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Turner AD, Locklear CE, Oruru D, Briggs AQ, Bubu OM, Seixas A. Exploring the combined effects of sleep apnea and APOE-e4 on biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 14:1017521. [PMID: 36688173 PMCID: PMC9847474 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1017521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We determined the interactive associations of apolipoprotein e4 (APOE-e4), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and examined for racial/ethnic differences of this association. Methods We used data from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Dataset (NACC UDS). All participants undergo annual observations, including demographic survey, battery of neuropsychological tests, blood draw (with genotyping), and a clinical evaluation with medical and cognitive/dementia status assessment, while a subset of participants have cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and neuroimaging data. Biomarkers of AD were characterized as the presence of abnormally low amyloid in CSF, via validated Aβ42 cut off protocols, and total segmented hippocampal volume, and volume of white matter hyper intensities (WMH). While clinical markers (to preview cognitive relationships) were characterized via the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA). Results Biomarker and clinical marker data were derived from 1,387 participants at baseline (mean age = 69.73 ± 8.32; 58.6% female; 13.7% Black/African American), 18.4% of the sample had sleep apnea, and 37.9% were APOE-e4 carriers. Our results confirmed previous reports that OSA and APOE-e4 were independently associated with AD through abnormal levels of amyloid (F (1,306) = 4.27; p = 0.040; F (1,285) = 60.88; p < 0.000, respectively), WMH volume (F (1,306) = 4.27; p = 0.040; F (1,285) = 60.88; p < 0.000, respectively), and MOCA scores (F (1,306) = 4.27; p = 0.040; F (1,285) = 60.88; p < 0.000, respectively). No significant interaction between OSA and APOE-e4 relative to amyloid emerged, however, race stratified analyses indicated the interaction of OSA and APOE-e4 and was significantly associated with WMH and hippocampal volume in Black/African American, but not white participants. Conclusion OSA and APOE-e4 are interactively associated with WHM in Black/African Americans. This interaction may partially explicate increased levels of risk in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlener D Turner
- Center for Translational Sleep and Circadian Sciences, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Clarence E Locklear
- Center for Translational Sleep and Circadian Sciences, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Daisha Oruru
- Center for Translational Sleep and Circadian Sciences, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Anthony Q Briggs
- Department of Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Omonigho M Bubu
- Department of Neurology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Population Health, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Azizi Seixas
- The Media & Innovation Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Yu L, Ji H, Zhou M, Guo Y, Liu J, Lei D, Han C, Ma T. ABCA7 rs3764650 Polymorphism is Associated with Delayed Neurocognitive Recovery. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2022; 15:301-309. [PMID: 35387413 PMCID: PMC8977477 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s352810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies have shown that ATP-binding cassette transporter A7 (ABCA7) gene variation is associated with cognitive impairment. This study was aimed to investigate the relationship between ABCA7 rs3764650 polymorphism and perioperative neurocognitive disorder (pNCD). Methods A total of 132 elderly patients aged 65 and over who underwent elective non-cardiac surgery were enrolled in the study, while 28 healthy volunteers matching age and sex were recruited as the control group. A battery of neuropsychological tests was conducted 1 day before, 7 days, and 3 months after surgeries. Delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR) and postoperative mild or major neurocognitive disorder (POCD) were determined using the Z value method. The venous blood sample of the surgical patients was taken before the operation. Genotyping of rs3764650 was performed using polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Results The incidences of dNCR and POCD were 29.7% and 16.8% at 7 days and 3 months after surgery, respectively. The G allele frequency and GG frequency of dNCR patients were significantly higher than that of non-dNCR patients (43.3% vs 28.2%, P=0.035; 23.3% vs 4.2%, P=0.013, respectively) at 7 days following surgery. No significant differences in ABCA7 alleles between POCD and non-POCD patients were observed 3 months postoperatively. Conclusion ABCA7 rs3764650 gene polymorphism is associated with dNCR and GG genotype might be a predisposing factor for postoperative cognitive impairment in Chinese Han elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, 214200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Ji
- Medical College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minmin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, 214200, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaxin Guo
- Medical College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Medical College of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Daoyun Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, 214200, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Chao Han, Email
| | - Tieliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu, 214200, People’s Republic of China
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Price CC. The New Frontier of Perioperative Cognitive Medicine for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:132-142. [PMID: 35084722 PMCID: PMC9130373 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01180-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a review of preoperative cognitive assessment and other healthcare gaps in the care of older adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) who have elected surgery with anesthesia. It summarizes concerns regarding ADRD perioperative healthcare, perioperative cognitive, and neuronal domains of vulnerability. It also offers a plan for phased preoperative cognitive screening and perioperative cognitive intervention opportunities. An argument is made for why medical professionals in the perioperative setting need fundamental training in cognitive-behavioral principles, an understanding of neurodegenerative diseases of aging, and an appreciation of the immediate and long-term medical risks for such patients undergoing anesthesia. The author's goal is to encourage readers to consider perioperative cognitive medicine as a new frontier for generating evidence-based care approaches for at-risk older adults with neurodegenerative disorders who require procedures with anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Price
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Anesthesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Newman MF, Berger M, Mathew JP. Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Delirium. Perioper Med (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-56724-4.00042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lomivorotov VV, Moroz G, Abubakirov M, Osinsky R, Landoni G. Volatile and Intravenous Anesthetics for Brain Protection in Cardiac Surgery: Does the Choice of Anesthesia Matter? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2021; 36:567-576. [PMID: 33766470 DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2021.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative neurologic complications have a significant effect on morbidity, mortality, and long-term disability in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The etiology of brain injury in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is multifactorial and remains unclear. There are several perioperative causative factors for neurologic complications, including microembolization, hypoperfusion, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Despite technologic advances and the development of new anesthetic drugs, there remains a high rate of postoperative neurologic complications. Moreover, despite the strong evidence that volatile anesthesia exerts cardioprotective effects in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, the neuroprotective effects of volatile agents remain unclear. Several studies have reported an association of using volatile anesthetics with improvement of biochemical markers of brain injury and postoperative neurocognitive function. However, there is a need for additional studies to define the optimal anesthetic drug for protecting the brain in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Lomivorotov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia.
