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Hrichi H, Kouki N, Elkanzi NAA. Chromatographic Methods for the Analysis of the Antipsychotic Drug Clozapine and Its Major Metabolites: A Review. J Chromatogr Sci 2024:bmae016. [PMID: 38576210 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Clozapine (CLZ), a second-generation antipsychotic, can effectively reduce schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression symptoms. This review provides an overview of all reported chromatographic methods (62 references) for the quantification of CLZ and its two main metabolites, norclozapine and clozapine N-oxide in pharmaceutical formulations, biological matrices and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Hrichi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noura Kouki
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadia Ali Ahmed Elkanzi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, P.O. Box: 2014, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Clozapine and norclozapine monitoring in plasma following surfactant assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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3
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Ayman A, EL-Shabrawy Y, Zeid AM, Wahba MEK. A diagnostic intoxication tool for clozapine and phenytoin using hybrid micelle liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2021.1886418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ayman
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical chemistry department, Faculty of pharmacy, Delta University for science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Yasser EL-Shabrawy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M. Zeid
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - M. E. K. Wahba
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical chemistry department, Faculty of pharmacy, Delta University for science and Technology, Gamasa, Egypt
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Rahman H, Haque SM, Siddiqui MR. A Comprehensive Review on Importance and Quantitation of Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and their Active Metabolites in Commercial Dosage Forms. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190328214323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects more than twenty-one
million people throughout the world. Schizophrenia also causes early death. Schizophrenia and other
related psychotic ailments are controlled by the prescription of antipsychotic drugs, which act by blocking
certain chemical receptors in the brain and thus relieves the symptoms of psychotic disorder. These
drugs are present in the different dosage forms in the market and provided in a certain amount as per the
need of the patients.
Objective:
Since such medications treat mental disorders, it is very important to have a perfect and accurate
dose so that the risk factor is not affected by a higher or lower dose, which is not sufficient for
the treatment. For accurate assay of these kinds of drugs, different analytical methods were developed
ranging from older spectrophotometric techniques to latest hyphenated methods.
Results:
The current review highlights the role of different analytical techniques that were employed in
the determination and identification of antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites. Techniques such as
spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas
chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry employed in the method development of
such antipsychotic drugs were reported in the review. Different metabolites, identified using the hyphenated
techniques, were also mentioned in the review. The synthesis pathways of few of the metabolites
were mentioned.
Conclusion:
The review summarizes the analyses of different antipsychotic drugs and their metabolites.
A brief introduction of illnesses and their symptoms and possible medications were highlighted. Synthesis
pathways of the associated metabolites were also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibur Rahman
- Department of General Studies, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box No. 10099, Zip Code–31961, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - S.K. Manirul Haque
- Department of Chemical & Process Engineering Technology, Jubail Industrial College, P.O. Box No 10099, Zip Code- 31961, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masoom Raza Siddiqui
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Nickel oxide nanoparticles decorated graphene quantum dot as an effective electrode modifier for electrocatalytic oxidation and analysis of clozapine. J Solid State Electrochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-018-3982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Ji WH, Guo YS, Wang X, Guo DS. A water-compatible magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for the selective extraction of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone from human urine. Talanta 2018; 181:392-400. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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7
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Surface modification of glassy carbon electrode with the functionalized carbon nanotube for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of risperidone. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-018-1346-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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8
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Rapid determination of some psychotropic drugs in complex matrices by tandem dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1052:51-59. [PMID: 28355580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple and rapid determinations of some psychotropic drugs in some pharmaceutical wastewater and human plasma samples were successfully accomplished via the tandem dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (TDLLME-HPLC-UV). TDLLME of the three psychotropic drugs clozapine, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine was easily performed through two consecutive dispersive liquid-liquid microextractions. By performing this convenient method, proper sample preconcentrations and clean-ups were achieved in just about 7min. In order to achieve the best extraction efficiency, the effective parameters involved were optimized. The optimal experimental conditions consisted of 100μL of CCl4 (as the extraction organic solvent), and the pH values of 13 and 2 for the donor and acceptor phases, respectively. Under these optimum experimental conditions, the proposed TDLLME-HPLC-UV technique provided a good linearity in the range of 5-3000ngmL-1 for the three psychotropic drugs with the correlation of determinations (R2s) higher than 0.996. The limits of quantification (LOQs) and limits of detection (LODs) obtained were 5.0ngmL-1 and 1.0-1.5ngmL-1, respectively. Also the proper enrichment factors (EFs) of 96, 99, and 88 for clozapine, chlorpromazine, and thioridazine, respectively, and good extraction repeatabilities (relative standard deviations below 9.3%, n=5) were obtained.
