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Blinova NV, Ilovayskaya IA, Chikhladze NM, Lugovskaya AY, Britvin TA, Gurevich LE, Nefedova LN, Shikina VE, Chazova IE. [Diagnosis and management of patients with pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma: Consensus of experts of the Russian Medical Society for Arterial Hypertension and the Multidisciplinary Group for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2024; 96:645-658. [PMID: 39106507 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2024.07.202779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
The understanding of the nature of catecholamine-secreting tumors has changed significantly in recent years, affecting terminology and classification. Phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma (PCC/PG) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor from chromaffin tissue that produces and secretes catecholamines. The incidence of PCC/PG is relatively low, with 2-8 cases per 1 million population per year; among patients with arterial hypertension, their prevalence is 0.2-0.6%. However, delayed diagnosis of PCC/PG is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular complications and a high mortality rate. The consensus presents the clinical manifestations of the disease with an emphasis on the course of arterial hypertension as the most common symptom in PCC/PG; modern ideas about the features of diagnosis, aspects of preoperative preparation, treatment, and follow-up of patients with PCC/PG are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Blinova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
| | | | | | | | - T A Britvin
- Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute
| | - L E Gurevich
- Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute
| | | | - V E Shikina
- Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute
| | - I E Chazova
- Chazov National Medical Research Center of Cardiology
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2
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Dhadwad JS, Kadiwala RS, Kishore SN, Chitnis A, Sanghani D. A Case of Pheochromocytoma Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndrome. Cureus 2024; 16:e61389. [PMID: 38947651 PMCID: PMC11214641 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma is a rare endocrine tumor originating from chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla, which leads to the overproduction of catecholamines. Most symptoms, ranging from simple headaches to life-threatening cardiac arrests, are due to excess catecholamines. Usually, patients present with persistent or paroxysmal hypertension, headaches, sweating, and palpitations. Here, we describe a case that initially presented as an acute coronary syndrome and was treated accordingly. However, she had a history of nocturnal awakenings and panic attacks, which she had ignored for a month. On further evaluation, it turned out to be pheochromocytoma. This case report will surely help physicians better diagnose and treat such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath S Dhadwad
- General Medicine, Dr. Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Pune, Pune, IND
| | - Ramiz S Kadiwala
- General Medicine, Dr. Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Pune, Pune, IND
| | - Sheetal N Kishore
- General Medicine, Dr. Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Pune, Pune, IND
| | - Anish Chitnis
- General Medicine, Dr. Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Pune, Pune, IND
| | - Dhairya Sanghani
- General Medicine, Dr. Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. Dnyandeo Yashwantrao Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) Pune, Pune, IND
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3
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Jeeyavudeen MS, Mathiyalagan N, Fernandez James C, Pappachan JM. Tumor metabolism in pheochromocytomas: clinical and therapeutic implications. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2024; 5:349-373. [PMID: 38745767 PMCID: PMC11090696 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2024.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) have emerged as one of the most common endocrine tumors. It epitomizes fascinating crossroads of genetic, metabolic, and endocrine oncology, providing a canvas to explore the molecular intricacies of tumor biology. Predominantly rooted in the aberration of metabolic pathways, particularly the Krebs cycle and related enzymatic functionalities, PPGLs manifest an intriguing metabolic profile, highlighting elevated levels of oncometabolites like succinate and fumarate, and furthering cellular malignancy and genomic instability. This comprehensive review aims to delineate the multifaceted aspects of tumor metabolism in PPGLs, encapsulating genetic factors, oncometabolites, and potential therapeutic avenues, thereby providing a cohesive understanding of metabolic disturbances and their ramifications in tumorigenesis and disease progression. Initial investigations into PPGLs metabolomics unveiled a stark correlation between specific genetic mutations, notably in the succinate dehydrogenase complex (SDHx) genes, and the accumulation of oncometabolites, establishing a pivotal role in epigenetic alterations and hypoxia-inducible pathways. By scrutinizing voluminous metabolic studies and exploiting technologies, novel insights into the metabolic and genetic aspects of PPGLs are perpetually being gathered elucidating complex interactions and molecular machinations. Additionally, the exploration of therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic abnormalities has burgeoned harboring potential for innovative and efficacious treatment modalities. This review encapsulates the profound metabolic complexities of PPGLs, aiming to foster an enriched understanding and pave the way for future investigations and therapeutic innovations in managing these metabolically unique tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Navin Mathiyalagan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, NG5 1PB Nottingham, UK
| | - Cornelius Fernandez James
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Pilgrim Hospital, United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust, PE21 9QS Boston, UK
| | - Joseph M. Pappachan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, PR2 9HT Preston, UK
- Faculty of Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, M15 6BH Manchester, UK
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
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4
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Eisenhofer G, Pamporaki C, Lenders JWM. Biochemical Assessment of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:862-909. [PMID: 36996131 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) require prompt consideration and efficient diagnosis and treatment to minimize associated morbidity and mortality. Once considered, appropriate biochemical testing is key to diagnosis. Advances in understanding catecholamine metabolism have clarified why measurements of the O-methylated catecholamine metabolites rather than the catecholamines themselves are important for effective diagnosis. These metabolites, normetanephrine and metanephrine, produced respectively from norepinephrine and epinephrine, can be measured in plasma or urine, with choice according to available methods or presentation of patients. For patients with signs and symptoms of catecholamine excess, either test will invariably establish the diagnosis, whereas the plasma test provides higher sensitivity than urinary metanephrines for patients screened due to an incidentaloma or genetic predisposition, particularly for small tumors or in patients with an asymptomatic presentation. Additional measurements of plasma methoxytyramine can be important for some tumors, such as paragangliomas, and for surveillance of patients at risk of metastatic disease. Avoidance of false-positive test results is best achieved by plasma measurements with appropriate reference intervals and preanalytical precautions, including sampling blood in the fully supine position. Follow-up of positive results, including optimization of preanalytics for repeat tests or whether to proceed directly to anatomic imaging or confirmatory clonidine tests, depends on the test results, which can also suggest likely size, adrenal vs extra-adrenal location, underlying biology, or even metastatic involvement of a suspected tumor. Modern biochemical testing now makes diagnosis of PPGL relatively simple. Integration of artificial intelligence into the process should make it possible to fine-tune these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme Eisenhofer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christina Pamporaki
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jacques W M Lenders
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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5
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Marcus C, Subramaniam RM. Paragangliomas and Pheochromocytomas: Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Diagnosis and Therapy. PET Clin 2023; 18:233-242. [PMID: 36585340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging evaluation of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas depends on multiple factors, such as localized versus metastatic disease, the genetic, and biochemical profile of tumors. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging of these tumors outperforms Meta-Iodo-Benzyl-Guanidine (MIBG) scintigraphy in most cases. A few PET radiotracers have been studied in evaluating these patients with somatostatin receptor PET imaging and have shown superior performance compared with other agents in most of these patients. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT imaging is useful in select patients, such as those with succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B-associated disease. Treatment strategy depends on multiple factors and necessitates a multidisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Marcus
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 1364 Clifton Road Northeast, 1st Floor #E163, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Rathan M Subramaniam
- Department of Medicine, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, 1st Floor, Dunedin Hospital, 201 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; Duke University Medical Center, Department of Radiology, 2301 Erwin Road, Box 3808, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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6
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Mazeh H, Weiss D, Peter M, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Oleinikov K, Szalat A, Ronen A, Koganov E. Deliberate Compensated Vasoplegia-A Novel Pharmaceutical Approach for Controlling Blood Pressure During Surgery for Pheochromocytoma. World J Surg 2023; 47:985-994. [PMID: 36688933 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-023-06894-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most dreaded adverse event of pheochromocytoma surgery is operative severe blood pressure fluctuations. Preoperative protocols with alpha-blockade have achieved controversial results. No study to date evaluated the use of operative protocols in pheochromocytoma patients. Deliberated compensated vasoplegia (DCV) is a novel pharmaceutical regimen developed at our institution to decrease severe hypertensive events. The aim of this study is to compare outcomes of pheochromocytoma resection with and without DCV protocol. METHODS A retrospective analysis of all pheochromocytoma resections between the years 2012 and 2021 was performed. Resections performed with and without DCV protocol were compared. The primary outcome measured was the incidence of severe hypertension (MAP > 150 mmHg) during surgery. Secondary outcomes included other abnormal blood pressure measurements as well as perioperative data and complications. RESULTS A total of 41 resections were included, 21 performed under DCV protocol, and 20 without the protocol. Analysis demonstrated no significant difference in preoperative parameters including tumor size, catecholamine levels, and preoperative alpha-blockade protocol. The use of DCV protocol resulted in significant decrease in severe hypertension incidence from 1.95 ± 3.6 to 0.03 ± 0.13 events/h, p = 0.008. Application of the DCV protocol was not associated with any other adverse events. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that DCV anesthesia protocol significantly decreases the incidence of severe hypertensive episodes during pheochromocytoma resection. This is the first study that describes a highly effective protocol for controlling hypertension in pheochromocytoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haggi Mazeh
- Department of Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Daniel Weiss
- Department of Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Peter
- Department of Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg
- Department of Endocrinology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kira Oleinikov
- Department of Endocrinology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Auryan Szalat
- Department of Endocrinology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ariel Ronen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Evgeny Koganov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Hsu YC, Lee CH, Chen CY, Hung CJ. Left adrenal aldosteronism coexisting with left paraaortic paraganglioma presenting as bilateral adrenal and left paraaortic tumors- comprehensive adrenal evaluation aiding perfect management: a case report. BMC Endocr Disord 2022; 22:279. [PMID: 36371163 PMCID: PMC9652807 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-022-01181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coexistence of a catecholamine-secreting tumor and an adrenal cortical tumor is quite rare which makes both diagnosis and management challenging. The purpose of this article is to describe the presence of this condition, share a stepwise approach for preoperative evaluation, and review the related literature. CASE PRESENTATION A 44-year-old male patient had a history of hypertension and aggravating hypokalemia for years. Abdominal computed tomography incidentally found concomitant bilateral adrenal and left para-aortic tumors. Comprehensive adrenal hormone tests revealed a high aldosterone renin ratio and mildly elevated 24-h urine vanillylmandelic acid and norepinephrine levels. Subsequently, a metaiodobenzylguanidine scan showed uptake over the left para-aortic tumor, and NP-59 adrenal scintigraphy showed uptake over the left adrenal tumor. Further confirmatory tests, including captopril suppression, irbesartan suppression, and saline infusion, all confirmed the diagnosis of hyperaldosteronism. Adrenal venous sampling following 2 months of preparation with an alpha blocker demonstrated a left aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma. Combining hormonal analysis, imaging studies, and adrenal venous sampling, the patient was diagnosed with left adrenal aldosteronoma, right adrenal nonfunctional tumor, and left para-aortic paraganglioma (PGL). Accordingly, laparoscopic left adrenalectomy and left PGL excision were performed smoothly under alpha blocker maintenance. The pathology report confirmed left adrenal cortical adenoma and left para-aortic PGL. Postoperatively, the blood pressure, biochemical tests, and adrenal hormone assays returned to normal, and related symptoms disappeared and were relatively stable during the follow-up period of two years. CONCLUSIONS This is the first case of left para-aortic PGL coexisting with an ipsilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma presenting as a left para-aortic tumor associated with bilateral adrenal tumors. Awareness of the rarity of this coexistence can avoid unexpected disasters during the process of evaluation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Chen
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jye Hung
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, No. 138, Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, Taiwan.
