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Amano Y, Matsubara D, Kihara A, Yoshimoto T, Fukushima N, Nishino H, Mori Y, Niki T. The significance of Hippo pathway protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1247625. [PMID: 38444414 PMCID: PMC10912186 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1247625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Hippo pathway consists of mammalian sterile 20-like kinase 1/2 (MST1/2), large tumor suppressor 1/2 (LATS1/2), and yes-associated protein (YAP)1. Herein, we present the first report on the significance of major Hippo pathway protein expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods The analyses included oral epithelial dysplasia (OED, n = 7), carcinoma in situ (CIS, n = 14), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC, n = 109). Results Cytoplasmic expression of MST1, LATS1, and LATS2 was low in OED, CIS, and OSCC. The cytoplasmic expression of MST2 was high in OED (5/7 cases), CIS (9/14 cases), and poorly differentiated OSCC (8/8 cases) but was low/lost in a proportion of differentiated OSCC (60/101 cases). The expression of YAP1 was associated with differentiation; low YAP expression was significantly more frequent in well-differentiated OSCC (35/71 cases), compared to moderately and poorly differentiated OSCC (11/38 cases). An infiltrative invasion pattern was associated with a high expression of MST2 and high expression of YAP1. The high expression of YAP1 was associated with features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), such as the loss of E-cadherin and high expression of vimentin, laminin 5, and Slug. High expression of protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT) 1 or 5, which positively regulates YAP activity, was associated with the high expression of YAP1 (p < 0.0001). Conclusion Among the major Hippo pathway proteins, MST2 displayed a distinctive expression pattern in a significant proportion of differentiated OSCC, suggesting a possible differential role for MST2 depending on the course of OSCC progression. A high YAP1 expression may indicate aggressive OSCC with EMT via PRMTs at the invasive front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Amano
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsubara
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kihara
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Taichiro Yoshimoto
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Fukushima
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishino
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mori
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saitama Medical Center Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Amano Y, Matsubara D, Kihara A, Nishino H, Mori Y, Niki T. Expression and localisation of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) in oral squamous cell carcinoma and their significance in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Pathology 2021; 54:294-301. [PMID: 34518040 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2021.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway, which recycles one carbon unit that is lost during polyamine synthesis back into the methionine cycle. Although MTAP deficiency has been reported in various tumours, MTAP is overexpressed and might promote oncogenesis in other cancers, including prostate and colon cancer. Currently, little is known about the MTAP status of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In this study, we immunohistochemically examined the expression of MTAP in surgically resected oral epithelial dysplasia (OED, n=7), carcinoma in situ (CIS) (n=16), and OSCC (n=118). In the normal epithelium, MTAP was only weakly expressed in the cytoplasm of the basal layer cells. In OED, CIS, and OSCC, MTAP was uniformly expressed in the cytoplasm of the dysplastic and cancer cells. In addition to cytoplasmic MTAP expression, 45 of 118 cases (38.1%) exhibited increased nuclear expression of MTAP in the cancer cells at the invasive front. Statistical analysis showed that the concomitant nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of MTAP was associated with a high budding score (p=0.0023); poor differentiation (p=0.0044); aggressive invasion patterns (p=0.0001); and features of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), such as loss of E-cadherin expression (p=0.0003) and upregulated expression of vimentin (p=0.0002), slug (p=0.0002), and laminin 5 (p<0.0001). High expression of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 or 5, the functions of which are reported to be inhibited in MTAP-deficient cancer, was associated with the concomitant nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of MTAP (p<0.0001). Concomitant nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of MTAP was marginally significantly associated with worse 5-year relapse-free survival (p=0.045). These findings suggest that MTAP not only plays a role in the oncogenesis of OSCC, but that it might also make it more aggressive by inducing EMT through its activity in the methionine salvage pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Amano
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Matsubara
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kihara
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishino
- Department of Otolaryngology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mori
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
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Immune Stroma in Lung Cancer and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Common Biologic Landscape? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062882. [PMID: 33809111 PMCID: PMC8000622 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) identifies a specific entity characterized by chronic, progressive fibrosing interstitial pneumonia of unknown cause, still lacking effective therapies. Growing evidence suggests that the biologic processes occurring in IPF recall those which orchestrate cancer onset and progression and these findings have already been exploited for therapeutic purposes. Notably, the incidence of lung cancer in patients already affected by IPF is significantly higher than expected. Recent advances in the knowledge of the cancer immune microenvironment have allowed a paradigm shift in cancer therapy. From this perspective, recent experimental reports suggest a rationale for immune checkpoint inhibition in IPF. Here, we recapitulate the most recent knowledge on lung cancer immune stroma and how it can be translated into the IPF context, with both diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Agupitan AD, Neeson P, Williams S, Howitt J, Haupt S, Haupt Y. P53: A Guardian of Immunity Becomes Its Saboteur through Mutation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3452. [PMID: 32414156 PMCID: PMC7278985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Awareness of the importance of immunity in controlling cancer development triggered research into the impact of its key oncogenic drivers on the immune response, as well as their value as targets for immunotherapy. At the heart of tumour suppression is p53, which was discovered in the context of viral infection and now emerges as a significant player in normal and cancer immunity. Wild-type p53 (wt p53) plays fundamental roles in cancer immunity and inflammation. Mutations in p53 not only cripple wt p53 immune functions but also sinisterly subvert the immune function through its neomorphic gain-of-functions (GOFs). The prevalence of mutant p53 across different types of human cancers, which are associated with inflammatory and immune dysfunction, further implicates mutant p53 in modulating cancer immunity, thereby promoting tumorigenesis, metastasis and invasion. In this review, we discuss several mutant p53 immune GOFs in the context of the established roles of wt p53 in regulating and responding to tumour-associated inflammation, and regulating innate and adaptive immunity. We discuss the capacity of mutant p53 to alter the tumour milieu to support immune dysfunction, modulate toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling pathways to disrupt innate immunity and subvert cell-mediated immunity in favour of immune privilege and survival. Furthermore, we expose the potential and challenges associated with mutant p53 as a cancer immunotherapy target and underscore existing therapies that may benefit from inquiry into cancer p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjelle Decasa Agupitan
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia; (A.D.A.); (S.H.)
| | - Paul Neeson
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia;
- Cancer Immunology Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott Williams
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Jason Howitt
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne 3122, Victoria, Australia;
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia; (A.D.A.); (S.H.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumour Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia; (A.D.A.); (S.H.)
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia;
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Victoria, Australia
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Gerashchenko TS, Novikov NM, Krakhmal NV, Zolotaryova SY, Zavyalova MV, Cherdyntseva NV, Denisov EV, Perelmuter VM. Markers of Cancer Cell Invasion: Are They Good Enough? J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1092. [PMID: 31344926 PMCID: PMC6723901 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion, or directed migration of tumor cells into adjacent tissues, is one of the hallmarks of cancer and the first step towards metastasis. Penetrating to adjacent tissues, tumor cells form the so-called invasive front/edge. The cellular plasticity afforded by different kinds of phenotypic transitions (epithelial-mesenchymal, collective-amoeboid, mesenchymal-amoeboid, and vice versa) significantly contributes to the diversity of cancer cell invasion patterns and mechanisms. Nevertheless, despite the advances in the understanding of invasion, it is problematic to identify tumor cells with the motile phenotype in cancer tissue specimens due to the absence of reliable and acceptable molecular markers. In this review, we summarize the current information about molecules such as extracellular matrix components, factors of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, proteases, cell adhesion, and actin cytoskeleton proteins involved in cell migration and invasion that could be used as invasive markers and discuss their advantages and limitations. Based on the reviewed data, we conclude that future studies focused on the identification of specific invasive markers should use new models one of which may be the intratumor morphological heterogeneity in breast cancer reflecting different patterns of cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Gerashchenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Nikita M Novikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Cytology and Genetics, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Krakhmal
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Sofia Y Zolotaryova
- Department of Cytology and Genetics, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Marina V Zavyalova
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Cherdyntseva
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Evgeny V Denisov
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir M Perelmuter
- Department of General and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, 634009 Tomsk, Russia
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Zhang D, Guo H, Feng W, Qiu H. LAMC2 regulated by microRNA-125a-5p accelerates the progression of ovarian cancer via activating p38 MAPK signalling. Life Sci 2019; 232:116648. [PMID: 31301414 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Laminin γ2 (LAMC2) is over-expressed in ovarian cancer, and its high expression facilitates cell invasion. Nevertheless, the effects of LAMC2 on other ovarian cancer cell functions and its underlying mechanism remain largely unclear. Bioinformatics analysis shows that LAMC2 is a predicted target of miR-125a-5p and miR-193a-3p. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of LAMC2 in ovarian cancer progression and determine whether LAMC2 expression is under the regulation of miR-125a-5p or miR-193a-3p in ovarian cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry staining, western blot and qPCR were used to detect LAMC2 expression profiles. CCK-8, flow cytometry and tumour formation assays were used to assess cell proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis. The interaction between miR-125a-5p/miR-193a-3p and LAMC2 were determined by the luciferase gene reporter assay. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that LAMC2 was over-expressed in ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. Over-expression of LAMC2 significantly promoted cell proliferation and repressed cell apoptosis, as well as increased the expression levels of p38, p-p38, c-myc and CREB, and translocated p38 protein to the nucleus. In addition, the promotion of cell proliferation and repression of cell apoptosis mediated by LAMC2 over-expression were all weakened when p38 was downregulated. Moreover, LAMC2 expression was negatively regulated by miR-125a-5p, which inhibited the nuclear accumulation of p38 protein. Upregulation of LAMC2 significantly abolished the effects of miR-125a-5p on cell proliferation inhibition and cell apoptosis promotion, as well as tumourigenesis repression. SIGNIFICANCE The present study clarified that LAMC2 functioned as an oncogene in ovarian cancer through upregulating p38 under the regulation of miR-125a-5p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongya Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, China.