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Siva Selva Kumar M, Ramanathan M. Concurrent determination of olanzapine, risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in human plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection method: application to pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 30:263-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Siva Selva Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis; PSG College of Pharmacy; Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641004 Tamilnadu India
| | - M. Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmacology; PSG College of Pharmacy; Peelamedu, Coimbatore 641004 Tamilnadu India
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Liu HY, Hwang TJ, Tsai IL, Kuo CH. Use of high-conductivity sample solution with sweeping-micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography for trace-level quantification of paliperidone in human plasma. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:534-42. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201400230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yin Liu
- School of Pharmacy; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Jeng Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry; National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine; Taipei Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - I-Lin Tsai
- School of Pharmacy; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy; National Taiwan University; Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy; National Taiwan University Hospital; Taipei Taiwan
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Javidi J, Esmaeilpour M, Khansari MR. Synthesis, characterization and application of core–shell magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers for selective recognition of clozapine from human serum. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10356h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, a magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIPs) based on Fe3O4@SiO2 has been synthesized for simply extraction of clozapine (CLZ) from human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaber Javidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Rajabnia Khansari
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
- Tehran
- Iran
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12
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A critical review of microextraction by packed sorbent as a sample preparation approach in drug bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1409-42. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is widely accepted as the most labor-intensive and error-prone part of the bioanalytical process. The recent advances in this field have been focused on the miniaturization and integration of sample preparation online with analytical instrumentation, in order to reduce laboratory workload and increase analytical performance. From this perspective, microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) has emerged in the last few years as a powerful sample preparation approach suitable to be easily automated with liquid and gas chromatographic systems applied in a variety of bioanalytical areas (pharmaceutical, clinical, toxicological, environmental and food research). This paper aims to provide an overview and a critical discussion of recent bioanalytical methods reported in literature based on MEPS, with special emphasis on those developed for the quantification of therapeutic drugs and/or metabolites in biological samples. The advantages and some limitations of MEPS, as well as its comparison with other extraction techniques, are also addressed herein.
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Taieb A, B’chir F, Molinié R, Nava-Saucedo JE, Nakhli J, Fliniaux MA, Ben Hadj Ali B, Saguem S. Relationships between clozapine and norclozapine plasma concentrations, clozapine dose, and clinical response in Tunisian patients with schizophrenia-treatment resistance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpsych.2012.24036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Wohlfarth A, Toepfner N, Hermanns-Clausen M, Auwärter V. Sensitive quantification of clozapine and its main metabolites norclozapine and clozapine-N-oxide in serum and urine using LC-MS/MS after simple liquid–liquid extraction work-up. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:737-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Taşdemir IH, Çakirer O, Erk N, Kiliç E. Square-wave cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry of risperidone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical properties and diffusion-adsorption behavior of risperidone (RPN), an antiphyscotic drug, on hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) were carried out in Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer. Some electrochemical parameters such as diffusion coefficient, number of transferred electrons and proton participated to its reduction mechanism and surface coverage coefficient were calculated from the results of cyclic voltammetry, square-wave voltammetry and constant potential electrolysis. RPN was found to be reduced with single two-electron/two-proton quasi-reversible mechanism controlled mainly by adsorption with some diffusion contribution at the potential about –1.58 V (vs Ag|AgCl electrode). Experimental parameters were optimized to develop a new, accurate, rapid, selective and simple square-wave cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric (SWCAdSV) method for direct determination of RPN in pharmaceutical dosage forms, spiked human urine and human serum samples without time-consuming steps prior to drug assay. This method was based on the relation between the peak current and the concentration of RPN and it was recognized that peak current of reduction wave linearly changes with the concentration of RPN in the concentration range of 1.5–150 nM, when optimum preconcentration potential –0.65 V and optimum preconcentration time 60 s were applied. In this method, limit of detection (LOD) was found as 5.18 nM (2.12 ppb). The method was successfully applied to determine the RPN content of commercial pharmaceutical preparations, spiked human serum and spiked human urine. The method was found to be highly accurate and precise, having a relative standard deviation of less than 4.80% for all applications.
