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Mendonça R, Vullioud P, Katlein N, Vallat A, Glauser G, Bennett NC, Helfenstein F. Oxidative costs of cooperation in cooperatively breeding Damaraland mole-rats. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201023. [PMID: 32900314 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within cooperatively breeding societies, individuals adjust cooperative contributions to maximize indirect fitness and minimize direct fitness costs. Yet, little is known about the physiological costs of cooperation, which may be detrimental to direct fitness. Oxidative stress, the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (by-products of energy production) and antioxidant protection, may represent such a cost when cooperative behaviours are energetically demanding. Oxidative stress can lead to the accumulation of cellular damage, compromising survival and reproduction, thus mediating the trade-off between these competing life-history traits. Here, we experimentally increased energetically demanding cooperative contributions in captive Damaraland mole-rats (Fukomys damarensis). We quantified oxidative stress-related effects of increased cooperation on somatic and germline tissues, and the trade-off between them. Increased cooperative contributions induced oxidative stress in females and males, without increasing somatic damage. Males accumulated oxidative damage in their germline despite an increase in antioxidant defences. Finally, oxidative damage accumulation became biased towards the germline, while antioxidant protection remained biased towards the soma, suggesting that males favour the maintenance of somatic tissues (i.e. survival over reproduction). Our results show that heightened cooperative contributions can ultimately affect direct fitness through oxidative stress costs, which may represent a key selective pressure for the evolution of cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Mendonça
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Nathan Katlein
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.,Kalahari Meerkat Project, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Armelle Vallat
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Fabrice Helfenstein
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecophysiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Mousavi SR, Jafari M, Rezaei S, Agha-alinejad H, Sobhani V. Evaluation of the effects of different intensities of forced running wheel exercise on oxidative stress biomarkers in muscle, liver and serum of untrained rats. Lab Anim (NY) 2020; 49:119-125. [DOI: 10.1038/s41684-020-0503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pinheiro JL, Maia BP, Lima ABD, Domingues RJDS, Oliveira FRT, Freitas JJDS, Kietzer KS. NANDROLONE DECANOATE IS PROOXIDANT IN THE MYOCARDIUM OF EXERCISED OR SEDENTARY RATS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202601185347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Nandrolone decanoate is a synthetic testosterone analogue considered one of the most widely used anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) among adolescents and athletes. Chronic ingestion of AAS increases the incidence of cardiovascular abnormalities in athletes, but the mechanism that causes these changes remains unknown. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to verify the possible effects of the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) on the morphology and oxidative metabolism of the heart in exercised and sedentary rats. Methods: This is a comparative prospective level II study. Twenty-four Wistar rats were distributed in groups that performed voluntary (TG) and sedentary (SG) running exercises, and used AAS: the Anabolic Training Group (ATG), and the Anabolic Sedentary Group (ASG). During the three months of the running protocol, the animals received an intramuscular injection of 5 mg/kg b.p. of AAS. After the training period, the rats were euthanized and the hearts were removed for evaluation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity, and for morphometric analysis. Results: The anabolic groups, ASG (0.3072 ± 0.0531) and ATG (0.2732 ± 0.0413), presented higher lipid peroxidation when compared to the non-anabolic groups SG (0.1705 ± 0.0224) and TG (0.1785 ± 0.0340). Conclusion: There was no change in total antioxidant capacity or in the thickness of the interventricular septum and left ventricular wall. Thus, the use of anabolic androgenic steroids did not cause morphological changes in the myocardium. However it did alter the oxidative metabolism. It was also verified that aerobic exercise had no protective effect against lipid peroxidation in the myocardium caused by the use of AAS. Level of evidence II; Prospective comparative study.
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Son YH, Lee SM, Lee SH, Yoon JH, Kang JS, Yang YR, Kwon KS. Comparative molecular analysis of endurance exercise in vivo with electrically stimulated in vitro myotube contraction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 127:1742-1753. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise has positive effects on health and improves a variety of disease conditions. An in vitro model of exercise has been developed to better understand its molecular mechanisms. While various conditions have been used to mimic in vivo exercise, no specific conditions have matched a specific type of in vivo exercise. Here, we screened various electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) conditions and compared the molecular events under each condition in myotube culture with that obtained under voluntary wheel running (VWR), a mild endurance exercise, in mice. Both EPS and VWR upregulated the mRNA levels of genes involved in the slow-type twitch ( Myh7 and Myh2) and myogenesis ( Myod and Myog) and increased the protein expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α, which is involved in mitochondrial biogenesis. These changes were accompanied by activation of p38 and AMPK. However, neither condition induced the expression of muscle-specific E3 ligases such as MAFbx and MuRF1. Both EPS and VWR consistently induced antioxidant genes such as Sod3 and Gpx4 but did not cause similar changes in the expression levels of the calcium channel/pump-related genes Ryr and Serca. Furthermore, both EPS and VWR reduced glycogen levels but not lactate levels as assessed in post-EPS culture medium and post-VWR serum, respectively. Thus we identified an in vitro EPS condition that effectively mimics VWR in mice, which can facilitate further studies of the detailed molecular mechanisms of endurance exercise in the absence of interference from multiple tissues and organs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study establishes an optimal condition for electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) in myotubes that shows a similar molecular signature as voluntary wheel running. The specific EPS condition 1) upregulates the mRNA of slow-twitch muscle components and myogenic transcription factors, 2) induces antioxidant genes without any muscle damage, and 3) promotes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α and its upstream regulators involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hoon Son
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Min Lee
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol Hee Lee
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeon Yoon
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sook Kang
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ryoul Yang
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Sun Kwon