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8
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Valencia Morales DJ, Laporta ML, Zec S, Yu K, Bancos I, Martin DP, Martin McGrew YN, Weingarten TN, Hanson AC, Sun J, Schroeder DR, Sprung J. Hemodynamics in Patients With Pheochromocytoma or Paraganglioma Undergoing Non-Neuroendocrine Operations. J Surg Res 2022; 277:189-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Lopez Quiñones AJ, Vieira LS, Wang J. Clinical Applications and the Roles of Transporters in Disposition, Tumor Targeting, and Tissue Toxicity of meta-Iodobenzylguanidine (mIBG). Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-MR-2021-000707. [PMID: 35197314 PMCID: PMC9488973 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporters on the plasma membrane of tumor cells are promising molecular "Trojan horses" to deliver drugs and imaging agents into cancer cells. Radioiodine-labeled meta-iodobenzylguanidine (mIBG) is used as a diagnostic agent (123I-mIBG) and a targeted radiotherapy (131I-mIBG) for neuroendocrine cancers. mIBG enters cancer cells through the norepinephrine transporter (NET) where the radioactive decay of 131I causes DNA damage, cell death, and tumor necrosis. mIBG is predominantly eliminated unchanged by the kidney. Despite its selective uptake by neuroendocrine tumors, mIBG accumulates in several normal tissues and leads to tissue-specific radiation toxicities. Emerging evidences suggest that the polyspecific organic cation transporters play important roles in systemic disposition and tissue-specific uptake of mIBG. In particular, human organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2) and toxin extrusion proteins 1 and 2-K (hMATE1/2-K) likely mediate renal secretion of mIBG whereas hOCT1 and hOCT3 may contribute to mIBG uptake into normal tissues such as the liver, salivary glands, and heart. This mini-review focuses on the clinical applications of mIBG in neuroendocrine cancers and the differential roles of NET, OCT and MATE transporters in mIBG disposition, response and toxicity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing mIBG transport in cancer and normal cells is a critical step for developing strategies to optimize the efficacy of 131I-mIBG while minimizing toxicity in normal tissues. Significance Statement Radiolabeled mIBG has been used as a diagnostic tool and as radiotherapy for neuroendocrine cancers and other diseases. NET, OCT and MATE transporters play differential roles in mIBG tumor targeting, systemic elimination, and accumulation in normal tissues. The clinical use of mIBG as a radiopharmaceutical in cancer diagnosis and treatment can be further improved by taking a holistic approach considering mIBG transporters in both cancer and normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanne Wang
- Dept. of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, United States
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10
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Liu Y, Jin X, Gao J, Jiang S, Liu L, Lou J, Wang B, Zhang H, Fu Q. Preoperative Alpha-Blocker Therapy in Patients with Missed Preoperative Diagnosis of Extra-Adrenal Retroperitoneal Paraganglioma Undergoing Resection: A Retrospective Study of 167 Cases at a Single Center. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:457-466. [PMID: 34004598 DOI: 10.1159/000517196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preoperative α-adrenergic blockade is thought to decrease perioperative risks and mortality in surgeries for adrenal pheochromocytoma. However, there are limited data on the efficacy of α-blockers in surgeries for retroperitoneal paragangliomas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the preoperative α-adrenergic blockade on outcomes in patients undergoing surgery for extra-adrenal retroperitoneal paraganglioma. METHODS We searched the clinical database for patients diagnosed with extra-adrenal retroperitoneal paraganglioma by postoperative histopathology in the General Hospital of People's Liberation Army in China from 2000 to 2017. We compared the preoperative status of patients, preoperative examination, preoperative preparation, intraoperative and postoperative cardiovascular events, intake and output, length of stay in the intensive care unit, length of hospital stays, and short-term outcomes between patients who received preoperative treatment with α-adrenergic blockade and those who did not. RESULTS Of the 167 patients enrolled in the study, 61 received preoperative α-adrenergic blockade therapy. Intraoperative heart rate elevation and highest heart rate were higher in patients undergoing tumor manipulation with preoperative α-adrenergic blockade than those who did not (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between these 2 groups in terms of intraoperative blood pressure elevation and systolic blood pressure decrease following tumorectomy (p > 0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences in postoperative complications and outcomes (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Under the current medical practice, resection of extra-adrenal retroperitoneal paraganglioma can be successfully carried out with or without preoperative α-adrenergic blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinye Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Hainan Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingsheng Lou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tsinghua University Affiliated Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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11
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Mohr H, Foscarini A, Steiger K, Ballke S, Rischpler C, Schilling F, Pellegata NS. Imaging pheochromocytoma in small animals: preclinical models to improve diagnosis and treatment. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:121. [PMID: 34894301 PMCID: PMC8665914 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs), together referred to as PPGLs, are rare chromaffin cell-derived tumors. They require timely diagnosis as this is the only way to achieve a cure through surgery and because of the potentially serious cardiovascular complications and sometimes life-threatening comorbidities that can occur if left untreated. The biochemical diagnosis of PPGLs has improved over the last decades, and the knowledge of the underlying genetics has dramatically increased. In addition to conventional anatomical imaging by CT and MRI for PPGL detection, new functional imaging modalities have emerged as very useful for patient surveillance and stratification for therapy. The availability of validated and predictive animal models of cancer is essential for translating molecular, imaging and therapy response findings from the bench to the bedside. This is especially true for rare tumors, such as PPGLs, for which access to large cohorts of patients is limited. There are few animal models of PPGLs that have been instrumental in refining imaging modalities for early tumor detection, as well as in identifying and evaluating novel imaging tracers holding promise for the detection and/or treatment of human PPGLs. The in vivo PPGL models mainly include xenografts/allografts generated by engrafting rat or mouse cell lines, as no representative human cell line is available. In addition, there is a model of endogenous PCCs (i.e., MENX rats) that was characterized in our laboratory. In this review, we will summarize the contribution that various representative models of PPGL have given to the visualization of these tumors in vivo and we present an example of a tracer first evaluated in MENX rats, and then translated to the detection of these tumors in human patients. In addition, we will illustrate briefly the potential of ex vivo biological imaging of intact adrenal glands in MENX rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermine Mohr
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alessia Foscarini
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Ballke
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Rischpler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalia S Pellegata
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Biology and Biotechnology "L. Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Great progress has been made in understanding the genetic and molecular basis of pheochromocytoma and paragangliomas (PPGLs). This review highlights the new standards in the diagnosis and management of pediatric PPGLs. RECENT FINDINGS The vast majority of pediatric PPGLs have an associated germline mutation, making genetic studies imperative in the work up of these tumors. Somatostatin receptor-based imaging modalities such as 68Ga-DOTATATE and 64Cu-DOTATATE are shown to have the greatest sensitivity in pediatric PPGLs. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapies (PRRTs) such as 177Lu-DOTATATE are shown to have efficacy for treating PPGLs. SUMMARY Genetics play an important role in pediatric PPGLs. Advances in somatostatin receptor-based technology have led to use of 68Ga-DOTATATE and 64Cu-DOTATATE as preferred imaging modalities. While surgery remains the mainstay for management of PPGLs, PRRT is emerging as a treatment option for PPGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Studzińska D, Kózka M, Polok K, Gronostaj K, Chwała M, Szczeklik W. Prevalence of Renal Masses Suspected of Malignancy and Adrenal Incidentalomas in Patients With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Vasc Endovascular Surg 2021; 55:793-797. [PMID: 34105407 DOI: 10.1177/15385744211022603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of renal masses suspected of malignancy and adrenal incidentalomas in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm based on the computed tomography angiography (CTA). METHODS In the retrospective cross-sectional study, the CTA scans of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms and thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms type II-IV were assessed. Patients with thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms type I and V and history of abdominal aortic surgery were excluded from the study. RESULTS Study group comprised 937 patients with a median age of 73.0 years, 83.8% of whom were male. CTA revealed renal tumors in 11 patients (1.2% of the study population) with a median size of 26 mm (interquartile range 20-50). Adrenal incidentalomas were found in 61 patients (6.5% of the study population). In 20 patients (2.1%) adrenal lesions were found bilaterally. CONCLUSION In the described cohort, the renal and adrenal tumors were relatively common findings among patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm and thoraco-abdominal aortic aneurysms type II-IV. Both anaesthesiologists and surgeons should be vigilant about the possibility of such coexistence in order to provide the patients with the best possible perioperative care and an optimal surgical modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Studzińska
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, St. John Grande Hospital, Kraków, Poland.,Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kózka
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, St. John Grande Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kamil Polok
- Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gronostaj
- Department of Urology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Chwała
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, St. John Grande Hospital, Kraków, Poland.,Clinic of Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szczeklik
- Center for Intensive Care and Perioperative Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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14