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16
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Mandrioli R, Mercolini L, Lateana D, Boncompagni G, Raggi MA. Analysis of risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone in human plasma, urine and saliva by MEPS-LC-UV. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:167-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Patel RB, Patel BG, Patel MR, Bhatt KK. HPTLc method development and validation for analysis of risperidone in formulations, and in-vitro release study. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.22.2010.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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In vitro monitoring of picogram levels of risperidone in human urine via luminollysozyme flow injection chemiluminescence. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Madej K, Biedroń A, Garbacik A. Study of Separation and Extraction Conditions for Five Neuroleptic Drugs by an LLE-HPLC-DAD Method in Human Plasma. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903320582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Madej
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - A. Biedroń
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
| | - A. Garbacik
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University , Kraków, Poland
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20
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Song M, Yu X, Zhao H, Hang T, Yang L, Xu W. LC-MS-MS Determination and Pharmacokinetic Study of Clozapine in Human Plasma. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-0975-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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21
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Waldschmitt C, Pfuhlmann B, Hiemke C. Analysis of Multiple Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Drugs Including Active Metabolites in Serum of Psychiatric Patients by LC with Column Switching and Spectrophotometric Detection. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-009-1003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Non-destructive quantitative analysis of risperidone in film-coated tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:631-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Zhang G, Jr AVT, Bartlett MG. Bioanalytical methods for the determination of antipsychotic drugs. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:671-87. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Bharathi C, Chary DK, Kumar MS, Shankar R, Handa V, Dandala R, Naidu A. Identification, isolation and characterization of potential degradation product in risperidone tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 46:165-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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Zhang G, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of olanzapine, risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, clozapine, haloperidol and ziprasidone in rat brain tissue. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 858:276-81. [PMID: 17766202 PMCID: PMC2697569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
One prerequisite for therapeutic effects of psychiatric drugs is the ability to pass the blood brain barrier. Hence, it is important to know the concentration of antipsychotic drugs in brain tissue. In general, determinations of lipophilic compounds from lipophilic matricies such as the brain are a challenge. Here we have adapted a plasma assay for antipsychotics for the target organ the brain. Using modified sample preparation and chromatographic strategies, the analytes were extracted from rat brain homogenate and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. The method used a Waters Atlantis dC-18 (30 mm x 2.1 mm i.d., 3 microm) column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile/5 mM ammonium formate (pH 6.1 adjusted with formic acid) and gradient elution. All analytes were detected in positive ion mode using multiple-reaction monitoring. The method was validated and the linearity, lower limit of quantitation, precision, accuracy, recoveries, specificity and stability were determined. This method was then successfully used to quantify the rat brain tissue concentration of the analytes after chronic treatment with these antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
| | - Alvin V. Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2300, USA
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
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Zhang G, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Simultaneous determination of five antipsychotic drugs in rat plasma by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 856:20-8. [PMID: 17588832 PMCID: PMC2745293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 05/09/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A significant percentage of psychiatric patients who are treated with antipsychotics are treated with more than one antipsychotic drug in the clinic. Thus, it is advantageous to use a rapid and reliable assay that is suitable for determination of multiple antipsychotic drugs in plasma in a single run. A simple and sensitive HPLC-UV method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of olanzapine, haloperidol, chlorpromazine, ziprasidone, risperidone and its