1
|
Ooi LC, Ho V, Zhu JZ, Lim S, Chung L, Abubakar A, Rutland T, Chua W, Ng W, Lee M, Morgan M, MacKenzie S, Lee CS. p21 as a Predictor and Prognostic Indicator of Clinical Outcome in Rectal Cancer Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:725. [PMID: 38255799 PMCID: PMC10815780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle plays a key and complex role in the development of human cancers. p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKI) involved in the promotion of cell cycle arrest and the regulation of cellular senescence. Altered p21 expression in rectal cancer cells may affect tumor cells' behavior and resistance to neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy. Our study aimed to ascertain the relationship between the differential expression of p21 in rectal cancer and patient survival outcomes. Using tissue microarrays, 266 rectal cancer specimens were immunohistochemically stained for p21. The expression patterns were scored separately in cancer cells retrieved from the center and the periphery of the tumor; compared with clinicopathological data, tumor regression grade (TRG), disease-free, and overall survival. Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells was significantly associated with longer overall survival upon the univariate (p = 0.001) and multivariable analysis (p = 0.003, HR = 2.068). Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells was also associated with longer disease-free survival in the multivariable analysis (p = 0.040, HR = 1.769). Longer overall survival times also correlated with lower tumor grades (p= 0.011), the absence of vascular and perineural invasion (p = 0.001; p < 0.005), the absence of metastases (p < 0.005), and adjuvant treatment (p = 0.009). p21 expression is a potential predictive and prognostic biomarker for clinical outcomes in rectal cancer patients. Negative p21 expression in tumor periphery cells demonstrated significant association with longer overall survival and disease-free survival. Larger prospective studies are warranted to investigate the ability of p21 to identify rectal cancer patients who will benefit from neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ching Ooi
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
| | - Vincent Ho
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Jing Zhou Zhu
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
| | - Stephanie Lim
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
- Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre, Campbelltown Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- Discipline of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Liping Chung
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Askar Abubakar
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Tristan Rutland
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Wei Chua
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Discipline of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Weng Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Mark Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Matthew Morgan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Scott MacKenzie
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
| | - Cheok Soon Lee
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia; (L.C.O.); (J.Z.Z.); (T.R.); (C.S.L.)
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; (L.C.); (A.A.); (W.C.); (S.M.)
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia;
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu B, Xiao Y, Li H, Zhang AL, Meng LB, Feng L, Zhao ZH, Ni XC, Fan B, Zhang XY, Zhao SB, Liu YB. Identification and Verification of Biomarker in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma via Bioinformatics and Neural Network Model. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6954793. [PMID: 32626756 PMCID: PMC7317307 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6954793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of kidney cancer, which represents the 9th most frequently diagnosed cancer. However, the molecular mechanism of occurrence and development of ccRCC is indistinct. Therefore, the research aims to identify the hub biomarkers of ccRCC using numerous bioinformatics tools and functional experiments. METHODS The public data was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the differently expressed genes (DEGs) between ccRCC and normal renal tissues were identified with GEO2R. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of the DEGs was constructed, and hub genes were screened with cytoHubba. Then, ten ccRCC tumor samples and ten normal kidney tissues were obtained to verify the expression of hub genes with the RT-qPCR. Finally, the neural network model was constructed to verify the relationship among the genes. RESULTS A total of 251 DEGs and ten hub genes were identified. AURKB, CCNA2, TPX2, and NCAPG were highly expressed in ccRCC compared with renal tissue. With the increasing expression of AURKB, CCNA2, TPX2, and NCAPG, the pathological stage of ccRCC increased gradually (P < 0.05). Patients with high expression of AURKB, CCNA2, TPX2, and NCAPG have a poor overall survival. After the verification of RT-qPCR, the expression of hub genes was same as the public data. And there were strong correlations between the AURKB, CCNA2, TPX2, and NCAPG with the verification of the neural network model. CONCLUSION After the identification and verification, AURKB, CCNA2, TPX2, and NCAPG might be related to the occurrence and malignant progression of ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, 050000, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- School of Basic Medicine, Peking University, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Oncology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-li Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, 050000, China
| | - Ling-bing Meng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lu Feng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-hong Zhao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, 050000, China
| | - Xiao-chen Ni
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, 050000, China
| | - Bo Fan
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, 050000, China
| | - Xiao-yu Zhang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, 050000, China
| | - Shi-bin Zhao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, 050000, China
| | - Yi-bo Liu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 12 Jiankang Road, 050000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qin A, Reddy HG, Weinberg FD, Kalemkerian GP. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors for the treatment of lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:941-952. [PMID: 32164461 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1738385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are critical regulators of cell cycle progression in both normal and malignant cells, functioning through complex molecular interactions. Deregulation of CDK-dependent pathways is commonly found in both non-small cell and small cell lung cancer, and these derangements suggest vulnerabilities that can be exploited for clinical benefit. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors present an overview of the biology of CDKs in normal and malignant cells, with a focus on lung cancer, followed by an assessment of preclinical work that has demonstrated the vital role of CDKs in lung cancer development and progression, and the activity of CDK inhibitors in a variety of lung cancer models. Finally, the experience with clinical trials of CDK inhibitors in lung cancer is discussed along with the current status of these agents in cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Despite strong biological rationale and promising preclinical studies, the results of clinical trials of CDK inhibitors in lung cancer have thus far been disappointing. Further clinical development of CDK inhibitors in lung cancer will depend on the identification of predictive biomarkers and the design of combination regimens that take advantage of the unique molecular alterations that drive lung cancer growth and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Qin
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haritha G Reddy
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank D Weinberg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory P Kalemkerian
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Moon H, Jeon SG, Kim JI, Kim HS, Lee S, Kim D, Park S, Moon M, Chung H. Pharmacological Stimulation of Nurr1 Promotes Cell Cycle Progression in Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E4. [PMID: 31861329 PMCID: PMC6982043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related-1 (Nurr1) protein performs a crucial role in hippocampal neural stem cell (hNSC) development as well as cognitive functions. We previously demonstrated that the pharmacological stimulation of Nurr1 by amodiaquine (AQ) promotes spatial memory by enhancing adult hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the role of Nurr1 in the cell cycle regulation of the adult hippocampus has not been investigated. This study aimed to examine changes in the cell cycle-related molecules involved in adult hippocampal neurogenesis induced by Nurr1 pharmacological stimulation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis showed that AQ improved the progression of cell cycle from G0/G1 to S phase in a dose-dependent manner, and MEK1 or PI3K inhibitors attenuated this progression. In addition, AQ treatment increased the expression of cell proliferation markers MCM5 and PCNA, and transcription factor E2F1. Furthermore, pharmacological stimulation of Nurr1 by AQ increased the expression levels of positive cell cycle regulators such as cyclin A and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 2. In contrast, levels of CDK inhibitors p27KIP1 and p57KIP2 were reduced upon treatment with AQ. Similar to the in vitro results, RT-qPCR analysis of AQ-administered mice brains revealed an increase in the levels of markers of cell cycle progression, PCNA, MCM5, and Cdc25a. Finally, AQ administration resulted in decreased p27KIP1 and increased CDK2 levels in the dentate gyrus of the mouse hippocampus, as quantified immunohistochemically. Our results demonstrate that the pharmacological stimulation of Nurr1 in adult hNSCs by AQ promotes the cell cycle by modulating cell cycle-related molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haena Moon
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 134-727, Korea; (H.M.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.G.J.); (H.s.K.)
| | - Jin-il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Hyeon soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.G.J.); (H.s.K.)