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Endicott B, Wagoner C, Hibner J, Eckroth J. Pheochromocytoma Multisystem Crisis: A Case Study. Crit Care Nurse 2021; 41:25-32. [PMID: 34061197 DOI: 10.4037/ccn2021599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Known as the "great mimic," pheochromocytoma is rare and difficult to diagnose. When a pheochromocytoma begins to cause end-organ damage, it becomes pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis, an even more rare and deadly diagnosis. CLINICAL FINDINGS N.R., a 63-year old man, presented to the emergency department 1 day after receiving a cortisone injection for a nondisplaced wrist fracture. His chief concern was a "racing heart and chest pressure." N.R. was admitted to the telemetry unit after routine electrocardiography showed atrial fibrillation and elevated blood pressure. Symptoms quickly progressed, and N.R. was transferred to the intensive care unit where he received noninvasive positive pressure ventilation. DIAGNOSIS A computed tomography scan revealed a 7-cm right intra-adrenal mass, and an echocardiogram showed a markedly reduced ejection fraction. N.R. received a preliminary diagnosis of pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis, although confirmatory laboratory test results were pending. N.R. became progressively more hemodynamically unstable and his respiratory status worsened, and by the end of hospital day 2 he had been intubated and was receiving multiple vasoactive medications intravenously. On hospital day 7, N.R. was transferred to a facility for definitive surgical intervention. CONCLUSION This case represents the importance of timely interventions by nursing staff, clear communication between staff on different shifts, and real-time education by physicians to nursing staff. This collaborative milieu empowered nurses to use their experience and critical thinking to make clinical decisions in providing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Endicott
- Barbara Endicott is a bedside staff nurse, Asante Rogue Regional Medical Center, Medford, Oregon
| | - Caleb Wagoner
- Caleb Wagoner is a bedside nurse, Asante Rogue Regional Medical Center
| | - Jessie Hibner
- Jessie Hibner is a family nurse practitioner, Asante Rogue Regional Medical Center
| | - Josh Eckroth
- Josh Eckroth is a bedside and charge nurse in the mixed ICU, Asante Rogue Regional Medical Center
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15
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Lenders JWM, Kerstens MN, Amar L, Prejbisz A, Robledo M, Taieb D, Pacak K, Crona J, Zelinka T, Mannelli M, Deutschbein T, Timmers HJLM, Castinetti F, Dralle H, Widimský J, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Eisenhofer G. Genetics, diagnosis, management and future directions of research of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: a position statement and consensus of the Working Group on Endocrine Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2020; 38:1443-1456. [PMID: 32412940 PMCID: PMC7486815 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
: Phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) are chromaffin cell tumours that require timely diagnosis because of their potentially serious cardiovascular and sometimes life- threatening sequelae. Tremendous progress in biochemical testing, imaging, genetics and pathophysiological understanding of the tumours has far-reaching implications for physicians dealing with hypertension and more importantly affected patients. Because hypertension is a classical clinical clue for PPGL, physicians involved in hypertension care are those who are often the first to consider this diagnosis. However, there have been profound changes in how PPGLs are discovered; this is often now based on incidental findings of adrenal or other masses during imaging and increasingly during surveillance based on rapidly emerging new hereditary causes of PPGL. We therefore address the relevant genetic causes of PPGLs and outline how genetic testing can be incorporated within clinical care. In addition to conventional imaging (computed tomography, MRI), new functional imaging approaches are evaluated. The novel knowledge of genotype-phenotype relationships, linking distinct genetic causes of disease to clinical behaviour and biochemical phenotype, provides the rationale for patient-tailored strategies for diagnosis, follow-up and surveillance. Most appropriate preoperative evaluation and preparation of patients are reviewed, as is minimally invasive surgery. Finally, we discuss risk factors for developing metastatic disease and how they may facilitate personalised follow-up. Experts from the European Society of Hypertension have prepared this position document that summarizes the current knowledge in epidemiology, genetics, diagnosis, treatment and surveillance of PPGL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques W M Lenders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michiel N Kerstens
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laurence Amar
- Unité d'Hypertension Artérielle, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris-PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Mercedes Robledo
- Hereditary Endocrine Cancer Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Taieb
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, La Timone University Hospital, European Center for Research in Medical Imaging, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Karel Pacak
- Section on Medical Neuroendocrinology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joakim Crona
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomáš Zelinka
- Center for Hypertension, 3rd Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Massimo Mannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Timo Deutschbein
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henri J L M Timmers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic Castinetti
- Aix-Marseille Université, Department of Endocrinology, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Marseille Medical Genetics (MMG), et Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Marseille, France
| | - Henning Dralle
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Section of Endocrine Surgery, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jřri Widimský
- Center for Hypertension, 3rd Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anne-Paule Gimenez-Roqueplo
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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16
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Napp LC, Bělohlávek J. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for pheochromocytoma-related shock: treat cause and consequence. Perfusion 2020; 35:18-19. [PMID: 32397889 DOI: 10.1177/0267659120909770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Christian Napp
- Cardiac Arrest Center, Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Bělohlávek
- 2nd Department of Medicine - Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 08, Praha 2, Czech Republic
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17
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Sohail S, Shafiq W, Raza SA, Zahid A, Mir K, Azmat U. Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Patients With Pheochromocytoma: A Single Center Tertiary Care Experience. Cureus 2020; 12:e7990. [PMID: 32523845 PMCID: PMC7274258 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with pheochromocytoma and determine the treatment outcome with overall survival rates of patients with pheochromocytoma. Methods A retrospective, cross-sectional study was performed on all the patients with histologically proven pheochromocytoma presenting to Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center (SKMCH & RC) Lahore, between August 2006 and July 2018. Clinical, biochemical and radiological data were collected at presentation, post-surgery, at discharge and till the last follow-up; data was retrieved from hospital records. Cure was defined as no evidence of disease biochemically, clinically, and structurally. Results This study included 29 patients, 69% were female. The three most common symptoms were abdominal pain (51.7%), hypertension (44.8%) and headache (41.4%). Most pheochromocytomas were sporadic (82.8%), all were adrenal gland tumors, and 89.7% were unilateral. All patients underwent adrenalectomy. Open adrenalectomy was performed in 25 patients whereas four underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Fifteen patients experienced postoperative complications. The most frequently documented intraoperative complication was hypotension. Death occurred in two patients, one patient died of metastatic disease secondary to malignant pheochromocytoma and the other patient died from perioperative complications. Cure was documented biochemically and/or radiologically in 96.5% patients. Conclusions Abdominal pain was predominant presenting feature most likely due to large tumor size. Most patients presenting to SKMCH & RC, had large intra-abdominal tumors with high cure rate. Mortality was low despite high rate of perioperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sohail
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, PAK
| | - Waqas Shafiq
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, PAK
| | - Syed Abbas Raza
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, PAK
| | - Adnan Zahid
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, PAK
| | - Khurram Mir
- Surgical Oncology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, PAK
| | - Umal Azmat
- Endocrinology and Diabetes, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, PAK
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18
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Patel D, Phay JE, Yen TWF, Dickson PV, Wang TS, Garcia R, Yang AD, Solórzano CC, Kim LT. Update on Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma from the SSO Endocrine/Head and Neck Disease-Site Work Group. Part 1 of 2: Advances in Pathogenesis and Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 27:1329-1337. [PMID: 32112212 PMCID: PMC8655649 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
This first part of a two-part review of pheochromocytoma and paragangliomas (PPGLs) addresses clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, treatment, and outcomes. In this first part, the epidemiology, prevalence, genetic etiology, clinical presentation, and biochemical and radiologic workup are discussed. In particular, recent advances in the genetics underlying PPGLs and the recommendation for genetic testing of all patients with PPGL are emphasized. Finally, the newer imaging methods for evaluating of PPGLs are discussed and highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Patel
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - John E Phay
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tina W F Yen
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Paxton V Dickson
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Tracy S Wang
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Roberto Garcia
- Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Institute of Panama/Paitilla Medical Center, Panama City, Panama
| | - Anthony D Yang
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carmen C Solórzano
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lawrence T Kim
- Division of Surgical Oncology and Endocrine Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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19
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Abstract
Pheochromocytomas are rare neuroendocrine chromaffin-derived tumors that arise within the adrenal medulla. They are usually benign, but if not diagnosed or if left untreated, they can have devastating consequences. Clinical consideration of the diagnosis is paramount, as they may have protean manifestations, and a high index of suspicion is essential if serious consequences are to be avoided. An accurate biochemical diagnosis is crucial for the management of these patients: either plasma or urinary metanephrines are both highly sensitive and specific if correctly employed, but knowledge of pre- and post-analytic interference is essential. Diagnostic imaging with cross-sectional CT and/or MRI offers high sensitivity in their detection, but lack specificity. The introduction of PET/CT/MR has led to a dramatic improvement in the localization of both pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, together with the increasing availability of new functional imaging radionuclides. Optimal investigation and accurate diagnosis is best achieved at 'centers of excellence' with expert multidisciplinary teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Sbardella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico, 155, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK; ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London, NW3 2QG, UK
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20