| | - Gleb Moroz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marat Abubakirov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Roman Osinsky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Giovanni Landoni
- Anesthesia and Intensive Care Department, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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Xie S, Yu L, Zhou M, Liu L, Lei D, Han C. Association between BDNF rs6265 polymorphisms and postoperative cognitive dysfunction in Chinese Han Population. Brain Behav 2020; 10:e01800. [PMID: 33405375 PMCID: PMC7559622 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). In present study, we aimed to assess the possible association between POCD and BDNF rs6265 polymorphisms. METHODS 124 patients aged 60 years or older scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers were recruited. POCD was identified using a neuropsychological test battery administered preoperatively, 7 days, and 3 months after surgery. Genotyping of rs6265 was performed using polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS 99 patients and 25 healthy controls were finally enrolled in the analysis. 29(29.3%) and 18(18.2%) of 99 patients had POCD at 7 days and 3 months after surgery, respectively. The patients carrying a G allele at the rs6265 locus showed a lower risk for POCD than an A allele carriers on postoperative 7 days, but not 3 months after surgery (OR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.47-0.96; p = .017; OR = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.42-1.13; p = .14, respectively). The risk of POCD at 7 days following surgery was significantly lower in additive model (OR = 0.41; 95% CI: 0.2-0.84; p = .015) and dominant model (OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13-0.96; p = .042). CONCLUSION We tentatively demonstrate that BDNF rs6265 polymorphisms might be associated with occurrence of POCD at 7 days after surgery and the A > G mutant at the rs6265 locus be likely a protective factor for early POCD in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhui Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China.,Yixing Clinical College, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yixing, China
| | - Mingming Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China.,Yixing Clinical College, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yixing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China.,Yixing Clinical College, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yixing, China
| | - Daoyun Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China
| | - Chao Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, China.,Yixing Clinical College, Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yixing, China
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The Apolipoprotein Allele and Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Older Community-Dwelling Adults in Australia. Ear Hear 2020; 41:622-629. [DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gold S, Forryan S. Postoperative cognitive decline: A current problem with a difficult future. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Newman MF, Stanley TO, Grocott HP. Strategies to Protect the Brain During Cardiac Surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016. [DOI: 10.1053/vc.2000.6499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in cardiopulmonary by pass (CPB) technology, surgical techniques, and anes thetic management, central nervous system (CNS) com plications remain a common and costly problem after CPB. Stroke is often considered a rare and unprevent able complication of cardiac surgery. Recent studies have shown that through the use of echocardiography and historical risk stratification strategies, we can de fine which patients are at substantially greater risk for CNS injury. Through enhanced understanding of the etiology of stroke and perioperative factors, which are associated with potential for neuroprotection or injury extension, there now exists a greater potential than ever to substantially reduce neurological injury associ ated with cardiac surgery. Strategies and theories of stratifying patients at risk and secondarily reducing that risk are described, as well as consideration for early postoperative assessment to allow treatment when events occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Newman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Timothy O. Stanley
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Hilary P. Grocott
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Dorotta I, Kimball-Jones P, Applegate R. Deep Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest in Adults. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 11:66-76. [PMID: 17484175 DOI: 10.1177/1089253206297482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain protection during cardiopulmonary bypass has been the subject of intense research. Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) continues to be used for that goal during complex aortic arch and large intracranial aneurysm surgeries. The anesthetic management for adult patients undergoing these types of procedures requires specific knowledge and expertise. Based on our experience and review of the current literature, the authors highlight the key areas of the anesthetic plan, discussing the risk factors associated with adverse neurologic outcome as well as the rationale for decisions regarding specific monitors and medications. In the conclusion an anesthetic protocol for adult patients undergoing DHCA is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Dorotta
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA 92354, USA.
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11
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Grocott HP, Homi HM, Puskas F. Cognitive Dysfunction After Cardiac Surgery: Revisiting Etiology. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016; 9:123-9. [PMID: 15920636 DOI: 10.1177/108925320500900204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction remains a frequent complication of cardiac surgery. Despite many years of research, few preventive strategies and no definitive therapeutic options exist for the management of this troublesome clinical problem. This shortcoming may be secondary to an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology and etiology of cognitive loss after cardiac surgery; a better understanding of the etiology is essential to finding new therapies. The etiology of cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery is multifactorial and includes cerebral microembolization, global cerebral hypoperfusion, systemic and cerebral inflammation, cerebral temperature perturbations, cerebral edema, and possible blood-brain barrier dysfunction, all superimposed on genetic differences in patients that may make them more susceptible to injury or unable to repair from injury once it has occurred. This review expands on these potential etiologies in detailing the evidence for their existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary P Grocott
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Just as the influence of genetic variation on patient outcomes is being discussed in many other areas of medicine, so too are its effects on cerebral outcome after cardiac surgery now being described. Whereas early studies focused on neurocognitive outcome, where the single nucleotide polymorphisms of APOE4 and PLA2 were the first investigated genetic targets, stroke is now being elaborated on with related single and multi-gene single nucleotide polymorphisms having been identified. Our work has established key links between post-cardiac surgery stroke and C-reactive protein (3’UTR 1846C/T) and interleukin-6 (-174 G/C) single nucleotide polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary P Grocott
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Newman MF, Laskowitz DT, Saunders AM, Grigore AM, Grocott HP. Genetic Predictors of Perioperative Neurologic and Neuropsychological Injury and Recovery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/108925329900300107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction after cardio pulmonary bypass represents a continuum from coma and focal stroke to cognitive deficits after surgery. Despite the marked increase in investigation of neuro logic and neurocognitive deficits after cardiac surgery, causative factors fail to predict the majority of the variance in the observed incidence of both early and late neurocognitive decline pointing to some inherent indi vidual susceptibility to injury. The authors' investigative team recently discovered a genetic association be tween late-onset Alzheimer's disease and the apolipo protein E (APOE, gene; apoE, protein) ∈-4 gene. This finding triggered many recent studies that have shown an important role of apoE in the determination of neurologic injury and recovery following a variety of acute ischemic insults including intracerebral hemor rhage, closed-head injury, as well as acute stroke and dementia pugilistica. Most important to the current discussion is the authors' recent report documenting preliminary evidence of an association of APOE4 with neurocognitive decline after cardiac surgery. This re view discusses the authors' hypothesis that the bio chemical products coded by this gene are not available to protect and repair the neurons of the CNS during cardiac surgery resulting in deficits of memory, atten tion, and concentration. Potential mechanisms of apoE's association with acute neurologic injury are discussed including regulation of the inflammatory response. The authors have recently determined that apoE, in vivo, modulates the release of nitric oxide and tumor necro sis factor a. This may compound the autonomic dysreg ulation recently reported in the aging population. The authors' preliminary data associating APOE4 with cogni tive impairment after cardiac surgery support this hy pothesis. The different potential mechanisms of apoE function in neuronal injury and recovery are not mutu ally exclusive, and it is likely that apoE modulates the CNS injury response at several functional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Newman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Neurology, Dept of Medicine, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's and Disease Research Center, and the Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Dept of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel T. Laskowitz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Neurology, Dept of Medicine, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's and Disease Research Center, and the Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Dept of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Ann M. Saunders
