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Lazofsky A, Brinker A, Rivera-Núñez Z, Buckley B. A comparison of four liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry platforms for the analysis of zeranols in urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:4885-4899. [PMID: 37432442 PMCID: PMC10386926 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Targeted biomonitoring studies quantifying the concentration of zeranols in biological matrices have focused on liquid chromatography interfaced to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The MS platform for measurement, quadrupole, time-of-flight (ToF), ion trap, etc., is often chosen based on either sensitivity or selectivity. An instrument performance comparison of the benefits and limitations using matrix-matched standards containing 6 zeranols on 4 MS instruments, 2 low-resolution (linear ion traps), and 2 high-resolution (Orbitrap and ToF) was undertaken to identify the best measurement platform for multiple biomonitoring projects characterizing the endocrine disruptive properties of zeranols. Analytical figures of merit were calculated for each analyte to compare instrument performance across platforms. The calibration curves had correlation coefficients r = 0.989 ± 0.012 for all analytes and LODs and LOQs were ranked for sensitivity: Orbitrap > LTQ > LTQXL > G1 (V mode) > G1 (W mode). The Orbitrap had the smallest measured variation (lowest %CV), while the G1 had the highest. Instrumental selectivity was calculated using full width at half maximum (FWHM) and as expected, the low-resolution instruments had the broadest spectrometric peaks, concealing coeluting peaks under the same mass window as the analyte. Multiple peaks from concomitant ions, unresolved at low resolution (within a unit mass window), were present but did not match the exact mass predicted for the analyte. For example, the high-resolution platforms were able to differentiate between a concomitant peak at 319.1915 from the analyte at 319.1551, included in low-resolution quantitative analyses demonstrating the need to consider coeluting interfering ions in biomonitoring studies. Finally, a validated method using the Orbitrap was applied to human urine samples from a pilot cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Lazofsky
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Anita Brinker
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Zorimar Rivera-Núñez
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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NAZLI B, OLGUN EO, ÇAKIR B, DEMIRCI M. An analytical study to determine prohibited anabolic residues in red meat tissue using LC-MS/MS system. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.65420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bülent NAZLI
- Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Turkey; Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Turkey
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Biological Transformation of Zearalenone by Some Bacterial Isolates Associated with Ruminant and Food Samples. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100712. [PMID: 34679005 PMCID: PMC8540131 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is a secondary metabolite produced by Fusarium spp., the filamentous fungi. Food and feed contamination with zearalenone has adverse effects on health and economy. ZEA degradation through microorganisms is providing a promising preventive measure. The current study includes isolation of 47 bacterial strains from 100 different food and rumen samples. Seventeen isolates showed maximum activity of ZEA reduction. A bacterial isolate, RS-5, reduced ZEA concentration up to 78.3% through ELISA analysis and 74.3% as determined through HPLC. Ten of the most efficient strains were further selected for comparison of their biodegradation activity in different conditions such as incubation period, and different growth media. The samples were analyzed after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h of incubation. De Man Rogosa Sharp (MRS) broth, Tryptic soy broth, and nutrient broth were used as different carbon sources for comparison of activity through ELISA. The mean degradation % ± SD through ELISA and HPLC were 70.77% ± 3.935 and 69.11% ± 2.768, respectively. Optimum reducing activity was detected at 72 h of incubation, and MRS broth is a suitable medium. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene nucleotide sequences confirmed that one of the bacterial isolate RS-5 bacterial isolates with higher mycotoxin degradation is identified as Bacillus subtilis isolated from rumen sample. B05 (FSL-8) bacterial isolate of yogurt belongs to the genus Lactobacillus with 99.66% similarity with Lactobacillus delbrukii. Similarly, three other bacterial isolates, D05, H05 and F04 (FS-17, FSL-2 and FS-20), were found to be the sub-species/strains Pseudomonas gessardii of genus Pseudomonas based on their similarity level of (99.2%, 96% and 96.88%) and positioning in the phylogenetic tree. Promising detoxification results were revealed through GC-MS analysis of RS-5 and FSL-8 activity.
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Duan H, Chen X, Xu W, Fu J, Xiong Y, Wang A. Quantum-dot submicrobead-based immunochromatographic assay for quantitative and sensitive detection of zearalenone. Talanta 2014; 132:126-31. [PMID: 25476288 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin pollutants are commonly related to cereal products and cause fatal threats in food safety, and therefore require simple and sensitive detection. In this work, quantum-dot (QD) submicrobeads (QBs) were synthesized by encapsulating CdSe/ZnS QDs using the microemulsion technique. The resultant QBs, with approximately 2800 times brighter luminescence than the corresponding QDs, were explored as novel fluorescent probes in the immunochromatographic assay (ICA) for sensitive and quantitative detection of zearalenone (ZEN) in corns. Various parameters that influenced the sensitivity and stability of QB-based ICA (QB-ICA) were investigated and optimized. The optimal QB-ICA exhibits good dynamic linear detection for ZEN over the range of 0.125 ng/mL to 10 ng/mL with a median inhibitory concentration of 1.01±0.09 ng/mL (n=3). The detection limits for ZEN in a standard solution and real corn sample (dilution ratio of 1:30) are 0.0625 ng/mL and 3.6 µg/kg, respectively, which is much better than that of a previously reported gold nanoparticle-based ICA method. Forty-six natural corn samples are assayed using both QB-ICA and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The two methods show a highly significant correlation (R(2)=0.92). Nine ZEN-contaminated samples were further confirmed with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the QB-ICA results also exhibited good agreement with LC-MS/MS method. In brief, this work demonstrates that QB-ICA is capable of rapid, sensitive screening of toxins in food analysis, and shows great promise for point-of-care testing of other analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Xuelan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule (Ministry of Education), Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jinhua Fu
- Jiangxi Institute of Veterinary Drug and Feedstuff Control, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Andrew Wang
- Ocean NanoTech, LLC., San Diego, CA 92126, USA
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5
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Peng M, Le J, Yang Y. Simultaneous determination of 11 related impurities in propofol by gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry coupled with pulsed splitless injection technique. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1959-66. [PMID: 23936914 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A variety of related impurities, including starting materials, process impurities, and degradation products, can be detected in propofol. In this article, a sensitive and selective GC-MS/MS method using pulsed splitless injection technique for the determination of 11 main related impurities in propofol in one chromatogram is investigated. This method is extensively validated for its linearity, recovery, precision, LOD, and LOQ, and is able to detect trace-level related impurities (LOD = 0.2-5.6 μg/g) in propofol bulk drug. Stressed tests proposed that oxidative degradation, photolytic degradation, and heat are the main causes for the formation of degradation products in propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China.