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Mihai R, Donatini G, Vidal O, Brunaud L. Volume-outcome correlation in adrenal surgery-an ESES consensus statement. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2019; 404:795-806. [PMID: 31701230 PMCID: PMC6908553 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-019-01827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Published data in the last decade showed that a majority of adrenal operations are done by surgeons performing only one such case per year and based on the distribution of personal workloads 'high-volume' surgeons are defined as those doing 4 or more cases/year. PURPOSE This paper summarises literature data identified by a working group established by the European Society of Endocrine Surgeons (ESES). The findings were discussed during ESES-2019 conference and members agreed on a consensus statement. RESULTS The annual of adrenal operations performed yearly in individual countries was reported to be 800/year in UK and over 1600/year in France. The learning curve of an individual surgeon undertaking laparoscopic, retroperitoneoscopic or robotic adrenalectomy is estimated to be 20-40 cases. Preoperative morbidity and length of stay are more favourable in high-volume centres. CONCLUSION The main recommendations are that adrenal surgery should continue only in centres performing at least 6 cases per year, surgery for adrenocortical cancer should be restricted to centres performing at least 12 adrenal operations per year, and an integrated multidisciplinary team should be established in all such centres. Clinical information regarding adrenalectomies should be recorded prospectively and contribution to the established EUROCRINE and ENSAT databases is strongly encouraged. Surgeons wishing to develop expertise in this field should seek mentorship and further training from established adrenal surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Mihai
- Churchill Cancer Centre, Oxford University NHS Hospitals Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Gianluca Donatini
- Department of Surgery and INSERM U1082, CHU Poitiers, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Oscar Vidal
- ICMDiM, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laurent Brunaud
- Department of Surgery and INSERM U954, CHU Nancy (Brabois), Université de Lorraine, Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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21
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Kato A, Tamai H, Uchida K, Ikeda T, Yamada Y. Intraoperative hemodynamics monitoring in a patient with pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis: a case report. JA Clin Rep 2018; 4:35. [PMID: 32025956 PMCID: PMC6966725 DOI: 10.1186/s40981-018-0173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pheochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-secreting tumor. To evaluate the intraoperative hemodynamics with precision is difficult. Case presentation A 42-year-old man, who suddenly developed a life-threatening pheochromocytoma multisystem crisis that occurred during preoperative prophylactic medication, underwent urgent bilateral adrenalectomy. For the purpose of evaluating the intraoperative hemodynamics, we monitored both pulmonary artery catheter-based cardiac output (PACO) and arterial pressure-based cardiac output (APCO; FloTrac™). APCO fluctuated in poor agreement with the change in PACO, especially in the state of cytokine storming. Conclusions Overall, the value of stroke volume variation derived from FloTrac™ changed in tandem with the intraoperative volume status, indicating its utility as a marker of circulatory hemodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Kato
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Hisayoshi Tamai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kanji Uchida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Ikeda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Yamada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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22
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Lawrence D, Salimian K, Leucker T, Martin S. Uncommon presentation, rare complication and previously undescribed oncologic association of pheochromocytoma; the great masquerader. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-223993. [PMID: 29622713 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-223993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the case of a 67-year-old man presenting with ventricular tachycardia (VT) and systolic heart failure secondary to a left adrenal phaeochromocytoma. After treatment with amiodarone, the patient's VT resolved. However, his course was complicated by femoral deep venous thrombosis secondary to an incidentally discovered dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the thigh, for which he was prescribed a course of enoxaparin. The patient was discharged with plans for adrenalectomy following achievement of sufficient preoperative heart rate and blood pressure control with alpha-adrenergic receptor blockade, but re-presented to an outside facility in haemorrhagic shock, where he ultimately expired. Autopsy determined his death to be caused by spontaneous haemorrhage of the phaeochromocytoma. Cardiac manifestations, complications and oncological associations of phaeochromocytoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lawrence
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kevan Salimian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thorsten Leucker
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Seth Martin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital and Health System, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Zuo M, Zhen Q, Zhang X, Zou W, Yang X, Tian G, Shi Z, Li Q, Ding M. High specificity of spot urinary free metanephrines in diagnosis and prognosis of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 478:82-89. [PMID: 29273559 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metanephrines (MNs) in plasma and urine were proposed as biomarkers for the diagnosis of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs). However, plasma free MNs and 24h urinary fractionated MNs were not satisfactory enough in specificity for the diagnosis of PPGLs. Moreover, the collection of 24h urine was inconvenient. This work examined the diagnostic and prognostic efficiency of free MNs in spot urine for PPGLs. METHODS We measured free MNs concentration in spot urine and plasma of 28 PPGLs patients and 155 control subjects by HPLC with electrochemical detection. Postoperative free MNs levels in spot urine and plasma of 14 PPGLs patients were also determined. Creatinine (Cr) concentration was used for the correction of urine volume. RESULTS The specificity of spot urinary free MNs/Cr in the diagnosis of PPGLs was significantly higher than that of plasma free MNs [normetanephrine (NMN), 98.7% (95.4%-99.8%) vs 93.0% (87.4%-96.6%); metanephrine (MN), 93.6% (88.5%-96.9%) vs 84.5% (77.5%-90.0%)]. Meanwhile, the positive likelihood ratios for spot urinary free NMN/Cr and MN/Cr were 69.21 and 13.29, compared with 12.68 and 5.30 for plasma free NMN and MN, respectively. For the PPGLs patients underwent surgery, the plasma free MNs level appeared an abnormal elevation and yielded false-positive results for some patients. Our findings were validated in an independent cohort, resulting in the specificity of 100% for both urinary free NMN/Cr and MN/Cr, and 97.3% and 83.8% for plasma free NMN and MN, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Spot urinary free MNs/Cr, superior to plasma free MNs, presented a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of PPGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qianna Zhen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Wenbi Zou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xiangchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Gang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Zhenghu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qifu Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Min Ding
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Ministry of Education, College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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24
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Davison AS, Jones DM, Ruthven S, Helliwell T, Shore SL. Clinical evaluation and treatment of phaeochromocytoma. Ann Clin Biochem 2017; 55:34-48. [DOI: 10.1177/0004563217739931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Phaeochromocytoma and extra adrenal paraganglioma are rare neuroendocrine tumours and have the potential to secrete adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine causing a myriad of clinical symptoms. Prompt diagnosis is essential for clinicians and requires a multidisciplinary specialist approach for the clinical and laboratory investigation, diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients. This paper is an integrated review of the clinical and laboratory evaluation and treatment of patients suspected to have phaeochromocytoma or paraganglioma, highlighting recent developments and best practices from recent published clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Davison
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, UK
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Danielle M Jones
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stuart Ruthven
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Timothy Helliwell
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Susannah L Shore
- Department of Endocrine Surgery, Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, UK
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25
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Sriram P, Raghavan V. Pheochromocytoma presenting as anxiety disorder: A case report. Asian J Psychiatr 2017; 29:83-84. [PMID: 29061435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Sriram
- Private Practice, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600101, India
| | - Vijaya Raghavan
- Schizophrenia Research Foundation, R/7A,North Main Road, Anna Nagar West Extension, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600101, India.
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Pheochromocytoma Crisis in the ICU: A French Multicenter Cohort Study With Emphasis on Rescue Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Crit Care Med 2017; 45:e657-e665. [PMID: 28403121 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000002333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the characteristics, management, and outcome of patients admitted to ICUs for pheochromocytoma crisis. DESIGN A 16-year multicenter retrospective study. SETTING Fifteen university and nonuniversity ICUs in France. PATIENTS Patients admitted in ICU for pheochromocytoma crisis. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS We included 34 patients with a median age of 46 years (40-54 yr); 65% were males. At admission, the median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was 8 (4-12) and median Simplified Acute Physiology Score II 49.5 (27-70). The left ventricular ejection fraction was consistently decreased with a median value of 30% (15-40%). Mechanical ventilation was required in 23 patients, mainly because of congestive heart failure. Vasoactive drugs were used in 23 patients (68%) and renal replacement therapy in eight patients (24%). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used as a rescue therapy in 14 patients (41%). Pheochromocytoma was diagnosed by CT in 33 of 34 patients. When assayed, urinary metanephrine and catecholamine levels were consistently elevated. Five patients underwent urgent surgery, including two during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Overall ICU mortality was 24% (8/34), and overall 90-day mortality was 27% (9/34). Crude 90-day mortality was not significantly different between patients managed with versus without extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (22% vs 30%) (p = 0.7) despite higher severity scores at admission in the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation group. CONCLUSIONS Mortality is high in pheochromocytoma crisis. Routinely considering this diagnosis and performing abdominal CT in patients with unexplained cardiogenic shock may allow an earlier diagnosis. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and adrenalectomy should be considered as a therapeutic in most severe cases.
