the PTEN gene at 10q23.3 are restricted to less than half of the 10q-deleted gliomas, suggesting additional glioma-associated tumor suppressors on 10q. We investigated 64 astrocytic gliomas of different malignancy grades for aberrant expression of 16 microRNAs (miRNAs) on 10q. Thereby, we identified four miRNAs (miR-107, miR-146b-5p, miR-346, miR-1287-5p) whose expression was frequently down-regulated in anaplastic astrocytomas and/or glioblastomas. DNA methylation analyses revealed 5'-CpG site hypermethylation of miR-346 in more than two-thirds of primary glioblastomas, while aberrant 5'-CpG site methylation of miR-146b-5p was frequent in IDH1-mutant astrocytomas and secondary glioblastomas. Overexpression of either of the four miRNAs in glioma cell lines reduced cell proliferation and/or increased caspase-3/7 activity. Expression analyses of miRNA overexpressing glioma cells and 3'-untranslated region luciferase reporter gene assays revealed evidence that these miRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate expression of glioma-relevant genes, including CDK6 (miR-107), EGFR (miR-146b-5p, miR-1287-5p), TERT and SEMA6A (miR-346), all of which are overexpressed in malignant gliomas in situ. In summary, we show that the 10q-located miRNAs miR-107, miR-146b-5p, miR-346 and miR-1287-5p are frequently down-regulated in malignant gliomas and thereby may support overexpression of important glioma growth-promoting genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Wolter
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Werner
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bastian Malzkorn
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Guido Reifenberger
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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47
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Abstract
Malignant gliomas are intrinsic brain tumors with a dismal prognosis. They are well-adapted to hypoxic conditions and poorly immunogenic. NKG2D is one of the major activating receptors of natural killer (NK) cells and binds to several ligands (NKG2DL). Here we evaluated the impact of miRNA on the expression of NKG2DL in glioma cells including stem-like glioma cells. Three of the candidate miRNA predicted to target NKG2DL were expressed in various glioma cell lines as well as in glioblastomas in vivo: miR-20a, miR-93 and miR-106b. LNA inhibitor-mediated miRNA silencing up-regulated cell surface NKG2DL expression, which translated into increased susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis. This effect was reversed by neutralizing NKG2D antibodies, confirming that enhanced lysis upon miRNA silencing was mediated through the NKG2D system. Hypoxia, a hallmark of glioblastomas in vivo, down-regulated the expression of NKG2DL on glioma cells, associated with reduced susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis. This process, however, was not mediated through any of the examined miRNA. Accordingly, both hypoxia and the expression of miRNA targeting NKG2DL may contribute to the immune evasion of glioma cells at the level of the NKG2D recognition pathway. Targeting miRNA may therefore represent a novel approach to increase the immunogenicity of glioblastoma.
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48
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Ilkhanizadeh S, Lau J, Huang M, Foster DJ, Wong R, Frantz A, Wang S, Weiss WA, Persson AI. Glial progenitors as targets for transformation in glioma. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:1-65. [PMID: 24889528 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor and arises throughout the central nervous system. Recent focus on stem-like glioma cells has implicated neural stem cells (NSCs), a minor precursor population restricted to germinal zones, as a potential source of gliomas. In this review, we focus on the relationship between oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), the largest population of cycling glial progenitors in the postnatal brain, and gliomagenesis. OPCs can give rise to gliomas, with signaling pathways associated with NSCs also playing key roles during OPC lineage development. Gliomas can also undergo a switch from progenitor- to stem-like phenotype after therapy, consistent with an OPC-origin even for stem-like gliomas. Future in-depth studies of OPC biology may shed light on the etiology of OPC-derived gliomas and reveal new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ilkhanizadeh
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jasmine Lau
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Miller Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Foster
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robyn Wong
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aaron Frantz
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Susan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - William A Weiss
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anders I Persson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery and Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA; Sandler Neurosciences Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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49
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Gong AH, Wei P, Zhang S, Yao J, Yuan Y, Zhou AD, Lang FF, Heimberger AB, Rao G, Huang S. FoxM1 Drives a Feed-Forward STAT3-Activation Signaling Loop That Promotes the Self-Renewal and Tumorigenicity of Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2337-48. [PMID: 25832656 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The growth factor PDGF controls the development of glioblastoma (GBM), but its contribution to the function of GBM stem-like cells (GSC) has been little studied. Here, we report that the transcription factor FoxM1 promotes PDGFA-STAT3 signaling to drive GSC self-renewal and tumorigenicity. In GBM, we found a positive correlation between expression of FoxM1 and PDGF-A. In GSC and mouse neural stem cells, FoxM1 bound to the PDGF-A promoter to upregulate PDGF-A expression, acting to maintain the stem-like qualities of GSC in part through this mechanism. Analysis of the human cancer genomic database The Cancer Genome Atlas revealed that GBM expresses higher levels of STAT3, a PDGF-A effector signaling molecule, as compared with normal brain. FoxM1 regulated STAT3 transcription through interactions with the β-catenin/TCF4 complex. FoxM1 deficiency inhibited PDGF-A and STAT3 expression in neural stem cells and GSC, abolishing their stem-like and tumorigenic properties. Further mechanistic investigations defined a FoxM1-PDGFA-STAT3 feed-forward pathway that was sufficient to confer stem-like properties to glioma cells. Collectively, our findings showed how FoxM1 activates expression of PDGF-A and STAT3 in a pathway required to maintain the self-renewal and tumorigenicity of glioma stem-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hua Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Jun Yao
- Department of Neuro-oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ai-Dong Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Frederick F Lang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ganesh Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Suyun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Program in Cancer Biology, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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50
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Abstract
The WHO grading scheme for glial neoplasms assigns Grade II to 5 distinct tumors of astrocytic or oligodendroglial lineage: diffuse astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, oligoastrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and pilomyxoid astrocytoma. Although commonly referred to collectively as among the "low-grade gliomas," these 5 tumors represent molecularly and clinically unique entities. Each is the subject of active basic research aimed at developing a more complete understanding of its molecular biology, and the pace of such research continues to accelerate. Additionally, because managing and predicting the course of these tumors has historically proven challenging, translational research regarding Grade II gliomas continues in the hopes of identifying novel molecular features that can better inform diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies. Unfortunately, the basic and translational literature regarding the molecular biology of WHO Grade II gliomas remains nebulous. The authors' goal for this review was to present a comprehensive discussion of current knowledge regarding the molecular characteristics of these 5 WHO Grade II tumors on the chromosomal, genomic, and epigenomic levels. Additionally, they discuss the emerging evidence suggesting molecular differences between adult and pediatric Grade II gliomas. Finally, they present an overview of current strategies for using molecular data to classify low-grade gliomas into clinically relevant categories based on tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F Marko
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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