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Neurology, Dept of Medicine, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's and Disease Research Center, and the Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Dept of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Alina M. Grigore
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Neurology, Dept of Medicine, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's and Disease Research Center, and the Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Dept of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Hilary P. Grocott
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Neurology, Dept of Medicine, Joseph and Kathleen Bryan Alzheimer's and Disease Research Center, and the Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Dept of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Schmithorst VJ, Panigrahy A, Gaynor JW, Watson CG, Lee V, Bellinger DC, Rivkin MJ, Newburger JW. Organizational topology of brain and its relationship to ADHD in adolescents with d-transposition of the great arteries. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00504. [PMID: 27547505 PMCID: PMC4980474 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is currently known about the impact of congenital heart disease (CHD) on the organization of large-scale brain networks in relation to neurobehavioral outcome. We investigated whether CHD might impact ADHD symptoms via changes in brain structural network topology in a cohort of adolescents with d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) repaired with the arterial switch operation in early infancy and referent subjects. We also explored whether these effects might be modified by apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, as the APOE ε2 allele has been associated with worse neurodevelopmental outcomes after repair of d-TGA in infancy. METHODS We applied graph analysis techniques to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data obtained from 47 d-TGA adolescents and 29 healthy referents to construct measures of structural topology at the global and regional levels. We developed statistical mediation models revealing the respective contributions of d-TGA, APOE genotype, and structural network topology on ADHD outcome as measured by the Connors ADHD/DSM-IV Scales (CADS). RESULTS Changes in overall network connectivity, integration, and segregation mediated worse ADHD outcomes in d-TGA patients compared to healthy referents; these changes were predominantly in the left and right intrahemispheric regional subnetworks. Exploratory analysis revealed that network topology also mediated detrimental effects of the APOE ε4 allele but improved neurobehavioral outcomes for the APOE ε2 allele. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that disruption of organization of large-scale networks may contribute to neurobehavioral dysfunction in adolescents with CHD and that this effect may interact with APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent J Schmithorst
- Department of Pediatric Radiology Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Department of Pediatric Radiology Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh Pennsylvania; Department of Radiology and Bioinformatics University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Pennsylvania; Department of Radiology Children's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles California; Brain and Creativity Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - J William Gaynor
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher G Watson
- Department of Neurology Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts; Graduate Program for Neuroscience Boston University Boston Massachusetts
| | - Vince Lee
- Department of Pediatric Radiology Childrens Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - David C Bellinger
- Department of Neurology Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Rivkin
- Department of Neurology Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts; Department of Radiology Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts; Department of Neurology Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
| | - Jane W Newburger
- Department of Cardiology Boston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts; Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
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Hays JC, Burchett BM, Fillenbaum GG, Blazer DG. Is the APOE ∊4 Allele a Risk to Person-Environment Fit? J Appl Gerontol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0733464804267565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study uses Lawton’s model of “the good life” to examine whether the Apolipoprote in E-∊4 genotype functions as a risk factor not only for specific diseases but also for a misfit between elders’ personal needs and their physical and social environments. A biracial cohort of communitydwelling elders from five North Carolina Piedmont counties was assessed annually for 10 years. Six-year survivors (N = 2,076) were genotyped for this retrospective-prospective cohort study. Compared to those in whom this allele was absent, participants with the 4 allele were not different in social or residential resources, social behavioral competence, or perceived quality of resources. Exposed elders had an excess 10-year adjusted risk of institutionalization of 1.72 (95% CI = 1.29, 2.29), totally mediated by cognitive problems. The threat of the APOE 4 genotype to person-environment fit is mediated by cognitive problems, a finding that has focused but important implications for residential decision making in late life.
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Bartels K, Li YJ, Li YW, White WD, Laskowitz DT, Kertai MD, Stafford-Smith M, Podgoreanu MV, Newman MF, Mathew JP. Apolipoprotein epsilon 4 genotype is associated with less improvement in cognitive function five years after cardiac surgery: a retrospective cohort study. Can J Anaesth 2015; 62:618-26. [PMID: 25744138 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-015-0337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cognitive performance after cardiac surgery can be impaired, and genetic risk factors have previously been suggested. When compared with other isoforms of the gene, the apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (APOE4) allele is associated with worse outcomes in many neurologic disorders. We hypothesized that the APOE4 allele is associated with less favourable cognitive function five years after surgery. METHODS Caucasian patients enrolled in previously reported prospective cognitive trials in both cardiac and non-cardiac surgery participated in this retrospective cohort study. Neuropsychological function was assessed at baseline and five years postoperatively. The relationship between change in cognitive index score and APOE was evaluated using multivariable linear regression. An additive genetic model toward the epsilon 4 allele was applied with adjustment for baseline cognition, years of education, age, presence of diabetes in both cohorts, and presence of coronary artery disease in the non-cardiac surgery cohort. RESULTS A total of 357 patients were included in this study. In the cardiac surgery group (n = 233), baseline cognitive index (P < 0.001), years of education (P = 0.04), age at time of surgery (P < 0.001), and the APOE4 allele (P = 0.009), were associated with a five-year change in cognitive index. Patients carrying the APOE4 allele showed less improvement in cognitive index scores five years after cardiac surgery compared with patients without the APOE4 allele. In the non-cardiac surgery (n = 124) group, no association was found between APOE4 allele status and change in cognitive index. CONCLUSION We report an association between APOE4 and neurocognitive function five years following cardiac surgery. Preoperative identification of patients with the APOE4 genotype may improve stratification of cardiac surgery patients at risk for a less favourable cognitive trajectory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Bartels
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, DUMC, Box 3094 Mail # 41, 2301 Erwin Road, 5688 HAFS, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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Uyrum E, Balbay O, Annakkaya AN, Gulec Balbay E, Silan F, Arbak P. The Relationship between Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and Apolipoprotein E Genetic Variants. Respiration 2015; 89:195-200. [DOI: 10.1159/000369560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Krzych ŁJ, Wybraniec MT, Krupka-Matuszczyk I, Skrzypek M, Bolkowska A, Wilczyński M, Bochenek AA. Detailed Insight Into the Impact of Postoperative Neuropsychiatric Complications on Mortality in a Cohort of Cardiac Surgery Subjects: A 23,000-Patient-Year Analysis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2014; 28:448-57. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Apolipoprotein E genotype and outcome in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatr Res 2014; 75:424-30. [PMID: 24322171 PMCID: PMC4095992 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene alleles e4 and e2 are at high risk of poor neurological outcome after brain injury. The e4 allele has been associated with cerebral palsy (CP), and the e2 allele has been associated with worse neurological outcome with congenital heart disease. This study was done to test the hypothesis that the APOE genotype is associated with outcome among neonates who survive after hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). METHODS We conducted a cohort study of infants who survived HIE and had 18-22 mo standardized neurodevelopmental evaluations to assess associations between disability and the APOE genotypes e3/e3, e4/-, and e2/-. RESULTS A total of 139 survivors were genotyped. Of these, 86 (62%) were of the e3/e3, 41 (29%) were of the e4/-, and 14 (10%) were of the e2/- genotypes. One hundred and twenty-nine infants had genotype and follow-up data; 26% had moderate or severe disabilities. Disability prevalence was 30 and 19% among those with and without the e3/e3 genotype, 25 and 26% among those with and without the e2 allele, and 18 and 29% among those with and without the e4 allele, respectively. None of the differences were statistically significant. CP prevalence was also similar among genotype groups. CONCLUSION Disability was not associated with the APOE genotype in this cohort of HIE survivors.