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Gajski G, Žegura B, Ladeira C, Novak M, Sramkova M, Pourrut B, Del Bo' C, Milić M, Gutzkow KB, Costa S, Dusinska M, Brunborg G, Collins A. The comet assay in animal models: From bugs to whales - (Part 2 Vertebrates). MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2019; 781:130-164. [PMID: 31416573 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay has become one of the methods of choice for the evaluation and measurement of DNA damage. It is sensitive, quick to perform and relatively affordable for the evaluation of DNA damage and repair at the level of individual cells. The comet assay can be applied to virtually any cell type derived from different organs and tissues. Even though the comet assay is predominantly used on human cells, the application of the assay for the evaluation of DNA damage in yeast, plant and animal cells is also quite high, especially in terms of biomonitoring. The present extensive overview on the usage of the comet assay in animal models will cover both terrestrial and water environments. The first part of the review was focused on studies describing the comet assay applied in invertebrates. The second part of the review, (Part 2) will discuss the application of the comet assay in vertebrates covering cyclostomata, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, in addition to chordates that are regarded as a transitional form towards vertebrates. Besides numerous vertebrate species, the assay is also performed on a range of cells, which includes blood, liver, kidney, brain, gill, bone marrow and sperm cells. These cells are readily used for the evaluation of a wide spectrum of genotoxic agents both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the use of vertebrate models and their role in environmental biomonitoring will also be discussed as well as the comparison of the use of the comet assay in vertebrate and human models in line with ethical principles. Although the comet assay in vertebrates is most commonly used in laboratory animals such as mice, rats and lately zebrafish, this paper will only briefly review its use regarding laboratory animal models and rather give special emphasis to the increasing usage of the assay in domestic and wildlife animals as well as in various ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Bojana Žegura
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC - Health & Technology Research Center, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Centro de Investigação e Estudos em Saúde de Publica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matjaž Novak
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Sramkova
- Biomedical Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Bertrand Pourrut
- EcoLab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Cristian Del Bo'
- DeFENS-Division of Human Nutrition, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Solange Costa
- Environmental Health Department, National Health Institute Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, Department of Environmental Chemistry-MILK, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Zhang Y, Brasher AL, Park NR, Taylor HA, Kavazis AN, Hood WR. High activity before breeding improves reproductive performance by enhancing mitochondrial function and biogenesis. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb177469. [PMID: 29487162 PMCID: PMC5963833 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.177469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of physiological responses of organisms is typically based on data collected during an isolated event. Although many fundamental insights have been gained from these studies, evaluating the response to a single event ignores the fact that each individual has experienced a unique set of events throughout its life that may have altered its physiology. The idea that prior experiences can influence subsequent performance is known as a carry-over effect. Carry-over effects may explain much of the variation in performance found among individuals. For example, high physical activity has been shown to improve mitochondrial respiratory function and biogenesis and reduce oxidative stress, and has been linked to improved health and longevity. In this study, we asked whether the bioenergetic differences between active and inactive individuals carry over to impact performance in a subsequent reproductive event and alter a female's reproductive outcome. Female mice that had access to a running wheel for a month before mating gave birth to a larger litter and weaned a heavier litter, indicating that high physical activity had a positive carry-over effect to reproduction. Mice that ran also displayed higher mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis with no changes in endogenous antioxidant enzymes. These results provide a mechanistic framework for how the conditions that animals experience before breeding can impact reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - Adam L Brasher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - Noel R Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | - Halie A Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
| | | | - Wendy R Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36830, USA
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Dupuis C, Berthon J, Larue J, Rougé S, Filaire M, Filaire E. Effects of 6 weeks of betaine or C-phycocyanin supplementation associated or not with wheel running on redox status. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Gandhi G, Gunjan G. Exercise-Induced Genetic Damage: A Review. INT J HUM GENET 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09723757.2009.11886061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Gandhi
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, Punjab, India Telephone (O): +91-183-2258802-09 Extn. 3444, Fax (Univ.):+91-183-2258820
| | - G. Gunjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143 005, Punjab, India Telephone (O): +91-183-2258802-09 Extn. 3444, Fax (Univ.):+91-183-2258820
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Fletcher KL, Whitley BN, Treidel LA, Thompson D, Williams A, Noguera JC, Stevenson JR, Haussmann MF. Voluntary locomotor activity mitigates oxidative damage associated with isolation stress in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). Biol Lett 2016; 11:rsbl.2015.0178. [PMID: 26179798 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.0178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal performance directly depends on an individual's ability to cope with a wide array of physiological challenges. For social animals, social isolation is a stressor that has been shown to increase oxidative stress. Another physiological challenge, routine locomotor activity, has been found to decrease oxidative stress levels. Because we currently do not have a good understanding of how diverse physiological systems like stress and locomotion interact to affect oxidative balance, we studied this interaction in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). Voles were either pair housed or isolated and within the isolation group, voles either had access to a moving wheel or a stationary wheel. We found that chronic periodic isolation caused increased levels of oxidative stress. However, within the vole group that was able to run voluntarily, longer durations of locomotor activity were associated with less oxidative stress. Our work suggests that individuals who demonstrate increased locomotor activity may be better able to cope with the social stressor of isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey L Fletcher
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Treidel
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - David Thompson
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Annie Williams
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Jose C Noguera
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Graham Kerr Building, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Mark F Haussmann
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
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Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:7239639. [PMID: 26823952 PMCID: PMC4707375 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7239639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wealth of epidemiological and experimental studies indicating the protective role of regular physical activity/exercise training against the sequels of aging and cardiovascular diseases, the molecular transducers of exercise/physical activity benefits are not fully identified but should be further investigated in more integrative and innovative approaches, as they bear the potential for transformative discoveries of novel therapeutic targets. As aging and cardiovascular diseases are associated with a chronic state of oxidative stress and inflammation mediated via complex and interconnected pathways, we will focus in this review on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of exercise, mainly exerted on adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, immune system, and cardiovascular system by modulating anti-inflammatory/proinflammatory cytokines profile, redox-sensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B, activator protein-1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes, and repair proteins such as heat shock proteins, proteasome complex, oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, uracil DNA glycosylase, and telomerase. It is important to note that the effects of exercise vary depending on the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise as well as on the individual's characteristics; therefore, the development of personalized exercise programs is essential.