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Cao X, Wu S, Yue Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Tao L, Tian H, Xie J, Ding H. A high-throughput method for the simultaneous determination of multiple mycotoxins in human and laboratory animal biological fluids and tissues by PLE and HPLC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 942-943:113-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Haiyang J, Wenjun W, Jinghui Z, Xiaoqi T, Jiancheng L, Xi X, Kai W, Fei X, Zhaopeng W, Min C, Xiangmei L, Xiaoping W, Shien W, Shuangyang D. Determination of zeranol and its metabolites in bovine muscle and liver by a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay: compared to an ultraperformance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy method. LUMINESCENCE 2013; 29:393-400. [PMID: 23934682 DOI: 10.1002/bio.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Haiyang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No.2 Beijing 100193 China
| | - Wang Wenjun
- Beijing WDWK Biotech Co., Ltd; Beijing 100085 China
| | - Zhu Jinghui
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No.2 Beijing 100193 China
| | - Tao Xiaoqi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No.2 Beijing 100193 China
| | - Li Jiancheng
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No.2 Beijing 100193 China
| | - Xia Xi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No.2 Beijing 100193 China
| | - Wen Kai
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No.2 Beijing 100193 China
| | - Xu Fei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No.2 Beijing 100193 China
- Beijing WDWK Biotech Co., Ltd; Beijing 100085 China
| | | | - Chen Min
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No.2 Beijing 100193 China
| | - Li Xiangmei
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No.2 Beijing 100193 China
- Beijing WDWK Biotech Co., Ltd; Beijing 100085 China
| | - Wu Xiaoping
- Beijing WDWK Biotech Co., Ltd; Beijing 100085 China
| | - Wang Shien
- Beijing WDWK Biotech Co., Ltd; Beijing 100085 China
| | - Ding Shuangyang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine; China Agricultural University; Yuan Ming Yuan West Road No.2 Beijing 100193 China
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Matraszek-Zuchowska I, Wozniak B, Zmudzki J. Determination of zeranol, taleranol, zearalanone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol and zearalenone in urine by LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:987-94. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.787656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Tevell Åberg A, Solyakov A, Bondesson U. Development and in-house validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 and HT-2 toxin, ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 and B2 in vegetable animal feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:541-9. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.760208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Krifaton C, Kriszt B, Risa A, Szoboszlay S, Cserháti M, Harkai P, Eldridge M, Wang J, Kukolya J. Application of a yeast estrogen reporter system for screening zearalenone degrading microbes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 244-245:429-435. [PMID: 23274943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to screen microbes for their zearalenone degrading potential and to select microbes whose activities do not create toxic or endocrine disrupting metabolites. Bioluminescent bioreporters (Saccharomyces cerevisiae BLYES and BLYR) were successfully used to monitor toxin degradation; the results of zearalenone biodegradation experiments were confirmed by parallel chemical analysis (HPLC-FLD) and immunoanalytical (ELISA) tests. Using the BLYES/BLYR bioreporters, the most appropriate microbes (ones that produced minimal toxic products and products with lower estrogenic potential) could be selected. The most promising strains belong to Streptomyces and Rhodococcus genera. Our findings demonstrate the benefit of using biological tests beside the analytical method, since bioreporters were able to monitor the samples for toxicity and estrogenic potential even after substantial degradation. We conclude that the BLYES/BLYR bioreporter system is a cost effective, fast and reliable tool for screening zearalenone-degrading microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Krifaton
- Department of Environmental Protection & Safety, Szent István University, 1 Páter K St, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
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11
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Capriotti AL, Caruso G, Cavaliere C, Foglia P, Samperi R, Laganà A. Multiclass mycotoxin analysis in food, environmental and biological matrices with chromatography/mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:466-503. [PMID: 22065561 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Mold metabolites that can elicit deleterious effects on other organisms are classified as mycotoxins. Human exposure to mycotoxins occurs mostly through the intake of contaminated agricultural products or residues due to carry over or metabolite products in foods of animal origin such as milk and eggs, but can also occur by dermal contact and inhalation. Mycotoxins contained in moldy foods, but also in damp interiors, can cause diseases in humans and animals. Nephropathy, various types of cancer, alimentary toxic aleukia, hepatic diseases, various hemorrhagic syndromes, and immune and neurological disorders are the most common diseases that can be related to mycotoxicosis. The absence or presence of mold infestation and its propagation are seldom correlated with mycotoxin presence. Mycotoxins must be determined directly, and suitable analytical methods are necessary. Hundreds of mycotoxins have been recognized, but only for a few of them, and in a restricted number of utilities, a maximum acceptable level has been regulated by law. However, mycotoxins seldom develop alone; more often various types and/or classes form in the same substrate. The co-occurrence might render the individual mycotoxin tolerance dose irrelevant, and therefore the mere presence of multiple mycotoxins should be considered a risk factor. The advantage of chromatography/mass spectrometry (MS) is that many compounds can be determined and confirmed in one analysis. This review illustrates the state-of-the-art of mycotoxin MS-based analytical methods for multiclass, multianalyte determination in all the matrices in which they appear. A chapter is devoted to the history of the long-standing coexistence and interaction among humans, domestic animals and mycotoxicosis, and the history of the discovery of mycotoxins. Quality assurance, although this topic relates to analytical chemistry in general, has been also examined for mycotoxin analysis as a preliminary to the systematic literature excursus. Sample handling is a crucial step to devise a multiclass analytical method; so when possible, it has been treated separately for a better comparison before tackling the instrumental part of the whole analytical method. This structure has resulted sometimes in unavoidable redundancies, because it was also important to underline the interconnection. Most reviews do not deal with all the possible mycotoxin sources, including the environmental ones. The focus of this review is the analytical methods based on MS for multimycotoxin class determination. Because the final purpose to devise multimycotoxin analysis should be the assessment of the danger to health of exposition to multitoxicants of natural origin (and possibly also the interaction with anthropogenic contaminants), therefore also the analytical methods for environmental relevant mycotoxins have been thoroughly reviewed. Finally, because the best way to shed light on actual risk assessment could be the individuation of exposure biomarkers, the review covers also the scarce literature on biological fluids.