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Hogan KJ. Hereditary vulnerabilities to post-operative cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 47:128-34. [PMID: 23562862 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In view of multiple prospective investigations reporting an incidence of 10% or greater in elderly patients after cardiac and non-cardiac procedures, it is surprising that no families, twins or even individual cases have been reported with persistent post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) or post-operative dementia (POD) that is otherwise unexplained. As POCD and POD research has shifted in recent years from surgical and anesthetic variables to predictors of intrinsic, patient-specific susceptibility, a number of markers based on DNA sequence variation have been investigated. Nevertheless, no heritable, genomic indices of persistent POCD or post-operative dementia lasting 3 months or longer after surgery have been identified to date. The present manuscript surveys challenges confronting the search for markers of heritable vulnerability to POCD and POD, and proposes steps forward to be taken now, including the addition of surgical and anesthetic descriptors to ongoing longitudinal dementia protocols and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comprising serial psychometric testing, and a fresh focus on phenotypes and genotypes shared between outliers with "extreme" POCD and POD traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk J Hogan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, B6/319 Clinical Sciences Center, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
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Fang Y, Qiu Z, Hu W, Yang J, Yi X, Huang L, Zhang S. Effect of piracetam on the cognitive performance of patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery: A meta-analysis. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:429-434. [PMID: 24396419 PMCID: PMC3881046 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments are observed in numerous patients following coronary bypass surgery, and piracetam are nootropic compounds that modulate cerebral functions by directly enhancing cognitive processes. The present meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of piracetam on the cognitive performance of patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. The relevant studies were identified by searching Medline, EMBASE, PubMed and the Cochrane Library up to June 2013 and the pertinent bibliographies from the retrieved studies were reviewed. Data were selected from the studies according to predefined criteria. The meta-analysis included two randomized control trials involving 184 patients and including the Syndrom-Kurz test (SKT). Findings of the meta-analysis showed that following treatment the change from baseline observed in five SKT subtest scores, conducted with piracetam patients, indicated a significant advantage over those patients that were in the placebo group. The subtests included immediate pictured object recall, weighted mean difference (WMD)=0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51–1.31, P<0.00001; delayed pictured object recall, WMD=0.74, 95% CI 0.19–1.28, P=0.008; delayed picture recognition, WMD=0.82, 95% CI 0.31–1.31, P=0.001; immediate word recall, WMD=0.87, 95% CI 0.47–1.28, P<0.0001; and letter interference, WMD=3.46, 95% CI −5.69 to −1.23, P=0.002. These results indicated that piracetam may have been effective in improving the short-term cognitive performance of patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. High quality, well-controlled and longer randomized trials are required to corroborate this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Zhandong Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Hu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiyan Yi
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Liangjiang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Suming Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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Cao L, Wang K, Gu T, Du B, Song J. Association between APOE epsilon 4 allele and postoperative cognitive dysfunction: a meta-analysis. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:478-85. [PMID: 24168388 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.860601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carriers of the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele (APOEε4) may be at increased risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD), but this association has not been reported consistently. We conducted a meta-analysis to derive a more precise conclusion. METHODS The PubMed, EBSCO and EMBASE databases were searched for eligible studies published in English before March 2013. The association between APOEε4 and POCD was expressed by the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Funnel plots were constructed and publication bias assessed by Egger's test. RESULTS Nine studies encompassing 1063 APOEε4 carriers and 2983 noncarriers were included. At about 1-week postsurgery, a significant association between APOEε4 and POCD was found (OR 1.83, 95% CI: 1.18-2.85), but the association was no longer significant after removing one large study (OR 1.35, 95% CI: 0.92-1.97). Stratified analysis of cardiac/vascular surgery patients also yielded no significant correlation (OR 1.62, 95% CI: 0.80-3.28). One to three months postsurgery, neither the overall analysis (OR 1.56, 95% CI: 0.87-2.81) nor the stratified analysis of cardiac/vascular surgery patients (OR 3.33, 95% CI: 0.55-20.22) indicated a significant correlation. APOEε4 was also not correlated with POCD at 1-year postsurgery (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 0.71-1.86). No evidence of publication bias was revealed by Egger's test. CONCLUSIONS The APOEε4 allele was associated with a significantly increased POCD risk about 1-week postsurgery, but the association depended on one large study. No association was found 1-3 months and 1-year postsurgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cao
- 1Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Stewart A, Katznelson R, Kraeva N, Carroll J, Pickworth T, Rao V, Djaiani G. Genetic variation and cognitive dysfunction one year after cardiac surgery. Anaesthesia 2013; 68:571-5. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Katznelson
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management; Toronto General Hospital; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto; Canada
| | - N. Kraeva
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management; Toronto General Hospital; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto; Canada
| | - J. Carroll
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management; Toronto General Hospital; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto; Canada
| | - T. Pickworth
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management; Toronto General Hospital; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto; Canada
| | - V. Rao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery; Toronto General Hospital; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto; Canada
| | - G. Djaiani
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management; Toronto General Hospital; University Health Network; University of Toronto; Toronto; Canada
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Cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery: Pathophysiological mechanisms and preventive strategies. Neth Heart J 2013. [PMID: 23184600 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-012-0347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in surgical techniques and the implementation of effective brain protection strategies, the incidence of brain injury after cardiac surgery has remained relatively constant over the years as patients have become older and sicker. Cognitive dysfunction is the most common clinical manifestation of brain injury after cardiac surgery. Its occurrence is related to a combination of three factors that are often associated with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB): embolism, hypoperfusion, and the inflammatory response. However, such factors and their potential cerebral consequences are not exclusive to CPB. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction also afflicts patients who undergo cardiac surgery without CPB as well as nonsurgery patients who undergo transcatheter interventions. There is growing evidence that patient-related factors such as the presence of (cerebro)vascular risk factors play an important role in both early and late postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