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 134-727, Korea; (H.M.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Dongok Kim
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 134-727, Korea; (H.M.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Seungjoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.G.J.); (H.s.K.)
| | - Hyunju Chung
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 134-727, Korea; (H.M.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Song X, Du R, Gui H, Zhou M, Zhong W, Mao C, Ma J. Identification of potential hub genes related to the progression and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma through integrated bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Rep 2019; 43:133-146. [PMID: 31746405 PMCID: PMC6908929 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among cancer patients. Genes correlated with the progression and prognosis of HCC are critically needed to be identified. In the present study, 3 Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets (GSE46408, GSE65372 and GSE84402) were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HCC and non-tumor liver tissues. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were conducted to clarify the functional roles of DEGs. A protein-protein interaction network was established to screen the hub genes associated with HCC. The prognostic values of hub genes in HCC patients were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The expression levels of hub genes were validated based on ONCOMINE, TCGA and Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. Notably, 56 upregulated and 33 downregulated DEGs were markedly enriched under various GO terms and four KEGG terms. Among these DEGs, 10 hub genes with high connectivity degree were identified, including cyclin B1, cyclin A2, cyclin B2, condensin complex subunit 3, PDZ binding kinase, nucleolar and spindle-associated protein 1, aurora kinase A, ZW10 interacting kinetochore protein, protein regulator of cytokinesis 1 and kinesin family member 4A. The upregulated expression levels of these hub genes in HCC tissues were further confirmed by ONCOMINE, TCGA, and HPA databases. Additionally, the increased mRNA expression of each hub gene was related to the unfavorable disease-free survival and overall survival of HCC patients. The present study identified ten genes associated with HCC, which may help to provide candidate targets for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiudao Song
- Clinical Pharmaceutical Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215009, P.R. China
| | - Rao Du
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Huan Gui
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Chenmei Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215025, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Z, Zhang M, Shan R, Wang YJ, Chen J, Huang J, Sun LQ, Zhou WB. MTMR3 is upregulated in patients with breast cancer and regulates proliferation, cell cycle progression and autophagy in breast cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1915-1923. [PMID: 31485632 PMCID: PMC6775797 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As a member of the myotubularin family, myotubularin related protein 3 (MTMR3) has been demonstrated to participate in tumor development, including oral and colon cancer. However, little is known about its functional roles in breast cancer. In the present study, the expression of MTMR3 in breast cancer was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining of tumor tissues from 172 patients. Online data was then used for survival analysis from the PROGgeneV2 database. In vitro, MTMR3 expression was silenced in MDA-MB-231 cells via lentiviral shRNA transduction. MTT, colony formation and flow cytometry assays were performed in the control and MTMR3-silenced cells to evaluate the cell growth, proliferation and cell cycle phase distribution, respectively. Western blotting was used to evaluate the protein expression levels of autophagy-related markers. The results demonstrated that the expression of MTMR3 in breast cancer tissues was significantly increased compared with adjacent normal tissues. MTMR3 was highly expressed in triple-negative breast cancer and was associated with disease recurrence. MTMR3 knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest and autophagy. The present results indicated that MTMR3 may have an important role in promoting the progression of breast cancer, and its inhibition may serve as a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Rong Shan
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Jie Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Juan Huang
- Hunan Province Clinic Meditech Research Center for Breast Cancer, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Lun-Quan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Bing Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Volkart PA, Bitencourt-Ferreira G, Souto AA, de Azevedo WF. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 in Cellular Senescence and Cancer. A Structural and Functional Review. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:716-726. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181204165344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
<P>Background: Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) has been studied due to its role in the
cell-cycle progression. The elucidation of the CDK2 structure paved the way to investigate the molecular
basis for inhibition of this enzyme, with the coordinated efforts combining crystallography with
functional studies.
</P><P>
Objective: Our goal here is to review recent functional and structural studies directed to understanding
the role of CDK2 in cancer and senescence.
</P><P>
Methods: There are over four hundreds of crystallographic structures available for CDK2, many of
them with binding affinity information. We use this abundance of data to analyze the essential features
responsible for the inhibition of CDK2 and its function in cancer and senescence.
</P><P>
Results: The structural and affinity data available CDK2 makes it possible to have a clear view of the
vital CDK2 residues involved in molecular recognition. A detailed description of the structural basis
for ligand binding is of pivotal importance in the design of CDK2 inhibitors. Our analysis shows the
relevance of the residues Leu 83 and Asp 86 for binding affinity. The recent findings revealing the
participation of CDK2 inhibition in senescence open the possibility to explore the richness of structural
and affinity data for a new era in the development of CDK2 inhibitors, targeting cellular senescence.
</P><P>
Conclusion: Here, we analyzed structural information for CDK2 in combination with inhibitors and
mapped the molecular aspects behind the strongest CDK2 inhibitors for which structures and ligandbinding
affinity data were available. From this analysis, we identified the significant intermolecular
interactions responsible for binding affinity. This knowledge may guide the future development of
CDK2 inhibitors targeting cancer and cellular senescence.</P>
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscylla Andrade Volkart
- School of Sciences - Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Porto Alegre/RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bitencourt-Ferreira
- School of Sciences - Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Porto Alegre/RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - André Arigony Souto
- School of Sciences - Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Porto Alegre/RS 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Walter Filgueira de Azevedo
- School of Sciences - Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681 Porto Alegre/RS 90619-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ajani H, Jansa J, Köprülüoğlu C, Hobza P, Kryštof V, Lyčka A, Lepsik M. Imidazo[1,2-c
]pyrimidin-5(6H
)-one as a novel core of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitors: Synthesis, activity measurement, docking, and quantum mechanical scoring. J Mol Recognit 2018; 31:e2720. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haresh Ajani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry; Palacký University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Josef Jansa
- Research Institute for Organic Syntheses (VUOS); Pardubice-Rybitví Czech Republic
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Palacký University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Cemal Köprülüoğlu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry; Palacký University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Hobza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague 6 Czech Republic
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry; Palacký University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science; Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Lyčka
- Research Institute for Organic Syntheses (VUOS); Pardubice-Rybitví Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; University of Hradec Králové; Hradec Králové Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yazdani S, Kasajima A, Onodera Y, McNamara KM, Ise K, Nakamura Y, Tachibana T, Motoi F, Unno M, Sasano H. Progesterone arrested cell cycle progression through progesterone receptor isoform A in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:243-253. [PMID: 29331723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (Pan-NEN) progesterone signaling has been shown to have both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on cell proliferation. The ability of progesterone to inhibit tumor proliferation is of particular interest and is suggested to be mediated through the less abundantly expressed progesterone receptor (PR) isoform A (PRA). To date the mechanistic processes underlying this inhibition of proliferation remain unclear. To examine the mechanism of PRA actions, the human Pan-NEN cell line QGP-1, that endogenously expresses PR isoform B (PRB) without PRA, was transfected with PRA. PRA transfection suppressed the majority of cell cycle related genes increased by progesterone including cyclin A2 (CCNA2), cyclin B1 (CCNB1), cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Importantly, following progesterone administration cell cycle distribution was shifted to S and G2/M phases in the naïve cell line but in PRA-transfected cells, this effect was suppressed. To see if these mechanistic insights were confirmed in patient samples PRA, PRB, CCNA2, CCNB, CDK1 and CDK2 immunoreactivities were assessed in Pan-NEN cases. Higher levels of cell cycle markers were associated with higher WHO grade tumors and correlations between the markers suggested formation of cyclin/CDK activated complexes in S and G2/M phases. PRA expression was associated with inverse correlation of all cell cycle markers. Collectively, these results indicate that progesterone signals through PRA negatively regulates cell cycle progression through suppressing S and G2/M phases and downregulation of cell cycle phases specific cyclins/CDKs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Yazdani
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kasajima
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Onodera
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keely May McNamara
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazue Ise
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Tachibana
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Peng X, Pan K, Zhao W, Zhang J, Yuan S, Wen X, Zhou W, Yu Z. NPTX1 inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation through down-regulating cyclin A2 and CDK2 expression. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:589-597. [PMID: 29345391 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Peng
- Department of Pathology; Huizhou First Hospital; Huizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Kangming Pan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Zhao
- Department of Pathology; Huizhou First Hospital; Huizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhu Zhang
- Department of Pathology; Huizhou First Hospital; Huizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Shicheng Yuan
- Department of Pathology; Huizhou First Hospital; Huizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Pathology; Huizhou First Hospital; Huizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Wenquan Zhou