active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone in rat plasma using imipramine as an internal standard (I.S.). The analytes were extracted from rat plasma using a single step liquid-liquid acid solution back extraction technique with wash procedure, which provided the very clear baseline for blank plasma extraction. The compounds were separated on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C8 (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm) column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/30 mM ammonium acetate including 0.05% triethylamine (pH 5.86 adjusted with acetic acid) with gradient elution. All of the analytes were monitored using UV detection. The method was validated and the linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), precision, accuracy, recoveries, selectivity and stability were determined. The LLOQ was 2.0 ng/ml and correlation coefficient (R(2)) values for the linear range of 2.0-500.0 ng/ml were 0.998 or greater for all the analytes. The precision and accuracy for intra-day and inter-day were better than 7.44%. The recovery was above 74.8% for all of the analytes. This validated method has been successfully used to quantify the plasma concentration of the analytes for pharmacological and toxicological studies following chronic treatment with antipsychotic drugs in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
| | - Alvin V. Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2300, USA
| | - Michael G. Bartlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
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Blankert B, Dominguez O, El Ayyas W, Arcos J, Kauffmann J. Horseradish Peroxidase Electrode for the Analysis of Clozapine. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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28
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Farhadi K, Yamchi RH, Sabzi R. Electrochemical Study of Interaction Between Clozapine and DNA and Its Analytical Application. ANAL LETT 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710701384741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Mercolini L, Bugamelli F, Kenndler E, Boncompagni G, Franchini L, Raggi MA. Simultaneous determination of the antipsychotic drugs levomepromazine and clozapine and their main metabolites in human plasma by a HPLC-UV method with solid-phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 846:273-80. [PMID: 17045854 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A HPLC method with UV detection has been developed for the simultaneous determination of levomepromazine, clozapine and their main metabolites: N-desmethyl-levomepromazine, levomepromazine sulphoxide, O-desmethyl-levomepromazine, N-desmethylclozapine and clozapine N-oxide. The analytes were separated on a C8 reversed-phase column using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and a pH 2.0, 34 mM phosphate buffer containing 0.3% triethylamine (29:71, v/v). Loxapine was used as the internal standard. A reliable biological sample pre-treatment procedure by means of solid-phase extraction on C1 cartridges was implemented, which allows to obtain good extraction yields (>91%) for all analytes and appropriate sample purification from endogenous interference. The method was validated in terms of extraction yield, precision and accuracy. These assays gave RSD% values for precision always lower than 4.9% and mean accuracy values higher than 92%. The method is suitable for the therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of patients undergoing polypharmacy with levomepromazine and clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mercolini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum--University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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Farhadi K, Karimpour A. Electrochemical Behavior and Determination of Clozapine on a Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified by Electrochemical Oxidation. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:479-83. [PMID: 17420556 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The adsorptive and electrochemical behaviors of clozapine (CLZ) were investigated on a glassy carbon electrode that was electrochemically treated by anodic oxidation at +1.8 V, following potential cycling in the potential range from -0.8 to 1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Based on the obtained electrochemical results, an electrochemical-chemical (EC) mechanism was proposed to explain the electrochemical oxidation of CLZ. The resulting electrochemically pretreated glassy carbon electrode (EPGCE) showed good activity to improve the electrochemical response of the drug. CLZ was accumulated in a phosphate buffer (pH 6) at a certain time, and then determined by differential pulse voltammetry. The anodic and cathodic peak currents showed a linear function in the concentration ranges of 0.1 - 1, 1 - 10 and 10 - 100 microM with various accumulation times. The proposed method was successfully used for the determination of CLZ in pharmaceutical preparations. The preconcentration medium-exchange approach was utilized for the selective determination of the drug in spiked urine samples with satisfactory results. The recovery levels of the method reached 96% (RSD, 1.8%) and 90% (RSD, 2.8%) for urine and plasma samples, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Iran.