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REINSFELT B, WESTERLIND A, BLENNOW K, ZETTERBERG H, RICKSTEN SE. Open-heart surgery increases cerebrospinal fluid levels of Alzheimer-associated amyloid β. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013; 57:82-8. [PMID: 22998015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2012.02769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive dysfunction occurs frequently after open-heart surgery. It has been suggested that cognitive decline after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) could be a functional consequence of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like neuropathological changes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of amyloid β peptide (Aβ(1-42) ) and soluble fragments of amyloid precursor protein (sAPP) as well as the cerebral inflammatory response to open-heart surgery. METHODS Ten patients undergoing aortic valve replacement with CPB were included. CSF was obtained the day before and 24 h after surgery for assessment of CSF levels of Aβ(1-42) α-cleaved sAPP and β-cleaved sAPP (sAPP-β). Furthermore, CSF and serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines: tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were also assessed. RESULTS Cardiac surgery with CPB increased CSF levels of Aβ(1-42) from 447 ± 92 to 641 ± 83 ng/l (P = 0.011), while CSF levels of sAPP-β decreased from 276 ± 35 to 192 ± 21 ng/ml (P = 0.031). CSF levels of TNF-α increased from ≤ 0.60 to 0.79 ± 0.26 ng/l (P = 0.043), IL-6 from 1.89 ± 0.53 to 22.8 ± 6.9 ng/l (P = 0.003) and IL-8 from 39.8 ± 7.8 to 139 ± 18.3 ng/l (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Cardiac surgery with CPB causes a profound cerebral inflammatory response, which was accompanied by increased post-operative CSF levels of the AD biomarker Aβ(1-42) . We hypothesize that these changes may be relevant to Alzheimer-associated amyloid build-up in the brain and cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery with CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. REINSFELT
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - A. WESTERLIND
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - K. BLENNOW
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | | | - S.-E. RICKSTEN
- Department of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Intensive Care; Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg; Sweden
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Kim DS, Stanaway IB, Rajagopalan R, Bernbaum JC, Solot CB, Burnham N, Zackai EH, Clancy RR, Nicolson SC, Gerdes M, Nickerson DA, Hakonarson H, Gaynor JW, Jarvik GP. Results of genome-wide analyses on neurodevelopmental phenotypes at four-year follow-up following cardiac surgery in infancy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45936. [PMID: 23049896 PMCID: PMC3457986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse neurodevelopmental sequelae are reported among children who undergo early cardiac surgery to repair congenital heart defects (CHD). APOE genotype has previously been determined to contribute to the prediction of these outcomes. Understanding further genetic causes for the development of poor neurobehavioral outcomes should enhance patient risk stratification and improve both prevention and treatment strategies. METHODS We performed a prospective observational study of children who underwent cardiac surgery before six months of age; this included a neurodevelopmental evaluation between their fourth and fifth birthdays. Attention and behavioral skills were assessed through parental report utilizing the Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder-IV scale preschool edition (ADHD-IV), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL/1.5-5), respectively. Of the seven investigated, three neurodevelopmental phenotypes met genomic quality control criteria. Linear regression was performed to determine the effect of genome-wide genetic variation on these three neurodevelopmental measures in 316 subjects. RESULTS This genome-wide association study identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with three neurobehavioral phenotypes in the postoperative children ADHD-IV Impulsivity/Hyperactivity, CBCL/1.5-5 PDPs, and CBCL/1.5-5 Total Problems. The most predictive SNPs for each phenotype were: a LGALS8 intronic SNP, rs4659682, associated with ADHD-IV Impulsivity (P=1.03 × 10(-6)); a PCSK5 intronic SNP, rs2261722, associated with CBCL/1.5-5 PDPs (P=1.11 × 10(-6)); and an intergenic SNP, rs11617488, 50 kb from FGF9, associated with CBCL/1.5-5 Total Problems (P=3.47 × 10(-7)). 10 SNPs (3 for ADHD-IV Impulsivity, 5 for CBCL/1.5-5 PDPs, and 2 for CBCL/1.5-5 Total Problems) had p<10(-5). CONCLUSIONS No SNPs met genome-wide significance for our three neurobehavioral phenotypes; however, 10 SNPs reached a threshold for suggestive significance (p<10(-5)). Given the unique nature of this cohort, larger studies and/or replication are not possible. Studies to further investigate the mechanisms through which these newly identified genes may influence neurodevelopment dysfunction are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ian B. Stanaway
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ramakrishnan Rajagopalan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Judy C. Bernbaum
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cynthia B. Solot
- Center for Childhood Communication, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nancy Burnham
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Division of Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Clancy
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan C. Nicolson
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Marsha Gerdes
- Division of Psychology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. William Gaynor
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gail P. Jarvik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Monastiriotis C, Papanas N, Veletza S, Maltezos E. APOE gene polymorphisms and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Arch Med Sci 2012; 8:583-8. [PMID: 23056065 PMCID: PMC3460492 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2012.30279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors may influence the natural course of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and explain some of its variability. The aim of this review was to examine the association between apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene polymorphisms and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Four relevant studies were identified. The two earlier works provided evidence that the ɛ4 allele is a risk factor for this complication, while the two more recent studies were negative. Important differences in the methodology used and in the populations included are obvious, rendering difficult the comparison between studies. In conclusion, the association between APOE gene polymorphisms and diabetic peripheral neuropathy is still unclear. Available evidence is rather limited and results have so far been contradictory. Future studies should employ more robust methodology, adjusting for potential confounders and for the prevalence of neuropathy in the general population with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoulos Monastiriotis
- Outpatient Clinic of the Diabetic Foot, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Papanas
- Outpatient Clinic of the Diabetic Foot, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
| | - Stavroula Veletza
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
| | - Efstratios Maltezos
- Outpatient Clinic of the Diabetic Foot, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
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Voigt Hansen M, Simon Rasmussen L, Jespersgaard C, Rosenberg J, Gogenur I. There Is No Association Between the Circadian Clock Gene HPER3 and Cognitive Dysfunction After Noncardiac Surgery. Anesth Analg 2012; 115:379-85. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318253d6b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Grape S, Ravussin P, Rossi A, Kern C, Steiner L. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction. TRENDS IN ANAESTHESIA AND CRITICAL CARE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tacc.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ondasetron versus haloperidol for the treatment of postcardiotomy delirium: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study. J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 7:25. [PMID: 22436170 PMCID: PMC3378452 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8090-7-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the controlling efficacy of ondasetron and haloperidol in regard to the postcardiotomy delirium. Methods We included in this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study 80 patients who developed delirium after heart surgery with the application of heart lung-machine. The patients were divided into two, equally-sized groups, which on detection of delirium received ondasetron 8 mg iv or haloperidol 5 mg iv respectively. The statistical analysis compared the baseline and demographic characteristics of the two groups (age, gender, comorbidities, years of education, type of surgery etc.). Results Both ondasetron and haloperidol had very good delirium controlling effects, without statistically significant differences. Discussion-Conclusions Ondasetron and haloperidol are efficient agents as far as the treatment of postcardiotomy delirium is concerned. As, in addition, ondasetron bares milder side-effects, we believe this could be the agent of choice in patients developing postcardiotomy delirium in the future.