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Speakman JR, Blount JD, Bronikowski AM, Buffenstein R, Isaksson C, Kirkwood TBL, Monaghan P, Ozanne SE, Beaulieu M, Briga M, Carr SK, Christensen LL, Cochemé HM, Cram DL, Dantzer B, Harper JM, Jurk D, King A, Noguera JC, Salin K, Sild E, Simons MJP, Smith S, Stier A, Tobler M, Vitikainen E, Peaker M, Selman C. Oxidative stress and life histories: unresolved issues and current needs. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:5745-57. [PMID: 26811750 PMCID: PMC4717350 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Life‐history theory concerns the trade‐offs that mold the patterns of investment by animals between reproduction, growth, and survival. It is widely recognized that physiology plays a role in the mediation of life‐history trade‐offs, but the details remain obscure. As life‐history theory concerns aspects of investment in the soma that influence survival, understanding the physiological basis of life histories is related, but not identical, to understanding the process of aging. One idea from the field of aging that has gained considerable traction in the area of life histories is that life‐history trade‐offs may be mediated by free radical production and oxidative stress. We outline here developments in this field and summarize a number of important unresolved issues that may guide future research efforts. The issues are as follows. First, different tissues and macromolecular targets of oxidative stress respond differently during reproduction. The functional significance of these changes, however, remains uncertain. Consequently there is a need for studies that link oxidative stress measurements to functional outcomes, such as survival. Second, measurements of oxidative stress are often highly invasive or terminal. Terminal studies of oxidative stress in wild animals, where detailed life‐history information is available, cannot generally be performed without compromising the aims of the studies that generated the life‐history data. There is a need therefore for novel non‐invasive measurements of multi‐tissue oxidative stress. Third, laboratory studies provide unrivaled opportunities for experimental manipulation but may fail to expose the physiology underpinning life‐history effects, because of the benign laboratory environment. Fourth, the idea that oxidative stress might underlie life‐history trade‐offs does not make specific enough predictions that are amenable to testing. Moreover, there is a paucity of good alternative theoretical models on which contrasting predictions might be based. Fifth, there is an enormous diversity of life‐history variation to test the idea that oxidative stress may be a key mediator. So far we have only scratched the surface. Broadening the scope may reveal new strategies linked to the processes of oxidative damage and repair. Finally, understanding the trade‐offs in life histories and understanding the process of aging are related but not identical questions. Scientists inhabiting these two spheres of activity seldom collide, yet they have much to learn from each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Tillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jonathan D Blount
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Anne M Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology Iowa State University 251 Bessey Hall Ames Iowa 50011
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Physiology, Barshop Institute for Aging and Longevity Research UTHSCSA 15355 Lambda Drive San Antonio Texas 78245
| | - Caroline Isaksson
- Department of Biology Lund University Solvegatan 37 Lund 223 62 Sweden
| | - Tom B L Kirkwood
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL UK
| | - Pat Monaghan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Level 4 Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Michaël Beaulieu
- Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald Johann-Sebastian Bach Str. 11/12 Greifswald 17489 Germany
| | - Michael Briga
- Behavioral Biology University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7 Groningen 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Sarah K Carr
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Level 4 Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science Addenbrooke's Hospital Cambridge CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Louise L Christensen
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen Tillydrone Avenue Aberdeen AB24 2TZ UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital Campus Du Cane Road London W12 0NN UK
| | - Dominic L Cram
- Department of Zoology University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Jim M Harper
- Department of Biological Sciences Sam Houston State University 1900 Avenue I LDB 100B Huntsville Texas 77341
| | - Diana Jurk
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL UK
| | - Annette King
- The Newcastle University Institute for Ageing Institute for Cell & Molecular Biosciences Campus for Ageing and Vitality Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5PL UK
| | - Jose C Noguera
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Karine Salin
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Elin Sild
- Department of Biology Lund University Solvegatan 37 Lund 223 62 Sweden
| | - Mirre J P Simons
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences University of Sheffield Alfred Denny Building, Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Shona Smith
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Antoine Stier
- Department Ecology, Physiology et Ethology University of Strasbourg - IPHC (UMR7178) 23, rue Becquerel Strasbourg 67087 France
| | - Michael Tobler
- Department of Biology Lund University Solvegatan 37 Lund 223 62 Sweden
| | - Emma Vitikainen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation University of Exeter Penryn Campus Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | | | - Colin Selman
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine University of Glasgow Graham Kerr Building Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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Naderi R, Mohaddes G, Mohammadi M, Ghaznavi R, Ghyasi R, Vatankhah AM. Voluntary Exercise Protects Heart from Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:231-6. [PMID: 26236662 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2015.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Oxidative stress plays a key role in the onset and development of diabetes complications. In this study, we evaluated whether voluntary exercise could alleviate oxidative stress in the heart and blood of streptozotocin - induced diabetic rats. METHODS 28 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=7): control, exercise, diabetes and exercise + diabetes. Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin in male rats. Rats in the trained groups were subjected to voluntary running wheel exercise for 6 weeks. At the end of six weeks blood and heart tissue samples were collected and used for determination of antioxidant enzymes (including SOD, GPX and CAT activities) and MDA level. RESULTS Exercise significantly reduced MDA levels both in the heart tissue (p<0.01) and blood samples (p<0.05). In addition, exercise significantly increased SOD (p<0.05), GPX (p<0.001) and CAT (p<0.05) in the heart tissue. Voluntary exercise also significantly increased SOD (p<0.01), GPX (p<0.05) and CAT (p<0.001) in the blood. CONCLUSION Voluntary exercise diminishes the MDA level in blood and heart tissue of diabetic rats. It also accentuates activities of SOD, GPX and CAT. Therefore, it may be considered a useful tool for the reduction of oxidative stress in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Naderi
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mustafa Mohammadi
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Ghaznavi
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rafigheh Ghyasi
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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14
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Recent physical activity in relation to DNA damage and repair using the comet assay. J Phys Act Health 2014; 11:770-6. [PMID: 25078521 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2012-0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited evidence suggests that very high-intensity exercise is positively associated with DNA damage but moderate exercise may be associated with DNA repair. METHODS Participants were 220 healthy, Washington State 50- to 76-year-olds in the validity/biomarker substudy of the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort, who provided blood samples and completed questionnaires assessing recent physical activity and demographic and health factors. Measures included nested activity subsets: total activity, moderate- plus high-intensity activity, and high-intensity activity. DNA damage (n = 122) and repair (n = 99) were measured using the comet assay. Multivariate linear regression was used to estimate regression coefficients and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for relationships between MET-hours per week of activity and each DNA outcome (damage, and 15- and 60-minute repair capacities). RESULTS DNA damage was not associated with any measure of activity. However, 60-minute DNA repair was positively associated with both total activity (β = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.0057-0.412; P = .044) and high-intensity activity (β = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.20-0.60; P = .036), adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and current multivitamin use. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to assess broad ranges of activity intensity levels related to DNA damage and repair. Physical activity was unrelated to DNA damage but was associated with increased repair.