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Wang Z, Luo P, Cheng L, Zhang S, Shen J. Hapten-antibody recognition studies in competitive immunoassay of α-zearalanol analogs by computational chemistry and Pearson Correlation analysis. J Mol Recognit 2012; 24:815-23. [PMID: 21812055 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular recognition of hapten-antibody is a fundamental event in competitive immunoassay, which guarantees the sensitivity and specificity of immunoassay for the detection of haptens. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between binding ability of one monoclonal antibody, 1H9B4, recognizing and the molecular aspects of α-zearalanol analogs. The mouse-derived monoclonal antibody was produced by using α-zearalanol conjugated to bovine serum albumin as an immunogen. The antibody recognition abilities, expressed as IC(50) values, were determined by a competitive ELISA. All of the hapten molecules were optimized by Density Function Theory (DFT) at B3LYP/ 6-31G* level and the conformation and electrostatic molecular isosurface were employed to explain the molecular recognition between α-zearalanol analogs and antibody 1H9B4. Pearson Correlation analysis between molecular descriptors and IC(50) values was qualitatively undertaken and the results showed that one molecular descriptor, surface of the hapten molecule, clearly demonstrated linear relationship with antibody recognition ability, where the relationship coefficient was 0.88 and the correlation was significant at p < 0.05 level. The study shows that computational chemistry and Pearson Correlation analysis can be used as tool to help the immunochemistries better understand the processing of antibody recognition of hapten molecules in competitive immunoassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, People's Republic of China
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Thevis M, Fusshöller G, Schänzer W. Zeranol: doping offence or mycotoxin? A case-related study. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:777-83. [PMID: 22095651 DOI: 10.1002/dta.352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Zeranol ((7R,11S)-7,15,17-trihydroxy-11-methyl-12-oxabicyclo[12.4.0]octadeca-1(14),15,17-trien-13-one, also referred to as 7α-zearalanol, Ralone®, Frideron®, Ralgro®, etc.) is a semi-synthetic estrogenic veterinary drug with growth-promoting properties. Its use regarding animal husbandry has been prohibited in the European Union since 1981 and, due to its anabolic effects, it is further recognized as a banned substance in sport. Numerous studies were conducted concerning the identification of the illicit application of zeranol to domestic livestock. These studies also considered the natural occurrence of zeranol as a metabolite of the mycotoxin zearalenone and the issue of differentiating both scenarios, i.e. illegal use or unintended contamination. Human sports drug testing authorities are facing comparable challenges since the deliberate misuse of the (for human application non-approved) drug should be discriminated from adverse analytical findings resulting from the biotransformation of the mycotoxin zearalenone possibly ingested with contaminated food. The active drug (zeranol), its major human metabolites (zearalanone, 7β-zearalanol) and the mycotoxin (zearalenone) plus its major and unique metabolic products (α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol) have been monitored in routine doping controls by means of validated gas chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-(MS/)MS) methods since 1996, and between 2005 and 2010 four samples providing suspicious signals were detected. In agreement with literature data, in vitro metabolism studies demonstrated the metabolic pathway from zearalenone towards zeranol (and common metabolites). In contrast, an administration study urine sample (collected after oral application of 20 mg of zeranol) yielded only ultra-trace amounts of zearalenone and its characteristic metabolites, which supported the assumption that a mycotoxin contamination caused the finding of zeranol in the doping control specimens rather than a misuse of the anabolic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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14
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Bandera EV, Chandran U, Buckley B, Lin Y, Isukapalli S, Marshall I, King M, Zarbl H. Urinary mycoestrogens, body size and breast development in New Jersey girls. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:5221-7. [PMID: 21975003 PMCID: PMC3312601 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite extensive research and interest in endocrine disruptors, there are essentially no epidemiologic studies of estrogenic mycotoxins, such as zeranol and zearalenone (ZEA). ZEA mycoestrogens are present in grains and other plant foods through fungal contamination, and in animal products (e.g., meat, eggs, dairy products) through deliberate introduction of zeranol into livestock to enhance meat production, or by indirect contamination of animals through consumption of contaminated feedstuff. Zeranol is banned for use in animal husbandry in the European Union and other countries, but is still widely used in the US. Surprisingly, little is known about the health effects of these mycoestrogens, including their impact on puberty in girls, a period highly sensitive to estrogenic stimulation. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis among 163 girls, aged 9 and 10 years, participating in the Jersey Girl Study to measure urinary mycoestrogens and their possible relationship to body size and development. RESULTS We found that mycoestrogens were detectable in urine in 78.5% of the girls, and that urinary levels were predominantly associated with beef and popcorn intake. Furthermore, girls with detectable urinary ZEA mycoestrogen levels tended to be shorter and less likely to have reached the onset of breast development. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that ZEA mycoestrogens may exert anti-estrogenic effects similar to those reported for isoflavones. To our knowledge, this was the first evaluation of urinary mycoestrogens and their potential health effects in healthy girls. However, our findings need replication in larger studies with more heterogeneous populations, using a longitudinal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa V Bandera
- The Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States.
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Determination of zearalenone and its metabolites in endometrial cancer by coupled separation techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:2069-78. [PMID: 21750881 PMCID: PMC3175039 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a selective method of isolation of zearalenone (ZON) and its metabolite, α-zearalenol (α-ZOL), in neoplastically changed human tissue by accelerated solvent and ultrasonic extractions using a mixture of acetonitrile/water (84/16% v/v) as the extraction solvent. Extraction effectiveness was determined through the selection of parameters (composition of the solvent mixture, temperature, pressure, number of cycles) with tissue contamination at the level of nanograms per gram. The produced acetonitrile/water extracts were purified, and analytes were enriched in columns packed with homemade molecularly imprinted polymers. Purified extracts were determined by liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with different detection systems (diode array detection - DAD and mass spectrometry - MS) involving the Ascentis RP-Amide as a stationary phase and gradient elution. The combination of UE-MISPE-LC (ultrasonic extraction - molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction - liquid chromatography) produced high (R ≈ 95–98%) and repeatable (RSD < 3%) recovery values for ZON and α-ZOL.