- Department of Pathology; Huizhou First Hospital; Huizhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijin Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology; Huizhou Municipal Central Hospital; Huizhou People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
George J, Nihal M, Singh CK, Zhong W, Liu X, Ahmad N. Pro-Proliferative Function of Mitochondrial Sirtuin Deacetylase SIRT3 in Human Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 136:809-818. [PMID: 26743598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive form of skin cancer, is often fatal if not treated early. Therefore, novel target-based strategies are required to combat this neoplasm. The objective of this study was to determine the role and functional significance of the mitochondrial sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) in melanoma. We found that compared with normal primary and immortalized human melanocytes, SIRT3 is significantly overexpressed in multiple human melanoma cells at mRNA and protein levels. Further, employing human tissue microarray, we found that SIRT3 is significantly upregulated in clinical melanoma tissues, compared with melanocytic nevi tissues. Furthermore, a short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of SIRT3 in human melanoma cells resulted in (i) a decrease in cellular proliferation, colony formation, and cellular migration; (ii) induction of senescence as shown by an increase in senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity and formation of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci as well as an increase in mRNA and protein levels of p16(INK4a) and p21(Waf1); (iii) G1-phase arrest of the cell cycle; and (iv) decreases in mRNA and protein levels of cyclins (D1, E1) and cyclin-dependent kinases (2, 4, and 6). Conversely, forced exogenous overexpression of SIRT3 promoted an increase in proliferative potential of Hs294T melanoma cells and normal immortalized Mel-ST melanocytes. Finally, we found that SIRT3 knockdown significantly inhibited tumorigenesis in a xenograft model in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first study supporting the pro-proliferative function of SIRT3 in melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine George
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Minakshi Nihal
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Chandra K Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Weixiong Zhong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; William S. Middleton VA Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vymětalová L, Kryštof V. Potential Clinical Uses of CDK Inhibitors: Lessons from Synthetic Lethality Screens. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:1156-74. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ladislava Vymětalová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Šlechtitelů 11 CZ-78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Kryštof
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators; Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR; Šlechtitelů 11 CZ-78371 Olomouc Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Matsumoto K, Ikeda M, Matsumoto T, Nagashio R, Nishimori T, Tomonaga T, Nomura F, Sato Y, Kitasato H, Iwamura M. Serum Periplakin as a Potential Biomarker for Urothelial Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:9927-31. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.22.9927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
14
|
Gezginc ST, Celik C, Dogan NU, Toy H, Tazegul A, Colakoglu MC. Expression of cyclin A, cyclin E and p27 in normal, hyperplastic and frankly malignant endometrial samples. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2014; 33:508-11. [PMID: 23815208 DOI: 10.3109/01443615.2013.776024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular growth is under the control of certain molecules such as cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases. Dysregulation of these proteins disrupt cell cycle and may trigger malignant transformation. Cyclins and kinase inhibitors also play essential roles in endometrial cellular proliferation. But the exact roles of these mediators in the disease process is not clear. We evaluated expression of cyclin A, cyclin E and p27 in normal, hyperplastic and malignant endometrial samples assuming different expression patterns in physiological and pathological processes. A total of 75 patients with histopathological diagnosis of normal proliferative, hyperplastic or malignant endometrial samples were evaluated with different cellular proliferation markers, cyclin A, cyclin E and p27. For cyclin E, endometrial cancer samples had higher rate of immunoreactivity than normal proliferative and hyperplastic endometrial samples. Staining properties for cyclin A were comparable for three groups. However, p27 immunoreactivity decreased progressively as lesions progress from proliferative benign endometrium to frank carcinoma. Further large-scale studies with clinical follow-up will reveal the exact role of cyclins on endometrial carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S T Gezginc
- Konya Necmettin Erbakan University, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Konya, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shcherba M, Liang Y, Fernandes D, Perez-Soler R, Cheng H. Cell cycle inhibitors for the treatment of NSCLC. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15:991-1004. [PMID: 24666387 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2014.902935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lung cancer remains to be the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Treatment of lung cancer still poses a significant challenge. Cell cycle is a tightly integrated process and is frequently aberrant in lung cancer. Cell cycle inhibitors have emerged as novel therapeutics, in anticipation of overcoming the unrestricted cell division and growth in lung cancer. AREAS COVERED In this article, we first address the potential roles of cell cycle proteins and cell cycle deregulation in the development of lung cancer. The review then provides an overview for several major categories of cell cycle inhibitors with particular attention to their tolerability and disease control in early phases of lung cancer trials. EXPERT OPINION Targeted agents against different components of cell cycle regulation, such as cyclin-dependent kinase, polo-like kinase, checkpoint kinase and aurora kinase, are currently in clinical development for lung cancer management. Their clinical benefits remain to be defined. When evaluated as single agents in lung cancer, cell cycle inhibitors are often associated with limited clinical activity and tolerable toxicities. The key challenges in the drug development are to understand resistance mechanisms and to identify predictive biomarkers that can potentially guide patient selection and optimize the utility of these targeted inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Shcherba
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Oncology , 111 East 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467 , USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kim S, Lee J, Jang BC, Kwon TK, Park JW. BAI, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor induces apoptosis in A549 cells through activation of caspases and inactivation of Akt. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:282-93. [PMID: 22887215 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have synthesized a novel cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, 2-[1,1'biphenyl]-4-yl-N-[5-(1,1-dioxo-1λ(6) -isothiazolidin-2-yl)-1H-indazol-3-yl]acetamide (BAI) and reported its anti-cancer activity in head and neck cancer cells. In this study, we further evaluated the effect of BAI on growth of various human cancer cell lines, including A549 (nonsmall cell lung cancer), HCT116 (colon), and Caki (kidney). Profoundly, results of XTT and clonogenic assays demonstrated that BAI at nanomolar concentrations (20-60 nM) inhibited growth of A549, HCT116, and Caki cells, suggesting the anti-cancer potency. We show that BAI induced a dose-dependent apoptotic cell death in these human cancer cells, as measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Interestingly, further biochemical analysis showed that treatment with BAI at 20 nM induced apoptosis in A549 cells in association with activation of caspases, cleavage of phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1), and inhibition of Akt in A549 cells. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition study revealed that pretreatment with z-VAD-fmk, a pan caspase inhibitor strongly blocked the BAI-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Transfection analysis with Akt cDNA encoding constitutively active Akt further addressed the significance of Akt inhibition in the BAI-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Notably, disruption of the PI3K/Akt pathway by LY294002, a PI3K/Akt inhibitor potentiated apoptosis in A549 cells by BAI at a subcytotoxic concentration. These findings collectively suggest that BAI potently inhibits growth of A549, HCT116, and Caki cells, and that the BAI-induced apoptosis in A549 cells is associated with activation of caspases, and inhibition of Akt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Kim
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu 704-701, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yap TA, Molife LR, Blagden SP, de Bono S. Targeting cell cycle kinases and kinesins in anticancer drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:539-60. [PMID: 23484760 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.4.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle is regulated by kinases such as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and non-CDKs, which include Aurora and polo-like kinases, as well as checkpoint proteins. Mitotic kinesins are involved in the establishment of the mitotic spindle formation and function, and also play a role in cell cycle control. The disruption of the cell cycle is a hallmark of malignancy. Genetic or epigenetic events result in the upregulation of these kinases and mitotic kinesins in a myriad of tumour types, suggesting that their inhibition could result in preferential targeting of malignant cells. Such findings make the development of these inhibitors a rational and attractive new area for cancer therapeutics. Although challenges of potency and non-specificity have hampered their progress through the clinic, several novel compounds are presently in various phases of clinical trial evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Yap
- Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chemical-genetic analysis of cyclin dependent kinase 2 function reveals an important role in cellular transformation by multiple oncogenic pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E1019-27. [PMID: 22474407 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111317109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A family of conserved serine/threonine kinases known as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) drives orderly cell cycle progression in mammalian cells. Prior studies have suggested that CDK2 regulates S-phase entry and progression, and frequently shows increased activity in a wide spectrum of human tumors. Genetic KO/knockdown approaches, however, have suggested that lack of CDK2 protein does not prevent cellular proliferation, both during somatic development in mice as well as in human cancer cell lines. Here, we use an alternative, chemical-genetic approach to achieve specific inhibition of CDK2 kinase activity in cells. We directly compare small-molecule inhibition of CDK2 kinase activity with siRNA knockdown and show that small-molecule inhibition results in marked defects in proliferation of nontransformed cells, whereas siRNA knockdown does not, highlighting the differences between these two approaches. In addition, CDK2 inhibition drastically diminishes anchorage-independent growth of human cancer cells and cells transformed with various oncogenes. Our results establish that CDK2 activity is necessary for normal mammalian cell cycle progression and suggest that it might be a useful therapeutic target for treating cancer.