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Farhat F, Dupas J, Amérand A, Goanvec C, Feray A, Simon B, Guegueniat N, Moisan C. Effect of exercise training on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in rat heart and gastrocnemius muscle. Redox Rep 2014; 20:60-8. [PMID: 25242065 DOI: 10.1179/1351000214y.0000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the effect of endurance training on oxidative parameters and mitochondrial function in gastrocnemius and heart muscle. METHODS Male Wistar rats were trained by running for 6 weeks. In vitro measurements of the rates of hydroxyl radical ((•)OH) production, oxygen consumption (in either the absence, basal rate (V0), or the presence, maximal rate (Vmax), of adenosine diphosphate), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production were made simultaneously in permeabilized fibers. The mitochondrial function was explored after exposure or non-exposure to an in vitro generator system of reactive oxygen species (ROS). RESULTS Vmax was not affected by training, but V0 decreased. In conditions of maximal mitochondrial functioning, an increase in ATP rate and a decrease in (•)OH production occurred simultaneously. In vitro ROS exposure disturbed mitochondrial function, but training modified the vulnerability of Vmax and ATP rate to ROS in different ways. DISCUSSION We hypothesize that the part of Vmax devoted to proton leakage was decreased in trained rats, consequently improving ATP synthesis. The data suggest that, after training, there is more efficient use of electrons in respiratory chain energy production, rather than a greater ROS scavenging capacity.
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Pereira BC, Pauli JR, Antunes LMG, de Freitas EC, de Almeida MR, de Paula Venâncio V, Ropelle ER, de Souza CT, Cintra DE, Papoti M, da Silva ASR. Overtraining is associated with DNA damage in blood and skeletal muscle cells of Swiss mice. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 13:11. [PMID: 24099482 PMCID: PMC3852772 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-13-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alkaline version of the single-cell gel (comet) assay is a useful method for quantifying DNA damage. Although some studies on chronic and acute effects of exercise on DNA damage measured by the comet assay have been performed, it is unknown if an aerobic training protocol with intensity, volume, and load clearly defined will improve performance without leading to peripheral blood cell DNA damage. In addition, the effects of overtraining on DNA damage are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of aerobic training and overtraining on DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells in Swiss mice. To examine possible changes in these parameters with oxidative stress, we measured reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in total blood, and GSH levels and lipid peroxidation in muscle samples. RESULTS Performance evaluations (i.e., incremental load and exhaustive tests) showed significant intra and inter-group differences. The overtrained (OTR) group showed a significant increase in the percentage of DNA in the tail compared with the control (C) and trained (TR) groups. GSH levels were significantly lower in the OTR group than in the C and TR groups. The OTR group had significantly higher lipid peroxidation levels compared with the C and TR groups. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic and anaerobic performance parameters can be improved in training at maximal lactate steady state during 8 weeks without leading to DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells or to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells. However, overtraining induced by downhill running training sessions is associated with DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells, and with oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells and total blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cesar Pereira
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade Humana, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Mara Ribeiro de Almeida
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vinícius de Paula Venâncio
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Curso de Pós-graduação em Nutrição, Esporte e Metabolismo, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Claudio Teodoro de Souza
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Curso de Pós-graduação em Nutrição, Esporte e Metabolismo, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
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Kang MC, Kang SM, Ahn G, Kim KN, Kang N, Samarakoon KW, Oh MC, Lee JS, Jeon YJ. Protective effect of a marine polyphenol, dieckol against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in mouse. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 35:517-23. [PMID: 23528870 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the hepatoprotective effect of dieckol on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damages in ICR mice liver was investigated. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups such as saline treated (negative control), CCl4 treated (positive control), CCl4+dieckol (5mg/kg mouse) and CCl4+dieckol (25mg/kg mouse), respectively. The body weights and survival rates of mice, followed by dieckol treatments were significantly increased compared to the positive control. The level of GOT, GPT and MDA in the serum of the dieckol treated groups were reduced dose dependently than the control, significantly. The antioxidant enzymes including CAT, and GSH-px levels were increased significantly compared to the positive control. However, no significant differences were observed on hepatic histophathological analysis in dieckol treated groups dose dependently. Down-regulation of Bax and up-regulation of Bcl-xl protein expressions were observed in liver tissues of the dieckol administered groups. These results suggested that, dieckol can be developed as a therapeutic agent for liver disease by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Cheol Kang
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Fei-Wei Y, Fang F, Hong-Mei J, Ye J. Influence of Tartary Buckwheat Extracts Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Induced by Acute Exhaustive Exercise in Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2012. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2012.695.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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van de Crommenacker J, Komdeur J, Richardson DS. Assessing the cost of helping: the roles of body condition and oxidative balance in the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). PLoS One 2011; 6:e26423. [PMID: 22046283 PMCID: PMC3203150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In cooperatively breeding species, helping close relatives may provide important fitness benefits. However, helping can be energetically expensive and may result in increased generation of reactive oxygen species. Consequently, an oxidant/antioxidant imbalance can lead to higher oxidative stress susceptibility. Given the potential costs of helping, it may be that only individuals with a sufficiently good body condition and/or stable oxidative balance can afford to help. Knowledge about relationships between social status and oxidative balance in cooperatively breeding systems is still limited. Studying these relationships is important for understanding the costs of helping and physiological pressures of reproduction. Here we evaluate the relationship between helping behaviour, body condition and oxidative balance in a wild population of the cooperatively breeding Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). In this species, some subordinate individuals help dominant birds with the rearing of young, while others refrain from any assistance. We assessed body condition and oxidative parameters of birds of different social status caught during different breeding stages. We found that, prior to breeding, female subordinates that did not subsequently help (non-helpers) had significantly lower body condition and higher ROMs (reactive oxygen metabolites) than helpers and dominants. During the later stages of breeding, body condition was low in dominants and helpers, but high in non-helpers. Differences in oxidative balance between individuals of different social status were found only during nest care: Dominant males occupied with guarding behaviours tended to have relatively high oxidative stress susceptibility. Furthermore, dominant and helper females showed elevated antioxidant capacity (measured as OXY) in the weeks just prior to egg-laying, possibly representing a change in their reproductive physiology. The results imply that an individuals' oxidative balance may be influenced by factors related to reproduction, which can differ with sex and--within cooperative breeding systems--social status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janske van de Crommenacker