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Soleimany F, Jinap S, Rahmani A, Khatib A. Simultaneous detection of 12 mycotoxins in cereals using RP-HPLC-PDA-FLD with PHRED and a post-column derivatization system. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:494-501. [PMID: 21337232 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2010.551547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the simultaneous quantification of 12 mycotoxins was developed and optimized using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with a photodiode array (PDA) and fluorescence detector (FLD), a photochemical reactor for enhanced detection (PHRED) and post-column derivatization. The mycotoxins included aflatoxins (AFB(1), AFB(2), AFG(1), and AFG(2)), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FB(1), FB(2), and FB(3)), T-2 and HT-2 toxins. A double sample extraction with a phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) and methanol was used for co-extraction of mycotoxins, and a multifunctional immunoaffinity column was used for cleanup. Optimum conditions for separation of the mycotoxins were obtained to separate 12 mycotoxins in FLD and PDA chromatograms with a high resolution. The method gave recoveries in the range 72-111% when applied to spiked corn samples. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.025 ng/g for AFB(1) and AFG(1), 0.012 ng/g for AFB(2) and AFG(2), 0.2 ng/g for OTA, 1.5 ng/g for ZEA, 6.2 ng/g for FB(1), FB(3) and HT-2 toxin, 9.4 ng/g for FB(2) and T-2 toxin, and 18.7 ng/g for DON. In addition, the limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.04 ng/g for AFB(2) and AFG(2) to 62 ng/g for DON. The method was successfully applied to the determination of these mycotoxins in 45 cereal samples obtained from the Malaysian market. The results indicated that the method can be applied for the multi-mycotoxin determination of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Soleimany
- Center of Excellence for Food Safety Research, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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17
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Schenzel J, Schwarzenbach RP, Bucheli TD. Multi-residue screening method to quantify mycotoxins in aqueous environmental samples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:11207-11217. [PMID: 20925381 DOI: 10.1021/jf102737q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring secondary metabolites of fungi colonizing agricultural products on the field or during storage. In earlier work, we have shown that two common mycotoxins, i.e., zearalenone and deoxynivalenol, can be present at significant levels in the aquatic environment. This raises the question about the relevance of a wider range of mycotoxins in natural waters. In this investigation, we present the first validated method for analysis of some additional 30 mycotoxins in drainage, river, and wastewater treatment plant effluent water. The method includes solid-phase extraction over Oasis HLB cartridges, followed by liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Absolute method recoveries for 13 of the 33 mycotoxins were higher than 70% in wastewater treatment plant effluent (at 25 ng/L), and 27 compounds had method detection limits (MDLs) below 10 ng/L. The applicability of this method is illustrated with selected data from our ongoing monitoring campaigns. Specifically and for the first time, beauvericin and nivalenol were quantified in drainage and river water samples with mean concentrations of 6.7 and 4.3 ng/L and 6.1 and 5.9 ng/L, respectively. These compounds thus add to the complex mixture of natural and anthropogenic micropollutants in natural waters, where their ecotoxicological risk remains to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schenzel
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, CH-8046 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Songsermsakul P, Razzazi-Fazeli E. A Review of Recent Trends in Applications of Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Mycotoxins. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802126395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Songsermsakul
- a Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Khon Kaen University , Thailand
| | - E. Razzazi-Fazeli
- b Department of Veterinary Public Health , Institute of Nutrition, VetOMICS Core Facility for Research/University of Veterinary Medicine , Vienna, Austria
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19
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Shin BS, Hong SH, Hwang SW, Kim HJ, Lee JB, Yoon HS, Kim DJ, Yoo SD. Determination of zearalenone by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:1014-21. [PMID: 19347967 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone, a mycotoxin biosynthesized by various Fusarium fungi, is widely found as a contaminant in grains and animal feeds. This study describes a rapid and sensitive LC/MS/MS assay method for the quantification of zearalenone in rat serum. The assay was validated to demonstrate the specificity, linearity, recovery, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), accuracy and precision. The multiple reaction monitoring was based on the transition of m/z 317.0 --> 130.9 for zearalenone and 319.0 --> 204.8 for zearalanone (internal standard). The assay utilized a single liquid-liquid extraction with t-butyl methyl ether and isocratic elution, and the LLOQ was 0.5 ng/mL using 0.1 mL rat serum. The assay was linear over a concentration range from 0.5 to 200 ng/mL, with correlation coefficients >0.9996. The mean intra- and inter-day assay accuracy was 101.2-112.9 and 96.3-108.0%, respectively. The mean intra- and inter-day precision was between 1.3-7.6 and 3.6-10.6%, respectively. The developed assay was applied to a pharmacokinetic study after a bolus intravenous injection of zearalenone in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom Soo Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Korea
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20
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Options for veterinary drug analysis using mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8016-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Hoerger CC, Schenzel J, Strobel BW, Bucheli TD. Analysis of selected phytotoxins and mycotoxins in environmental samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1261-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Dickson LC, Costain R, McKenzie D, Fesser ACE, Macneil JD. Quantitative screening of stilbenes and zeranol and its related residues and natural precursors in veal liver by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:6536-6542. [PMID: 19722563 DOI: 10.1021/jf9010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An existing gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based quantitative screening method for the regulatory analysis of the resorcylic acid lactones zeranol, taleranol, and zearalanone and the stilbene anabolic steroids diethylstilbestrol and dienestrol was extended to include natural precursors of zeranol (zearalenone, alpha-zearalenol, and beta-zearalenol) in veal liver. No changes in sample preparation were required; the instrumental conditions were selected to effect a suitable chromatographic separation and detection of the analytes. Validation experiments were performed to verify the performance and applicability of the extended method for the quantitative screening of the original and additional analytes in veal liver in the concentration range from 0.5 to 2.0 microg/kg. The limits of detection were 0.08-0.19 microg/kg. The limits of quantitation were 0.27-0.64 microg/kg. Recoveries were 29-67%. Combined relative measurement uncertainty estimates were 6-21%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie C Dickson
- Centre for Veterinary Drug Residues, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 116 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 2R3.