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Abstract
Secondary hypertension occurs in a significant proportion of adult patients (~10%). In young patients, renal causes (glomerulonephritis) and coarctation of the aorta should be considered. In older patients, primary aldosteronism, obstructive sleep apnoea and renal artery stenosis are more prevalent than previously thought. Primary aldosteronism can be screened by taking morning aldosterone and renin levels, and should be considered in patients with severe, resistant or hypokalaemia-associated hypertension. Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea should be sought. Worsening of renal function after starting an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor suggests the possibility of renal artery stenosis. Recognition, diagnosis and treatment of secondary causes of hypertension lead to good clinical outcomes and the possible reversal of end-organ damage, in addition to blood pressure control. As most patients with hypertension are managed at the primary care level, it is important for primary care physicians to recognise these conditions and refer patients appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingjuan Mok
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Roy Debajyoti
- Department of Renal Medicine, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Joan Khoo
- Department of Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Choon How How
- Care and Health Integration, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
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Pourian M, Mostafazadeh DB, Soltani A. Does this patient have pheochromocytoma? A systematic review of clinical signs and symptoms. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2016; 15:11. [PMID: 27034920 PMCID: PMC4815191 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-016-0230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Context Pheochromocytoma is a rare disease but with high mortality if it is not being diagnosed early. Several biochemical tests with high accuracy have been obtained, but the clinical threshold for request of these tests is not determined clearly. Objectives To determine the Likelihood Ratios of clinical symptoms and signs in diagnosing pheochromocytoma. And also meta-analysis of their sensitivity in this disease. Data sources MEDLINE was searched for relevant English-language articles dated 1960 to February 2014. Bibliographies were searched to find additional articles. Study selection We included original studies describing the sensitivity and/or likelihood ratios of signs and symptoms in clinical suspicion of pheochromocytoma. Their method of diagnosis should have been based on pathology. We excluded specific subtypes or syndromes related to pheochromocytoma, or specific ages or gender. Also we excluded studies before 1993 (JNC5) which no definition of hypertension was presented. 37 articles were chosen finally. Data extraction Two authors reviewed data from articles independently and gave discrepancies to third author for decision. The aim was extraction of raw numbers of patients having defined signs or symptoms, and draw 2 × 2 tables if data available. We meta-analyzed sensitivities by Statsdirect and Likelihood Ratios by Meta-disc soft wares. Because our data was heterogeneous based on I2 > 50 % (except negative Likelihood ratio of hypertension), we used random effect model for doing meta-analysis. We checked publication bias by drawing Funnel plot for each sign/symptom, and also Egger test. Data synthesis The most prevalent signs and symptoms reported were hypertension (pooled sensitivity of 80.7 %), headache (pooled sensitivity of 60.4 %), palpitation (pooled sensitivity of 59.3 %) and diaphoresis (pooled sensitivity of 52.4 %). The definition of orthostatic hypotension was different among studies. The sensitivity was 23–50 %. Paroxysmal hypertension, chest pain, flushing, and weakness were the signs/symptoms which had publication bias based on Funnel plot and Egger test (P value < 0.05). Seven of the articles had control group, and could be used for calculating LR of signs/symptoms. Diaphoresis (LR+ 2.2, LR- 0.45), Palpitation (LR+ 1.9, LR- 0.52) and headache (LR+ 1.6, LR- 0.24) were significant symptoms in clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Other signs and symptoms had been reported in only one study and could not have been meta-analyzed. Classic triad of headache, palpitation and diaphoresis in hypertensive patients had the LR+ 6.312 (95 % CI 0.217–183.217) and LR- 0.139 (95 % CI 0.059–0.331). Surprisingly, hypertension was not important in clinical suspicion of pheochromocytoma, and even normotension increased the probability of the disease. Conclusions By available data, there is no single clinical finding that has significant value in diagnosis or excluding pheochromocytoma. Combination of certain symptoms, signs and para-clinical exams is more valuable for physicians. Further studies should be done, to specify the value of clinical findings. Until that time the process of diagnosis will be based on clinical suspicion and lab tests followed by related imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pourian
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davani B Mostafazadeh
- Evidence based Practice Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Soltani A, Pourian M, Davani BM. Does this patient have Pheochromocytoma? a systematic review of clinical signs and symptoms. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2016; 15:6. [PMID: 26998444 PMCID: PMC4797176 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-016-0226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Context Pheochromocytoma is a rare disease but with high mortality if it is not being diagnosed early. Several biochemical tests with high accuracy have been obtained, but the clinical threshold for request of these tests is not determined clearly. Objectives To determine the Likelihood Ratios of clinical symptoms and signs in diagnosing pheochromocytoma. And also meta-analysis of their sensitivity in this disease. Data sources MEDLINE was searched for relevant English-language articles dated 1960 to February 2014. Bibliographies were searched to find additional articles. Study selection We included original studies describing the sensitivity and/or likelihood ratios of signs and symptoms in clinical suspicion of pheochromocytoma. Their method of diagnosis should have been based on pathology. We excluded specific subtypes or syndromes related to pheochromocytoma, or specific ages or gender. Also we excluded studies before 1993 (JNC5) which no definition of hypertension was presented. 37 articles were chosen finally. Data extraction Two authors reviewed data from articles independently and gave discrepancies to third author for decision. The aim was extraction of raw numbers of patients having defined signs or symptoms, and draw 2 × 2 tables if data available. We meta-analyzed sensitivities by Statsdirect and Likelihood Ratios by Meta-disc soft wares. Because our data was heterogeneous based on I2 > 50 % (except negative Likelihood ratio of hypertension), we used random effect model for doing meta-analysis. We checked publication bias by drawing Funnel plot for each sign/symptom, and also Egger test. Data synthesis The most prevalent signs and symptoms reported were hypertension (pooled sensitivity of 80.7 %), headache (pooled sensitivity of 60.4 %), palpitation (pooled sensitivity of 59.3 %) and diaphoresis (pooled sensitivity of 52.4 %). The definition of orthostatic hypotension was different among studies. The sensitivity was 23–50 %. Paroxysmal hypertension, chest pain, flushing, and weakness were the signs/symptoms which had publication bias based on Funnel plot and Egger test (P value < 0.05). Seven of the articles had control group, and could be used for calculating LR of signs/symptoms. Diaphoresis (LR+ 2.2, LR-0.45), Palpitation (LR+ 1.9, LR-0.52) and headache (LR+ 1.6, LR-0.24) were significant symptoms in clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Other signs and symptoms had been reported in only one study and could not have been meta-analyzed. Classic triad of headache, palpitation and diaphoresis in hypertensive patients had the LR+ 6.312 (95 % CI 0.217–183.217) and LR-0.139 (95 % CI 0.059–0.331). Surprisingly, hypertension was not important in clinical suspicion of pheochromocytoma, and even normotension increased the probability of the disease. Conclusions By available data, there is no single clinical finding that has significant value in diagnosis or excluding pheochromocytoma. Combination of certain symptoms, signs and para-clinical exams is more valuable for physicians. Further studies should be done, to specify the value of clinical findings.Until that time the process of diagnosis will be based on clinical suspicion and lab tests followed by related imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akbar Soltani
- Evidence based Practice Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Pourian
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Mostafazadeh Davani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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The Perioperative Management of Metabolically Active Tumors. Eur Urol Focus 2016; 1:258-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Riester A, Weismann D, Quinkler M, Lichtenauer UD, Sommerey S, Halbritter R, Penning R, Spitzweg C, Schopohl J, Beuschlein F, Reincke M. Life-threatening events in patients with pheochromocytoma. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:757-64. [PMID: 26346138 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pheochromocytomas are rare chromaffin cell-derived tumors causing paroxysmal episodes of headache, palpitation, sweating and hypertension. Life-threatening complications have been described in case reports and small series. Systematic analyses are not available. We took an opportunity of a large series to make a survey. DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed records of patients diagnosed with pheochromocytomas in three geographically spread German referral centers between 2003 and 2012 (n=135). RESULTS Eleven percent of the patients (ten women, five men) required in-hospital treatment on intensive care units (ICUs) due to complications caused by unsuspected pheochromocytomas. The main reasons for ICU admission were acute catecholamine induced Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (n=4), myocardial infarction (n=2), acute pulmonary edema (n=2), cerebrovascular stroke (n=2), ischemic ileus (n=1), acute renal failure (n=2), and multi organ failure (n=1). One patient required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation due to a hypertensive crisis with lung edema occurring during delivery (n=1). Two patients died of refractory shock and pheochromocytomas were found postmortem. Two patients were treated by emergency surgery. Compared to pheochromocytoma patients without life-threatening events (n=120), patients with complications had a significant larger maximal tumor diameter (7.0 vs 4.5 cm, P<0.01), higher levels of catecholamines (20- vs ninefold upper limit of normal, P<0.01), and tended to be younger (42 vs 51 years, P=0.05). CONCLUSION Although pheochromocytomas are rare, they are likely to be associated with a life-threatening situation. Clinicians have to be aware of these situations and perform a timely diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Riester
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyEndokrinologie in CharlottenburgBerlin, GermanyHelios Klinik SchwerinSchwerin, GermanyChirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik - InnenstadtKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, GermanyFacharztpraxisPfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitut für RechtsmedizinMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk Weismann
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyEndokrinologie in CharlottenburgBerlin, GermanyHelios Klinik SchwerinSchwerin, GermanyChirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik - InnenstadtKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, GermanyFacharztpraxisPfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitut für RechtsmedizinMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Quinkler