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-Organization, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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van de Crommenacker J, Komdeur J, Burke T, Richardson DS. Spatio-temporal variation in territory quality and oxidative status: a natural experiment in the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). J Anim Ecol 2010; 80:668-80. [PMID: 21198588 PMCID: PMC3107423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. Fluctuations in the quality of the habitat in which an animal lives can have major consequences for its behaviour and physiological state. In poor-quality habitat with low food availability, metabolically intensive foraging activity is likely to result in increased generation of reactive oxygen species, while scarcity of food can lead to a weakening of exogenously derived antioxidant defences. The consequent oxidant/antioxidant imbalance may lead to elevated oxidative stress. 2. Although the link between food availability and oxidative stress has been studied in the laboratory, very little is known about this relationship in the wild. Here, we investigate the association between territory quality (measured through food availability) and oxidative stress in the Seychelles warbler (Acrocephalus sechellensis). 3. Seychelles warblers are insectivorous birds that inhabit a fixed feeding territory year round. Individuals experience profound and rapid local fluctuations in territory quality within these territories, owing to changing patterns of vegetation defoliation resulting from seasonal changes in prevailing wind direction and wind-borne salt spray. 4. As expected, oxidant generation (measured as reactive oxygen metabolites; ROMs) was higher when territory quality was low, but there was no correlation between territory quality and antioxidant capacity (OXY). The negative correlation between territory quality and ROMs was significant between individuals and approached significance within individuals, indicating that the pattern resulted from individual responses to environmental variation. 5. ROMs and OXY levels within individuals were positively correlated, but the relationship between territory quality and ROMs persisted after including OXY as a covariate, implying that oxidative stress occurs in low territory quality conditions. 6. Our results indicate that the oxidative stress balance of an individual is sensitive to relatively short-term changes in territory quality, which may have consequences for the birds' fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janske van de Crommenacker
- Animal Ecology Group/Behavioural Ecology and Self-Organisation Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Pozzi R, Rosa JC, Eguchi R, Oller do Nascimento CM, Oyama LM, Aguiar O, Chaves MD, Ribeiro DA. Genetic damage in multiple organs of acutely exercised rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:632-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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22
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Metcalfe NB, Alonso-Alvarez C. Oxidative stress as a life-history constraint: the role of reactive oxygen species in shaping phenotypes from conception to death. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 394] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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23
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Tanimura Y, Shimizu K, Tanabe K, Kono I, Ajisaka R. Effects of three consecutive days exercise on lymphocyte DNA damage in young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:307-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1499-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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FURLAN G, BALDUINO J, ESTRELA H, DIAS M, CAVAGLIERI C, RUGGIERO A, NEPOMUCENO M. OAT PROTECTION AGAINST THE OXIDATIVE STRESS INDUCED IN RATS BY EXERCISE. J Food Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in rat: effect of food restriction and wheel running. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:243-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1121-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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Di Giacomo C, Acquaviva R, Sorrenti V, Vanella A, Grasso S, Barcellona ML, Galvano F, Vanella L, Renis M. Oxidative and antioxidant status in plasma of runners: effect of oral supplementation with natural antioxidants. J Med Food 2009; 12:145-50. [PMID: 19298208 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2008.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise increases free radical production as a consequence of enhanced oxygen consumption. If free radical formation exceeds antioxidant capacity, lipids, proteins, and DNA may be oxidized. Oxidative stress is widely recognized as a factor in many degenerative human diseases. The role of dietary antioxidants in protection against disease is a topic of continuing interest. In fact, there is epidemiological evidence correlating a higher intake of nutrients possessing antioxidant abilities with a lower incidence of various human diseases. This study was directed at investigating whether changes in plasma antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress markers occur in voluntary wheel runners, before and after oral supplementation with lycopene and isoflavones. For this purpose, plasma antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress markers were assessed in long distance runners at the end of a 60-minute run. Comparisons were made between runners before and after 60 days of supplementation with lycopene and isoflavones. DNA damage in blood cells of the same samples was also evaluated by comet assay. This investigation shows that oral supplementation with lycopene and soy-derived isoflavones significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced plasma nonproteic antioxidant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Di Giacomo
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Fisher-Wellman K, Bloomer RJ. Acute exercise and oxidative stress: a 30 year history. DYNAMIC MEDICINE : DM 2009; 8:1. [PMID: 19144121 PMCID: PMC2642810 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5918-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The topic of exercise-induced oxidative stress has received considerable attention in recent years, with close to 300 original investigations published since the early work of Dillard and colleagues in 1978. Single bouts of aerobic and anaerobic exercise can induce an acute state of oxidative stress. This is indicated by an increased presence of oxidized molecules in a variety of tissues. Exercise mode, intensity, and duration, as well as the subject population tested, all can impact the extent of oxidation. Moreover, the use of antioxidant supplements can impact the findings. Although a single bout of exercise often leads to an acute oxidative stress, in accordance with the principle of hormesis, such an increase appears necessary to allow for an up-regulation in endogenous antioxidant defenses. This review presents a comprehensive summary of original investigations focused on exercise-induced oxidative stress. This should provide the reader with a well-documented account of the research done within this area of science over the past 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Fisher-Wellman
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Richard J Bloomer
- Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161F Elma Neal Roane Fieldhouse, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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Monaghan P, Metcalfe NB, Torres R. Oxidative stress as a mediator of life history trade-offs: mechanisms, measurements and interpretation. Ecol Lett 2008; 12:75-92. [PMID: 19016828 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The concept of trade-offs is central to our understanding of life-history evolution. The underlying mechanisms, however, have been little studied. Oxidative stress results from a mismatch between the production of damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the organism's capacity to mitigate their damaging effects. Managing oxidative stress is likely to be a major determinant of life histories, as virtually all activities generate ROS. There is a recent burgeoning of interest in how oxidative stress is related to different components of animal performance. The emphasis to date has been on immediate or short-term effects, but there is an increasing realization that oxidative stress will influence life histories over longer time scales. The concept of oxidative stress is currently used somewhat loosely by many ecologists, and the erroneous assumption often made that dietary antioxidants are necessarily the major line of defence against ROS-induced damage. We summarize current knowledge on how oxidative stress occurs and the different methods for measuring it, and highlight where ecologists can be too simplistic in their approach. We critically review the potential role of oxidative stress in mediating life-history trade-offs, and present a framework for formulating appropriate hypotheses and guiding experimental design. We indicate throughout potentially fruitful areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pat Monaghan
- Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G128QQ, UK.