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang LN, Wang DS, Chen YQ, Li W, Hu FD, Gong BL, Zhao CL, Jia W. Meta-analysis for cyclin E in lung cancer survival. Clin Chim Acta 2012; 413:663-8. [PMID: 22244930 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the prognosis value of cyclin E expression in survival of patients with lung cancer (LC), we performed a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. METHODS Electronic databases were used to identify published studies before August 2011. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was used to estimate the strength of the association of cyclin E expression with survival of LC patients. Heterogeneity and publication bias were also assessed. RESULTS Fourteen studies (2606 cases) were eligible and subjected to analysis. Cyclin E over-expression was found to be a strong predictor of poor prognosis in LC patients (HR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07-1.79; P=0.014). When only non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was considered, the combined HR was 1.53 (95% CI: 1.19-1.97, P=0.001). A significant association was also evident when the analysis was limited to studies involving adenocarcinoma (AD), but not squamous cell carcinoma (SQ). Publication bias was absent. Sensitivity analyses suggested that the summary statistics obtained should approximate the actual average.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-nian Huang
- Department of Respiration, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Basic Research on Respiratory Disease, Bengbu, Anhui, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
von Bergwelt-Baildon MS, Kondo E, Klein-González N, Wendtner CM. The cyclins: a family of widely expressed tumor antigens? Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:389-95. [PMID: 21434806 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Continuous cell division is a hallmark of cancer and cell-cycle regulators therefore represent relevant target molecules for tumor therapy. Among these targets the cyclins are of particular interest as they are overexpressed in various tumor entities with little expression in normal tissue. Here we review evidence that these molecules are recognized by the immune system, summarize why cyclins A, B and D in particular appear to be interesting targets for active and passive immunotherapy, and discuss whether the entire family could be an interesting novel class of tumor antigens for cancer treatment and prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Laboratory for Tumor and Transplantation Immunology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Suzuki A, Horiuchi A, Ashida T, Miyamoto T, Kashima H, Nikaido T, Konishi I, Shiozawa T. Cyclin A2 confers cisplatin resistance to endometrial carcinoma cells via up-regulation of an Akt-binding protein, periplakin. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 14:2305-17. [PMID: 19583808 PMCID: PMC3822571 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although overexpression of cyclin A2 is reportedly an indicator of a poor prognosis of various malignancies including endometrial carcinoma, its molecular mechanism remains undetermined. To address this issue, we examined the effect of cyclin A2 on the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. The expression of cyclin A2 protein was increased in advanced-stage and chemotherapy-refractory stage endometrial carcinomas compared with that in early-stage tumours. The expression levels of cyclin A2 in endometrial carcinoma cell lines correlated positively with the IC50 for cisplatin. Endometrial carcinoma HHUA cells that overexpressed cyclin A2 showed increased resistance to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo, via the activation of a survival pathway, the inositol-3 phosphate kinase (PI3K) cascade. The use of a cDNA microarray identified an Akt-binding protein, periplakin, as a novel target of cyclin A2. The cyclin A2-induced up-regulation of periplakin was mediated via direct binding of Sp1 to the promoter that was activated by cyclin A2 along with chromatin remodelling involving CBP/p300, and the siRNA-mediated silencing of periplakin suppressed the PI3K pathway. These results indicate cyclin A2 to be involved in the acquisition of aggressive behaviour of tumour cells through the activation of PI3K by cyclin A2-induced periplakin, and to be a promising therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Suzuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ding XJ, Liu MX, Ao L, Liang YR, Cao Y. Frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 12q in non-small-cell lung carcinomas. Virchows Arch 2011; 458:561-9. [PMID: 21279520 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-011-1042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 12/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal aberrations in non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) are common events. In our study, the lung cancer cell lines (NCI-H446 and SPC-A-1) displayed numerous numerical and structural alterations in their chromosomes by G-banded karyotypic analysis, and abnormalities of chromosome 12 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Sequentially, we used 14 microsatellite markers within 12q to analyze loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in lung cancer cell lines and NSCLCs. Possible LOH on 12q were statistically inferred to occur in five lung cell lines. Importantly, 17 out of 25 NSCLCs (68%) showed LOH at chromosome 12q. Frequencies of LOH for individual markers ranged from 18% to 44%. Several deletions which were marked with D12S1301, D12S2196, D12S398, D12S90, D12S1056, D12S1713, D12S375, D12S1040, D12S326, and D12S106 were newly detected. Allelic loss on 12q15-q21 detected with D12S1040 occurred at the later stages of NSCLC progression (p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). LOH on 12q marked with D12S2196, D12S398, D12S326, and D12S106 were frequently found in NSCLCs from the patients without smoking history (p < 0.05, Fisher's exact test). These findings indicated that allelic loss on 12q is commonly involved in NSCLCs, and new tumor suppressor genes may occur within 12q.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of CAS and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 Jiaochang Donglu, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Klein-González N, Kondo E, von Bergwelt-Baildon MS. Cyclins against cancer: a novel family of tumor antigens? Immunotherapy 2010; 2:595-7. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nela Klein-González
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eisei Kondo
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Michael S von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Laboratory for Tumor & Transplantation Immunology & Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Cellular division is an ordered, tightly regulated process involving multiple checkpoints that assess extracellular growth signals, cell size and DNA integrity. Progression throughout the cell cycle is based on the activation of different CDK-cyclin complexes that prevent cells from entering into a new phase until thay have successfully complete the previous one. In addition, a series of cell cycle checkpoints are designed to preserve genome integrity and chromosomal stability. Neoplastic lung cells develop the ability to bypass several of these checkpoints, and tumor cell proliferation is frequently associated with genetic or epigenetic alterations in key regulators of the cell cycle. The goal of this review is to summarize the knowledge about the dysregulation of major cell cycle regulators in lung cancer pathogenesis and to discuss the use of these proteins as targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Eymin
- Equipe Bases Moléculaires de la Progression des Cancers du Poumon, Centre de Recherche INSERM U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Grenoble, France; Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Differences in protein expression and gene amplification of cyclins between colon and rectal adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2009; 2009:285830. [PMID: 20029639 PMCID: PMC2796221 DOI: 10.1155/2009/285830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenocarcinomas of rectum and colon may be different with regard to the cellular biological basis for cancer development. A material of 246 rectal cancers removed surgically at Akershus University Hospital in the years 1992–2000 was investigated and was compared to a material of 219 colon cancers operated on at Akershus University Hospital during the years 1988, 1990 and 1997–2000. There were highly significant differences between the rectal and the colon cancers in the protein expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, cyclin E, nuclear β-catenin, and c-Myc and in gene amplification of cyclin A2, cyclin B1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. Gene amplification and protein expression in the rectal cancers correlated significantly for the cyclins B1, D3, and E. A statistically significant relation was observed between overexpression of cyclin A2 and local relapse of rectal carcinomas, as higher expression of cyclin A2 was associated with lower local recurrence rate.