| | - Hongjun Guo
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, China
| | - Haifeng Qiu
- Department of Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province 450000, China
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Unique Biological Activity and Potential Role of Monomeric Laminin-γ2 as a Novel Biomarker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010226. [PMID: 30626121 PMCID: PMC6337480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminin (Ln)-332 consists of α3, β3, and γ2 chains, which mediate epithelial cell adhesion to the basement membrane. Ln-γ2, a component of Ln-332, is frequently expressed as a monomer in the invasion front of several types of malignant tissues without simultaneous expression of Ln-α3 and/or Ln-β3 chains. Moreover, monomeric Ln-γ2 induces tumor cell proliferation and migration in vitro. These unique biological activities indicate that monomeric Ln-γ2 could be a candidate biomarker for early cancer surveillance. However, the present immune method for monomeric Ln-γ2 detection can only predict its expression, since no antibody that specifically reacts with monomeric γ2, but not with heterotrimeric γ2 chain, is commercially available. We have, therefore, developed monoclonal antibodies to specifically detect monomeric Ln-γ2, and devised a highly sensitive method to measure serum monomeric Ln-γ2 levels using a fully automated chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA). We evaluated its diagnostic value in sera from patients with several digestive cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and found serum monomeric Ln-γ2 to be a clinically available biomarker for HCC surveillance. The combination of monomeric Ln-γ2 and prothrombin induced by Vitamin K Absence II (PIVKA-II) may be more sensitive for clinical diagnosis of HCC than any currently used combination.
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Mathavarajah S, Flores A, Huber RJ. Dictyostelium discoideum
: A Model System for Cell and Developmental Biology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cpet.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Flores
- Department of Biology, Trent University Peterborough Ontario Canada
| | - Robert J. Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University Peterborough Ontario Canada
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Development of a fully automated chemiluminescence immunoassay for urine monomeric laminin-γ2 as a promising diagnostic tool of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Biomark Res 2017; 5:29. [PMID: 29046806 PMCID: PMC5640956 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-017-0109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monomeric laminin-γ2 in urine is a potential biomarker for bladder cancer. However, the current detection system uses an antibody that cannot discriminate between monomeric laminin-γ2 and the heterotrimeric γ2 chain of laminin-332, which may cause false-positive reactions. The present study aimed to develop a fully automated chemiluminescence immunoassay system using a specific monoclonal antibody against monomeric laminin-γ2. METHODS In total, 237 urine specimens (84 from patients with bladder cancer, 48 from patients with benign urological disease, and 105 from healthy donors) were collected, and monomeric laminin-γ2 values in the urine were measured using a fully automated chemiluminescence immunoassay. RESULTS The results revealed that laminin-γ2 values in patients with benign urological disease were comparable to those of healthy donors and that the chemiluminescence immunoassay's lower limit of detection was 10 pg/mL (approximately 20-fold better than the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay's limit of 200 pg/mL). Moreover, the chemiluminescence immunoassay demonstrated that patients with bladder cancer, including non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (≤pT1), had higher laminin-γ2 values than patients with benign urological disease or healthy donors. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that urine monomeric laminin-γ2 may be a promising biomarker to diagnose cases of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer using a fully automated chemiluminescence immunoassay system.
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Čunderlíková B. Clinical significance of immunohistochemically detected extracellular matrix proteins and their spatial distribution in primary cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 105:127-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Teng Y, Wang Z, Ma L, Zhang L, Guo Y, Gu M, Wang Z, Wang Y, Yue W. Prognostic significance of circulating laminin gamma2 for early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4151-62. [PMID: 27462170 PMCID: PMC4939988 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s105732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laminin gamma2 (Ln-γ2) chain, a distinctive subunit of heterotrimeric laminin-332, is frequently upregulated in carcinomas and is of great importance in cell migration and invasion. Despite this, the status of circulating Ln-γ2 in lung cancer patients is still uncertain. Patients and methods In this retrospective study, serum samples from 538 all-stage (stages I–IV) patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 94 age-matched healthy volunteers were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were statistically analyzed in combination with clinicopathological information. Results Circulating Ln-γ2 was markedly increased in NSCLC, even in stage I cases (P<0.01), reflecting the progression of lung cancer. Survival analysis on 370 eligible patients indicated that serum Ln-γ2-negative patients survived much longer compared with Ln-γ2-positive individuals (P=0.028), and it was especially the case for stage I (P<0.001), stage T1 (P=0.001), and stage N0 patients (P=0.038), all of whom represented early-stage cases. For the advanced patients, however, overall survivals were not significantly different among stages II–IV (P=0.830), stages T2–T4 (P=0.575), stages N1–N3 (P=0.669), and stage M1 (P=0.849). Cox analysis subsequently defined serum Ln-γ2 as an independent prognostic indicator of NSCLC, particularly for early-stage patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated the association of serum Ln-γ2 with smoking behavior, but its association with tumor progression and early prognostic significance were not altered in the nonsmoking cohort. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that elevation of circulating Ln-γ2 was an early-emerging event in NSCLC and was significantly associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC, especially for early-stage cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Teng
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zitong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Guo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Gu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Yue
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Vancheri C. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cancer: do they really look similar? BMC Med 2015; 13:220. [PMID: 26399408 PMCID: PMC4581087 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this opinion article is to understand to what extent idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) can be considered, in its clinical and pathogenic features, similar to cancer. Indeed, IPF has common risk factors with cancer, a low survival, and, most importantly, epigenetic and genetic alterations, abnormal expression of microRNAs, cellular and molecular aberrances, and the activation of similar signalling pathways. DISCUSSION The pathogenic link between the two diseases may have a number of practical consequences. It may improve our understanding of IPF drawing on cancer biology knowledge. In addition, the recognition of similar pathogenic pathways may also encourage the use of cancer drugs for the treatment of IPF. Nintedanib, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase receptors initially developed for cancer, has been recently approved for the treatment of IPF thanks to the observation that these receptors are also abnormally activated in IPF. The vision of IPF as a cancer-like disease may improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease also opening new scenarios for repositioning cancer drugs for IPF. In addition, it may increase the level of awareness towards this dreadful disease at the public, political, and healthcare level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Vancheri
- Regional Centre for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78 - building 4, first floor, 95123, Catania, Italy.
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Sentani K, Matsuda M, Oue N, Uraoka N, Naito Y, Sakamoto N, Yasui W. Clinicopathological significance of MMP-7, laminin γ2 and EGFR expression at the invasive front of gastric carcinoma. Gastric Cancer 2015; 17:412-22. [PMID: 24048760 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For several types of cancer, including gastric cancer (GC), tumor cells at the invasive front are considered to have a more aggressive behavior compared with those in the more central region. The aim of the present study was to analyze the expression of MMP-7, laminin γ2 and EGFR in a large number of GCs and to investigate how these expression patterns correlate with clinicopathologic parameters, infiltrative patterns, histology or mucin phenotype. METHODS We immunohistochemically examined the expression of MMP-7, laminin γ2 and EGFR using a tissue microarray analysis of 790 GCs, and evaluated their clinicopathological significance. RESULTS MMP-7, cytoplasmic laminin γ2, extracellular laminin γ2 and EGFR expression were observed in 25, 25, 8 and 21 % of the 790 GC cases, respectively. Expression of MMP-7, cytoplasmic laminin γ2 and EGFR was associated with advanced T grade, N grade and tumor stage. Extracellular laminin γ2 expression was not associated with any clinicopathologic parameters, infiltrative patterns, histology or mucin phenotype. Furthermore, we investigated the correlations of MMP-7, laminin γ2 and EGFR expression. MMP-7 expression was significantly more frequent in positive expression of cytoplasmic laminin γ2 than negative cases, and EGFR expression was significantly more frequent in positive expression of cytoplasmic laminin γ2 and MMP-7. CONCLUSIONS Molecular expression of MMP-7, laminin γ2 or EGFR, and their combinations, may be associated with GC tumor aggressiveness. Assessment of expression of these molecules at the invasive front of primary tumors is clinically significant in predicting the malignant behavior of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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Wada S, Matsushita Y, Tazawa H, Aoi W, Naito Y, Higashi A, Ohshima H, Yoshikawa T. Loss of p53 in stromal fibroblasts enhances tumor cell proliferation through nitric-oxide-mediated cyclooxygenase 2 activation. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:269-78. [PMID: 25511472 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.997230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) by stromal fibroblasts plays a critical role in the early stage of carcinogenesis. COX-2 expression is thought to be positively or negatively regulated by inflammatory chemical mediators or tumor suppressors. In this study, the contributions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and p53 to COX-2 expression were examined using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from wild-type, p53-deficient, iNOS-deficient, and p53/iNOS-deficient mice. These MEFs were treated with 1 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide and 100 IU/mL of interferon gamma for up to 72 h. iNOS and COX-2 expression were analyzed by Western blotting. iNOS was induced earlier (16 h) in p53-deficient MEFs than in wild-type MEFs (48 h). Elevated expression of COX-2 was sustained for a longer duration in the p53-deficient MEFs. In contrast, COX-2 expression was reduced earlier in the iNOS-deficient MEFs. Addition of an exogenous NO donor (0.8 mM of S-nitroso-l-glutathione) to the iNOS-deficient MEFs augmented COX-2 expression. Co-culture with stimulated p53-deficient MEFs promoted cell proliferation of mouse rectal polyploid carcinoma CMT93 cells, but treatment with a COX-2-specific inhibitor counteracted this effect. These results suggest that loss of function of the p53 gene in stromal fibroblasts enhances COX-2 expression by enhancing iNOS expression and the resultant production of NO, contributing to the promotion of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wada
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University , Shimogamo , Japan
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15