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23
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Shim WB, Kim KY, Chung DH. Development and validation of a gold nanoparticle immunochromatographic assay (ICG) for the detection of zearalenone. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:4035-4041. [PMID: 19348422 DOI: 10.1021/jf900075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (mAb)-based gold nanoparticle immunochromatographic assay (ICG) for zearalenone detection was developed, optimized, and validated. The detection limits of ICG optimized with appropriate amounts of zearalenone-bovine serum albumin and gold nanoparticle-mAb to zearalenone were 2.5 ng/mL and 30 μg/kg for the standard solution and spike sample, respectively, and a weak cross-reaction for α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol was observed. The assay required only 15 min to obtain results and one step to perform the assay. In validation, the results obtained from spiked corn (10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 μg/kg) and naturally contaminated corn samples by the ICG were in good agreement with those obtained by direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DC-ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Therefore, the results obtained in this study could be used as basic research for the development of zearalenone-ICG, and the ICG developed could be a useful on-site screening tool for the rapid detection of zearalenone in corn without special instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Bo Shim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK 21 program), Graduate School, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, Korea
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24
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Confirmatory method for the determination of resorcylic acid lactones in urine sample using immunoaffinity cleanup and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 637:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Xia X, Li X, Ding S, Zhang S, Jiang H, Li J, Shen J. Ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of six resorcylic acid lactones in bovine milk. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2587-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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26
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An overview of conventional and emerging analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:62-115. [PMID: 19333436 PMCID: PMC2662450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are a group of compounds produced by various fungi and excreted into the matrices on which they grow, often food intended for human consumption or animal feed. The high toxicity and carcinogenicity of these compounds and their ability to cause various pathological conditions has led to widespread screening of foods and feeds potentially polluted with them. Maximum permissible levels in different matrices have also been established for some toxins. As these are quite low, analytical methods for determination of mycotoxins have to be both sensitive and specific. In addition, an appropriate sample preparation and pre-concentration method is needed to isolate analytes from rather complicated samples. In this article, an overview of methods for analysis and sample preparation published in the last ten years is given for the most often encountered mycotoxins in different samples, mainly in food. Special emphasis is on liquid chromatography with fluorescence and mass spectrometric detection, while in the field of sample preparation various solid-phase extraction approaches are discussed. However, an overview of other analytical and sample preparation methods less often used is also given. Finally, different matrices where mycotoxins have to be determined are discussed with the emphasis on their specific characteristics important for the analysis (human food and beverages, animal feed, biological samples, environmental samples). Various issues important for accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses are critically discussed: sampling and choice of representative sample, sample preparation and possible bias associated with it, specificity of the analytical method and critical evaluation of results.
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27
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Spanjer MC, Rensen PM, Scholten JM. LC-MS/MS multi-method for mycotoxins after single extraction, with validation data for peanut, pistachio, wheat, maize, cornflakes, raisins and figs. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2008; 25:472-89. [PMID: 18348046 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701552964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxin analysis is usually carried out by high performance liquid chromatography after immunoaffinity column cleanup or in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. These methods normally involve determination of single compounds only. EU legislation already exists for the aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and patulin in food, and legislation will come into force for deoxynivalenol, zearalenone and the fumonisins in 2007. To enforce the various legal limits, it would be preferable to determine all mycotoxins by routine analysis in different types of matrices in one single extract. This would also be advantageous for HACCP control purposes. For this reason, a multi-method was developed with which 33 mycotoxins in various products could be analysed simultaneously. The mycotoxins were extracted with an acetonitrile/water mixture, diluted with water and then directly injected into a LC-MS/MS system. The mycotoxins were separated by reversed-phase HPLC and detected using an electrospray ionisation interface (ESI) and tandem MS, using MRM in the positive ion mode, to increase specificity for quality control. The following mycotoxins could be analysed in a single 30-min run: Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, alpha-zearalenol, alpha-zearalanol, beta-zearalanol, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, penicillic acid, fumonisins B1, B2 and B3, diacetoxyscirpenol, 3- and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, zearalanone, ergotamin, ergocornin, ergocristin, alpha-ergocryptin, citrinin, roquefortin C, fusarenone X, nivalenol, mycophenolic acid, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether. The limit of quantification for the aflatoxins and ochratoxin A was 1.0 microg kg(-1) and for deoxynivalenol 50 microg kg(-1). The quantification limits for the other mycotoxins were in the range 10-200 microg kg(-1). The matrix effect and validation data are presented for between 13 and 24 mycotoxins in peanuts, pistachios, wheat, maize, cornflakes, raisins and figs. The method has been compared with the official EU method for the determination of aflatoxins in food and relevant FAPAS rounds. The multi-mycotoxin method has been proven by the detection of more than one mycotoxin in maize, buckwheat, figs and nuts. The LC-MS/MS technique has also been applied to baby food, which is subject to lower limits for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, ergot alkaloids in naturally contaminated rye and freeze-dried silage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martien C Spanjer
- National Reference Laboratory for Mycotoxins and Pesticides in Food, Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA), Hoogte Kadijk 401, The Netherlands.