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Bastide K, Ugolin N, Levalois C, Bernaudin JF, Chevillard S. Are adenosquamous lung carcinomas a simple mix of adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, or more complex at the molecular level? Lung Cancer 2009; 68:1-9. [PMID: 20004040 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adenocarcinomas (AC), squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and adenosquamous carcinomas (ASC) are three histological subtypes of non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). ASC are morphologically mixed tumours that contain the two cell components AC and SCC. To understand if they are a "simple" mix of AC and SCC or if they present molecular specificities, as compared with the molecular characterization of both components, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis on a series of nine ASC, five AC and five SCC induced in rats by radon exposure. We found that 72, 40 and 39 genes were differentially expressed when comparing AC_SCC, ASC_SCC and AC_ASC, respectively. Moreover, when classifying the three histological subtypes, using genes that discriminated AC and SCC, we observed that all ASC were classified as intermediate between the AC and SCC, some being closer to AC, others to SCC. These results indicated that, regarding gene expression, ASC could be considered as a mix of AC and SCC, both in various proportions. However, they also exhibit molecular specificities since we found specific genes discriminating ASC_SCC and AC_ASC. In conclusion, the ASC mixed lung tumours are more complex than simple mixes of AC and SCC components. Neuroendocrine differentiation and ERK proliferation pathways seemed preferentially deregulated in ASC compared to AC and SCC respectively, pathways that are worthy of being explored because they could partially explain the high clinical aggressiveness of ASC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemically induced
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/genetics
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Adenosquamous/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- GATA6 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA6 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, ras/genetics
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/genetics
- Microarray Analysis
- Mucin-1/genetics
- Mucin-1/metabolism
- Radon/toxicity
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Notch2/genetics
- Receptor, Notch2/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristell Bastide
- CEA, DSV, IRCM, SREIT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Expérimentale, BP6, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex F-92265, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kondo E, Maecker B, Draube A, Klein-Gonzalez N, Shimabukuro-Vornhagen A, Schultze JL, von Bergwelt-Baildon MS. The shared tumor associated antigen cyclin-A2 is recognized by high-avidity T-cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:2474-8. [PMID: 19681121 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-A2, a key cell cycle regulator, has been shown to be overexpressed in various types of malignancies with little expression in normal tissue. Such tumor-associated genes potentially are useful targets for cancer immunotherapy. However, high-avidity cyclin-specific T cells are considered to be thymically deleted. We identified at least one nonameric HLA-A*0201 binding cyclin-A2 epitope by a reverse immunology approach. Using a highly efficient T-cell expansion system that is based on CD40-activated B (CD40-B) cells as sole antigen-presenting cells we successfully generated cyclin-A2 specific CTL from HLA-A*0201(+) donors. Interestingly, high-avidity cyclin-A2 specific CTL lines, which recognized peptide-pulsed and antigen expressing target cells, were indeed generated by stimulation with CD40-B cells when pulsed with low concentrations of peptide, whereas CD40-B cells pulsed at saturating concentrations could only induce low-avidity CTL, which recognized peptide-pulsed target cells only. One high-avidity CTL line was subcloned and CTL clones, whose peptide concentration required for half-maximal lysis were less than 1 nM, could lyse cyclin-A2 expressing tumor cells. Taken together, cyclin A2 is an attractive candidate for immune intervention in a significant number of cancer patients and high-avidity T cells can be readily generated using CD40-B cells as antigen-presenting cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eisei Kondo
- Max Eder Junior Research Group, Clinic I for Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cooper WA, Kohonen-Corish MRJ, McCaughan B, Kennedy C, Sutherland RL, Lee CS. Expression and prognostic significance of cyclin B1 and cyclin A in non-small cell lung cancer. Histopathology 2009; 55:28-36. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2009.03331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Ko E, Kim Y, Lee BB, Han J, Song SY, Shim YM, Park J, Kim DH. Relationship of phospho-pRb (Ser-807/811) level to exposure to tobacco smoke in primary non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2009; 274:225-32. [PMID: 18938028 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at understanding the effect of smoking on pRb phosphorylation and the clinicopathological significance of phospho-pRb in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Phospho-pRb (Ser-807/811) expression was not detected in 149 (39%) of 382 patients, and the mean phospho-pRb (Ser-807/811) level was 5.7%. Squamous cell carcinoma had higher phospho-pRb (Ser-807/811) levels than adenocarcinoma (7.1%+/-10.4% versus 4.7%+/-7.9%; P=0.003). The association between phospho-pRb (Ser-807/811) levels and exposure to tobacco smoke was different according to the statuses of cyclin D1 expression and p16 methylation, suggesting that their statuses might play a role as an effect modifier in the relationship between phospho-pRb (Ser-807/811) levels and exposure to tobacco smoke. In stratified multivariate analysis, phospho-pRb (Ser-807/811) levels were not associated with exposure to tobacco smoke in 38 patients with p16 hypermethylation and cyclin D1 expression >5%, after adjusting for confounding factors. However, in the remaining 344 patients, the mean phospho-pRb (Ser-807/811) levels in patients who had smoked >40 pack years increased by 4.65% (P<0.0001) on average than those who had never smoked. No association was found between the phospho-pRb (Ser-807/811) levels and overall survival. In conclusion, the present study suggests that exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with phosphorylation of pRb in NSCLC patients and its relationship depends on the p16 methylation status and cyclin D1 expression levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Ko
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Karim RZ, Scolyer RA, Tse GM, Tan PH, Putti TC, Lee CS. Pathogenic mechanisms in the initiation and progression of mammary phyllodes tumours. Pathology 2009; 41:105-17. [DOI: 10.1080/00313020802579342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
32
|
Chen HB, Pan K, Tang MK, Chui YL, Chen L, Su ZJ, Shen ZY, Li EM, Xie W, Lee KKH. Comparative proteomic analysis reveals differentially expressed proteins regulated by a potential tumor promoter, BRE, in human esophageal carcinoma cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 86:302-11. [PMID: 18756325 DOI: 10.1139/o08-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal tumorigenesis is a complex and cascading process, involving the interaction of many genes and proteins. In this study, we have used the comparative proteomic approach to identify tumor-associated proteins and explore the carcinogenic mechanisms. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF MS analysis of esophageal carcinoma and control cells revealed 10 proteins that were upregulated. A further 10 proteins were downregulated. Among these 20 differentially expressed proteins, brain and reproductive organ-expressed (BRE) protein was identified as a potential tumor promoter. It was high expressed by the esophageal carcinoma cells, as confirmed by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. BRE has been reported to be a stress-responsive protein. To gain further insight into its function, BRE expression was silenced in esophageal carcinoma cells using BRE-specific small interference RNA. It was discovered that silencing BRE expression downregulated prohibitin expression, but upregulated tumor-suppressor p53 expression. Furthermore, cyclin A and CDK2 expressions were suppressed suggesting that BRE inhibited cell proliferation. These results implied that BRE plays a significant role in mediating antiapoptotic and proliferative responses in esophageal carcinoma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Bin Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Minimum information specification for in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry experiments (MISFISHIE). Nat Biotechnol 2008; 26:305-12. [PMID: 18327244 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