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Moles Lopez X, Barbot P, Van Eycke YR, Verset L, Trépant AL, Larbanoix L, Salmon I, Decaestecker C. Registration of whole immunohistochemical slide images: an efficient way to characterize biomarker colocalization. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2014; 22:86-99. [PMID: 25125687 DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2014-002710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Extracting accurate information from complex biological processes involved in diseases, such as cancers, requires the simultaneous targeting of multiple proteins and locating their respective expression in tissue samples. This information can be collected by imaging and registering adjacent sections from the same tissue sample and stained by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Registration accuracy should be on the scale of a few cells to enable protein colocalization to be assessed. METHODS We propose a simple and efficient method based on the open-source elastix framework to register virtual slides of adjacent sections from the same tissue sample. We characterize registration accuracies for different types of tissue and IHC staining. RESULTS Our results indicate that this technique is suitable for the evaluation of the colocalization of biomarkers on the scale of a few cells. We also show that using this technique in conjunction with a sequential IHC labeling and erasing technique offers improved registration accuracies. DISCUSSION Brightfield IHC enables to address the problem of large series of tissue samples, which are usually required in clinical research. However, this approach, which is simple at the tissue processing level, requires challenging image analysis processes, such as accurate registration, to view and extract the protein colocalization information. CONCLUSIONS The method proposed in this work enables accurate registration (on the scale of a few cells) of virtual slides of adjacent tissue sections on which the expression of different proteins is evidenced by standard IHC. Furthermore, combining our method with a sequential labeling and erasing technique enables cell-scale colocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Moles Lopez
- Laboratories of Image, Signal Processing and Acoustics, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Paul Barbot
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Yves-Rémi Van Eycke
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Laurine Verset
- Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Lionel Larbanoix
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Salmon
- DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Gosselies, Belgium Department of Pathology, Erasme Hospital, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Christine Decaestecker
- Laboratories of Image, Signal Processing and Acoustics, École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium DIAPath, Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Gosselies, Belgium
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Cooks T, Harris CC, Oren M. Caught in the cross fire: p53 in inflammation. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1680-90. [PMID: 24942866 PMCID: PMC4123652 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 transcription factor is a major tumor suppressor, whose diverse activities serve to ensure genome stability and inhibit neoplastic processes. In recent years, it is becoming increasingly clear that p53 also plays a broader role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, as well as contributing to tissue homeostasis in a non-cell-autonomous fashion. Chronic inflammation is a potential cancer-promoting condition, and as such is also within the radar of p53, which mounts a multifaceted attempt to prevent the escalation of chronic tissue imbalance into neoplasia. Recent understanding of the p53 pathway and other family members reveals a broad interaction with inflammatory elements such as reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, cytokines, infectious agents and major immune-regulatory pathways like nuclear factor-kappaB. This complex cross talk is highly dependent on p53 status, as different p53 isoforms and p53 mutants can mediate different responses and even promote chronic inflammation and associated cancer, acting in the tumor cells as well as in the stromal and immune compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Cooks
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA and Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA and Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute for Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Ono S, Ishii G, Nagai K, Takuwa T, Yoshida J, Nishimura M, Hishida T, Aokage K, Fujii S, Ikeda N, Ochiai A. Podoplanin-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts could have prognostic value independent of cancer cell phenotype in stage I lung squamous cell carcinoma: usefulness of combining analysis of both cancer cell phenotype and cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype. Chest 2013; 143:963-970. [PMID: 23081722 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic significance of the tumor microenvironment, which is created by both cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), has been increasingly recognized. The purpose of this study was to analyze the prognostic markers of stage I squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), with special reference to the immunophenotypes of both cancer cells and CAFs. METHODS A total of 142 patients with stage I SqCC were included in this study. We examined the expressions of E-cadherin, laminin-5, podoplanin, c-MET, carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX), CD10, and CD44 in the cancer cells and those of podoplanin, CA-IX, CD10, and CD44 in the CAFs to evaluate their prognostic value. RESULTS Patients with low E-cadherin expression in the cancer cells showed a significantly poorer prognosis than those with high E-cadherin expression in the cancer cells ( P , .001). On the other hand, high podoplanin expression in the CAFs was also associated with a significantly poorer prognosis ( P , .001). A multivariate analysis identified low E-cadherin expression in the cancer cells and high podoplanin expression in the CAFs as significantly independent prognostic factors for overall survival ( P 5 .013 and P 5 .0011, respectively). According to subgroup analyses combining E-cadherin expression in cancer cells and podoplanin expression in CAFs, 5-year overall survival of patients with low E-cadherin expression in the cancer cells and high podoplanin expression in the CAFs was 7.0% and showed a significantly poorer prognosis as compared with other groups ( P , .001). CONCLUSIONS The current study indicates that immunophenotypes of CAFs could have a prognostic value independent of those of the cancer cells in SqCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Ono
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba; Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba; Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genichiro Ishii
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba.
| | - Kanji Nagai
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Teruhisa Takuwa
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba; Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Junji Yoshida
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Mitsuyo Nishimura
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Tomoyuki Hishida
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Keiju Aokage
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
| | - Norihiko Ikeda
- Departments of Thoracic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba
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Gao R, Yu Y, Inoue A, Widodo N, Kaul SC, Wadhwa R. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP-K) promotes tumor metastasis by induction of genes involved in extracellular matrix, cell movement, and angiogenesis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15046-56. [PMID: 23564449 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.466136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death and still awaits effective therapies. Rapid industrialization has contributed to increase in incidence of cancer. One of the reasons why most of the cancers fail therapy is due to their metastatic property. Hence identification of factors leading to metastasis is highly important to design effective and novel anti-cancer therapeutics. In our earlier study (Inoue, A., Sawata, S. Y., Taira, K., and Wadhwa, R. (2007) Loss-of-function screening by randomized intracellular antibodies: identification of hnRNP-K as a potential target for metastasis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 8983-8988), we had reported that the involvement of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP-K) in metastasis. Here, we established hnRNP-K-overexpressing and -underexpressing derivative cell lines and examined their proliferation and metastatic properties in vitro and in vivo. Whereas hnRNP-K compromised cells showed delayed tumor growth, its overexpression resulted in enhanced malignancy and metastasis. Molecular basis of the hnRNP-K induced malignant and metastatic phenotypes was dissected by cDNA microarray and pathway analyses. We found that the hnRNP-K regulates extracellular matrix, cell motility, and angiogenesis pathways. Involvement of the selected genes (Cck, Mmp-3, Ptgs2, and Ctgf) and pathways was validated by gene-specific expression analysis. Our results demonstrated that the hnRNP-K is a potential target for metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Gao
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 4, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba Science City 305-8562, Japan
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Huber RJ, O'Day DH. A matricellular protein and EGF-like repeat signalling in the social amoebozoan Dictyostelium discoideum. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3989-97. [PMID: 22782112 PMCID: PMC11115030 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matricellular proteins interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM) and modulate cellular processes by binding to cell surface receptors and initiating intracellular signal transduction. Their association with the ECM and the ability of some members of this protein family to regulate cell motility have opened up new avenues of research to investigate their functions in normal and diseased cells. In this review, we summarize the research on CyrA, an ECM calmodulin-binding protein in Dictyostelium. CyrA is proteolytically cleaved into smaller EGF-like (EGFL) repeat containing cleavage products during development. The first EGFL repeat of CyrA binds to the cell surface and activates a novel signalling pathway that modulates cell motility in this model organism. The similarity of CyrA to the most well-characterized matricellular proteins in mammals allows it to be designated as the first matricellular protein identified in Dictyostelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huber
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, 25 Harbord Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5, Canada,
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Elastin-derived peptides increase invasive capacities of lung cancer cells by post-transcriptional regulation of MMP-2 and uPA. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 29:511-22. [PMID: 22434583 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Elastin-rich lung extracellular matrix is largely remodeled during tumor invasion. Elastin degradation produces peptides displaying a wide range of biological activities. These elastin derived peptides (EP) interact with the elastin receptor complex (ERC) but also bind to α(V)β(3) integrin and galectin-3. In this study, we explored the role of EP and their receptors in tumor progression of lung carcinomas. Non-invasive and invasive lung tumor cell lines were incubated in presence of kappa-elastin (κE) or with synthetic peptides displaying receptor-specific sequences (VGVAPG, GRKRK, AGVPGLGVG and AGVPGFGAG). Modified Boyden chamber assays revealed an increased invasive capacity of invasive cells induced by κE. EP treatment had no effect on cell proliferation but zymography analysis revealed an increase of pro-MMP-2 and uPA levels in the conditioned media of treated cells. Moreover, the active form of MMP-2 was increased in invasive cells. Interestingly, this regulation was not observed at the mRNA level and actinomycin D was unable to inhibit κE effects. We also observed that the regulation of proteases protein level following κE treatment was an early process detectable after 1 h. All these effects could not be inhibited by lactose and V14, two ERC antagonists, or by blocking antibodies against α(V)β(3) integrin and galectin-3. Finally, VGVAPG and GRKRK failed to reproduce κE effects whereas nonapeptides partially mimicked them. These results demonstrate that treatment with EP up-regulates invasiveness of lung tumor cells via the release of proteolytic enzymes. This modulation involves post-transcriptional mechanisms and a nonapeptide-receptor different from the ERC, α(V)β(3) integrin and galectin-3.