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28
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Shin BS, Hong SH, Kim HJ, Yoon HS, Kim DJ, Hwang SW, Lee JB, Yoo SD. Development of a Sensitive LC Assay with Fluorescence Detection for the Determination of Zearalenone in Rat Serum. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0871-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Takagi M, Mukai S, Kuriyagawa T, Takagaki K, Uno S, Kokushi E, Otoi T, Budiyanto A, Shirasuna K, Miyamoto A, Kawamura O, Okamoto K, Deguchi E. Detection of zearalenone and its metabolites in naturally contaminated follicular fluids by using LC/MS/MS and in vitro effects of zearalenone on oocyte maturation in cattle. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 26:164-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Zachariasova M, Hajslova J, Kostelanska M, Poustka J, Krplova A, Cuhra P, Hochel I. Deoxynivalenol and its conjugates in beer: A critical assessment of data obtained by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 625:77-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Khan SJ, Roser DJ, Davies CM, Peters GM, Stuetz RM, Tucker R, Ashbolt NJ. Chemical contaminants in feedlot wastes: concentrations, effects and attenuation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:839-859. [PMID: 18055014 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Commercial feedlots for beef cattle finishing are potential sources of a range of trace chemicals which have human health or environmental significance. To ensure adequate protection of human and environmental health from exposure to these chemicals, the application of effective manure and effluent management practices is warranted. The Australian meat and livestock industry has adopted a proactive approach to the identification of best management practices. Accordingly, this review was undertaken to identify key chemical species that may require consideration in the development of guidelines for feedlot manure and effluent management practices in Australia. Important classes of trace chemicals identified include steroidal hormones, antibiotics, ectoparasiticides, mycotoxins, heavy metals and dioxins. These are described in terms of their likely sources, expected concentrations and public health or environmental significance based on international data and research. Androgenic hormones such as testosterone and trenbolone are significantly active in feedlot wastes, but they are poorly understood in terms of fate and environmental implications. The careful management of residues of antibiotics including virginiamycin, tylosin and oxytetracycline appears prudent in terms of minimising the risk of potential public health impacts from resistant strains of bacteria. Good management of ectoparasiticides including synthetic pyrethroids, macrocyclic lactones, fluazuron, and amitraz is important for the prevention of potential ecological implications, particularly towards dung beetles. Very few of these individual chemical contaminants have been thoroughly investigated in terms of concentrations, effects and attenuation in Australian feedlot wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Khan
- Centre for Water and Waste Technology, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, NSW 2054, Australia.
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32
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Maragou NC, Rosenberg E, Thomaidis NS, Koupparis MA. Direct determination of the estrogenic compounds 8-prenylnaringenin, zearalenone, alpha- and beta-zearalenol in beer by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1202:47-57. [PMID: 18621378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 06/14/2008] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel LC-ESI-MS method for the simultaneous determination of four of the most significant estrogenic compounds naturally occurring in beer, 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), zearalenone (ZON), alpha-zearalenol (alpha-ZOL) and beta-zearalenol (beta-ZOL) which requires minimal sample preparation was developed using a chemometric approach. Experimental design was applied to assess the effects of the LC-ESI-MS parameters (mobile phase flow rate, drying gas flow, nebuliser pressure and capillary potential) on the obtained signal and to optimize the values in order to provide maximum sensitivity and detectability. The proposed method is simple, consisting only of degassing the beer and diluting with water (1:1, v/v) before injection. Comparison between the two internal standards used, zearalanone (ZAN) and 4,2'-dihydroxychalcone (4,2'-DHC), showed that ZAN performs better as internal standard not only for the mycotoxins but for 8-PN as well, giving lower % RSDs. Under inter-day conditions mean recoveries were 107% for ZON, 87.8% for alpha-ZOL, 72.8% for beta-ZOL, and 77.5% for 8-PN. The corresponding % RSDs ranged between 5.0 and 8.0. The method limits of detection were 1.3, 1.4, 1.0 and 0.8 ng mL(-1) for ZON, alpha-ZOL, beta-ZOL and 8-PN, respectively. The method was applied to 15 beer samples obtained from local supermarkets and the concentration of the phytoestrogen 8-PN in beer ranged between <0.8 and 38.6 ng mL(-1), while neither ZON nor its metabolites, alpha-ZOL and beta-ZOL, were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki C Maragou
- Vienna University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Getreidemarkt 9/164 AC, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
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33
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Gromadzka K, Waskiewicz A, Chelkowski J, Golinski P. Zearalenone and its metabolites: occurrence, detection, toxicity and guidelines. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2008. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2008.x015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by some Fusarium species in food and feed. From a global perspective, Fusarium mycotoxins may be considered as metabolites of particular importance to animal health and productivity. The aim of this review is to collect and summarise information concerning the properties of zearalenone, its derivatives and their biotransformation. Data on the occurrence and toxicity of zearalenone and a comparison of analytical methods used in zearalenone identification and quantification will also be discussed. As our awareness and understanding of the risks associated with zearalenone exposure increase, some countries set official or recommended limits in certain commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Gromadzka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - A. Waskiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
| | - J. Chelkowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - P. Golinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland
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34
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Study of the chemical derivatization of zearalenone and its metabolites for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of environmental samples. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1190:307-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Schmidt K, Stachel C, Gowik P. Development and in-house validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of stilbenes and resorcylic acid lactones in bovine urine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1199-210. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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36
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Sulyok M, Krska R, Schuhmacher R. Application of a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method to multi-mycotoxin determination in raw cereals and evaluation of matrix effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:1184-95. [PMID: 17886191 DOI: 10.1080/02652030701510004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A multi-analyte method for the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric determination of mycotoxins in crude grain extracts without clean-up has been applied to the analysis of spelt, rice and barley. Method performance characteristics were determined after spiking blank samples at multiple levels and were found to be comparable for all investigated matrices as regards linearity (linear calibration functions were obtained for all analyte/matrix combinations except for moniliformin), precision (coefficient of variations <6%) and sensitivity. Matrix-induced signal suppression/enhancement was studied in detail and varied significantly between the investigated matrices, as well as between individual samples (relative standard deviation was as high as 40% within three rice varieties) and individual toxins. It was concluded that a reliable quantitative analysis using matrix-matched calibration requires careful consideration of the model matrix, which should match the investigated samples as close as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sulyok