One purpose of the biomedical literature is to report results in sufficient detail that the methods of data collection and analysis can be independently replicated and verified. Here we present reporting guidelines for gene expression localization experiments: the minimum information specification for in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry experiments (MISFISHIE). MISFISHIE is modeled after the Minimum Information About a Microarray Experiment (MIAME) specification for microarray experiments. Both guidelines define what information should be reported without dictating a format for encoding that information. MISFISHIE describes six types of information to be provided for each experiment: experimental design, biomaterials and treatments, reporters, staining, imaging data and image characterizations. This specification has benefited the consortium within which it was developed and is expected to benefit the wider research community. We welcome feedback from the scientific community to help improve our proposal.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hawkins OE, Vangundy RS, Eckerd AM, Bardet W, Buchli R, Weidanz JA, Hildebrand WH. Identification of breast cancer peptide epitopes presented by HLA-A*0201. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1445-57. [PMID: 18345606 DOI: 10.1021/pr700761w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular immune mechanisms detect and destroy cancerous and infected cells via the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules that present peptides of intracellular origin on the surface of all nucleated cells. The identification of novel, tumor-specific epitopes is a critical step in the development of immunotherapeutics for breast cancer. To directly identify peptide epitopes unique to cancerous cells, secreted human class I HLA molecules (sHLA) were constructed by deletion of the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain of HLA A*0201. The resulting sHLA-A*0201 was transferred and expressed in breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and BT-20 as well as in the immortal, nontumorigenic cell line MCF10A. Stable transfectants were seeded into bioreactors for production of > 25 mg of sHLA-A*0201. Peptides eluted from affinity purified sHLA were analyzed by mass spectroscopy. Comparative analysis of HLA-A*0201 peptides revealed 5 previously uncharacterized epitopes uniquely presented on breast cancer cells. These peptides were derived from intracellular proteins with either well-defined or putative roles in breast cancer development and progression: Cyclin Dependent Kinase 2 (Cdk2), Ornithine Decarboxylase (ODC1), Kinetochore Associated 2 (KNTC2 or HEC1), Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF), and Exosome Component 6 (EXOSC6). Cellular recognition of the MIF, KNTC2, EXOSC6, and Cdk2 peptides by circulating CD8+ cells was demonstrated by tetramer staining and IFN-gamma ELISPOT. The identification and characterization of peptides unique to the class I of breast cancer cells provide putative targets for the development of immune diagnostic tools and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oriana E Hawkins
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, Pure Protein, LLC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Salaün P, Rannou Y, Prigent C. Cdk1, Plks, Auroras, and Neks: the mitotic bodyguards. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 617:41-56. [PMID: 18497029 PMCID: PMC2533106 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69080-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Salaün
- GD, Génétique et développement
CNRS : UMR6061Université Rennes IIFR140FR
| | - Yves Rannou
- GD, Génétique et développement
CNRS : UMR6061Université Rennes IIFR140FR
| | - Claude Prigent
- GD, Génétique et développement
CNRS : UMR6061Université Rennes IIFR140FR
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
An HJ, Kim KI, Kim JY, Shim JY, Kang H, Kim TH, Kim JK, Jeong JK, Lee SY, Kim SJ. Microsatellite Instability in Endometrioid Type Endometrial Adenocarcinoma is Associated With Poor Prognostic Indicators. Am J Surg Pathol 2007; 31:846-53. [PMID: 17527071 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000213423.30880.ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been reported in 25% to 45% of sporadic endometrial carcinoma. The clinicopathologic and molecular characteristics of MSI-high phenotype in colorectal and gastric carcinomas have been widely investigated; however, the clinicopathologic impact of MSI on endometrial carcinomas remained unclear. This study was performed to determine the clinicopathologic and molecular significance of MSI in endometrial carcinomas. We analyzed the MSI status using National Cancer Institute-recommended 5 microsatellite markers, and the immunohistochemical profiles of various regulatory proteins of cell cycle and apoptosis using tissue microarray in 100 endometrial carcinomas. The results were compared between MSI-high and MSI(-) groups as for the traditional clinicopathologic prognostic parameters and the immunoreactivities of various regulatory proteins. We especially focused on the endometrioid type adenocarcinoma to exclude the bias from nonendometrioid type adenocarcinomas with more aggressiveness and a close association with MSI(-) phenotype. The incidence of MSI-high phenotype was significantly higher in endometrioid type than in nonendometrioid serous type (20% vs. 0%, P<0.001). It showed orderly increase in the frequencies of MSI-high phenotype in higher histologic grade (13% vs. 21% vs. 50% in histologic grade I, II, and III, P=0.039). The MSI-high phenotype was related with the presence of lymphovascular invasion (P=0.008), deep myometrial invasion (P=0.040), and the higher clinical stages (P=0.018) independent of tumor grade. We also found a correlation between MSI-high phenotype and higher cyclin A and skp2 immunoreactivity (P=0.03 and 0.05, respectively), known to be the poor prognostic molecular indicators. According to these results, the MSI may represent the poor prognostic impact on the endometrioid type endometrial adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung An
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Pochon CHA University, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Dobashi Y, Watanabe H, Sato Y, Hirashima S, Yanagawa T, Matsubara H, Ooi A. Differential expression and pathological significance of autocrine motility factor/glucose-6-phosphate isomerase expression in human lung carcinomas. J Pathol 2007; 210:431-40. [PMID: 17029220 DOI: 10.1002/path.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the involvement of autocrine motility factor (AMF) in the phenotype and biological profiles of human lung carcinomas, we analysed protein and mRNA expression in a total of 180 cases. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive staining in 67.2%, with the highest frequency in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; 90.8%) and the lowest in small cell carcinoma (SmCC; 27.8%). In SCC, the staining frequency and intensity correlated with the degree of morphological differentiation. Generally, the expression levels in immunoblotting analysis corresponded well with immunohistochemical positivity. However, there was less agreement between protein and mRNA levels: in SmCC and large cell carcinomas (LCCs), mRNA showed higher, but protein showed lower expression. Among non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs), AMF protein levels correlated inversely with tumour size, but tumours exhibiting lymph node metastasis showed higher mRNA expression. In cultured lung carcinoma cells which comprised all histological subtypes, AMF was detected in the lysates of all ten cell lines. Secreted AMF protein was detected in the conditioned media from six cell lines, most of which were SmCC or LCC. Thus, a particular subset of lung carcinomas secrete AMF, which may promote cell motility via autocrine stimulation through its cognate receptor and cause the biological aggressiveness seen in SmCC and LCC. Moreover, treatment by proteasome inhibitors resulted in increased cellular AMF in five cell lines, suggesting that intracellular AMF levels are regulated by both secretion and proteasome-dependent degradation. In conclusion, AMF was detected in a major proportion of lung carcinomas, and may play a part not only in proliferation and/or progression of the tumours, but also, possibly, in the differentiation of SCC. Furthermore, higher mRNA expression may be related to the high metastatic potential of NSCLC and increased protein secretion, leading to a more aggressive phenotype, such as the invasiveness of SmCC and LCC.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/chemistry
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase/analysis
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Lung Neoplasms/chemistry
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphatic Metastasis/pathology
- Male
- Neoplasm Proteins/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Dobashi
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhou Y, Wang GL. Signal transduction mechanism of basic fibroblast growth factor in promoting the growth of colorectal cancer LoVo cell line. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2007; 15:34-38. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v15.i1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the activity of protein kinase B (PKB) and the expression of Cyclin A in colorectal cancer LoVo cell line after treatment of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and to further analyze the signal transduction mechanism of bFGF in regulating the growth of LoVo cells via PI3-K/PKB pathway.
METHODS: Colorectal cancer cell line LoVo was cultured in vitro using routine method, and then treated with bFGF, LY294002 (inhibitor of PI3-K), and bFGF plus LY294002, respectively. MTT assay was used to determine the proliferaion of LoVo cells; PKB activity in LoVo cells was measured by (γ-32P)ATP incorporation assay; Cyclin A mRNA expression was examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); Cyclin A protein expression was detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: The activity of PKB was increased in LoVo cells after bFGF treatment at different time, but it was decreased by LY294002 pre-treatment [704.32 ± 12.35 pmol/(mg·min) vs 1352.79 ± 19.85 pmol/(mg·min), P < 0.05]. The expression of Cyclin A was significantly increased at both protein and mRNA levels in the cells treated by bFGF, but the up-regulation of Cyclin A was obviously inhibited by LY294002 pre-treatment.
CONCLUSION: Via PI3-K/PKB pathway, bFGF can regulate the transcriptional activity of Cyclin A and modulate its expression in LoVo cells, which may promote the proliferation of colorectal cancer cells.