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Zhang G, Terry AV, Bartlett MG. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of olanzapine, risperidone, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, clozapine, haloperidol and ziprasidone in rat plasma. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:920-8. [PMID: 17295424 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple, sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of olanzapine, clozapine, ziprasidone, haloperidol, risperidone, and its active metabolite 9-hydroxyrisperidone, in rat plasma using midazolam as internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted from rat plasma using a single step liquid-liquid extraction technique. The compounds were separated on a Waters Atlantis dC-18 (30 mm x 2.1 mm i.d., 3 microm) column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/5 mM ammonium formate (pH 6.1 adjusted with formic acid) with gradient elution. All of the analytes were detected in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The method was validated and the specificity, linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ), precision, accuracy, recoveries and stability were determined. LLOQ was 0.1 ng/mL and correlation coefficient (R(2)) values for the linear range of 0.1-100 ng/mL were 0.997 or greater for all the analytes. The intra-day and inter-day precision and accuracy were better than 8.05%. The relative and absolute recovery was above 77% and matrix effects were low for all the analytes except for ziprasidone. This validated method has been successfully used to quantify the plasma concentration of the analytes after chronic treatment with antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2352, USA
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Niederländer HAG, Koster EHM, Hilhorst MJ, Metting HJ, Eilders M, Ooms B, de Jong GJ. High throughput therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine and metabolites in serum by on-line coupling of solid phase extraction with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 834:98-107. [PMID: 16527550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The characteristics of automated on-line solid phase extraction with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS) are very amenable for flexibility and throughput in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). We demonstrate this concept of automated, on-line SPE-LC-MS for the analysis of clozapine and metabolites (desmethylclozapine and clozapine-N-oxide) in serum. Method development, optimisation and validation are described and a comparison with previously published methods for the determination of clozapine and metabolites in serum and plasma is made. Optimisation of chromatographic and SPE conditions for increased throughput resulted in SPE-LC-MS cycle times of only about 2.2 min, demonstrating the great potential of automated on-line SPE-LC-MS for TDM. The new method is shown to be clearly favourable, in particular in terms of ease of sample handling, throughput and detection limits. Recovery is essentially quantitative. Detection limits are at about 0.15-0.3 ng ml(-1), depending on the ionisation source used. Calibration follows a quadratic model for clozapine and its N-oxide and a linear model for the desmethyl metabolite (all cases: R > 0.99). Accuracy, evaluated at three concentration levels spanning the whole therapeutic range, shows that bias is less than 10%. Precision (intra - and inter assay) ranges from about 5% R.S.D. at the high end of the therapeutic range (700-1,000 ng ml(-1)) to about 20% R.S.D. (OECD defined limit) at the lower limit of quantitation ( approximately 50 ng ml(-1)). The lower limit of quantitation is well below the low end of the therapeutic range at 350 ng ml(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- H A G Niederländer
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Group, University Center of Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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El-Sherif ZA, El-Zeany B, El-Houssini OM. High performance liquid chromatographic and thin layer densitometric methods for the determination of risperidone in the presence of its degradation products in bulk powder and in tablets. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 36:975-81. [PMID: 15620522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2003] [Revised: 06/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two reproducible stability indicating methods were developed for the determination of risperidone (RISP) in presence of its degradation products in pure form and in tablets. The first method was based on reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), on Lichrosorb RP C 18 column (250 mm i.d., 4 mm, 10 microm), using methanol:0.05 M potassium dihydrogen phosphate pH 7 (65:35 (v/v)) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 ml min(-1) at ambient temperature. Quantification was achieved with UV detection at 280 nm over a concentration range of 25-500 microg ml(-1) with mean percentage recovery of 99.87 +/- 1.049. The method retained its accuracy in the presence of up to 90% of RISP degradation products. The second method was based on TLC separation of RISP from its degradation products followed by densitometric measurement of the intact drug spot at 280 nm. The separation was carried out on aluminum sheet of silica gel 60F254 using acetonitrile:methanol:propanol:triethanolamine (8.5:1.2:0.6:0.2 (v/v/v/v)), as the mobile phase, over a concentration range of 2-10 microg per spot and mean percentage recovery of 100.1 +/- 1.18. The two methods were simple, precise, sensitive and could be successfully applied for the determination of pure, laboratory prepared mixtures and tablets. The results obtained were compared with the manufacturer's method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab A El-Sherif
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, 6 and 7 AboHazem St. Pyramids, PO Box 29, Giza, Egypt.