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Zargaran M, Eshghyar N, Vaziri PB, Mortazavi H. Immunohistochemical evaluation of type IV collagen and laminin-332 γ2 chain expression in well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral verrucous carcinoma: a new recommended cut-off. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 40:167-73. [PMID: 21158930 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00983.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasion and metastasis are two characteristics of malignant tumors, which perform by proteolytic destruction of the components of basement membrane (BM) and cell migration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical (IHC) assessment of type IV collagen and laminin-332 γ2 (Ln-332 γ2) chain expression in well-differentiated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC), because these two lesions have same histopathologic findings whereas they have different biological behaviors. METHODS Destruction of BM and cell migration were evaluated by IHC in 15 cases of epithelial hyperplasia with no dysplasia (A group), 15 cases of OVC (B group) and 15 cases of well-differentiated OSCC (C group). RESULTS There was a significant difference in type IV collagen immunohistochemical staining between three groups, but there were no significant differences between B and C groups. Expression of Ln-332 γ2 chain was not detected in A group. Ln-332 γ2 chain labeling index had significantly difference between B and C groups. The number of Ln-332 γ2 chain immunostaining positive cells was less than 5% in B group and over than 5% in C group which there were significantly differences between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS Isolated immunohistochemical study of type IV collagen does not clearly define that a lesion is invasive or non-invasive and evaluation of Ln-332 γ2 chain expression (cut-off 5%) may be useful as a marker for description of biological differences and diagnosis of OVC from well-differentiated OSCC, especially in doubtful cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoumeh Zargaran
- Dental Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental School, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Matsubara D, Ishikawa S, Sachiko O, Aburatani H, Fukayama M, Niki T. Co-activation of epidermal growth factor receptor and c-MET defines a distinct subset of lung adenocarcinomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 177:2191-204. [PMID: 20934974 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and MET are molecular targets for lung cancer treatment. The relationships between expression, activation, and gene abnormalities of these two targets are currently unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a panel of 40 lung cancer cell lines could be classified into two groups. Group I was characterized by (1) high phosphorylations of MET and EGFR, (2) frequent mutation or amplification of EGFR, MET, and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), (3) high expressions of bronchial epithelial markers (thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), MUC1, and Cytokeratin 7 (CK7)); and (4) high expressions of MET, human epidermal growth factor receptor-3, E-cadherin, cyclooxygenase-2, and laminin gamma2. In contrast, Group II exhibited little or no phosphorylation of MET and EGFR; no mutation or amplification of EGFR, MET, and HER2; were triple-negative for TTF-1, MUC1, and CK7; and showed high expressions of vimentin, fibroblast growth factor receptor-1, and transcription factor 8. Importantly, Group I was more sensitive to gefitinib and more resistant to cisplatin and paclitaxel than Group II. The clinical relevance was confirmed in publicly available data on 442 primary lung adenocarcinoma patients; survival benefits by postoperative chemotherapy were seen in only patients with tumors corresponding to Group II. Overall, co-activation of EGFR and MET defines a distinct subgroup of lung carcinoma with characteristic genetic abnormalities, gene expression pattern, and response to chemotherapeutic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Matsubara
- Department of Integrative Pathology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
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Yamaguchi Y, Ishii G, Kojima M, Yoh K, Otsuka H, Otaki Y, Aokage K, Yanagi S, Nagai K, Nishiwaki Y, Ochiai A. Histopathologic features of the tumor budding in adenocarcinoma of the lung: tumor budding as an index to predict the potential aggressiveness. J Thorac Oncol 2010; 5:1361-8. [PMID: 20631633 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181eaf2f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The term tumor budding has been applied to single cells or small clusters of up to four cells within the stromal tissue at the invasive margin of colorectal cancers. This morphologic feature is increasingly being recognized as an adverse prognostic factor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic significance of tumor budding in adenocarcinomas of the lung. METHODS We investigated the relationship between tumor budding and clinicopathologic parameters of adenocarcinomas of the lung and the prognostic significance of tumor budding by reviewing the cases of 201 consecutive patients who had undergone complete resection of adenocarcinoma of the lung measuring 30 mm or less in diameter. We examined immunohistochemical profile of budding cells (BCs) by immunohistochemical staining with 14 antibodies. RESULTS Tumor budding was observed in 78 (43.1%) of the 181 cases with invasive adenocarcinoma. The presence of tumor budding was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.005), pathologic stage (p < 0.001), vascular invasion (p = 0.003), lymphatic invasion (p = 0.009), and pleural invasion (p = 0.029). Examination of the relation between the presence of tumor budding and the predominant histologic subtype revealed that the predominant papillary subtype was significantly associated with the presence of tumor budding (p = 0.0023), whereas the predominant bronchioloalveolar carcinoma subtype was significantly associated with the absence of tumor budding (p < 0.001). The overall 5-year survival rates of the group with budding and the group without budding was 67.5% and 88.3%, respectively, and difference was significant (p = 0.0057). Compared with cancer cells forming nests, BCs displayed reduced expression of cellular adhesion molecule, E-cadherin, and beta-catenin (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively) and increased expression of laminin5-gamma2 (p < 0.05). However, BCs displayed reduced expression of differentiation marker, surfactant protein A (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that tumor budding was significant independent prognostic factor of the small-sized adenocarcinoma of the lung. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that tumor budding in adenocarcinoma of the lung is a distinct morphologic feature that has biologic and prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamaguchi
- Pathology Division, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Molecular Predictors of Sensitivity to the MET Inhibitor PHA665752 in Lung Carcinoma Cells. J Thorac Oncol 2010; 5:1317-24. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181e2a409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ke-Xiang Z, Yu-Min L, Xun L, Wen-Ce Z, Yong S, Tao L. Study on the association of COX-2 genetic polymorphisms with risk of gastric cancer in high incidence Hexi area of Gansu province in China. Mol Biol Rep 2010; 38:649-55. [PMID: 20364406 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-010-0151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the possible association of polymorphisms, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) promoter region -899G>C, COX-2 codon 587G>A, with risk of gastric cancer in the high incidence Hexi area of Gansu province in China. Blood samples from 140 patients with gastric carcinoma and 125 normal persons were collected in Hexi area of Gansu province in China. Polymorphisms of COX-2 -899G>A and COX-2 587G>A were genotyped by PCR-TaqMan. For detection Helicobacter pylori infection, Warhin-Starry staining was used. Three kinds of polymorphisms of COX-2 -899G>C were GG, GC and CC. The frequencies in gastric cancer patients were 72.9, 21.4 and 5.7%, and the frequencies in controls were 84.0, 12.8 and 3.2%, respectively. COX-2 -899C carrier (GC + CC) increased risk of gastric carcinoma with an odds ratio 1.950 (95% CI: 1.067-3.586, P=0.029). The genotype of COX-2 587G>A polymorphism were GG, GA and AA. The frequencies in patients group were 86.4, 11.4 and 2.2%, and the frequencies in controls were 89.6, 9.6 and 0.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference between cases and controls in each genotype. Helicobacter pylori infection rate was 68.6% in patients group and 50.4% in healthy controls. Helicobacter pylori infection rate in gastric cancer patients was remarkably higher than that in normal people (OR: 2.147, 95% CI: 1.302-3.541, P=0.003). Stratification analysis was showed that COX-2 -899C carrier genotype with Helicobacter pylori infection was significantly higher in cases than that in healthy controls (OR: 4.000, 95% CI: 1.638-9.770). The polymorphism of COX-2 -899G>C could be a risk factor for gastric cancer in high incidence Hexi area of Gansu Province in China. COX-2 -899C carrier genotype and Helicobacter pylori positive infection may have a synergistic effect on gastric cancer in high incidence Hexi area of Gansu Province in China. However, the polymorphisms of COX-2 587G>A is no association with gastric cancer in the high incidence Hexi area of Gansu Province in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Ke-Xiang
- Department-2 of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
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Lugassy C, Torres-Muñoz JE, Kleinman HK, Ghanem G, Vernon S, Barnhill RL. Overexpression of malignancy-associated laminins and laminin receptors by angiotropic human melanoma cells in a chick chorioallantoic membrane model. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:1237-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2009.01273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Glass G, Papin JA, Mandell JW. SIMPLE: a sequential immunoperoxidase labeling and erasing method. J Histochem Cytochem 2009; 57:899-905. [PMID: 19365090 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2009.953612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to simultaneously visualize expression of multiple antigens in cells and tissues can provide powerful insights into cellular and organismal biology. However, standard methods are limited to the use of just two or three simultaneous probes and have not been widely adopted for routine use in paraffin-embedded tissue. We have developed a novel approach called sequential immunoperoxidase labeling and erasing (SIMPLE) that enables the simultaneous visualization of at least five markers within a single tissue section. Utilizing the alcohol-soluble peroxidase substrate 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole, combined with a rapid non-destructive method for antibody-antigen dissociation, we demonstrate the ability to erase the results of a single immunohistochemical stain while preserving tissue antigenicity for repeated rounds of labeling. SIMPLE is greatly facilitated by the use of a whole-slide scanner, which can capture the results of each sequential stain without any information loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Glass
- University of Virginia, UVa Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Méndez E, Houck JR, Doody DR, Fan W, Lohavanichbutr P, Rue TC, Yueh B, Futran ND, Upton MP, Farwell DG, Heagerty PJ, Zhao LP, Schwartz SM, Chen C. A genetic expression profile associated with oral cancer identifies a group of patients at high risk of poor survival. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1353-61. [PMID: 19228736 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if gene expression signature of invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) can subclassify OSCC based on survival. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed the expression of 131 genes in 119 OSCC, 35 normal, and 17 dysplastic mucosa to identify cluster-defined subgroups. Multivariate Cox regression was used to estimate the association between gene expression and survival. By stepwise Cox regression, the top predictive models of OSCC-specific survival were determined and compared by receiver operating characteristic analysis. RESULTS The 3-year overall mean+/-SE survival for a cluster of 45 OSCC patients was 38.7+/-0.09% compared with 69.1+/-0.08% for the remaining patients. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, and stage showed that the 45 OSCC patient cluster had worse overall and OSCC-specific survival (hazard ratio, 3.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.66-6.58 and hazard ratio, 5.43; 95% confidence interval, 2.32-12.73, respectively). Stepwise Cox regression on the 131 probe sets revealed that a model with a term for LAMC2 (laminin gamma2) gene expression best identified patients with worst OSCC-specific survival. We fit a Cox model with a term for a principal component analysis-derived risk score marker and two other models that combined stage with either LAMC2 or PCA. The area under the curve for models combining stage with either LAMC2 or PCA was 0.80 or 0.82, respectively, compared with 0.70 for stage alone (P=0.013 and 0.008, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Gene expression and stage combined predict survival of OSCC patients better than stage alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Méndez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Gefitinib plus celecoxib in chemotherapy-naïve patients with stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II study from the Hoosier Oncology Group. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3:374-9. [PMID: 18379355 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3181693869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gefitinib, an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, has single agent activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Preclinical studies demonstrate significant interactions between the EGFR and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) pathways and that simultaneous inhibition may have benefits over EGFR inhibitors alone. METHODS ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA chemotherapy-naive, stage IIIb (with pleural effusion) or IV NSCLC, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (PS) 0-1. Patients were treated with gefitinib 250 mg po daily plus celecoxib 400 mg po every 12 hours. Cycles consisted of 21-day treatment and continued until unacceptable toxicity or progression of disease. The primary objective was to evaluate the overall response rate; secondary objectives included estimation of progression free survival, overall survival, and to assess the toxicity of this regimen. RESULTS From January 2004 to November 2004, 31 patients were enrolled: male/female 13/18; median age 70 years (range, 19-93); 68% had adenocarcinoma; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS 0/1 13/18; stage IIIb/IV 2/29. Two patients died of interstitial lung disease due to treatment. There were three additional deaths during treatment that were not considered treatment related. Two additional patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events (elevated liver enzymes). Select grade 3/4 toxicities included: pneumonitis (3%), hepatic (7%), diarrhea (7%), and skin (3%). Response rate was 16% (95% CI, 5-34%), median progression free survival and overall survival were 3.2 (95% CI, 2.7-5.7 months) and 7.0 months (95% CI, 3.7-14.2 months), respectively. All responders were females with adenocarcinoma, two were remote or never smokers and three were former smokers. CONCLUSION Gefitinib plus celecoxib in an unselected population of chemotherapy naive patients with advanced NSCLC and a PS of 0-1 has a lower response rate and overall efficacy compared with historical controls of combination chemotherapy.