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences-Vienna, Konrad Lorenzstr. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
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37
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Wang S, Wang XH. Analytical methods for the determination of zeranol residues in animal products: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:573-82. [PMID: 17487598 DOI: 10.1080/02652030601134533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods for zeranol residues are reviewed. Zeranol was a widely used as an anabolic promoter, and it could give rise to very low residues in the edible tissues of food animals. Zeranol was officially banned in Europe due to safety concerns because of its potential carcinogenic and endocrine-disrupting biological activity. A few analytical methods for determination of zeranol are reported in the literature and most of the methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and immunoassay are reviewed in this paper. Specific aspects of analysing zeranol such as sample selection, sample handling, method selection and chromatographic conditions are discussed. The instrumental methods such as LC/MS and GC/MS provide sensitive and specific techniques, but are very laborious and expensive. These methods are suitable for confirmation but not for screening of large numbers of samples. A rapid, sensitive and specific assay is needed to detect positive samples in routine analysis, and immunoassay offers practical advantages over the conventional instrumental methods in rapid analysis of zeranol residues. Immunochemical methods such as enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) are simple, rapid and cost-effective, with adequate sensitivity and specificity to detect small molecules. This review can be considered as a basis for further research aimed at identifying the most efficient approaches for the analysis of zeranol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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38
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Barker SA. Matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:151-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Hartmann N, Erbs M, Wettstein FE, Schwarzenbach RP, Bucheli TD. Quantification of estrogenic mycotoxins at the ng/L level in aqueous environmental samples using deuterated internal standards. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1138:132-40. [PMID: 17084850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 10/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Because of their pronounced estrogenicity, resorcyclic acid lactones (RALs) are of concern in aqueous environments even at the low ng/L level. Therefore, we developed an accurate, precise and sensitive HPLC-MS/MS method to detect these mycotoxins in different aqueous environmental samples. The compounds investigated included zearalenone (ZON), alpha- and beta-zearalenol, zearalanone as well as alpha- and beta-zearalanol. The use of isotope labelled internal standards (in this case deuterated RAL-analogues) ensured an accurate quantification of the target analytes, independent of matrix compounds interfering with the analytes during ionisation and analyte losses occurring during sample preparation. Sample enrichment was carried out by solid-phase extraction (SPE) using Supelclean Envi-18 cartridges. Absolute method recoveries for all analytes ranged from 95 to 108%, 70 to 102%, and 76 to 109%, method detection limits from 0.5 to 2.1 ng/L, 0.4 to 1.1 ng/L, and 0.8 to 12.4 ng/L and precision from 3 to 14%, 2 to 13% and 4 to 16% in drainage water, river water and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, respectively. The method was applied to verify the emission of RALs from a Fusarium graminearum infested crop field into the drainage system. Zearalenone was present in drainage water in concentrations up to 30 ng/L. So far, none of the other five investigated compounds have been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolo Hartmann
- Agroscope Reckenholz-Tänikon Research Station ART, Reckenholzstrasse 191, CH-8046 Zürich, Switzerland
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Suzuki T, Munakata Y, Morita K, Shinoda T, Ueda H. Sensitive Detection of Estrogenic Mycotoxin Zearalenone by Open Sandwich Immunoassay. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:65-70. [PMID: 17213626 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium sp., and its production on corn and small grains during storage has been of considerable concern. For sensitive ZEA detection, we applied an open sandwich (OS) immunoassay that can noncompetitively detect monovalent antigens utilizing an antigen-induced enhancement of the V(H)/V(L) interaction. We cloned the V(H) and V(L) cDNAs of anti-ZEA mAb to a split-Fv phagemid pKST2, and firstly both V(H) and V(L) fragments were displayed on M13 phage p9 and p7, respectively, using an amber suppressor, TG-1, as a host. The split-Fv phage showed specific binding to immobilized ZEA, which was well inhibited by free ZEA. Then, the V(H)/V(L) interaction and its antigen-dependency were analyzed using a non-suppressor HB2151 as a host to produce V(H)-displaying phage and his/myc-tagged soluble V(L) in the culture supernatant. By capturing V(L) with an anti-myc or -his antibody and probing bound V(H)-phage, ZEA was successfully detected with a superior detection limit as well as a wider working range than those of a competitive assay. Also, essentially the same results were reproduced with purified V(H)-alkaline phosphatase and MBP-V(L) fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Zöllner P, Mayer-Helm B. Trace mycotoxin analysis in complex biological and food matrices by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1136:123-69. [PMID: 17087969 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi that are growing on agricultural commodities. Their frequent presence in food and their severe toxic, carcinogenic and estrogenic properties have been recognised as potential threat to human health. A reliable risk assessment of mycotoxin contamination for humans and animals relies basically on their unambiguous identification and accurate quantification in food and feedstuff. While most screening methods for mycotoxins are based on immunoassays, unambiguous analyte confirmation can be easily achieved with mass spectrometric methods, like gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Due to the introduction of atmospheric pressure ionisation (API) techniques in the late 80s, LC/MS has become a routine technique also in food analysis, overcoming the traditional drawbacks of GC/MS regarding volatility and thermal stability. During the last few years, this technical and instrumental progress had also an increasing impact on the expanding field of mycotoxin analysis. The aim of the present review is to give an overview on the application of LC-(API)MS in the analysis of frequently occurring and highly toxic mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes, ochratoxins, zearalenone, fumonisins, aflatoxins, enniatins, moniliformin and several other mycotoxins. This includes also the investigation of some of their metabolites and degradation products. Suitable sample pre-treatment procedures, their applicability for high sample through-put and their influence on matrix effects will be discussed. The review covers literature published until July 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Zöllner
- Bayercropscience GmbH, Product Technology, Industriepark Höchst, G836, D-65926 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Urraca JL, Marazuela MD, Merino ER, Orellana G, Moreno-Bondi MC. Molecularly imprinted polymers with a streamlined mimic for zearalenone analysis. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1116:127-34. [PMID: 16595138 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2005] [Revised: 03/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) with selective recognition properties for zearalenone (ZON), an estrogenic mycotoxin, and structurally related compounds have been prepared using the non-covalent imprinting approach. A rationally designed ZON analogue, cyclododecyl 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate (CDHB), that exhibits resemblance to ZON in terms of size, shape and functionality has been synthesized and used as template for MIP preparation instead of the natural toxin. Several functional monomers have been evaluated to maximize the interactions with the template molecule during the polymerization process. The polymer material prepared with 1-allylpiperazine (1-ALPP) as functional monomer, trimethyl trimethacrylate (TRIM) as cross-linker and acetonitrile as porogen (in a 1:4:20 molar ratio) displayed superior binding capacities than any other of the MIPs tested. Selectivity of this material for ZON and structurally related and non-related compounds has been evaluated using it as stationary phase in liquid chromatography. Our results demonstrate that the imprinted polymer shows significant affinity in the porogenic solvent for the template mimic (CDHB) as well as for the ZON and other related target metabolites in food samples, dramatically improving the performance of previously reported MIPs for ZON recognition. Therefore, MIPs can be an excellent alternative for clean-up and preconcentration of the mycotoxin in contaminated food samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Urraca