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyEndokrinologie in CharlottenburgBerlin, GermanyHelios Klinik SchwerinSchwerin, GermanyChirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik - InnenstadtKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, GermanyFacharztpraxisPfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitut für RechtsmedizinMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Urs D Lichtenauer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyEndokrinologie in CharlottenburgBerlin, GermanyHelios Klinik SchwerinSchwerin, GermanyChirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik - InnenstadtKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, GermanyFacharztpraxisPfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitut für RechtsmedizinMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Sandra Sommerey
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyEndokrinologie in CharlottenburgBerlin, GermanyHelios Klinik SchwerinSchwerin, GermanyChirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik - InnenstadtKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, GermanyFacharztpraxisPfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitut für RechtsmedizinMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Halbritter
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyEndokrinologie in CharlottenburgBerlin, GermanyHelios Klinik SchwerinSchwerin, GermanyChirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik - InnenstadtKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, GermanyFacharztpraxisPfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitut für RechtsmedizinMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Randolph Penning
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyEndokrinologie in CharlottenburgBerlin, GermanyHelios Klinik SchwerinSchwerin, GermanyChirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik - InnenstadtKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, GermanyFacharztpraxisPfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitut für RechtsmedizinMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Spitzweg
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyEndokrinologie in CharlottenburgBerlin, GermanyHelios Klinik SchwerinSchwerin, GermanyChirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik - InnenstadtKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, GermanyFacharztpraxisPfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitut für RechtsmedizinMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen Schopohl
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyEndokrinologie in CharlottenburgBerlin, GermanyHelios Klinik SchwerinSchwerin, GermanyChirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik - InnenstadtKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, GermanyFacharztpraxisPfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitut für RechtsmedizinMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyEndokrinologie in CharlottenburgBerlin, GermanyHelios Klinik SchwerinSchwerin, GermanyChirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik - InnenstadtKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, GermanyFacharztpraxisPfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitut für RechtsmedizinMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Ziemssenstr. 1, D-80336 Munich, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IUniversitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, GermanyEndokrinologie in CharlottenburgBerlin, GermanyHelios Klinik SchwerinSchwerin, GermanyChirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik - InnenstadtKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, GermanyFacharztpraxisPfaffenhofen, GermanyInstitut für RechtsmedizinMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IIKlinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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Quantitative Versus Qualitative Methods in Evaluation of T2 Signal Intensity to Improve Accuracy in Diagnosis of Pheochromocytoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015. [PMID: 26204279 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess T2 signal intensity (SI) of adrenal pheochromocytoma at 1.5 T using the rapid acquisitions with relaxation enhancement (RARE) sequence. We also sought to determine whether quantitative parameters can distinguish pheochromocytoma from other adrenal lesions with better accuracy than conventional qualitative methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS MRI examinations of 74 patients (26 with pheochromocytoma, 25 with lipid-poor adenomas, 18 with malignant adrenal lesions, and five with adrenal cysts) were retrospectively reviewed. MRI sequences included single-shot fast spin-echo (n = 38) and fast-recovery fast spin-echo (n = 36) acquisitions. T2 SI of lesions was qualitatively compared with CSF. Quantitative evaluation included applying ROI measurements and calculating SI ratio of each mass to liver, spleen, paraspinal muscle, and CSF. Twoway ANOVA compared SI ratios between different adrenal lesions and between two pulse sequences. ROC analysis determined the optimal threshold SI ratio for distinguishing pheochromocytomas from other adrenal lesions. RESULTS Sixty-nine percent of pheochromocytomas displayed isointensity to CSF (p < 0.005), resulting in 81% specificity and 69% sensitivity for differentiation of pheochromocytomas from lipid-poor adenomas and malignant lesions. Adrenal-to-muscle SI ratio was the strongest discriminator for differentiation of pheochromocytomas from other lesions. A threshold of at least 3.95 yielded 88% specificity and 81% sensitivity for distinguishing pheochromocytomas from lipid-poor adenomas and malignant adrenal lesions. CONCLUSION Quantitative normalization of T2 SI with reference to muscle improves the sensitivity and specificity profile for differentiation of pheochromocytoma compared with qualitative assessment alone. At 1.5 T field strength, an adrenal-to-muscle SI ratio of at least 3.95 is recommended.
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Halfya A, Elmortaji K, Elmrini M, Houry Y, Osman S, Tounsi K, Rabii R, Aboutaib R, Dakir M, Debbagh A, Meziane F. [Non secreting paraganglioma of Zuckerkandl organ]. Pan Afr Med J 2015; 20:130. [PMID: 26097634 PMCID: PMC4462554 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2015.20.130.5968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Le Phéochromocytome extra-surrénalien ou paragangliome est une tumeur rare. Il dérive de la crête neurale du système neuroendocrinien et il est souvent sécrétant. La plupart de ces tumeurs sont situées dans les ganglions sympathiques abdominaux, y compris l'organe de Zuckerkandl adjacent à la bifurcation de l'aorte abdominale. Les Formes non fonctionnelles sont rares: moins de 50 cas sont rapportés dans la littérature. Nous rapportons le cas d'un paragangliome non sécrétant de l'organe de Zuckerkandl opéré au sein de notre service d'urologie ainsi qu'une revue de la littérature afin de discuter les différents aspects diagnostiques et thérapeutiques de cette entité tumorale rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoub Halfya
- Service d'Urologie du CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, Maroc
| | | | | | - Younes Houry
- Service d'Urologie du CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, Maroc
| | - Said Osman
- Service d'Urologie du CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, Maroc
| | - Karime Tounsi
- Service d'Urologie du CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, Maroc
| | - Redouane Rabii
- Service d'Urologie du CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, Maroc
| | | | - Mohamed Dakir
- Service d'Urologie du CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, Maroc
| | - Adil Debbagh
- Service d'Urologie du CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, Maroc
| | - Fethi Meziane
- Service d'Urologie du CHU Ibn Rochd de Casablanca, Maroc
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Kasem K, Lam AKY. Adrenal oncocytic phaeochromocytoma with putative adverse histologic features: a unique case report and review of the literature. Endocr Pathol 2014; 25:416-21. [PMID: 25252620 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-014-9333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Oncocytic phaeochromocytomas are exceedingly rare tumours. To date, there are three reported cases in the literature. This report describes a case of adrenal oncocytic phaeochromocytoma with unique features and malignant potential in a 68-year-old man. The patient presented with an incidental non-functional mass discovered on routine radiological investigation, which was subsequently excised. Histologically, the tumour cells showed oncocytic features with high-grade nuclear abnormalities and foci of extension to the peri-adrenal fat. Immunohistochemistry performed was positive for chromogranin, CD56, S-100 and p53 and negative for inhibin, HMB-45, EMA, AE1/AE3, Cam 5.2 and calretinin. Electron microscopy showed electron dense granules of neurosecretory type, which confirmed the diagnosis. The malignant potential of the tumour was assessed on available histologic scoring systems, which demonstrated a high malignant potential. However, no recurrence was detected after 5 years of follow-up. Compared to all the previously reported cases of oncocytic phaeochromocytoma, this patient was the oldest on presentation, was the only case with identified high malignant potential and has the longest follow-up. A review of the literature showed that all the oncocytic phaeochromocytomas reported were non-functional, non-metastasizing and were described in women. To conclude, oncocytic phaeochromocytoma should be in the differential diagnoses of oncocytic tumours of the adrenal gland. Additional studies are needed to predict the behaviour of this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kais Kasem
- Cancer Molecular Pathology and Griffith Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, QLD, 4222, Australia
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Lenders JWM, Eisenhofer G. Pathophysiology and diagnosis of disorders of the adrenal medulla: focus on pheochromocytoma. Compr Physiol 2014; 4:691-713. [PMID: 24715564 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The principal function of the adrenal medulla is the production and secretion of catecholamines. During stressful challenging conditions, catecholamines exert a pivotal homeostatic role. Although the main adrenomedullary catecholamine, epinephrine, has a wide array of adrenoreceptor-mediated effects, its absence does not cause life-threatening problems. In contrast, excess production of catecholamines due to an adrenomedullary tumor, specifically pheochromocytoma, results in significant morbidity and mortality. Despite being rare, pheochromocytoma has a notoriously bad reputation because of its potential devastating effects if undetected and untreated. The paroxysmal signs and symptoms and the risks of missing or delaying the diagnosis are well known for most physicians. Nevertheless, even today the diagnosis is still overlooked in a considerable number of patients. Prevention and complete cure are however possible by early diagnosis and appropriate treatment but these patients remain a challenge for physicians. Yet, biochemical proof of presence or absence of catecholamine excess has become more easy and straightforward due to developments in assay methodology. This also applies to radiological and functional imaging techniques for locating the tumor. The importance of genetic testing for underlying germline mutations in susceptibility genes for patients and relatives is increasingly recognized. Yet, the effectiveness of genetic testing, in terms of costs and benefits to health, has not been definitively established. Further improvement in knowledge of genotype-phenotype relationships in pheochromocytoma will open new avenues to a more rationalized and personalized diagnostic approach of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques W M Lenders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Perry CG, Freel EM, O'Dwyer P, Schiffrin EL, Jennings GL, Dominiczak AF, De Buyzere M. Rare cause of severe hypertension in a young woman. Hypertension 2014; 65:21-4. [PMID: 25385763 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin G Perry
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (E.M.F., A.F.D.) and School of Medicine (C.G.P., P.O'D.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada (E.L.S.); Director's Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (G.L.J.); and Department of Cardiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (M.D.B.).