Collapse
|
39
|
García Luján R, López Encuentra A, López Ríos F, Conde Gallego E. [Molecular expression of an agressive T1 epidermoid bronchogenic carcinoma]. Med Clin (Barc) 2006; 127:678-9. [PMID: 17169291 DOI: 10.1157/13094828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
Mrena J, Wiksten JP, Kokkola A, Nordling S, Haglund C, Ristimäki A. Prognostic significance of cyclin A in gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:1897-901. [PMID: 16708383 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
High level of cyclin A promotes carcinogenesis, and overexpression of cyclin A has been associated with poor prognosis of cancer patients. We validated the prognostic role of cyclin A in gastric cancer and evaluated its correlation with expression of an mRNA stability factor HuR. From 342 consecutive histologically confirmed gastric cancer patients were obtained 325 representative tissue specimens for cyclin A and 316 for HuR immunohistochemistry. Specimens were stained by cyclin A and HuR specific monoclonal antibodies. Nuclear immunostaining detected in > or =5% of the tumor cells was considered the cut-off for cyclin A positivity. Positive HuR immunoreactivity was scored as nuclear or cytoplasmic. Associations between scores, clinicopathological factors and survival were calculated by the chi2-test, Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier test and Cox model. Cyclin A detected in the nuclei of cancer cells was positive in 55% (179 of 325) of the specimens; 40% (127 of 316) of the specimens had cytoplasmic and 88% (279 of 316) nuclear immunoreactivity of HuR. Cyclin A expression was an independent prognostic factor for poor survival. Cyclin A immunoreactivity was associated with old age, high stage, proximal location of the tumor, intestinal type, noncurative resection, advanced penetration depth and with nodal metastases but not distant metastases. Furthermore, cyclin A expression was associated with cytoplasmic HuR expression, whereas no association with nuclear HuR was evident. Cyclin A is an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer, and one mechanism for its overexpression may depend on cytoplasmic localization of HuR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Mrena
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kuźbicki L, Aładowicz E, Chwirot BW. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 expression in human melanomas and benign melanocytic skin lesions. Melanoma Res 2006; 16:435-44. [PMID: 17013093 DOI: 10.1097/01.cmr.0000232290.61042.ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK-2) is strongly involved in regulating the progression of the cell cycle through G1/S checkpoint and S phase. Numerous studies demonstrated increased levels of CDK-2 (and also of its regulatory cyclins E and/or A) in different types of human tumours. Correlations found between the expression of those cell cycle regulators and progression and/or invasiveness of some tumours indicated the importance of CDK-2 as a potential prognostic marker. At the same time, in vitro studies of melanoma cell lines revealed melanocyte-specific regulation of CDK-2. The present study was aimed at examining levels of CDK-2 in human melanomas and benign pigmented lesions to evaluate whether it might be considered a potential molecular marker of melanoma progression. Expression of CDK-2 was determined immunohistochemically in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens comprising 76 lesions including 41 primary cutaneous melanomas, 15 lymph node melanoma metastases (in eight cases correlated with primary tumours), three melanoma recurrences (two cases correlated with both primary and metastatic melanomas) and 17 nevi. Our results demonstrate that development and progression of melanoma are associated with changes in CDK-2 expression level. Statistical significance of the observed correlations indicates that CDK-2 may be a suitable prognostic marker for melanoma and perhaps also a target for chemotherapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Kuźbicki
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Suzuki S, Igarashi S, Hanawa M, Matsubara H, Ooi A, Dobashi Y. Diversity of epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated activation of downstream molecules in human lung carcinomas. Mod Pathol 2006; 19:986-98. [PMID: 16648865 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The correlations among epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene amplification, gene mutation, overexpression/phosphorylation of EGFR protein and activation of its downstream molecules, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (Stat-3), Akt and extracellular signal-related protein kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) were investigated in 28 cases of human lung carcinomas. In five cases of carcinomas with EGFR amplification, EGFR expression and phosphorylation levels were higher than other cases, and Stat-3 was activated in all five cases. Point mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR were detected in five cases, one of which was also associated with gene amplification. In these five cases, both EGFR expression and phosphorylation were enhanced, and Akt was activated in four cases. In the remaining 19 cases, EGFR protein expression was upregulated in eight cases and phosphorylated in four cases, but neither EGFR nor phosphorylated-EGFR expression levels specifically correlated with activation of particular downstream molecules. In general, either Stat-3 or Akt, but not both, was activated reciprocally and complementarily to each other, as indicated by their phosphorylation. However, Erk1/2 was activated regardless of the status of Stat-3, Akt or EGFR proteins. The current data suggest that persistent Stat-3 activation may be a critical event downstream of EGFR that has been overexpressed by gene amplification. In contrast, tumor cells harboring the EGFR mutation may persistently activate a cascade via Akt. Finally, in the majority of cases that have no aberration of the EGFR, its downstream molecules function in reciprocal and/or complementary manner in the maintenance and/or progression of carcinomas. These overall results could provide novel insights into potential chemotherapeutic regimens for lung carcinomas, such as inhibitors of Stat-3, Akt and Erk1/2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shioto Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Dobashi Y, Watanabe H, Matsubara M, Yanagawa T, Raz A, Shimamiya T, Ooi A. Autocrine motility factor/glucose-6-phosphate isomerase is a possible predictor of metastasis in bone and soft tissue tumours. J Pathol 2006; 208:44-53. [PMID: 16294294 DOI: 10.1002/path.1878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess the involvement of autocrine motility factor (AMF) in mesenchymal tumours, AMF protein and mRNA expression was analysed in tumours, tumour-like lesions, and other lesions of bone and soft tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis of 200 cases revealed positive staining in 72.5% of the cases, suggesting that AMF is a widely expressed protein. Chordoid, chondroid, and muscular tumours revealed higher immunoreactivity in both benign and malignant tumours. Immunoblotting analysis corroborated the results of immunohistochemistry. Generally, malignant tumours revealed higher expression of AMF than benign tumours of the same histopathological lineage, except for dermatofibroma/dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. However, mRNA levels were not concordant with protein levels, and sarcomas that displayed higher mRNA and lower protein expression levels showed a trend for distant metastasis. In cultured cells, AMF was secreted and detected in conditioned culture medium. Furthermore, when proteasome inhibitors were added to cells in order to examine the changes in turnover rates, these compounds did not significantly alter the intracellular levels of AMF protein. On the basis of these overall findings, it is suggested that a particular subset of sarcomas secrete AMF, rather than degrading this protein at a higher turnover rate. This secreted AMF presumably enhances their cell motility through an autocrine effect and eventually causes increased metastatic potential. Collectively, AMF was observed in a wide spectrum of lesions of mesenchymal tissue, supporting the notion that it is involved in various cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and metastasis. In addition, higher expression of its mRNA may indicate higher levels of protein secretion and define a particularly aggressive group of tumours with high metastatic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Dobashi
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Caputi M, Russo G, Esposito V, Mancini A, Giordano A. Role of cell-cycle regulators in lung cancer. J Cell Physiol 2006; 205:319-27. [PMID: 15965963 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Histologically, 80% of lung cancers are classified as non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and the remaining 20% as small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Lung carcinoma is the result of molecular changes in the cell, resulting in the deregulation of pathways controlling normal cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. This review summarizes some of the most recent findings about the role of cell-cycle proteins in lung cancer pathogenesis and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caputi
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Sciences, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ishibashi H, Suzuki T, Suzuki S, Niikawa H, Lu L, Miki Y, Moriya T, Hayashi SI, Handa M, Kondo T, Sasano H. Progesterone receptor in non-small cell lung cancer--a potent prognostic factor and possible target for endocrine therapy. Cancer Res 2005; 65:6450-8. [PMID: 16024650 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A possible involvement of gender-dependent factors has been postulated in development of human non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC), but its details remain unclear. In this study, we examined biological significance of progesterone receptor in NSCLCs. Progesterone receptor immunoreactivity was detected in 106 of 228 NSCLCs (46.5%). Progesterone receptor-positive NSCLC was frequently detected in female and adenocarcinoma, and was inversely associated with tumor-node-metastasis stage and histologic differentiation. Progesterone receptor status was also associated with better clinical outcome of the patients, and a multivariate analysis revealed progesterone receptor status as an independent prognostic factor. Progesterone-synthesizing enzymes were detected in NSCLCs, and tissue concentration of progesterone was higher in these cases (n = 42). Immunoblotting analyses showed the presence of progesterone receptor in three NSCLC cell lines (A549, LCSC#2, and 1-87), but not in RERF-LC-OK or PC3. Transcriptional activities of progesterone receptor were increased by progesterone in these three progesterone receptor-positive NSCLC cells by luciferase assays. Cell proliferation was inhibited by progesterone in these progesterone receptor-positive NSCLC cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was inhibited by progesterone receptor blocker. Proliferation of these tumor cells injected into nude mice was also dose-dependently inhibited by progesterone, with a concomitant increase of p21 and p27 and a decrease of cyclin A, cyclin E, and Ki67. Results of our present study suggested that progesterone receptor was a potent prognostic factor in NSCLCs and progesterone inhibited growth of progesterone receptor-positive NSCLC cells. Therefore, progesterone therapy may be clinically effective in suppressing development of progesterone receptor-positive NSCLC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Ishibashi