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Koshikawa N, Minegishi T, Nabeshima K, Seiki M. Development of a new tracking tool for the human monomeric laminin-gamma 2 chain in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 2008; 68:530-6. [PMID: 18199549 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Laminin-5 (Ln-5), a heterotrimer composed of three different laminin chains [laminin-alpha 3 (Ln-alpha 3), laminin-beta 3 (Ln-beta 3), and laminin-gamma 2 (Ln-gamma 2)], is a major component of the basement membrane in most adult tissues. One of the chains, Ln-gamma 2, is a specific marker of invasive tumors because it is frequently expressed as a monomer in malignant tumors. However, there is no simple and direct method to detect the monomeric form of Ln-gamma 2 selectively in the presence of Ln-5 because all available antibodies recognize both monomeric and heterotrimeric forms of Ln-gamma 2. In this study, we developed a new monoclonal antibody (mAb) termed 1H3 that reacts specifically with human Ln-gamma 2 monomers during immunoprecipitation, ELISA, Western blotting, and immunostaining. Ln-5 was not recognized by mAb 1H3 after denaturation with detergents under nonreducing conditions, but reactivity was recovered when denaturation was done under reducing conditions. The epitope of the antibody was mapped to region on the coiled-coil structure formed between Ln-gamma 2 and its partner chains Ln-alpha 3 and Ln-beta 3 in Ln-5, whose structure is further stabilized by disulfide bonds. In normal tissue samples, the basement membrane was stained with conventional antibody against Ln-gamma 2 but not by mAb 1H3. In contrast, tumor cells in tissue sections could be stained with mAb 1H3 as efficiently as with conventional antibody. Thus, mAb 1H3 holds promise as a powerful tracking tool for the specific detection of monomeric Ln-gamma 2 in vivo and in vitro and is potentially useful as a diagnostic tool for detecting tumors and as a vehicle for drug delivery to cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiko Koshikawa
- Division of Cancer Cell Research, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Sargent LM, Ensell MX, Ostvold AC, Baldwin KT, Kashon ML, Lowry DT, Senft JR, Jefferson AM, Johnson RC, Li Z, Tyson FL, Reynolds SH. Chromosomal changes in high- and low-invasive mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell strains derived from early passage mouse lung adenocarcinoma cell strains. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 233:81-91. [PMID: 18367224 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the lung is increasing in the United States, however, the difficulties in obtaining lung cancer families and representative samples of early to late stages of the disease have lead to the study of mouse models for lung cancer. We used Spectral Karyotyping (SKY), mapping with fluorescently labeled genomic clones (FISH), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) arrays, gene expression arrays, Western immunoblot and real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to analyze nine pairs of high-invasive and low-invasive tumor cell strains derived from early passage mouse lung adenocarcinoma cells to detect molecular changes associated with tumor invasion. The duplication of chromosomes 1 and 15 and deletion of chromosome 8 were significantly associated with a high-invasive phenotype. The duplication of chromosome 1 at band C4 and E1/2-H1 were the most significant chromosomal changes in the high-invasive cell strains. Mapping with FISH and CGH array further narrowed the minimum region of duplication of chromosome 1 to 71-82 centimorgans (cM). Expression array analysis and confirmation by real time PCR demonstrated increased expression of COX-2, Translin (TB-RBP), DYRK3, NUCKS and Tubulin-alpha4 genes in the high-invasive cell strains. Elevated expression and copy number of these genes, which are involved in inflammation, cell movement, proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis and telomere elongation, were associated with an invasive phenotype. Similar linkage groups are altered in invasive human lung adenocarcinoma, implying that the mouse is a valid genetic model for the study of the progression of human lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Sargent
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Nakamura Y, Matsubara D, Goto A, Ota S, Sachiko O, Ishikawa S, Aburatani H, Miyazawa K, Fukayama M, Niki T. Constitutive activation of c-Met is correlated with c-Met overexpression and dependent on cell-matrix adhesion in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:14-22. [PMID: 17953713 PMCID: PMC11159990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we explored the mechanisms of constitutive activation of c-Met in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. First, we examined levels of c-Met and phospho-c-Met (Y1234/Y1235) in a panel of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines by Western blot analysis. c-Met expression was found in 12 of 14 cell lines and an overall correlation between the expressions of c-Met and phospho-c-Met was noted. c-Met was constitutively activated particularly at high levels in five cell lines (PC3, LC-2/ad, L27, H1648, and H2009). c-Met amplification was identified in L27 and H1648 by single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis, but no mutations were identified in the Sema domain or in any part of the cytoplasmic domain of c-Met. Experiments with neutralizing anti-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) antibody, scatter assay using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, and Western blotting on conditioned media of the cell lines revealed that the constitutive phosphorylation of c-Met was largely ligand-independent. The inhibition of cell-matrix adhesion induced the dephosphorylation of c-Met in the five cell lines tested. This was accompanied by downregulation of c-Met in three of the five cell lines. In contrast, the inhibition of cell-cell adhesion by neutralizing E-cadherin antibody had a minimal effect on the expression and phosphorylation of c-Met. These results reveal three features of the constitutive activation of c-Met in our panel of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines: (i) it correlates with c-Met overexpression, either with or without gene amplification; (ii) it is largely ligand-independent; and (iii) it depends on cell-matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nakamura
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Despite recent improvements in chemotherapy and radiation therapy in cancer management with the addition of biological agents, novel treatment approaches are needed to further benefit patients. Cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 inhibition represents one such possibility. COX-2 is an enzyme induced in pathological states such as inflammatory disorders and cancer, where it mediates production of prostanoids. The enzyme is commonly expressed in both premalignant lesions and malignant tumours of different types. A growing body of evidence suggests an association of COX-2 with tumour development, aggressive biological tumour behaviour, resistance to standard cancer treatment, and adverse patient outcome. COX-2 may be related to cancer development and propagation through multiple mechanisms, including stimulation of growth, migration, invasiveness, resistance to apoptosis, suppression of the immunosurveillance system, and enhancement of angiogenesis. Epidemiological data suggest that NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors might prevent the development of cancers, including colorectal, oesophageal and lung cancer. Preclinical investigations have demonstrated that inhibition of this enzyme with selective COX-2 inhibitors enhances tumour response to radiation and chemotherapeutic agents. These preclinical findings have been rapidly advanced to clinical oncology. Clinical trials of the combination of selective COX-2 inhibitors with radiotherapy, chemotherapy or both in patients with a number of cancers have been initiated, and preliminary results are encouraging. This review discusses the role of COX-2, its products (prostaglandins) and its inhibitors in tumour growth and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Svensson Månsson S, Reis-Filho J, Landberg G. Transcriptional upregulation and unmethylation of the promoter region of p16 in invasive basal cell carcinoma cells and partial co-localization with the gamma 2 chain of laminin-332. J Pathol 2007; 212:102-11. [PMID: 17370299 DOI: 10.1002/path.2152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma cells show low proliferation rates at the invasive front and a concordant upregulation of the cdk-inhibitor p16, limiting proliferative capacity. Little is known about the mechanisms of p16 regulation in normal and malignant cells apart from that many transcription factors such as Ets1, Ets2, SP1, SP3, JunB and the polycomb protein Bmi1 have the potential to induce or repress p16 expression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine how p16 is regulated in basal cell carcinoma with special focus on its upregulation in invasive cells. By analysing various microdissected areas of basal cell carcinoma using real-time quantitative PCR we observed upregulation of p16 mRNA in invasive tumour cells compared to centrally localized tumour cells. The methylation status of the p16 promoter, analysed by methylation-specific PCR, also showed diminished methylation in tumour cells at the invasive front, supporting the hypothesis that promoter methylation can affect the transcriptional activation of p16 in vivo. There was only sporadic co-localization of Ets, or ERK1/2 phosphorylation with p16 upregulation at the invasive front, suggesting that these factors were not directly involved in the regulation of p16. Furthermore, the gamma 2 chain of laminin-332 has been reported to be increased at the invasive front compared to the central areas of many tumours. Interestingly, in basal cell carcinoma we observed partial co-localization between p16 and the gamma 2 chain of laminin-332 in tumour cells towards areas of ulceration and in the majority of clearly infiltrative tumour cells but not in p16 positive tumour cells with a more pushing invasive growth pattern. These data suggest that concurrent p16 upregulation and decreased proliferation are more general phenomena in different types of invasive growth patterns in basal cell carcinomas and that these only partially overlap with the gamma 2 chain of laminin-332 associated invasion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Svensson Månsson
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, UMAS, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Wang T, Niki T, Goto A, Ota S, Morikawa T, Nakamura Y, Ohara E, Ishikawa S, Aburatani H, Nakajima J, Fukayama M. Hypoxia increases the motility of lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 via activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway. Cancer Sci 2007; 98:506-11. [PMID: 17425591 PMCID: PMC11160049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is associated with a malignant phenotype of cancer cells and poor patient prognosis. To investigate the role of hypoxia in tumor progression, we studied the effects of hypoxia in the A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell line. First, we showed that hypoxic treatment decreased cell-cell adhesion and induced a scattering of cancer cells. Concomitant with these morphological changes, the motility of cancer cells was increased, as demonstrated by the Boyden chamber assay. Then, we used oligonucleotide array analyses to identify the genes causally related to the hypoxia-induced motile phenotype. The results showed that the expression of approximately 100 genes was induced more than 5-fold by hypoxia. These included (among others) epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), as well as other well-known hypoxia-induced genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. Immunohistochemical analyses of primary lung adenocarcinomas confirmed the induction of EGFR in tumor cells in the vicinity of necrotic areas, a histological indicator of tumor hypoxia. Remarkably, the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 (10 microM) completely blocked the increased cell motility induced by hypoxia. Thus, the present study demonstrates the importance of the EGFR pathway in the increased motility of cancer cells that occurs in a hypoxic tumor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033, Tokyo, Japan