| | - E Marie Freel
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (E.M.F., A.F.D.) and School of Medicine (C.G.P., P.O'D.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada (E.L.S.); Director's Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (G.L.J.); and Department of Cardiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (M.D.B.)
| | - Patrick O'Dwyer
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (E.M.F., A.F.D.) and School of Medicine (C.G.P., P.O'D.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada (E.L.S.); Director's Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (G.L.J.); and Department of Cardiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (M.D.B.)
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (E.M.F., A.F.D.) and School of Medicine (C.G.P., P.O'D.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada (E.L.S.); Director's Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (G.L.J.); and Department of Cardiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (M.D.B.)
| | - Garry L Jennings
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (E.M.F., A.F.D.) and School of Medicine (C.G.P., P.O'D.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada (E.L.S.); Director's Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (G.L.J.); and Department of Cardiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (M.D.B.)
| | - Anna F Dominiczak
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (E.M.F., A.F.D.) and School of Medicine (C.G.P., P.O'D.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada (E.L.S.); Director's Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (G.L.J.); and Department of Cardiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (M.D.B.)
| | - Marc De Buyzere
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences (E.M.F., A.F.D.) and School of Medicine (C.G.P., P.O'D.), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada (E.L.S.); Director's Research Group, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia (G.L.J.); and Department of Cardiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (M.D.B.)
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Berkel AV, Lenders JWM. Pheochromocytoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/ije.14.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma are catecholamine-producing tumors that are associated with substantial serious morbidity and mortality. A carefully taken medical history and early consideration of such tumors are key for early diagnosis and treatment. The biochemical diagnosis should include measurements of metanephrines in either plasma or urine. In addition to anatomical imaging, sensitive functional imaging modalities offer extra benefit for most patients in locating the tumor and eventual metastases. In at least 30% of all patients with a pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma, an underlying germline is responsible for tumor development and genetic testing should be considered in all patients. Current treatment options for malignant pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma are still very modest. New developments in the therapeutic armamentarium may improve the prospect for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk van Berkel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques WM Lenders
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 8, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam H Shah
- From the Department of Medicine (N.H.S.) and the Endocrine Surgical Unit (D.T.R.), Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (N.H.S.); and the Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA (N.H.S.)
| | - Daniel T Ruan
- From the Department of Medicine (N.H.S.) and the Endocrine Surgical Unit (D.T.R.), Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA; the Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA (N.H.S.); and the Department of Pediatrics, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA (N.H.S.).
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Lenders JWM, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, Grebe SKG, Murad MH, Naruse M, Pacak K, Young WF. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:1915-42. [PMID: 24893135 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1556] [Impact Index Per Article: 155.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to formulate clinical practice guidelines for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). PARTICIPANTS The Task Force included a chair selected by the Endocrine Society Clinical Guidelines Subcommittee (CGS), seven experts in the field, and a methodologist. The authors received no corporate funding or remuneration. EVIDENCE This evidence-based guideline was developed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system to describe both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. The Task Force reviewed primary evidence and commissioned two additional systematic reviews. CONSENSUS PROCESS One group meeting, several conference calls, and e-mail communications enabled consensus. Committees and members of the Endocrine Society, European Society of Endocrinology, and Americal Association for Clinical Chemistry reviewed drafts of the guidelines. CONCLUSIONS The Task Force recommends that initial biochemical testing for PPGLs should include measurements of plasma free or urinary fractionated metanephrines. Consideration should be given to preanalytical factors leading to false-positive or false-negative results. All positive results require follow-up. Computed tomography is suggested for initial imaging, but magnetic resonance is a better option in patients with metastatic disease or when radiation exposure must be limited. (123)I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy is a useful imaging modality for metastatic PPGLs. We recommend consideration of genetic testing in all patients, with testing by accredited laboratories. Patients with paraganglioma should be tested for SDHx mutations, and those with metastatic disease for SDHB mutations. All patients with functional PPGLs should undergo preoperative blockade to prevent perioperative complications. Preparation should include a high-sodium diet and fluid intake to prevent postoperative hypotension. We recommend minimally invasive adrenalectomy for most pheochromocytomas with open resection for most paragangliomas. Partial adrenalectomy is an option for selected patients. Lifelong follow-up is suggested to detect recurrent or metastatic disease. We suggest personalized management with evaluation and treatment by multidisciplinary teams with appropriate expertise to ensure favorable outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques W M Lenders
- Radboud University Medical Center (J.W.M.L.), 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco (Q.-Y.D.), San Francisco, California 94121; University Hospital Dresden (G.E.), 01307 Dresden, Germany; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, (A.-P.G.-R.), F-75015 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes (A.-P.G.-R.), F-75006 Paris, France; Mayo Clinic (S.K.G.G., M.H.M.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905; National Hospital Organisation Kyoto Medical Center (M.N.), Kyoto 612-8555; Japan; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (K.P.), Bethesda, Maryland 20892; and Mayo Clinic (W.F.Y.), Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Kannan S, Purysko A, Faiman C, Remer EM, Shah L, Bena J, Siperstein A, Berber E, Fergany A, Bravo E, Hamrahian AH. Biochemical and radiological relationships in patients with pheochromocytoma: lessons from a case control study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 80:790-6. [PMID: 24494743 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An elevation of fractionated plasma or urinary metanephrine (MN) or nor-metanephrine (NMN), collectively called metanephrines (MN and NMN), >4-fold above the upper limit of normal (ULN) is usually considered to be diagnostic for pheochromocytoma (PHEO). There are a greater number of false positive results when the elevations are more modest. AIM To identify biochemical and radiological features in PHEOs with modest elevations (<4-fold above ULN) of metanephrines. METHODOLOGY We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 112 patients with PHEO (10% extra-adrenal) and 208 patients with a non-PHEO adrenal mass operated from 1997-2011, who had metanephrines measured pre-operatively. We divided PHEO into group 1 (n = 90) with metanephrines ≥4-fold ULN and group 2 (n = 22) with metanephrines <4-fold ULN. The non-PHEO group was designated as group 3. RESULTS The median (range) tumour size in group 1 and group 2 was 4·8 cm (1·7-22) and 3·0 cm (1·7-5) respectively (P < 0·001). All patients with PHEO in group 2 had a tumour <5 cm in size. The MN fraction was elevated in about 65% of groups 1 and 2; only 2 (1%) patients in group 3 had an elevated urinary MN fraction, and none were associated with an elevated plasma MN fraction. All PHEOs had a pre-contrast attenuation ≥17 Hounsfield Units (HU). CONCLUSIONS Modest elevations (<4-fold ULN) of the NMN fraction in an adrenal mass >5 cm are almost always falsely positive. Elevations in plasma and urinary MN fraction are less likely to be false positive. The CT pre-contrast attenuation of PHEOs is >10 HU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Kannan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Abstract
The current work-up of a patient suspected to have a pheochromocytoma starts with the measurement of plasma or urine metanephrines. Notably, up to a quarter of these patients will have a false positive result. When the plasma or urine metanephrines are less than the 4-fold upper limit of normal, clinicians struggle between the fear of missing a potentially fatal condition and ordering costly follow up tests. In many cases, ordering unnecessary imaging studies may only increase the level of patient anxiety. This article will review various physiologic factors, pathologic conditions and medications that may influence the levels of catecholamines and their metabolites yielding false positive or false negative results. Acquiring familiarity with these conditions as well as interfering medications will equip clinicians with better interpretation skills of the biochemical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana A Dobri
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emmanuel Bravo
- b Department of Hypertension and Nephrology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Amir H Hamrahian
- a Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Tsirlin A, Oo Y, Sharma R, Kansara A, Gliwa A, Banerji MA. Pheochromocytoma: a review. Maturitas 2014; 77:229-38. [PMID: 24472290 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytomas are catecholamine producing neuroendocrine tumors that can be adrenal or extra-adrenal in origin. The classic symptoms of pheochromocytoma are headache, palpitation, anxiety and diaphoresis and the tumor can occur at any age with equal gender distribution. In patients with an established mutation or hereditary syndrome the condition may manifest at a younger age than in those with sporadic disease. Pheochromocytoma can be associated with certain genetic syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), neurofibromatosis (NF) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) syndrome. Pheochromocytoma is diagnosed with biochemical confirmation of hormonal excess followed by anatomical localization (CT or MRI). The mainstay of definitive therapy is surgical resection. In this review, we discuss in detail about the symptomatology, diagnosis, genetic aspects and management of pheochromocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tsirlin
- Department of Endocrinology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - Y Oo
- Department of Endocrinology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - R Sharma
- Department of Endocrinology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States.