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Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) refers to a postoperative decline in cognitive function compared with preoperative cognitive function. Diagnosis requires pre- and postoperative testing, the latter of which is usually performed both 7 days and 3 months postoperatively. Although several risk factors for POCD have been described, age is the only consistently reported risk factor. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is often transient. It may last several months, and is associated with leaving the labor market prematurely and increased mortality. As the pathophysiology of POCD is still a matter of debate and is likely to be multifactorial, there are no widely accepted prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. In this article, we discuss POCD's definition, risk factors, long-term significance, and pathophysiology. We also present data on prophylactic interventions that have been investigated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph S Burkhart
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Yamout K, Goldstein FC, Lah JJ, Levey AI, Bliwise DL. Neurocognitive correlates of nocturnal oxygen desaturation in a memory clinic population. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2012; 34:325-32. [PMID: 22233185 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2011.642849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that sleep apnea is associated with neurocognitive impairments but did not examine populations most likely to have clinically relevant impairments. Cross-sectional, retrospective analyses were performed on 108 patients (65 with mild cognitive impairment, 43 with dementia) seen in an academic medical center. Results indicated that severity of oxygen desaturation was associated with cognitive impairments in attention and executive function domains, even after controlling for age, sex, education, and depressive symptoms. Strength of associations was influenced by cardiovascular disease. Screening for nocturnal oxygen desaturation may be a useful procedure to assess for a potentially reversible cause of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Yamout
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Cata JP, Abdelmalak B, Farag E. Neurological biomarkers in the perioperative period. Br J Anaesth 2011; 107:844-58. [PMID: 22065690 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aer338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid detection and evaluation of patients presenting with perioperative neurological dysfunction is of great clinical relevance. Biomarkers have been defined as biological molecules that can be used as an indicator of new onset or progression of a biological process or effect of treatment. Biomarkers have become increasingly important in this setting to supplement other modalities of diagnosis such as EEG, sensory- or motor-evoked potential, transcranial Doppler, near-infrared spectroscopy, or imaging methods. A number of neuro-proteins have been identified and are currently under investigation for potential to provide insights into injury severity, outcome, and the ability to monitor cellular damage and molecular events that occur during neurological injury. S100B is a protein released by glial cells and is considered a marker of blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Clinical studies in patients undergoing cardiac and non-cardiac surgery indicate that serum levels of S100B are increased intraoperatively and after operation. The neurone-specific enolase has also been extensively investigated as a potential marker of neuronal injury in the context of cardiac and non-cardiac surgery. A third biomarker of interest is the Tau protein, which has been linked to neurodegenerative disorders. Tau appears to be more specific than the previous two biomarkers since it is only found in the central nervous system. The metalloproteinase and ubiquitin C terminal hydroxylase-L1 (UCH-L1) are the most recently researched markers; however, their usefulness is still unclear. This review presents a comprehensive overview of S100B, neuronal-specific enolase, metalloproteinases, and UCH-L1 in the perioperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Cata
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas-MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Andres MA, Feger U, Nath A, Munsaka S, Jiang CS, Chang L. APOE ε 4 allele and CSF APOE on cognition in HIV-infected subjects. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:389-98. [PMID: 21184197 PMCID: PMC4899041 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-010-9254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The significance of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Apolipoprotein E (APOE) level and whether it might have differential effects on brain function due to the presence of APOE ε 4 allele(s) in HIV-infected patients are unknown. However, APOE ε 4 allele has been associated with greater incidence of HIV-associated dementia and accelerated progression of HIV infection. Here, we show further evidence for the role of APOE ε 4 in promoting cognitive impairment. We measured the APOE levels in the CSF of HIV-infected individuals. HIV+ subjects showed lower CSF APOE proteins than SN controls (-19%, p= 0.03). While SN subjects with or without ε 4 allele showed no difference in CSF APOE levels, ε 4+ HIV+ subjects had similar levels to the SN subjects but higher levels than ε 4- HIV+ subjects (+34%, p= 0.01). Furthermore, while HIV+ subjects with ε 2 or ε 3 allele(s) showed a positive relationship between their CSF APOE levels and cognitive performance on the speed of processing domain (r= +0.35, p= 0.05), ε 4+ HIV+ subjects, in contrast, exhibited a negative relationship such that those with higher levels of CSF APOE(4) performed worse on the HIV Dementia Scale (r= -0.61, p= 0.02), had lower Global Cognitive Scores (r= -0.57, p= 0.03), and had poorer performance on tests involving learning (ε 4 allele x [APOE] interaction, p = 0.01). Our findings also suggest that the relatively higher levels of CSF APOE in ε 4+ HIV+ (having primarily APOE4 isoforms) may negatively impact the brain and lead to poorer cognitive outcomes, while those individuals without the ε 4 allele (with primarily APOE2 or APOE3 isoforms) may show compensatory responses that lead to better cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilou A Andres
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii, 1993 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Froklage FEAM, Reijneveld JC, Heimans JJ. Central neurotoxicity in cancer chemotherapy: pharmacogenetic insights. Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:379-95. [PMID: 21449677 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Central neurotoxicity of chemotherapy is likely to be multifactorial. There are two hypotheses regarding endogenous mechanisms that may be involved, namely the target and the blood-brain barrier transporter hypotheses. Here, we will review candidate genetic determinants for the risk of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity, such as polymorphisms involved in the target mechanism. These include polymorphisms in folate metabolizing enzymes and apolipoprotein E, as well as those in blood-brain barrier transporter genes. Currently, the exact role of pharmacogenetics in mechanisms that lead to central neurotoxicity of chemotherapy has not been fully unraveled. Larger, prospective, longitudinal and more uniform studies are needed, with prechemotherapy and follow-up measurements of neuropsychological performance, MRI, PET, genetic profiles and biomarkers relevant for the proposed target and transporter mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke E A M Froklage
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Maruszak A, Żekanowski C. Mitochondrial dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:320-30. [PMID: 20624441 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
To date, one of the most discussed hypotheses for Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology implicates mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress as one of the primary events in the course of AD. In this review we focus on the role of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in AD and discuss the rationale for the involvement of mitochondrial abnormalities in AD pathology. We summarize the current data regarding the proteins involved in mitochondrial function and pathology observed in AD, and discuss the role of somatic mutations and mitochondrial haplogroups in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Maruszak
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5 Str., 02-106 Warszawa, Poland.
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Ancelin ML, de Roquefeuil G, Scali J, Bonnel F, Adam JF, Cheminal JC, Cristol JP, Dupuy AM, Carrière I, Ritchie K. Long-term post-operative cognitive decline in the elderly: the effects of anesthesia type, apolipoprotein E genotype, and clinical antecedents. J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 22 Suppl 3:105-13. [PMID: 20858969 DOI: 10.3233/jad-2010-100807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in the elderly commonly observed following anesthesia has been attributed to age-related neuronal changes exacerbated by pharmacotoxic effects. However, the extent to which these changes may persist following recovery from surgery is still largely unknown. This study investigates the long-term effects of anesthesia on cognitive functioning after orthopedic surgery in 270 elderly patients over the age of 65 who completed a computerized cognitive battery before and 8 days, 4 and 13 months after surgery. Their performance was compared to those of 310 elderly controls who completed the same neuropsychiatric evaluation at baseline and one-year interval. Multivariate analyses adjusted for socio-demographic variables, depressive symptomatology, vascular pathology as well as baseline cognitive performance. We found early and transient post-operative decline in reaction time and constructional praxis. With regard to long-term changes we observed improvement compared to controls in most verbal tasks (probably due to learning effects). On the other hand, a clear dissociation effect was observed for several areas of visuospatial functioning which persisted up to the 13-month follow-up. This specific pattern of visuospatial deficit was found to be independent of apolipoprotein E genotype and closely resembles what has recently been termed vascular mild cognitive impairment, in turn associated with subtle sub-cortical vascular changes. The observation of only minor differences between persons operated by general and regional anesthesia makes it difficult to attribute these changes directly to the anesthetic agents themselves, suggesting that cognitive dysfunction may be attributable at least in part to peri-operative conditions, notably stress and glucocorticoid exposure.