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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Blokland MH, Sterk SS, Stephany RW, Launay FM, Kennedy DG, van Ginkel LA. Determination of resorcylic acid lactones in biological samples by GC–MS. Discrimination between illegal use and contamination with fusarium toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 384:1221-7. [PMID: 16416095 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 11/29/2005] [Accepted: 12/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An EU project, FAIR5-CT-1997-3443, has been undertaken to distinguish illegal use of zeranol from consumption of food contaminated with Fusarium spp. toxin. One of the tasks was development of screening and confirmatory methods of analysis. This paper describes a new method based on two-step clean-up and GC-MS analysis. The first clean-up step is matrix-dependant; the second is applicable to both urine and meat. The MS is operated in negative chemical ionisation mode. The method is quantitative for zeranol and taleranol, alpha- and beta-zearalenol, and zearalenone and qualitative for zearalanone. Validation was performed according to the latest EU performance criteria (Commission Decision 2002/657). For analysis of urine CC(alpha) and CC(beta) for the method (microg L(-1)) were 0.06-0.11 for zeranol, 0.07-0.12 for taleranol, 0.07-0.11 for alpha-zearalenol, 0.21-0.36 for beta-zearalenol, 0.35-0.60 for zearalenone, and 0.19-0.33 zearalanone. Within-laboratory reproducibility was 16.2, 11.2, 31.9, 30.1, 26.6, and 54.2% for zeranol, taleranol, alpha-zearalenol, beta-zearalenol, zearalenone, and zearalanone, respectively. It was found that all the compounds are stable in urine at -20 degrees C for at least a year. Part of the validation program was organisation of a small proficiency study (ringtest) and a correlation study with an LC-MS-MS method developed by the Veterinary Science Division (VSD; Belfast, UK-NI). This study showed there was good correlation between results from both laboratories. The method can be used for quantitative analysis discriminating illegal use of zeranol from consumption of zearalenone-contaminated food.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Blokland
- National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, European Union Community Reference Laboratory for Residues, P.O. Box 1, Bilthoven 3720 BA, The Netherlands.
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Sforza S, Dall'asta C, Marchelli R. Recent advances in mycotoxin determination in food and feed by hyphenated chromatographic techniques/mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2006; 25:54-76. [PMID: 15892148 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are fungal toxins produced by molds, which occur universally in food and feed derivatives, and are produced under certain environmental conditions in the field before harvest, post-harvest, during storage, processing, and feeding. Mycotoxin contamination is one of the most relevant and worrisome problem concerning food and feed safety because it can cause a variety of toxic acute and chronic effects in human and animals. In this review we report the use of mass spectrometry in connection with chromatographic techniques for mycotoxin determination by considering separately the most diffuse class of mycotoxins: patulin, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, trichothecenes, and fumonisins. Although the selectivity of mass spectrometry is unchallenged if compared to common GC and LC detection methods, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity may be extremely variable concerning the different mycotoxins, matrices, and instruments. The sensitivity issue may be a real problem in the case of LC/MS, where the response can be very different for the different ionization techniques (ESI, APCI, APPI). Therefore, when other detection methods (such as fluorescence or UV absorbance) can be used for the quantitative determination, LC/MS appears to be only an outstanding confirmatory technique. In contrast, when the toxins are not volatile and do not bear suitable chromophores or fluorophores, LC/MS appears to be the unique method to perform quantitative and qualitative analyses without requiring any derivatization procedure. The problem of exact quantitative determination in GC/MS and LC/MS methods is particularly important for mycotoxin determination in food, given the high variability of the matrices, and can be solved only by the use of isotopically labeled internal standards or by the use of ionization interfaces able to lower matrix effects and ion suppressions. When the problems linked to inconstant ionization and matrix effects will be solved, only MS detectors will allow to simplify more and more the sample preparation procedures and to avoid clean-up procedures, making feasible low-cost, high-throughput determination of mycotoxins in many different food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sforza
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, I-43100, Parma, Italy
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Cavaliere C, D’Ascenzo G, Foglia P, Pastorini E, Samperi R, Laganà A. Determination of type B trichothecenes and macrocyclic lactone mycotoxins in field contaminated maize. Food Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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46
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Sforza S, Dall'Asta C, Moseriti A, Galaverna G, Dossena A, Marchelli R. Alternate Isotope-Coded Derivatization Assay: An Isotope Dilution Method Applied to the Quantification of Zearalenone in Maize Flour. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:5126-30. [PMID: 16013071 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200500148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sforza
- Department of Organic and Industrial Chemistry, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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47
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Sforza S, Dall'Asta C, Moseriti A, Galaverna G, Dossena A, Marchelli R. Alternate Isotope-Coded Derivatization Assay: An Isotope Dilution Method Applied to the Quantification of Zearalenone in Maize Flour. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200500148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Berthiller F, Schuhmacher R, Buttinger G, Krska R. Rapid simultaneous determination of major type A- and B-trichothecenes as well as zearalenone in maize by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1062:209-16. [PMID: 15679158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the simultaneous determination of the Fusarium mycotoxins nivalenol, deoxynivalenol, fusarenon-X, 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, the sum of 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyl-deoxynivalenol, diacetoxy-scirpenol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin and zearalenone in maize has been developed using gradient RP-LC with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-MS/MS). Swift clean-up of maize samples was performed with MycoSep #226 columns. Quantification of zearalenone was performed with zearalanone as internal standard (IS), while no IS was used for the trichothecenes. Detection of the mycotoxins was carried out in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. Method performance characteristics were estimated after analysis of spiked blank maize samples. Calibration curves were linear between 10 and 1000 microg/kg and the limits of detection ranged from 0.3 to 3.8 microg/kg depending on the mycotoxin. Moreover, the accuracy of the method was confirmed by comparing analytical data to certified values from reference materials for deoxynivalenol and zearalenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Research, Department IFA-Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Tulln, Austria
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49
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Urraca J, Marazuela M, Moreno-Bondi M. Analysis for zearalenone and α-zearalenol in cereals and swine feed using accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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