- Departments of Pathology and Molecular Medical Technology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Cell cycle is strictly regulated by complex and redundant mechanisms. Basically, cell cycle transition is promoted by accelerator molecules termed 'cyclin' and 'cyclin-dependent kinase' (cdk), and inhibited by brake molecules termed 'cdk-inhibitor' (CKI). Although based on the results of early experimental studies and of clinicopathological analyses, there was much speculation that gene aberration of those molecules would be common; this has not turned out to be the case. One reason may be that activation or inactivation of a single molecule by itself usually does not lead to cell transformation, but rather to apoptosis. Successful transformation and unchecked cell proliferation appears to require the coordinated up-regulation of cyclin/cdk and/or suppression of CKI. In this article, I focus on the precise regulation of the cell cycle and describe abnormalities found in these proteins in lung carcinoma. Notable findings in lung carcinoma include: (i) cyclin A/cdk2 plays a key role in cell proliferation, while protein amount of cyclin E does not necessarily reflect cellular proliferative activity, depending on the tumor type; (ii) CKI function not only as suppressors, but also as activators of cdk, depending on expression levels; and (iii) aberrant expression of cyclin/cdk can lead to apoptosis in vivo in humans. Another key point is that as lung carcinoma is composed of a mixture of heterogeneous histological subtypes, the growth control of carcinoma cells is diversely regulated, depending on each histological subtype. This diversity is also described with our experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoh Dobashi
- Department of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Goto A, Niki T, Moriyama S, Funata N, Moriyama H, Nishimura Y, Tsuchida R, Kato JY, Fukayama M. Immunohistochemical study of Skp2 and Jab1, two key molecules in the degradation of P27, in lung adenocarcinoma. Pathol Int 2005; 54:675-81. [PMID: 15363035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2004.01679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the association of the P27 degradation pathway proteins, Skp2 and Jab1, with the development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma (AD), we immunohistochemically investigated Skp2 and Jab1 expression together with P27- and Ki-67-labeling in 110 lung AD and 11 atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) and analyzed the relationship between the expression of these proteins and the clinicopathological factors. High Skp2 or Jab1 expression was frequent in lung AD (52/110, 47%, and 59/110, 54%, respectively), and high expression of Jab1 was also frequent in AAH (4/11, 36%), while it was not observed in normal bronchiolar epithelium. The P27 labeling index (LI) was reciprocally correlated with high Skp2 and Jab1 expression, and a higher Ki-67 LI was significantly correlated with high Skp2 and Jab1 expression. However, low P27 expression did not correlate with a higher Ki-67 LI. High Skp2 lung AD showed significant correlation with blood and lymphatic vessel invasion, which low P27 expression did not correlate with. Furthermore, high Skp2 expression in lung AD was significantly correlated with a poor outcome for patients. Thus, Skp2 and Jab1 regulate P27 degradation, and might contribute to the development and progression of lung AD through P27-mediated and -unmediated mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiteru Goto
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
El-Ghobashy AA, Shaaban AM, Herod J, Innes J, Prime W, Herrington CS. Overexpression of cyclins A and B as markers of neoplastic glandular lesions of the cervix. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 92:628-34. [PMID: 14766257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclins are a family of regulatory proteins that play a pivotal role in controlling the cell cycle. While there is evidence of their altered expression in cervical squamous lesions, their precise role in glandular neoplasia is yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES To investigate the role of cyclins as markers of early cervical glandular neoplasia by comparing their expression in lesions of different histological type. METHODS Through a cross-sectional analytical study, paraffin wax sections of normal cervix (n = 11), endometriosis/tubo-endometrioid metaplasia (TEM) (n = 19), cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN) (n = 33), and invasive adenocarcinoma (n = 28) were studied using monoclonal antibodies for cyclins A, B, D, and E with heat pretreatment for antigen unmasking. A quantitative assessment was employed for the analysis of percentage expression of each marker. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS. RESULTS A progressive significant increase in cyclin A expression occurred from normal cervix (median: 0, IQ: 0-0), through endometriosis/TEM (median: 1, IQ: 0-15) and CGIN (median: 15, IQ: 0-30) to invasive adenocarcinoma (median: 40, IQ: 21.25-60). Cyclin B exhibited a similar pattern (median: 0, IQ: 0-0, median: 0, IQ: 0-0.5, median: 8, IQ: 0.75-15, and median: 30, IQ: 15-45, respectively). Statistically higher expression of cyclin B was found in CGIN than in TEM/endometriosis (P < 0.001). Invasive adenocarcinomas expressed higher levels of cyclins A and B than CGIN (P < 0.001). There was significantly greater cyclin E expression in TEM/endometriosis than in normal cervix (P = 0.03) with a nonsignificant further increase in CGIN and invasive adenocarcinoma. The expression of cyclin D was not significantly different among all groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that up-regulation of cyclin A and B expression occurs in neoplastic lesions of the cervix. Cyclin B expression was significantly more widespread in CGIN lesions than in TEM/endometriosis indicating that further assessment of the value of this marker in the diagnosis of cervical glandular neoplasia is warranted.
Collapse
|
49
|
Xu J, Lucas R, Schuchmann M, Kühnle S, Meergans T, Barreiros AP, Lohse AW, Otto G, Wendel A. GM-CSF restores innate, but not adaptive, immune responses in glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed human blood in vitro. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:938-47. [PMID: 12847265 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.2.938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection remains the major complication of immunosuppressive therapy in organ transplantation. Therefore, reconstitution of the innate immunity against infections, without activation of the adaptive immune responses, to prevent graft rejection is a clinically desirable status in transplant recipients. We found that GM-CSF restored TNF mRNA and protein expression without inducing IL-2 production and T cell proliferation in glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed blood from either healthy donors or liver transplant patients. Gene array experiments indicated that GM-CSF selectively restored a variety of dexamethasone-suppressed, LPS-inducible genes relevant for innate immunity. A possible explanation for the lack of GM-CSF to restore T cell proliferation is its enhancement of the release of IL-1betaR antagonist, rather than of IL-1beta itself, since exogenously added IL-1beta induced an IL-2-independent Con A-stimulated proliferation of glucocorticoid-immunosuppressed lymphocytes. Finally, to test the in vivo relevance of our findings, we showed that GM-CSF restored the survival of dexamethasone- or cyclosporine A-immunosuppressed mice from an otherwise lethal infection with Salmonella typhimurium. In addition to this increased resistance to infection, GM-CSF did not induce graft rejection of a skin allotransplant in cyclosporine A-immunosuppressed mice. The selective restoration potential of GM-CSF suggests its therapeutic use in improving the resistance against infections upon organ transplantation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/blood
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- CDC2-CDC28 Kinases
- Cell Cycle Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cell Cycle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Concanavalin A/pharmacology
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/biosynthesis
- Dexamethasone/blood
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Graft Rejection/mortality
- Graft Rejection/prevention & control
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/blood
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/physiology
- Humans
- Immunity, Active/drug effects
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunosuppressive Agents/blood
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Middle Aged
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/biosynthesis
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/immunology
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/mortality
- Salmonella Infections, Animal/prevention & control
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/mortality
- Survival Rate
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/biosynthesis
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Vermeulen K, Van Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN. The cell cycle: a review of regulation, deregulation and therapeutic targets in cancer. Cell Prolif 2003; 36:131-49. [PMID: 12814430 PMCID: PMC6496723 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2184.2003.00266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1148] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2003] [Accepted: 06/02/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is controlled by numerous mechanisms ensuring correct cell division. This review will focus on these mechanisms, i.e. regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) by cyclins, CDK inhibitors and phosphorylating events. The quality checkpoints activated after DNA damage are also discussed. The complexity of the regulation of the cell cycle is also reflected in the different alterations leading to aberrant cell proliferation and development of cancer. Consequently, targeting the cell cycle in general and CDK in particular presents unique opportunities for drug discovery. This review provides an overview of deregulation of the cell cycle in cancer. Different families of known CDK inhibitors acting by ATP competition are also discussed. Currently, at least three compounds with CDK inhibitory activity (flavopiridol, UCN-01, roscovitine) have entered clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Vermeulen
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Dirk R. Van Bockstaele
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Zwi N. Berneman
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|