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Lombard FW, Mathew JP. Neurocognitive dysfunction following cardiac surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2010; 14:102-10. [PMID: 20478950 DOI: 10.1177/1089253210371519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Postoperative neurocognitive decline (POCD) is the most frequently reported form of brain injury in the cardiac surgery setting. Even though most patients recover over a period of several months, recovery is variable and often transient, and early decline may be a marker of neurocognitive dysfunction after several years. Recent studies, however, suggest that late neurocognitive decline after coronary artery bypass graft surgery may not be specific to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Large prospective, longitudinal trials with appropriate controls remain necessary to identify how patient characteristics, disease progression, and surgical and anesthetic technique contribute to aging-related neurocognitive decline. This article reviews the current literature on the etiology of POCD following cardiac surgery, discusses strategies to reduce patient risk, and provides some insight into some controversies that merit continued investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick W Lombard
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Cognitive function after major noncardiac surgery, apolipoprotein E4 genotype, and biomarkers of brain injury. Anesthesiology 2010; 112:852-9. [PMID: 20216394 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0b013e3181d31fd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a significant cause of morbidity after noncardiac surgery. Identified risk factors are largely limited to demographic characteristics. We hypothesized that POCD was associated with apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype and plasma biomarkers of brain injury and inflammation. METHODS Three hundred ninety-four patients older than 55 yr undergoing major elective noncardiac surgery were enrolled in this prospective observational study. Apolipoprotein E genotyping was performed at baseline. Plasma was collected at baseline and end of surgery and at 4.5, 24, and 48-h postoperatively. Six protein biomarkers were assayed (B-type natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, matrix metalloproteinase-9, neuron-specific enolase, and S-100B). Neurocognitive testing was conducted at baseline and at 6 weeks and 1 yr after surgery; scores were subjected to factor analysis. The association of APOE4 and biomarkers with POCD was tested using multivariable regression modeling. RESULTS Three hundred fifty patients (89%) completed 6-week neurocognitive testing. POCD occurred in 54.3% of participants at 6 weeks and 46.1% at 1 yr. There was no difference in POCD between patients with or without the APOE4 allele (56.6 vs. 52.6%; P = 0.58). The continuous cognitive change score (mean +/- SD) was similar between groups (APOE4: 0.05 +/- 0.27 vs. non-APOE4: 0.07 +/- 0.28; P = 0.53). Two hundred ninety-one subjects (74%) completed testing at 1 yr. POCD occurred in 45.9% of APOE4 subjects versus 46.3% of non-APOE4 subjects (P = 0.95). The cognitive score was again similar (APOE4: 0.08 +/- 0.27 vs. non-APOE4: 0.05 +/- 0.25; P = 0.39). Biomarker levels were not associated with APOE4 genotype or cognition at 6 weeks or 1 yr. CONCLUSION Cognitive decline after major noncardiac surgery is not associated with APOE4 genotype or plasma biomarker levels.
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Hazleton JE, Berman JW, Eugenin EA. Novel mechanisms of central nervous system damage in HIV infection. HIV AIDS-RESEARCH AND PALLIATIVE CARE 2010; 2:39-49. [PMID: 22096383 PMCID: PMC3218694 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s9186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection of the central nervous system is an early event after primary infection, resulting in motor and cognitive defects in a significant number of individuals despite successful antiretroviral therapy. The pathology of the infected brain is characterized by enhanced leukocyte infiltration, microglial activation and nodules, aberrant expression of inflammatory factors, neuronal dysregulation and loss, and blood–brain barrier disruption. Months to years following the primary infection, these central nervous system insults result in a spectrum of motor and cognitive dysfunction, ranging from mild impairment to frank dementia. The mechanisms that mediate impairment are still not fully defined. In this review we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms that facilitate impairment and new data that implicate intercellular communication systems, gap junctions and tunneling nanotubes, as mediators of human immunodeficiency virus-1 toxicity and infection within the central nervous system. These data suggest potential targets for novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E Hazleton
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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Tang KF, Cai L, Zhou JN. Observation of the density and size of cells in hippocampus and vascular lesion in thalamus of GFAP-apoE transgenic mice. Neurosci Bull 2010; 25:167-78. [PMID: 19633698 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-009-0324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is associated with increased risk of age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD). The present study aims to investigate the age-related general morphological changes of the brain in GFAP-apoE transgenic mice, especially the alterations in number and size of hippocampal pyramidal cells and the microvascular lesions in the thalamus. METHODS Nine female apoE4/4 mice were divided into 3 groups (n=3 in each group): 3-4 months (young group), 9-10 months (middle-aged group) and 20-21 months (old group). Age-matched apoE3/3 mice were employed as control group (n=3 in each group). The paraffin sections of brain tissue were stained by 2 conventional staining methods, thionin staining and hematoxylin-esion(HE) staining, the former of which was to observe the hippocampal cells, while the latter was used to examine the brain microvasculature. RESULTS There was no apparent difference in the cortical layer between apoE3/3 and apoE4/4 mice, neither any significant difference in the number of cells in hippocampal CA1-CA3 subfields between apoE3/3 and apoE4/4 mice at various age points (P>0.05). However, the mean size of pyramidal cells in CA1 subfield in apoE3/3 and apoE4/4 mice decreased as mice were getting older (P<0.001). At the age of 20-21 months, this cellular atrophy in apoE4/4 mice was more severe than that in old apoE3/3 mice (P<0.05). Furthermore, microvascular lesion in the thalamus was detected in all the 3 old apoE4/4 mice, at varying degrees (5.24%, 1.41% and 3.97%, respectively), while only one apoE3/3 mouse exhibited microvascular lesion in the thalamus, at a low level (0.85%). CONCLUSION The current study suggests that the cell size in hippocampal CA1 subfield decreases with aging, irrespective of apoE genotype. Cellular atrophy in CA1 subfield and the microvascular lesion in the thalamus are both more severe in old apoE4/4 mice as compared with those in age-matched apoE3/3 mice. Doubts still exist on whether the decreased cell size in hippocampal CA1 subfield in old apoE4/4 mice is associated with dysfunction in learning and memory and whether the microvascular lesions indicate a higher risk of stroke in human apoE4 allele mice. To clarify these issues, further investigations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Feng Tang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale and School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany L Tsai
- Department of Anesthesia & Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, 94143-0648 (Tsai & Leung), and School of Nursing, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2069 (Sands)
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Plasma Amyloid β42 and Amyloid β40 Levels Are Associated With Early Cognitive Dysfunction After Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88:1426-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Chen J, Zimmerman RA, Jarvik GP, Nord AS, Clancy RR, Wernovsky G, Montenegro LM, Hartman DM, Nicolson SC, Spray TL, Gaynor JW, Ichord R. Perioperative stroke in infants undergoing open heart operations for congenital heart disease. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88:823-9. [PMID: 19699905 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of perioperative stroke in infants undergoing operations for congenital heart disease has not been well described. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of stroke as assessed by postoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), characterize the neuroanatomic features of focal ischemic injury, and identify risk factors for its development. METHODS Brain MRI was performed in 122 infants 3 to 14 days after cardiac operation with cardiopulmonary bypass, with or without deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data were collected. Risk factors were tested by logistic regression for univariate and multivariate associations with stroke. RESULTS Stroke was identified in 12 of 122 patients (10%). Strokes were preoperative in 6 patients and possibly intraoperative or postoperative in the other 6 patients, and were clinically silent except in 1 patient who had clinical seizures. Arterial-occlusive and watershed infarcts were identified with equal distribution in both hemispheres. Multivariate analysis identified lower birth weight, preoperative intubation, lower intraoperative hematocrit, and higher blood pressure at admission to the cardiac intensive care unit postoperatively as significant factors associated with stroke. Prematurity, younger age at operation, duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, and use of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest were not significantly associated with stroke. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of stroke in infants undergoing operations for congenital heart disease was 10%, half of which occurred preoperatively. Most were clinically silent and undetected without neuroimaging. Mechanisms included thromboembolism and hypoperfusion, with patient-specific, procedure-specific, and postoperative contributions to increased risk.