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Schubert KA, Vaanholt LM, Stavasius F, Demas GE, Daan S, Visser GH. Female mice respond differently to costly foraging versus food restriction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 211:2214-23. [PMID: 18587115 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.017525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Experimental manipulation of foraging costs per food reward can be used to study the plasticity of physiological systems involved in energy metabolism. This approach is useful for understanding adaptations to natural variation in food availability. Earlier studies have shown that animals foraging on a fixed reward schedule decrease energy intake and expenditure. However, the extent to which these changes depend on decreased food intake or increased foraging costs per se has never been tested. We manipulated foraging costs per food reward in female Hsd:ICR(CD-1) laboratory mice, comparing animals faced with low (L) and high (H) foraging costs to non-foraging animals receiving a food restriction (R) matched to the intake of H animals. Mice in the H group ran as much as L mice did but ate significantly less. They concurrently reduced daily energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate, decreased the size of major metabolic organs and utilized body fat stores; mass-specific resting metabolic rate did not differ between groups. We found evidence that these alterations in energy balance may carry fitness costs. As a secondary response to our experimental treatment, H females and, eventually, some R females ceased to show signs of estrous cyclicity. Surprisingly, results of an immune challenge with keyhole limpet hemocyanin showed that primary immune response did not differ between L and H groups, and was actually higher in R mice. Our results demonstrate that high foraging costs per se--the combination of high activity and low food intake--have pronounced physiological effects in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin A Schubert
- Department of Behavioral Biology, Center for Behavior and Neurosciences, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN, The Netherlands.
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Selman C, McLaren JS, Collins AR, Duthie GG, Speakman JR. The impact of experimentally elevated energy expenditure on oxidative stress and lifespan in the short-tailed field vole Microtus agrestis. Proc Biol Sci 2008; 275:1907-16. [PMID: 18467297 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2008.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history theory assumes that animal life histories are a consequence of trade-offs between current activities and future reproductive performance or survival, because resource supply is limited. Empirical evidence for such trade-offs in the wild are common, yet investigations of the underlying mechanisms are rare. Life-history trade-offs may have both physiological and ecological mediated costs. One hypothesized physiological mechanism is that elevated energy metabolism may increase reactive oxygen species production, leading to somatic damage and thus compromising future survival. We investigated the impact of experimentally elevated energy expenditure on oxidative damage, protection and lifespan in short-tailed field voles (Microtus agrestis) maintained in captivity to remove any confounding ecological factor effects. Energy expenditure was elevated via lifelong cold exposure (7+/-2 degrees C), relative to siblings in the warm (22+/-2 degrees C). No treatment effect on cumulative mortality risk was observed, with negligible effects on oxidative stress and antioxidant protection. These data suggest that in captive animals physiologically mediated costs on life history do not result from increased energy expenditure and consequent elevations in oxidative stress and reduced survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Selman
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Vaanholt L, Speakman J, Garland Jr. T, Lobley G, Visser G. Protein Synthesis and Antioxidant Capacity in Aging Mice: Effects of Long‐Term Voluntary Exercise. Physiol Biochem Zool 2008; 81:148-57. [DOI: 10.1086/525289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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32
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Selman C, McLaren JS, Mayer C, Duncan JS, Collins AR, Duthie GG, Redman P, Speakman JR. Lifelongα-Tocopherol Supplementation Increases the Median Life Span of C57BL/6 Mice in the Cold but Has Only Minor Effects on Oxidative Damage. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:83-96. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Selman
- Integrative Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Jane S. McLaren
- Integrative Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Claus Mayer
- BioSS, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie S. Duncan
- Obesity and Metabolic Health, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Collins
- Nutritional Biochemistry, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Institute for Nutrition Research, School of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Garry G. Duthie
- Nutritional Biochemistry, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Redman
- Integrative Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - John R. Speakman
- Integrative Physiology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
- Obesity and Metabolic Health, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Andreazza AC, Frey BN, Valvassori SS, Zanotto C, Gomes KM, Comim CM, Cassini C, Stertz L, Ribeiro LC, Quevedo J, Kapczinski F, Berk M, Gonçalves CA. DNA damage in rats after treatment with methylphenidate. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007; 31:1282-8. [PMID: 17614179 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylphenidate (MPH) is a widely prescribed psychostimulant for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recently, some studies have addressed the genotoxic potential of the MPH, but the results have been contradictory. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the index of cerebral and peripheral DNA damage in young and adult rats after acute and chronic MPH exposure. METHODS We used (1) single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) to measure early DNA damage in hippocampus, striatum and total blood, and (2) micronucleus test in total blood samples. RESULTS Our results showed that MPH increased the peripheral index of early DNA damage in young and adult rats, which was more pronounced with chronic treatment and in the striatum compared to the hippocampus. Neither acute nor chronic MPH treatment increased micronucleus frequency in young or in adult rats. Peripheral DNA damage was positively correlated with striatal DNA damage. CONCLUSION These results suggest that MPH may induce central and peripheral early DNA damage, but this early damage may be repaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Andreazza
- Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 / Anexo, 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Taylor RP, Olsen ME, Starnes JW. Improved postischemic function following acute exercise is not mediated by nitric oxide synthase in the rat heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 292:H601-7. [PMID: 16951051 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00094.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The mediators of acute exercise-induced preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion injury are not understood. This study assesses the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), a reported mediator of other forms of preconditioning. Male Fischer 344 rats were divided into five groups ( n = 6–7): sedentary (Sed); exercised 2 days on a treadmill at 20 m/min, 6° grade, for 60 min (Run); sedentary, perfused with 100 μM Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (l-NAME) to inhibit NOS (Sed/L-N); exercised, perfused with l-NAME (Run/L-N); and exercised in a 4°C environment, perfused with l-NAME (CRun/L-N). Twenty-four hours following exercise, isolated, perfused working hearts were subjected to 22.5 min of global ischemia plus 30 min of normoxic reperfusion. Left ventricle contents of several putative preconditioning mediators were determined. Postischemic recovery of cardiac output times systolic pressure was better in Run than Sed (78.4 vs. 50.2% of preischemia, P < 0.05). Inhibition of NOS did not abrogate the improved recovery in the exercise groups or alter recovery in Sed. All exercise groups also displayed improved myocardial efficiency (cardiac output times systolic pressure/oxygen consumption) postischemia and less lactate dehydrogenase release ( P < 0.05). l-NAME appeared to lower lactate dehydrogenase release independent of exercise. The only change in antioxidant enzyme activity was a decrease in manganese superoxide dismutase in CRun/L-N ( P < 0.05). Heat shock protein 72 expression increased only in Run and Run/L-N and endothelial NOS only in CRun/L-N ( P < 0.05). Acute exercise-induced preconditioning of the Fischer 344 rat heart is not mediated by NOS and does not require increases in heat shock protein 72 or antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Taylor