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Song Z, Wang C. Sensitive chemiluminescence assay for risperidone in pharmaceutical preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:491-4. [PMID: 15522522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) method to determine the antipsychotic risperidone (RSP) is proposed, based on the catalytic effect of risperidone on the CL reaction between luminol and hydrogen peroxide in flow system. The increment of CL intensity was correlated with risperidone concentration in the range of 10pg ml(-1) to 1.0ng ml(-1) with a relative standard deviation of less than 5.0% (n = 5); and a limit of detection of 4pg ml(-1) (3sigma). At a flow rate of 2.0ml min(-1), the flow injection CL method exhibited both high sensitivity and excellent selectivity giving a throughput of 120 samples per hour. The proposed method was applied successfully to the determination of risperidone in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
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Hammam E, Tawfik A, Ghoneim MM. Adsorptive stripping voltammetric quantification of the antipsychotic drug clozapine in bulk form, pharmaceutical formulation and human serum at a mercury electrode. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:149-56. [PMID: 15351059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2004] [Revised: 04/20/2004] [Accepted: 04/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Using the cyclic voltammetry technique and the Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 2-10) as a supporting electrolyte, clozapine was found to reduce at the hanging mercury drop electrode in a single two-electron irreversible step corresponding to reduction of the azomethine group of the seven-member heterocyclic ring. Based on the interfacial adsorptive character of clozapine onto the hanging mercury drop electrode, a validated square-wave adsorptive cathodic stripping (SWAdCS) voltammetric procedure was described for the quantification of bulk clozapine with limits of detection and quantitation of 4.5 x 10(-10) and 1.5 x 10(-9) M, respectively. The proposed procedure was successfully applied to the quantification of the drug in pharmaceutical formulation (Leponex) and human serum without the necessity for samples' pretreatment or any time-consuming extraction or evaporation steps prior to the analysis. The limits of detection and quantitation of clozapine in spiked human serum were found to be 1 x 10(-9) and 3.3 x 10(-9) M, respectively. The proposed procedure for quantification of clozapine in bulk form, tablets and human serum has the advantage of being simple, rapid, sensitive, precise and inexpensive compared to most of the reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hammam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt.
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Ho YH, Ko WK, Kou HS, Wu HL, Wu SM. Field-amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis for the determination of clozapine, clozapine N-oxide, and desmethylclozapine in schizophrenics’ plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 809:111-6. [PMID: 15282100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A method of field-amplified sample stacking in capillary electrophoresis is described for the simultaneous determination of clozapine (CZP) and its metabolites, clozapine N-oxide (CNO), and desmethylclozapine (DMC), in human plasma. Plasma (0.2 mL) was extracted with organic solvents (ethyl acetate/n-hexane/isopropyl alcohol, 8/1/1 by volume) and centrifuged. An aliquot of supernatant was evaporated and suitably reconstituted with water for CE analysis. An untreated fused-silica capillary was used (31.2 cm; effective length, 20 cm; 50 microm i.d.) for the analysis. The background buffer was phosphate buffer (400 mM, pH 3.0) containing 50% ethylene glycol. The separation voltage was 25 kV with a detection wavelength of 214 nm. In the method validation, the calibration curves were linear (r > or = 0.98) over a range of 50-800 ng/mL for CZP, 30-180 ng/mL for CNO, and 25-600 ng/mL for DMC. The relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) and relative error (R.E.) were all less than 11% for the intra- and inter-day assays. The limits of detection (S/N = 3, electric-driven injection, 99.9s) of CZP, DMC, and CNO were 5, 5, and 10 ng/mL, respectively. After continuing treatment with the CZP tablets, a blood sample from one male schizophrenic patient (41-year-old, 62 kg) who had been receiving ongoing treatment with the CZP tablets was prepared and analyzed. The levels of CZP, DMC, and CNO were determined and the feasibility of the method's application in clinical treatment was proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsiang Ho
- Faculty of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Garay Garcia L, Forfar-Bares I, Pehourcq F, Jarry C. Simultaneous determination of four antipsychotic drugs in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 795:257-64. [PMID: 14522030 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(03)00576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A specific reversed phase-high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of clozapine (CZP), loxapine (LXP), zuclopenthixol (ZPT) and flupenthixol (FPT) in plasma. These four antipsychotic drugs are frequently used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric diseases. Carpipramine, a dihydrodibenzazepine, was used as an internal standard (I.S.). A liquid-liquid procedure was used to extract the drugs from human plasma. The analysis was performed on a XTerra MS C18 column with UV detection. Calibration curves were linear in the range 50-1000 microg/l. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 15 microg/l for clozapine and loxapine and 20 microg/l for zuclopenthixol and flupenthixol. The coefficient of variation (CV) for intra- and inter-day precision was 7.2% or less with accuracies within 10% for the three concentrations.This isocratic and rapid method (run time<10 min) is useful for the management of acute intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Garay Garcia
- EA2962-Pharmacochimie, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Bordeaux Cedex 33076, France
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