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MESH Headings
- Brain/pathology
- Cardiopulmonary Bypass
- Cerebral Infarction/diagnosis
- Cerebral Infarction/etiology
- Cerebral Infarction/mortality
- Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Female
- Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosis
- Heart Defects, Congenital/mortality
- Heart Defects, Congenital/surgery
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Low Birth Weight
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/diagnosis
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/mortality
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/surgery
- Intracranial Embolism/diagnosis
- Intracranial Embolism/etiology
- Intracranial Embolism/mortality
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Male
- Pennsylvania
- Postoperative Complications/diagnosis
- Postoperative Complications/etiology
- Postoperative Complications/mortality
- Prospective Studies
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi Chen
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Gaynor JW, Nord AS, Wernovsky G, Bernbaum J, Solot CB, Burnham N, Zackai E, Heagerty PJ, Clancy RR, Nicolson SC, Jarvik GP, Gerdes M. Apolipoprotein E genotype modifies the risk of behavior problems after infant cardiac surgery. Pediatrics 2009; 124:241-50. [PMID: 19564306 PMCID: PMC2840402 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2008-2281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal was to evaluate polymorphisms of the APOE gene as modifiers of neurobehavioral outcomes for preschool-aged children with congenital heart defects, after cardiac surgery. METHODS A prospective observational study with neurodevelopmental evaluation between the fourth and fifth birthdays was performed. Attention and behavioral skills were assessed through parental report. RESULTS Parents of 380 children completed the neurobehavioral measures. Child Behavior Checklist scores for the pervasive developmental problem scale were in the at-risk or clinically significant range for 15% of the cohort, compared with 9% for the normative data (P < .00001). Attention problem scores were in the at-risk or clinically significant range for 12% of the cohort, compared with 7% for the normative data (P = .0002). The Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale-IV, Preschool Version, was completed for 378 children; 30% scored in the clinically significant range for inattention and 22% for impulsivity. After adjustment for covariates, the APOE epsilon2 allele was significantly associated with higher scores (worse problems) for multiple Child Behavior Checklist indices, including somatic complaints (P = .009), pervasive developmental problems (P = .032), and internalizing problems (P = .009). In each case, the epsilon4 allele was associated with a better outcome. APOE epsilon2 carriers had impaired social skills, compared with epsilon4 carriers (P = .009). CONCLUSIONS For preschool-aged children with congenital heart defects requiring surgery, parental rating scales showed an increased prevalence of restricted behavior patterns, inattention, and impaired social interactions. The APOE epsilon2 allele was associated with increased behavior problems, impaired social interactions, and restricted behavior patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. William Gaynor
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alex S Nord
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gil Wernovsky
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Division of Critical Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Judy Bernbaum
- Division of General Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Cynthia B. Solot
- Center for Childhood Communication, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy Burnham
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Division of Genetics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Robert R. Clancy
- Division of Neurology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Susan C. Nicolson
- Division of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gail P. Jarvik
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Marsha Gerdes
- Division of Psychology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Lanterna LAL, Biroli F. Significance of apolipoprotein E in subarachnoid hemorrhage: neuronal injury, repair, and therapeutic perspectives--a review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 18:116-23. [PMID: 19251187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) strikes individuals at a young age with devastating neurologic consequences. Classic formulations that correlate complications and outcome with clinical variables do not explain all the heterogeneity that is usually found in clinical practice. The role of genetic predisposition has recently been investigated. Particular attention has been paid to the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype that encodes for a polymorphic protein existing as 3 isoforms (apoE2, apoE3, apoE4), products of alleles E2, E3, and E4 at a single gene locus. ApoE is produced by astrocytes and exerts complex neuroprotective functions that make it a hub of the biochemical network of SAH. The neuroprotective effectiveness of the apoE4 isoform is reduced with respect to the others and this has made the E4 allele a risk factor candidate. Recently published observational studies and meta-analyses suggested that the APOE genotype may strongly improve the usual predictive model with the possibility of optimizing clinical decisions according to the individual's needs. Furthermore, the clinical results, together with new biological insights, suggest that SAH may be a possible candidate for the ongoing research on apoE-based neuroprotective therapy. This article reviews the clinical studies, analyzes their methodology, and surveys the biological links between the physiopathology of SAH and apoE and the possible prospects.
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Grocott HP. Perioperative genomics and neurologic outcome: we can't change who we are. Can J Anaesth 2009; 56:562-6. [PMID: 19479316 DOI: 10.1007/s12630-009-9122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Wisdom NM, Callahan JL, Hawkins KA. The effects of apolipoprotein E on non-impaired cognitive functioning: a meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:63-74. [PMID: 19285755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nearly twice as many participants are represented in the current literature than were available at the time of the last major meta-analytic neurocognitive examination of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) epsilon allele combinations [Small, B.J., Rosnick, C.B., Fratiglioni, L., Backman, L., 2004. Apolipoprotein E and cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Aging 19, 592-600]. The meta-analysis in the current study sought to specifically examine (1) small effects and (2) possible moderating variables associated with ApoE allele combinations that may have been undiscoverable in previous examinations of smaller data sets. A total of 77 studies, representing 40,942 cognitively healthy adults were identified for inclusion in the current meta-analysis (random effects design). Results were congruent with the previous meta-analytic findings indicating that carriers of ApoE allele 4 (ɛ4) perform significantly worse on measures of episodic memory, executive functioning, and overall global cognitive ability. In addition, the current analysis revealed a small effect suggesting that ApoE allele 4 adversely impacts perceptual speed. In contrast to earlier studies, the results also indicate that increases in age result in significantly larger differences between ApoE ɛ4 carriers and ApoE non-ɛ4 carriers on measures of episodic memory and global cognitive ability. ApoE ɛ4 exerts broad, but specific, adverse small effects on a range of neurocognitive functions in cognitively healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick M Wisdom
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Psychology, 116 N Murray, Stillwater, OK 74074, USA.
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Janette Vardy
- Department of Medical Oncology, The University of Sydney, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, Concord, Australia.
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50
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Gottesman RF, McKhann GM, Hogue CW. Neurological complications of cardiac surgery. Semin Neurol 2008; 28:703-15. [PMID: 19115176 DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1105973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurological injury resulting from cardiac surgery has a range of manifestations from focal neurological deficit to encephalopathy or coma. As the safety of drug-eluting stents comes into question, more patients will likely undergo coronary artery bypass graft surgery. These projections, along with the growing proportions of elderly patients and those with comorbidities, portend the potential for rising rates of perioperative neurological complications. The risk for neurological injury may be determined by the type of procedure, by patient-specific characteristics, and by the extent of cerebral embolization and hypoperfusion during and after surgery. Changes in surgical techniques, including the use of off-pump surgery, have not decreased rates of brain injury from cardiac surgery. When appropriate, modern neuroimaging techniques should be used in postoperative patients to confirm diagnosis, to provide information on potential etiology, to direct appropriate therapy, and to help in prognostication. Management of postoperative medications and early use of rehabilitation services is a recommended strategy to optimize the recovery for individuals with neurological injury after cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Gottesman
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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