| | - A Kansara
- Department of Endocrinology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - A Gliwa
- Department of Endocrinology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
| | - M A Banerji
- Department of Endocrinology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, United States
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Martins R, Bugalho MJ. Paragangliomas/Pheochromocytomas: clinically oriented genetic testing. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:794187. [PMID: 24899893 PMCID: PMC4037125 DOI: 10.1155/2014/794187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine tumors that arise in the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic paragangliomas are mainly found in the adrenal medulla (designated pheochromocytomas) but may also have a thoracic, abdominal, or pelvic localization. Parasympathetic paragangliomas are generally located at the head or neck. Knowledge concerning the familial forms of paragangliomas has greatly improved in recent years. Additionally to the genes involved in the classical syndromic forms: VHL gene (von Hippel-Lindau), RET gene (Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2), and NF1 gene (Neurofibromatosis type 1), 10 novel genes have so far been implicated in the occurrence of paragangliomas/pheochromocytomas: SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, SDHAF2, TMEM127, MAX, EGLN1, HIF2A, and KIF1B. It is currently accepted that about 35% of the paragangliomas cases are due to germline mutations in one of these genes. Furthermore, somatic mutations of RET, VHL, NF1, MAX, HIF2A, and H-RAS can also be detected. The identification of the mutation responsible for the paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma phenotype in a patient may be crucial in determining the treatment and allowing specific follow-up guidelines, ultimately leading to a better prognosis. Herein, we summarize the most relevant aspects regarding the genetics and clinical aspects of the syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma aiming to provide an algorithm for genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Martins
- Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria João Bugalho
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil E.P.E., 1099-023 Lisboa, Portugal
- Clínica Universitária de Endocrinologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- *Maria João Bugalho:
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Phaeochromocytoma crisis: two cases of undiagnosed phaeochromocytoma presenting after elective nonrelated surgical procedures. Case Rep Anesthesiol 2013; 2013:514714. [PMID: 24288628 PMCID: PMC3830875 DOI: 10.1155/2013/514714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phaeochromocytoma is a catecholamine producing tumour and an uncommon cause of hypertension. We present two cases of relatively asymptomatic individuals, in which previously undiagnosed phaeochromocytoma was unmasked by elective nonadrenal surgical procedures, manifesting as postoperative hypertensive crisis and subsequent cardiogenic shock. The initial management in intensive care is discussed, in addition to the clinical and biochemical diagnostic challenges present. Successful adrenalectomy was performed in each case.
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Erem C, Fidan M, Civan N, Cobanoglu U, Kangul F, Nuhoglu I, Alhan E. Hormone-secreting large adrenal ganglioneuroma in an adult patient: a case report and review of literature. Blood Press 2013; 23:64-9. [PMID: 23705630 DOI: 10.3109/08037051.2013.796103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Ganglioneuromas (GNs) are neural crest cell-derived tumors and rarely occur in the adrenal gland. They are usually asymptomatic and hormonally silent. The majority of cases are detected incidentally during work-up for unrelated conditions. Hormone-secreting pure adrenal GNs in adults are extremely rare. To date, only four cases have been reported in the English literature. CASE REPORT. We describe an adult case of endocrinologically active adrenal GN incidentally diagnosed in a 64-year-old male patient with history of uncontrolled hypertension. On physical examination, he had a blood pressure (BP) of 160/100 mmHg. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a large solid tumor (8.5 × 7.5 × 7 cm) in the right adrenal gland. Urinary levels of norepinephrine, normetanephrine, vanillylmandelic acid and dopamin were elevated, although urinary level of epinephrine was suppressed. Right adrenalectomy was performed for treatment purposes. The histological diagnosis of the resected tumor was adrenal GN. CONCLUSIONS. Hormone-secreting pure adrenal GN occurs very rarely in adults and preoperative diagnosis is difficult. Adrenal GN may present with hormonal activity such as increased secretion of catecholamines and their metabolites. There are no specific diagnostic signs and symptoms discriminating GN and pheochromocytoma. Therefore, histopathological examination need for a definitive diagnosis of adrenal GN. The prognosis after completed surgical resection without further therapy seems to be excellent. To our knowledge, the present case is the second report that describes hormone-secreting pure adrenal GN in an adult from Turkey in the English literature. We discuss this case and review the literature on this unusual entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihangir Erem
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism,Department of Internal Medicine
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Zardawi IM. Phaeochromocytoma masquerading as anxiety and depression. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2013; 14:161-163. [PMID: 23826457 PMCID: PMC3700495 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.889063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Patient: Female, 36 Final Diagnosis: Pheochromocytoma Symptoms: Anxiety • depression Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Oncology • endocrinology
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Hariskov S, Schumann R. Intraoperative management of patients with incidental catecholamine producing tumors: A literature review and analysis. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2013; 29:41-6. [PMID: 23493174 PMCID: PMC3590540 DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.105793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Present knowledge about intraoperative management, morbidity, and mortality of patients with undiagnosed catecholamine-producing tumors is mostly based on published case reports and anecdotal evidence. Aims: The aim was to summarize the management and outcomes of reported cases and analyze for practice patterns, deduct useful management recommendations as applicable. Settings and Design: The Medline database was searched with specific keywords for the period of 1988-2010 for cases of incidental pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Materials and Methods: Case reports in the English language with a postoperative diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma by histopathology were included. Systematic data extraction from case reports was done. Statistical analysis used: Descriptive statistics were applied. Results: Of 823 retrieved records, 62 case reports met inclusion criteria. Hemodynamic instability occurred primarily during mass manipulation/intraoperatively (52%, n = 32) and induction/laryngoscopy (18%, n = 11). In cases reporting specific antihypertensive treatments, nitrates (67%, n = 30) represented the majority of medications used, followed by beta-blockers (47%, n = 21). Alpha receptor blockers were administered in 33% (n = 15). The perioperative mortality was 8% (n = 5), and none of these patients received intraoperative alpha blockade. A catecholamine-secreting tumor was suspected intraoperatively in 26% of cases. Conclusions: The perioperative mortality based on the reviewed cases of incidental catecholamine producing tumors was less than would traditionally be expected. Intraoperative alpha receptor blockade to treat hypertension was reported in 33% of cases, and none of the patients with a fatal outcome had received it. A higher intraoperative index of suspicion and a lower threshold to consider alpha blocking medications for severe intraoperative hypertension may improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hariskov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Hariskov S, Schumann R. Intraoperative management of patients with incidental catecholamine producing tumors: A literature review and analysis. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2013. [PMID: 23493174 DOI: 10.4103/0970-9185.105793.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Present knowledge about intraoperative management, morbidity, and mortality of patients with undiagnosed catecholamine-producing tumors is mostly based on published case reports and anecdotal evidence. AIMS The aim was to summarize the management and outcomes of reported cases and analyze for practice patterns, deduct useful management recommendations as applicable. SETTINGS AND DESIGN The Medline database was searched with specific keywords for the period of 1988-2010 for cases of incidental pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Case reports in the English language with a postoperative diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma by histopathology were included. Systematic data extraction from case reports was done. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Descriptive statistics were applied. RESULTS Of 823 retrieved records, 62 case reports met inclusion criteria. Hemodynamic instability occurred primarily during mass manipulation/intraoperatively (52%, n = 32) and induction/laryngoscopy (18%, n = 11). In cases reporting specific antihypertensive treatments, nitrates (67%, n = 30) represented the majority of medications used, followed by beta-blockers (47%, n = 21). Alpha receptor blockers were administered in 33% (n = 15). The perioperative mortality was 8% (n = 5), and none of these patients received intraoperative alpha blockade. A catecholamine-secreting tumor was suspected intraoperatively in 26% of cases. CONCLUSIONS The perioperative mortality based on the reviewed cases of incidental catecholamine producing tumors was less than would traditionally be expected. Intraoperative alpha receptor blockade to treat hypertension was reported in 33% of cases, and none of the patients with a fatal outcome had received it. A higher intraoperative index of suspicion and a lower threshold to consider alpha blocking medications for severe intraoperative hypertension may improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hariskov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Badri M, Gibbons AV, Popii V, Yih D, Cohen-Stein DL, Patel SM. Perioperative management of a patient with a nonresectable pheochromocytoma. Endocr Pract 2013; 19:e74-6. [PMID: 23425647 DOI: 10.4158/ep12343.cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical course of a patient with a nonresectable pheochromocytoma during urgent hip surgery. METHODS To describe the clinical management and postoperative outcome of the patient and review the relevant literature. RESULTS An 85-year-old male with a nonresectable pheochromocytoma required urgent hip surgery following a traumatic hip fracture. He was perioperatively managed with phenoxybenzamine, metyrosine, and metoprolol to avoid potential pheochromocytoma-related complications. He remained hemodynamically stable and recovered from the surgery without complications. CONCLUSIONS This case illustrates the successful management of a patient requiring urgent surgery in the setting of a nonresectable pheochromocytoma, which is rarely described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Badri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania 19096, USA.
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