- Dept. of Kinesiology and Health Education, 1 Univ. Station, D3700, Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-0360, USA
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Selman C, McLaren JS, Meyer C, Duncan JS, Redman P, Collins AR, Duthie GG, Speakman JR. Life-long vitamin C supplementation in combination with cold exposure does not affect oxidative damage or lifespan in mice, but decreases expression of antioxidant protection genes. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 127:897-904. [PMID: 17092545 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is suggested to be central to the ageing process, with endogenous antioxidant defence and repair mechanisms in place to minimize damage. Theoretically, supplementation with exogenous antioxidants might support the endogenous antioxidant system, thereby reducing oxidative damage, ageing-related functional decline and prolonging life- and health-span. Yet supplementation trials with antioxidants in animal models have had minimal success. Human epidemiological data are similarly unimpressive, leading some to question whether vitamin C, for example, might have pro-oxidant properties in vivo. We supplemented cold exposed (7+/-2 degrees C) female C57BL/6 mice over their lifespan with vitamin C (ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate), widely advocated and self administered to reduce oxidative stress, retard ageing and increase healthy lifespan. No effect on mean or maximum lifespan following vitamin C treatment or any significant impact on body mass, or on parameters of energy metabolism was observed. Moreover, no differences in hepatocyte and lymphocyte DNA oxidative damage or hepatic lipid peroxidation was seen between supplemented and control mice. Using a DNA macroarray specific for oxidative stress-related genes, we found that after 18 months of supplementation, mice exhibited a significantly reduced expression of several genes in the liver linked to free-radical scavenging, including Mn-superoxide dismutase. We confirmed these effects by Northern blotting and found additional down-regulation of glutathione peroxidase (not present on macroarray) in the vitamin C treated group. We suggest that high dietary doses of vitamin C are ineffective at prolonging lifespan in mice because any positive benefits derived as an antioxidant are offset by compensatory reductions in endogenous protection mechanisms, leading to no net reduction in accumulated oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Selman
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity (ACERO), School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK.
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Aniagu SO, Day N, Chipman JK, Taylor EW, Butler PJ, Winter MJ. Does exhaustive exercise result in oxidative stress and associated DNA damage in the chub (Leuciscus cephalus)? ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2006; 47:616-23. [PMID: 16878316 DOI: 10.1002/em.20247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
DNA strand breaks [as determined by the conventional and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG)-modified Comet assay] and antioxidant defense status [as indicated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration] were evaluated in healthy adult chub (Leuciscus cephalus) after exhaustive exercise [swimming to their critical swimming speed (U(crit)), twice in succession with a 40 min rest period between] vs. confined (unexercised) control fish. The conventional Comet assay revealed significantly higher DNA strand breaks in all the tissues (blood, liver, and gill), with the highest increase over background evident in the epithelial gill cells of swum fish compared to the controls. Moreover, when the FPG-modified Comet assay was conducted to reveal specific oxidative lesions, the gill cells of exercised fish sustained the highest level of oxidative DNA damage in comparison to the control. Data on tissue antioxidant defense mechanism were less conclusive, with no significant differences in the tissue levels of SOD or GSH. This suggests that either the degree of oxidative stress was not great enough to evoke a response in terms of defense mechanisms or the timescale of antioxidant defense response was somewhat different from the time between the application of stress and subsequent tissue sampling. From the swimming data, U(crit) was significantly lower on the second assessment compared to the first (repeat ratio: 0.76), suggesting that the fish were exercised to a level which was not sustainable. Overall, these findings support the theory that acute extreme exercise could result in oxidative stress and associated DNA damage in fish. These observations suggest that fish living in fast flowing and polluted rivers are at increased risk of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley O Aniagu
- Molecular Pathobiology Unit, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Ascensão A, Ferreira R, Magalhães J. Exercise-induced cardioprotection--biochemical, morphological and functional evidence in whole tissue and isolated mitochondria. Int J Cardiol 2006; 117:16-30. [PMID: 16860886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2006] [Accepted: 04/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial injury is a major contributor to the morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease. Regular exercise has been confirmed as a pragmatic countermeasure to protect against cardiac injury. Specifically, endurance exercise has been proven to provide cardioprotection against cardiac insults in both young and old animals. Proposed mechanisms to explain the cardioprotective effects of exercise are mediated, at least partially, by redox changes and include the induction of myocardial heat shock proteins, improved cardiac antioxidant capacity, and/or elevation of other cardioprotective molecules. Understanding the molecular basis for exercise-induced cardioprotection is important in developing exercise strategies to protect the heart during and after insults. Data suggest that these positive modulator effects occur at different levels of cellular organization, being mitochondria fundamental organelles that are sensitive to disturbances imposed by exercise on basal homeostasis. At present, which of these protective mechanisms is essential for exercise-induced cardioprotection remains unclear. This review analyzes the biochemical, morphological and functional outcomes of acute and chronic exercise on the overall cardiac muscle tissue and in isolated mitochondria. Some redox-based mechanisms behind the cross-tolerance effects particularly induced by endurance training, against certain stressors responsible for the impairments in cardiac homeostasis caused by aging, diabetes, drug administration or ischemia-reperfusion are also outlined. Further work should be addressed in order to clarify the precise regulatory mechanisms by which physical exercise augments heart tolerance against many cardiotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Ascensão
- Department of Sports Biology, Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa, 91, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal.