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Narahashi T, Niki T, Wang T, Goto A, Matsubara D, Funata N, Fukayama M. Cytoplasmic localization of p63 is associated with poor patient survival in lung adenocarcinoma. Histopathology 2006; 49:349-57. [PMID: 16978197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the significance of p63 protein expression in the development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of p63 was immunohistochemically investigated in 92 cases of lung adenocarcinoma with a maximum diameter of 30 mm or less. p63 expression was observed not only in the nuclei (46/92 cases, 50%), but also in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells (47/92, 51%). Nuclear localization of p63 was correlated with nuclear accumulation of p53 (P=0.0120), whereas the presence of nuclear p63 had no apparent effect on patient survival. Cytoplasmic localization of p63 was found to be correlated with shorter survival periods by univariate and multivariate analyses (P=0.0486 and P=0.0488, respectively) and the relation was independent of clinicopathological factors. Cytoplasmic localization of p63 was further confirmed by immunoblots of the cytoplasmic fraction of HLC-1, a lung adenocarcinoma cell line which predominately expressed DeltaNp63alpha transcript relative to TAp63 transcript by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS Cytoplasmic expression of p63 is an adverse prognostic factor in patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Narahashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Japan
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Tsubochi H, Sato N, Hiyama M, Kaimori M, Endo S, Sohara Y, Imai T. Combined Analysis of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression With p53 and Ki-67 in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 82:1198-204. [PMID: 16996907 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 04/14/2006] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is known to play a role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between COX-2 expression and clinicopathologic features, and to define the importance of COX-2 expression alone and in combination with p53 and Ki-67 expression in the clinical outcome of NSCLC. METHODS A total of 219 patients with stage I-IIIB nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who previously underwent surgery were analyzed in this study. The COX-2 expression was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry; p53 and Ki-67 immunoreactivity were also studied. RESULTS The COX-2 expression was observed in 137 patients (63%) and was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and the histological grade of those with adenocarcinoma (p = 0.02 and 0.04, respectively). Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed that COX-2 expression was correlated with poor survival (p = 0.005), whereas multivariate survival analysis did not reveal COX-2 expression to be an independent prognostic factor. When the patients were stratified according to gender, age, tumor histology, and disease stage, COX-2 expression was significantly associated with unfavorable prognosis in males, younger patients (< or = 65 years), and those with adenocarcinoma and stage I tumors. The prognosis of patients with tumors negative for both COX-2 and p53 expression was significantly favorable, whereas those with tumors positive for COX-2 expression and with a high Ki-67 labeling index had a significantly unfavorable prognosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that combined immunohistochemical analysis of COX-2 with p53 and Ki-67 can be useful for identifying the prognosis of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Tsubochi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical School, Omiya, Saitama, Japan.
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Pereira C, Sousa H, Ferreira P, Fragoso M, Moreira-Dias L, Lopes C, Medeiros R, Dinis-Ribeiro M. -765G > C COX-2 polymorphism may be a susceptibility marker for gastric adenocarcinoma in patients with atrophy or intestinal metaplasia. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:5473-8. [PMID: 17006983 PMCID: PMC4088228 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i34.5473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between the -765G > C COX-2 polymorphism and the development of different gastric lesions: atrophy or intestinal metaplasia and gastric adenocarcinoma.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed involving 320 Portuguese individuals (210 without evidence of neoplastic disease, 73 patients with gastric adenocarcinomas and 37 with atrophy or intestinal metaplasia) using a PCR-RFLP method.
RESULTS: -765C allele was overrepresented in the patients with gastric adenocarcinoma (51%) when compared either with the control group (38%) or patients with atrophy or intestinal metaplasia (27%). Callele was found to be very common in our population (0.22), and a multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed nearly 3-fold increased risk for the progression to gastric adenocarcinoma in patients with atrophy or intestinal metaplasia carrying the -765C allele (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.03-6.93; P = 0.04).
CONCLUSION: -765C carrier status should be considered as another susceptibility marker for gastric adenocarcinoma development in patients with atrophy or intestinal metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Pereira
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto FG EPE, Rua Dr. António Bernardino Almeida, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
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Sehgal BU, DeBiase PJ, Matzno S, Chew TL, Claiborne JN, Hopkinson SB, Russell A, Marinkovich MP, Jones JCR. Integrin beta4 regulates migratory behavior of keratinocytes by determining laminin-332 organization. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:35487-98. [PMID: 16973601 PMCID: PMC2820731 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m606317200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether alpha6beta4 integrin regulates migration remains controversial. beta4 integrin-deficient (JEB) keratinocytes display aberrant migration in that they move in circles, a behavior that mirrors the circular arrays of laminin (LM)-332 in their matrix. In contrast, wild-type keratinocytes and JEB keratinocytes, induced to express beta4 integrin, assemble laminin-332 in linear tracks over which they migrate. Moreover, laminin-332-dependent migration of JEB keratinocytes along linear tracks is restored when cells are plated on wild-type keratinocyte matrix, whereas wild-type keratinocytes show rotation over circular arrays of laminn-332 in JEB keratinocyte matrix. The activities of Rac1 and the actin cytoskeleton-severing protein cofilin are low in JEB keratinocytes compared with wild-type cells but are rescued following expression of wild-type beta4 integrin in JEB cells. Additionally, in wild-type keratinocytes Rac1 is complexed with alpha6beta4 integrin. Moreover, Rac1 or cofilin inactivation induces wild-type keratinocytes to move in circles over rings of laminin-332 in their matrix. Together these data indicate that laminin-332 matrix organization is determined by the alpha6beta4 integrin/actin cytoskeleton via Rac1/cofilin signaling. Furthermore, our results imply that the organizational state of laminin-332 is a key determinant of the motility behavior of keratinocytes, an essential element of skin wound healing and the successful invasion of epidermal-derived tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd U. Sehgal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Phillip J. DeBiase
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Sumio Matzno
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Jessica N. Claiborne
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Susan B. Hopkinson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Alan Russell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - M. Peter Marinkovich
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford, California 94304
| | - Jonathan C. R. Jones
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611. Tel.: 312-503-1412; Fax: 312-503-6475;
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Chilosi M, Zamò A, Doglioni C, Reghellin D, Lestani M, Montagna L, Pedron S, Ennas MG, Cancellieri A, Murer B, Poletti V. Migratory marker expression in fibroblast foci of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2006; 7:95. [PMID: 16813649 PMCID: PMC1538593 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast foci (FF) are considered a relevant morphologic marker of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia (IPF/UIP), and are recognised as sites where fibrotic responses are initiated and/or perpetuated in this severe disease. Despite their relevance, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the formation of FF and their role in tissue remodelling are poorly defined. In previous studies we have provided evidence of abnormal activation of the wnt-signaling-pathway in IPF/UIP that is centred on FF and the overlying epithelium. This important morphogenetic pathway is able to trigger epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), a mechanism involved in developmental and metastatic processes, which is also potentially involved in pulmonary fibrosis. Methods Since EMT is characterised by enhancement of migratory potential of cells, we investigated the molecular profile of FF in 30 biopsies of IPF/UIP and a variety of control samples, focussing on the immunohistochemical expression of three molecules involved in cell motility and invasiveness, namely laminin-5-γ2-chain, fascin, and heat-shock-protein-27. Results We provide evidence that in UIP these three molecules are abnormally expressed in discrete clusters of bronchiolar basal cells precisely localised in FF. These cellular clusters expressed laminin-5-γ2-chain and heat-shock-protein-27 at very high levels, forming characteristic three-layered lesions defined as "sandwich-foci" (SW-FF). Upon quantitative analysis SW-FF were present in 28/30 UIP samples, representing more than 50% of recognisable FF in 21/30, but were exceedingly rare in a wide variety of lung pathologies examined as controls. In UIP, SW-FF were often observed in areas of microscopic honeycombing, and were also found at the interface between normal lung tissue and areas of dense scarring. Conclusion These molecular abnormalities strongly suggest that SW-FF represent the leading edge of pulmonary remodelling, where abnormal migration and re-epithelialisation take place, and that abnormal proliferation and migration of bronchiolar basal cells have a major role in the remodelling process characterising IPF/UIP. Further investigations will assess their possible use as reliable markers for better defining the UIP-pattern in difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Chilosi
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alberto Zamò
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Doglioni
- Department of Pathology San Raffaele Hospital, Via Olgettina60, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Reghellin
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Lestani
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Licia Montagna
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Serena Pedron
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Ennas
- Department of Cytomorphology, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria 09042 Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Bruno Murer
- Department of Pathology, Umberto I Hospital, via Circonvallazione 50, 30173 Venice, Italy
| | - Venerino Poletti
- Department of Pneumology, G.B.Morgagni-L.Pierantoni Hospital, Via Carlo Forlanini 34, 47100 Forlì, Italy
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41
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Gross ND, Boyle JO, Morrow JD, Williams MK, Moskowitz CS, Subbaramaiah K, Dannenberg AJ, Duffield-Lillico AJ. Levels of prostaglandin E metabolite, the major urinary metabolite of prostaglandin E2, are increased in smokers. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:6087-93. [PMID: 16115954 PMCID: PMC1939807 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-0733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been observed in tobacco-related malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract. Moreover, exposure to tobacco smoke can stimulate the synthesis of PGE2. Recent evidence suggests that urinary PGE metabolite (PGE-M) can be used as an index of systemic PGE2 production. In this study, we investigated whether levels of urinary PGE-M were increased in smokers and in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fifty-eight HNSCC cases and 29 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were prospectively enrolled in the study. A detailed smoking history and single void urine specimen were obtained from each participant. Levels of urinary PGE-M were quantified in a blinded fashion using mass spectrometry and compared with smoking history and tumor status. RESULTS Adjusted for case-control matching, median urinary PGE-M levels were significantly higher in ever smokers (15.7 ng/mg creatinine) compared with never smokers (9.9 ng/mg creatinine) for the entire study population (n = 87, P = 0.005). Concentrations of urinary PGE-M were nearly doubled in ever smokers (15.2 ng/mg creatinine) versus never smokers (7.8 ng/mg creatinine) among healthy controls (P = 0.001). Higher PGE-M levels were observed in current versus former smokers and in those with greater pack-year exposure. A significant difference in amounts of PGE-M was not observed in patients with HNSCC versus healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Increased levels of urinary PGE-M were observed in smokers. Urinary PGE-M may have use as a noninvasive biomarker of the effects of tobacco smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay O. Boyle
- Departments of Surgery (Head and Neck Service) and
| | - Jason D. Morrow
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Myles K. Williams
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Kotha Subbaramaiah
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York; and
| | - Andrew J. Dannenberg
- Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York; and
- Requests for reprints: Andrew J. Dannenberg, New York Presbyterian-Cornell, 525 East 68th Street, Room F-206, New York, NY 10021. Phone: 212-746-4403; Fax: 212-746-4885; E-mail:
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42
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Mao JT, Cui X, Reckamp K, Liu M, Krysan K, Dalwadi H, Sharma S, Hazra S, Strieter R, Gardner B, Dubinett SM. Chemoprevention strategies with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors for lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2005; 7:30-9. [PMID: 16098242 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2005.n.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Clinical lung cancer is the ultimate event resulting from a series of genetic and epigenetic alterations in the respiratory epithelium at risk. According to the "field carcinogenesis" theory, these alterations can occur throughout the entire lung. In individuals with a genetic predisposition combined with a sufficient amount of procarcinogenic environmental influences, a few of these sites may eventually progress to malignancies. Recent advances in the understanding of tumor biology have identified new therapeutic targets for lung cancer chemoprevention, among which is cyclooxgygenase (COX)-2. Ample preclinical data suggest that the COX-2/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in conferring the malignant phenotype. Produced primarily by the action of COX on the free arachidonic acid liberated from membrane phospholipids, overproduction of PGE2, which is predominantly generated by upregulation of COX-2, is associated with a variety of mechanisms known to facilitate tumorigenesis. These mechanisms include abnormal expression of epithelial growth factors, epithelial and microvascular proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and suppression of antitumor immunity. The lung is one of the major sites of PGE2 production, and previous studies have shown elevated PGE2 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. In animal models, inhibition of COX-2 and PGE2 synthesis suppresses lung tumorigenesis. These preclinical data suggesting the antineoplastic effect of COX-2 inhibitors provide the basis for several ongoing pilot clinical trials to determine the feasibility of COX-2 inhibition in chemoprevention of bronchogenic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny T Mao
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 37-131 CHS, University of California-Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095.
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43
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Moon Y, Bottone FG, McEntee MF, Eling TE. Suppression of tumor cell invasion by cyclooxygenase inhibitors is mediated by thrombospondin-1 via the early growth response geneEgr-1. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:1551-8. [PMID: 16227405 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors have antitumorigenic activity and increase the expression of the early growth response gene Egr-1, a tumor suppressor gene and transcription factor. In this study, we have investigated the gene regulatory and anti-invasive activity of two traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), sulindac sulfide and indomethacin. These compounds inhibited tumor cell invasion and induced Egr-1 expression in lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. Overexpression of Egr-1 reduced cellular invasion in the Matrigel system, whereas suppression of Egr-1 by small interference RNA (siRNA) attenuated the inhibition of Matrigel invasion by these compounds, indicating that Egr-1 is responsible for the decrease in invasion reported following treatment with NSAIDs. Egr-1-overexpressing cells were analyzed for genes involved in invasion and metastasis. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) an antiangiogenic and anti-invasion protein was up-regulated by Egr-1 overexpression, which was confirmed following treatment with sulindac sulfide. Furthermore, the induction of TSP-1 by sulindac sulfide was blocked by Egr-1 siRNA. When TSP-1 was sequestered by the addition of anti-TSP-1 antibody, the inhibition of invasion by sulindac sulfide was attenuated, indicating that TSP-1 is involved in the inhibition of invasion by NSAIDs. We used the Min mouse model to determine if sulindac sulfide would increase Egr-1 and TSP-1 in vivo, because this model is widely used to study the effects of NSAIDs on tumor formation. Treatment of Min mice with concentrations of sulindac sulfide that inhibit tumor formation increased the expression of Egr-1 and TSP-1 in colonic tissues and in the polyps of these mice. This is the first report suggesting that COX inhibitors suppress tumor cell invasion via TSP-1, which occurs downstream of Egr-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuseok Moon
- Eicosanoid Biochemistry Section, Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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44
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Dietze EC, Bowie ML, Mrózek K, Caldwell LE, Neal C, Marjoram RJ, Troch MM, Bean GR, Yokoyama KK, Ibarra CA, Seewaldt VL. CREB-binding protein regulates apoptosis and growth of HMECs grown in reconstituted ECM via laminin-5. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:5005-22. [PMID: 16219677 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between normal mammary epithelial cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) are important for mammary gland homeostasis. Loss of interactions between ECM and normal mammary epithelial cells are thought to be an early event in mammary carcinogenesis. CREB-binding protein (CBP) is an important regulator of proliferation and apoptosis but the role of CBP in ECM signaling is poorly characterized. CBP was suppressed in basal-cytokeratin-positive HMECs (CK5/6+, CK14+, CK8-, CK18-, CK19-). Suppression of CBP resulted in loss of reconstituted ECM-mediated growth control and apoptosis and loss of laminin-5 alpha3-chain expression. Suppression of CBP in normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs) resulted in loss of CBP occupancy of the LAMA3A promoter and decreased LAMA3A promoter activity and laminin-5 alpha-3 chain expression. Exogenous expression of CBP in CBP-negative HMECs that have lost reconstituted ECM-mediated growth regulation and apoptosis resulted in (1) CBP occupancy of the LAMA3A promoter, (2) increased LAMA3A activity and laminin-5 alpha3-chain expression, and (3) enhancement of reconstituted ECM-mediated growth regulation and apoptosis. Similarly, suppression of laminin-5 alpha3-chain expression in HMECs resulted in loss of reconstituted ECM-mediated growth control and apoptosis. These observations suggest that loss of CBP in basal-cytokeratin-positive HMECs results in loss of reconstituted ECM-mediated growth control and apoptosis through loss of LAMA3A activity and laminin-5 alpha3-chain expression. Results in these studies may provide insight into early events in basal-type mammary carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Dietze
- Division of Medical Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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45
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Kiyoshima K, Oda Y, Kinukawa N, Naito S, Tsuneyoshi M. Overexpression of laminin-5 gamma2 chain and its prognostic significance in urothelial carcinoma of urinary bladder: association with expression of cyclooxygenase 2, epidermal growth factor receptor [corrected] and human epidermal growth factor receptor [corrected] 2. Hum Pathol 2005; 36:522-30. [PMID: 15948119 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Laminin-5 (LN-5) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) play important roles in many kinds of cancers. Recently, it has been reported that epidermal growth factor receptor [corrected] (EGFR) and/or human epidermal growth factor receptor [corrected] 2 (HER2) expressions are associated with LN-5 and/or COX-2 expressions in a few carcinoma cell lines and human tumor tissue. LN-5, COX-2, EGFR, and HER2 expressions were examined immunohistochemically in 67 patients with urothelial carcinomas (UCs), and associations among these 4 biomarkers and clinicopathologic characteristics were investigated. Patients were classified into transurethral resection group and cystectomy group based on clinical end points, and prognostic significances of increased expressions were evaluated. Overexpression of LN-5, COX-2, EGFR, and HER2 was observed in 16 (23.9%), 34 (50.7%), 42 (62.7%), and 15 (22.4%) of 67 patients, respectively. LN-5 overexpression was associated high-grade (P = .002), invasive (pTa+1 versus pT2-4, P = .011), and nonpapillary (P = .027) UCs. Concerning EGFR and HER2, high-grade (EGFR, P = .0009; HER2, P = .003) and nonpapillary (EGFR, P = .016; HER2, P = .0002) UCs had a significantly higher overexpression rate. UCs penetrating basal membrane (pT1-4) showed significantly higher overexpression rates than pTa UCs on all biomarkers. In transurethral resection group, LN-5 overexpression could be proved as an independent prognostic parameter for intravesical recurrence (P = .007), whereas in cystectomy group, nodal involvement was an independent prognostic parameter for cause-specific survival (P = .025). The current study showed that the 4 biomarkers were associated with aggressive behaviors of UCs. Above all, LN-5 overexpression was considered to play an important role in intravesical recurrence of superficial UCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keijiro Kiyoshima