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Deruisseau KC, Kavazis AN, Judge S, Murlasits Z, Deering MA, Quindry JC, Lee Y, Falk DJ, Leeuwenburgh C, Powers SK. Moderate caloric restriction increases diaphragmatic antioxidant enzyme mRNA, but not when combined with lifelong exercise. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:539-47. [PMID: 16677098 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diaphragmatic antioxidant enzymes are upregulated following acute and long-term treadmill exercise, but the effect of lifelong voluntary exercise (E) on diaphragmatic antioxidants is unknown. Therefore, 10-week old Fisher 344 rats were assigned to either: (a) sedentary ad libitum (AL) fed (24AL; n = 6); (b) E + 8% caloric restriction (24ECR; n = 9); or (c) sedentary + 8% caloric restriction (24CR; n = 9) groups. Diaphragms were harvested from animals at 24 months of age. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA in addition to catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu-ZnSOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA and protein levels were measured. Reduced glutathione (GSH) and citrate synthase (CS) activity were measured to assess antioxidant status and oxidative capacity, respectively. The 24CR group demonstrated increased GPX, HO-1, MnSOD, and CAT mRNA compared to 24AL and 24ECR. Interestingly, the increased mRNA in 24CR animals did not result in elevated protein levels. No group differences in Cu-ZnSOD mRNA, CS activity, or GSH were observed, although GSH was 30% greater in 24CR animals (p = 0.085). In summary, although CR elevated the mRNA of key antioxidant enzymes in the diaphragm, lifelong CR alone or in combination with voluntary exercise did not alter diaphragm CS activity, antioxidant protein quantity, or GSH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C Deruisseau
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Judge S, Jang YM, Smith A, Selman C, Phillips T, Speakman JR, Hagen T, Leeuwenburgh C. Exercise by lifelong voluntary wheel running reduces subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide production in the heart. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 289:R1564-72. [PMID: 16051717 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00396.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidant production, in association with an accumulation of oxidative damage, contribute to the aging process. Regular physical activity can delay the onset of morbidity, increase mean lifespan, and reduce the risk of developing several pathological states. No studies have examined age-related changes in oxidant production and oxidative stress in both subsarcolemmal (SSM) and interfibrillar (IFM) mitochondria in combination with lifelong exercise. Therefore, we investigated whether long-term voluntary wheel running in Fischer 344 rats altered hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, antioxidant defenses, and oxidative damage in cardiac SSM and IFM. At 10–11 wk of age, rats were randomly assigned to one of two groups: sedentary and 8% food restriction (sedentary; n = 20) or wheel running and 8% food restriction (runners; n = 20); rats were killed at 24 mo of age. After the age of 6 mo, running activity was maintained at an average of 1,145 ± 248 m/day. Daily energy expenditure determined by doubly labeled water technique showed that runners expended on average ∼70% more energy per day than the sedentary rats. Long-term voluntary wheel running significantly reduced H2O2production from both SSM (−10.0%) and IFM (−9.6%) and increased daily energy expenditure (kJ/day) significantly in runners compared with sedentary controls. Additionally, MnSOD activity was significantly lowered in SSM and IFM from wheel runners, which may reflect a reduction in mitochondrial superoxide production. Activities of the other major antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and catalase) and glutathione levels were not altered by wheel running. Despite the reduction in mitochondrial oxidant production, no significant differences in oxidative stress levels (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified proteins, protein carbonyls, and malondialdehyde) were detected between the two groups. The health benefits of chronic exercise may be, at least partially, due to a reduction in mitochondrial oxidant production; however, we could not detect a significant reduction in several selected parameters of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Judge
- Univ. of Florida, College of Medicine, Dept. of Aging and Geriatric Research, Genomics and Biomarkers Core Institute on Aging, Biochemistry of Aging Laboratory, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne A Van Voorhies
- Molecular Biology Program, MSC 3MLS, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8001, USA.
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Marlin DJ, Johnson L, Kingston DA, Smith NC, Deaton CM, Mann S, Heaton P, Van Vugt F, Saunders K, Kydd J, Harris PA. Application of the comet assay for investigation of oxidative DNA damage in equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Nutr 2004; 134:2133S-2140S. [PMID: 15284420 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.8.2133s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs when antioxidant defense mechanisms are overwhelmed by free radicals and may lead to DNA damage, which has been implicated in processes such as aging and diseases such as cancer. The two main techniques presently used to quantify DNA damage are measurement of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine and the Comet assay (also known as single-cell gel electrophoresis). The aim of this study was to apply the comet assay to equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and identify two conditions in which we hypothesized that oxidative DNA damage would be increased in PBMCs: aging and equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO, a condition similar to human asthma). The images obtained were similar to those previously published for humans, cats, and dogs. The optimum concentration of H(2)O(2) to estimate susceptibility to exogenous damage was 50 microM. Mean intraassay coefficients of variation were 4.7 and 9.7% for endogenous and exogenous tail-DNA quantities, respectively, and 7.3 and 8.3%, respectively, for interassay coefficients. There was no significant difference in either endogenous or exogenous percentages of tail DNA for samples collected from six ponies on three consecutive days. There was no significant difference in endogenous, exogenous, or exogenous (corrected for endogenous) oxidative DNA damage between mature and aged ponies. However, young pony foals had significantly less endogenous DNA damage than mature or aged ponies (P < 0.05). RAO-affected horses without airway inflammation (i.e., in clinical remission) had significantly greater endogenous damage compared with non-RAO-affected control animals (P = 0.009). There was a significant correlation between endogenous percentage of tail DNA in PBMCs and red blood cell hemolysate glutathione concentration (r = 0.720; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the comet assay appears to be suitable for investigating DNA damage in equine PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Marlin
- Centers for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, UK.
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Abstract
The direct effects of physical activity interventions on energy expenditure are relatively small when placed in the context of total daily energy demands. Hence, the suggestion has been made that exercise produces energetic benefits in other components of the daily energy budget, thus generating a net effect on energy balance much greater than the direct energy cost of the exercise alone. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the largest component of the daily energy budget in most human societies and, therefore, any increases in RMR in response to exercise interventions are potentially of great importance. Animal studies have generally shown that single exercise events and longer-term training produce increases in RMR. This effect is observed in longer-term interventions despite parallel decreases in body mass and fat mass. Flight is an exception, as both single flights and long-term flight training induce reductions in RMR. Studies in animals that measure the effect of voluntary exercise regimens on RMR are less commonly performed and do not show the same response as that to forced exercise. In particular, they indicate that exercise does not induce elevations in RMR. Many studies of human subjects indicate a short-term elevation in RMR in response to single exercise events (generally termed the excess post-exercise O2 consumption; EPOC). This EPOC appears to have two phases, one lasting < 2 h and a smaller much more prolonged effect lasting up to 48 h. Many studies have shown that long-term training increases RMR, but many other studies have failed to find such effects. Data concerning long-term effects of training are potentially confounded by some studies not leaving sufficient time after the last exercise bout for the termination of the long-term EPOC. Long-term effects of training include increases in RMR due to increases in lean muscle mass. Extreme interventions, however, may induce reductions in RMR, in spite of the increased lean tissue mass, similar to the changes observed in animals in response to flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity, Division of Energy Balance and Obesity, Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen AB21 9SB, UK.
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