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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46
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Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the primary tumor type in head and neck cancer. Typically, these tumor cells show persistent invasion that frequently leads to local recurrence and distant lymphatic metastasis. The process of invasion involves concurrent infiltration and destruction of adjacent tissues. As with normal mucosal epithelium, SCC cells express receptors that mediate cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion (integrins) and cell-cell adhesion (cadherins). Both receptor families represent important signaling devices that are capable of promoting survival and proliferation. Recent results indicate that integrins and cadherins cooperate to regulate invasive behavior. During SCC invasion, cells actively migrate through the surrounding ECM with the simultaneous remodeling of their intercellular adhesions. During invasion, integrin receptor engagement with specific ECM ligands along with concurrent remodeling of cadherin adhesions induces changes in the cytoskeleton though modulation of the activities of Rho family members. Tumor development and progression of SCC proceeds with the generation of variant cells with potential alterations in expression of adhesion receptors, and their associated signaling pathways lead to a highly invasive and metastatic phenotype. Understanding the molecular events that define this subset of invasive cells will facilitate the development of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall H Kramer
- Head and Neck Oncology Program, Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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47
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Moon WS, Park HS, Lee H, Pai R, Tarnawski AS, Kim KR, Jang KY. Co-expression of cox-2, C-met and beta-catenin in cells forming invasive front of gallbladder cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2005; 37:171-6. [PMID: 19956499 PMCID: PMC2785404 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2005.37.3.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/27/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Gallbladder cancer is a malignancy with poor prognosis, predominantly resulting from invasion and metastasis. Our previous studies have demonstrated that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), generated by cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), transactivates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-Met and beta-catenin; thus, enhancing colon cancer cell growth and invasiveness in vitro. To determine whether these findings are applicable to clinical conditions, we examined the expression and cellular localization/co-localization of Cox-2, c-Met, beta-catenin, EGFR and c-erbB2 in gallbladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-five specimens of invasive gallbladder cancer, 8 in situ carcinoma and 7 adenoma specimens were immunostained with specific antibodies against Cox-2, c-Met, beta-catenin, EGFR and c-erbB2. The cellular distribution, localization and colocalization were examined, and the signal intensities quantified in: a) the central area of gallbladder cancer and b) cancer cells forming the invasive front. RESULTS Cox-2, c-Met, beta-catenin, c-erbB2 and EGFR were over-expressed in 80, 74, 71, 62 and 11% of invasive gallbladder cancers, respectively. beta-catenin was expressed in 80% of non-malignant specimens, exclusively in the cell membrane, while the cancer specimens showed cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining. Significantly higher Cox-2, c-Met and beta-catenin expressions were present in cancer cells of the invasive front than in the tumor central areas (p<0.001), and these expressions were significantly (p=0.01) associated with the invasion depth. Co-expressions of Cox-2, c-Met, beta-catenin and c-erbB2 were present in 42% of the specimens in cancer cells forming the invasive front. CONCLUSION The overexpressions, and often co-localizations, of Cox-2, c-Met and beta-catenin in cancer cells forming the invasive front indicate their local interactions and important roles in invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sung Moon
- Department of Pathology, Chonbuk National University, Medical School and Center for Healthcare Technology Development, Jeonju, Korea.
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48
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Richardson CM, Richardson D, Swinson DEB, Swain WA, Cox G, O'Byrne KJ. Cyclooxygenase-2 protein levels are independent of epidermal growth factor receptor expression or activation in operable non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2005; 48:47-57. [PMID: 15777970 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Both cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are thought to play important roles in the pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A number of in vitro studies have postulated a link between EGFR activation and subsequent COX-2 upregulation. The relationship between these factors has not been established in patients with NSCLC. COX-2 and EGFR expression were studied in 172 NSCLC specimens using standard immunohistochemical techniques. Western blotting was used to determine COX-2 and EGFR levels in five NSCLC cell lines. The effect of treatment with EGF on COX-2 expression in A549 cells was assessed. RESULTS Both EGFR and COX-2 are overexpressed in NSCLC. The predominant pattern of COX-2 and EGFR staining was cytoplasmic. Membranous EGFR staining was seen in 23.3% of cases. There was no relationship between COX-2 and EGFR expression and survival or any clinicopathological features. No correlation was seen between EGFR expression and COX-2 expression in the immunohistochemical series or in the cell lines. Treatment with EGF did not upregulate COX-2 levels in A549 cells, either in serum free or serum-supplemented conditions. CONCLUSIONS Although COX-2 and EGFR are over-expressed in NSCLC neither was of prognostic significance in this series of cases. There is no correlation between these two factors in either tumour samples or cell lines. Although these factors show no correlation in NSCLC, they remain potential, though independent targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Richardson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG72UH, UK
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49
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Schütz A, Härtig W, Wobus M, Grosche J, Wittekind C, Aust G. Expression of ADAM15 in lung carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2005; 446:421-9. [PMID: 15756594 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-004-1193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ADAM15, a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family, is a membrane protein containing both protease and adhesion domains and may, thus, be involved in tumor invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of ADAM15 and its potential ligand, integrin alpha(v)beta3 (CD51/CD61), in lung carcinoma cell lines and tissues. Most small cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) and non-SCLC cell lines were ADAM15, alpha(v) and beta3 integrin mRNA positive. Half of the cell lines expressed ADAM15, and three expressed the alpha(v)beta3 heterodimer at the cell surface as shown using flow cytometry. Paraffin sections of pulmonary epithelial tumors, including SCLCs (n=26), squamous cell cancer (SCCs, n=27) and adenocarcinomas (ACs, n=17) were stained with antibodies to the ectosolic and cytosolic domain of ADAM15 and alpha(v)beta3 integrin complex. The results were scored (0-12, according to Remmele's score). Normal epithelial cells of the lung were negative or slightly positive for ADAM15 (score<2). The score was always significantly higher for tumor cells. ACs showed the strongest staining (tumor center; ADAM15ecto; mean+/-SEM; 5.47+/-1.04), whereas SCLCs only showed weak ADAM15 expression (2.67+/-0.42; SCCs: 3.62+/-0.62). Frequently, significantly stronger ADAM15 expression has been shown in tumor cells located at the front of invasion compared with those within solid formations. Overall analysis of all tumor specimens and each tumor type revealed no significant correlation between tumor stage or degree of differentiation and ADAM15 ectosolic or cytosolic domain expression in tumor cells. Both molecules are often co-localized in the same tumor cells in ADAM15- and alpha(v)beta3 integrin-positive carcinomas. In summary, lung carcinoma cell lines and tissues were frequently ADAM15 positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schütz
- Institute of Pathology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 26, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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50
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Dwyer-Nield LD, Srebernak MC, Barrett BS, Ahn J, Cosper P, Meyer AM, Kisley LR, Bauer AK, Thompson DC, Malkinson AM. Cytokines differentially regulate the synthesis of prostanoid and nitric oxide mediators in tumorigenic versus non-tumorigenic mouse lung epithelial cell lines. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1196-206. [PMID: 15746162 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies using transgenic and knockout mice have demonstrated that particular cytokines influence lung tumor growth and identified prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostacyclin (PGI2) and nitric oxide (NO) as critical mediators of this process. PGE2 and NO were pro-tumorigenic while PGI2 was antitumorigenic. We describe herein an in vitro experimental approach to examine interactions among cytokines, prostaglandins (PGs) and NO. PGE2, PGI2, and NO levels were assayed in culture media from non-tumorigenic mouse lung epithelial cell lines, their spontaneous transformants and mouse lung tumor-derived cell lines, before or after exposure to the cytokines TNFalpha, IFNgamma and IL1beta, alone and in combination. More PGE2 than PGI2 was produced by neoplastic cells, while the opposite was observed in non-tumorigenic lines. Cytokine exposure magnified the extent of these differential concentrations. The PGE2 to PGI2 ratio was also greater in chemically-induced mouse lung tumors than in adjacent tissue or control lungs, supporting the physiological relevance of this in vitro model. Expression of PG biosynthetic enzymes in these cell lines correlated with production of the corresponding PGs. Cytokine treatment enhanced NO production by inducing the inflammation-associated biosynthetic enzyme, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), but this did not correlate with the neoplastic status of cells. Inhibition of iNOS or cyclooxygenase 2 activity using aminoguanidine or NS-398 respectively, demonstrated that NO did not affect PG production nor did PGs influence NO production. Since lack of iNOS inhibits mouse lung tumor formation, we propose that this is independent of any modulation of PG synthesis in epithelial cells. The similar normal/neoplastic trends in PGE2 to PGI2 ratios both in vitro and in vivo, together with an amplification of this difference upon cytokine exposure, are consistent with the hypothesis that cytokines released during inflammation exacerbate differences in the behavior of neoplastic and normal lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori D Dwyer-Nield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
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