1
|
Scalabrin M, Quintieri L, Palumbo M, Riccardi Sirtori F, Gatto B. Virtual Cross-Linking of the Active Nemorubicin Metabolite PNU-159682 to Double-Stranded DNA. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:614-624. [PMID: 28068470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The DNA alkylating mechanism of PNU-159682 (PNU), a highly potent metabolite of the anthracycline nemorubicin, was investigated by gel-electrophoretic, HPLC-UV, and micro-HPLC/mass spectrometry (MS) measurements. PNU quickly reacted with double-stranded oligonucleotides, but not with single-stranded sequences, to form covalent adducts which were detectable by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (DPAGE). Ion-pair reverse-phase HPLC-UV analysis on CG rich duplex sequences having a 5'-CCCGGG-3' central core showed the formation of two types of adducts with PNU, which were stable and could be characterized by micro-HPLC/MS. The first type contained one alkylated species (and possibly one reversibly bound species), and the second contained two alkylated species per duplex DNA. The covalent adducts were found to produce effective bridging of DNA complementary strands through the formation of virtual cross-links reminiscent of those produced by classical anthracyclines in the presence of formaldehyde. Furthermore, the absence of reactivity of PNU with CG-rich sequence containing a TA core (CGTACG), and the minor reactivity between PNU and CGC sequences (TACGCG·CGCGTA) pointed out the importance of guanine sequence context in modulating DNA alkylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Scalabrin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova , Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Quintieri
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova , Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Manlio Palumbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova , Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Riccardi Sirtori
- Oncology-Chemical Core Technologies Department, Nerviano Medical Sciences , viale Pasteur 10, Nerviano, 20014 Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Gatto
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova , Via Marzolo, 5, 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hamzehee F, Pourayoubi M, Farhadipour A, Choquesillo-Lazarte D. Two new phosphinic amides: Synthesis, crystal structure, and theoretical study of hydrogen bonding. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2016.1239200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz Hamzehee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Pourayoubi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Duane Choquesillo-Lazarte
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, IACT, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
HAMZEHEE F, POURAYOUBI M, CHOQUESILLO-LAZARTE D. Synthesis, Spectroscopic Study and Crystal Structure of a New Amidophosphonate, (C 6H 5O) 2P(O)(NHCH(CH 3)(C 2H 5)). X-RAY STRUCTURE ANALYSIS ONLINE 2016. [DOI: 10.2116/xraystruct.32.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farahnaz HAMZEHEE
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
| | - Mehrdad POURAYOUBI
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miura M, Ito K, Hayashi M, Nakajima M, Tanaka T, Ogura SI. The Effect of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid on Cytochrome P450-Mediated Prodrug Activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131793. [PMID: 26181717 PMCID: PMC4504516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of late, numerous prodrugs are widely used for therapy. The hemeprotein cytochrome P450 (CYP) catalyzes the activation of prodrugs to form active metabolites. Therefore, the activation of CYP function might allow the use of lower doses of prodrugs and decrease toxicity. We hypothesized that the addition of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a precursor in the porphyrin biosynthetic pathway, enhances the synthesis of heme, leading to the up-regulation of CYP activity. To test this hypothesis, we treated a human gastric cancer cell line with ALA and determined the effect on CYP-dependent prodrug activation. For this purpose, we focused on the anticancer prodrug tegafur, which is converted to its active metabolite 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) mainly by CYP2A6. We show here that ALA increased CYP2A6-dependent tegafur activation, suggesting that ALA elevated CYP activity and potentiated the activation of the prodrug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Miura
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B47 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226–8501, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ito
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B47 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226–8501, Japan
| | - Maiko Hayashi
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B47 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226–8501, Japan
| | - Motowo Nakajima
- SBI pharmaceuticals CO., LTD., Izumi Garden Tower 20F, 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106–6020, Japan
| | - Tohru Tanaka
- SBI pharmaceuticals CO., LTD., Izumi Garden Tower 20F, 1-6-1, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106–6020, Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Ogura
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 B47 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226–8501, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Say R, Uzun L, Yazar S, Denizli A, Hür D, Yılmaz F, Ersöz A. Bitargeting and ambushing nanotheranostics. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 42:138-45. [PMID: 24621078 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2013.794359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The main problem in cancer chemotherapy is the cytotoxic side effects of therapeutics on healthy tissues and cells. The targeted drug delivery and nanotechnology are intensively investigated area to find new ways to solve, at least to reduce, these problems. Hereby, we have reported a new method inspired from both conventional military strategies and biorecognition in the body. In this respect, we have produced two fluorescent nano-drug systems with bitargeting and biorecognition properties, recognizing cancer cells and each other. The multiplexed nanostructures were interacted with HL-60 cells to show their efficiency for bitargeting, ambushing, timed, and double-controlled cancer cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rıdvan Say
- Department of Chemistry, Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zawilska JB, Wojcieszak J, Olejniczak AB. Prodrugs: a challenge for the drug development. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:1-14. [PMID: 23563019 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)70959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that about 10% of the drugs approved worldwide can be classified as prodrugs. Prodrugs, which have no or poor biological activity, are chemically modified versions of a pharmacologically active agent, which must undergo transformation in vivo to release the active drug. They are designed in order to improve the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and/or pharmacokinetic properties of pharmacologically potent compounds. This article describes the basic functional groups that are amenable to prodrug design, and highlights the major applications of the prodrug strategy, including the ability to improve oral absorption and aqueous solubility, increase lipophilicity, enhance active transport, as well as achieve site-selective delivery. Special emphasis is given to the role of the prodrug concept in the design of new anticancer therapies, including antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) and gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta B Zawilska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa 106, PL 93-232 Łódź, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malik P, Chakraborty D. Synthesis, structural and spectroscopic characterization of thiophosphorodiamidates and effect of ZnCl2 on the hydrolysis of the P–N bond. Polyhedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
8
|
Petric M, Crisan L, Crisan M, Micle A, Maranescu B, Ilia G. Synthesis and QSRR Study for a Series of Phosphoramidic Acid Derivatives. HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hc.21076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Petric
- Institute of Chemistry; Timisoara of Romanian Academy; 300223; Timisoara; Romania
| | - Luminita Crisan
- Institute of Chemistry; Timisoara of Romanian Academy; 300223; Timisoara; Romania
| | - Manuela Crisan
- Institute of Chemistry; Timisoara of Romanian Academy; 300223; Timisoara; Romania
| | - Andreea Micle
- Laboratory of Drug Analysis and Profiling; General Inspectorate of Romanian Police; 300042; Timisoara; Romania
| | - Bianca Maranescu
- Institute of Chemistry; Timisoara of Romanian Academy; 300223; Timisoara; Romania
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kostrzewa-Nowak D, Bieg B, Paine MJ, Wolf CR, Tarasiuk J. The role of bioreductive activation of antitumour anthracycline drugs in cytotoxic activity against sensitive and multidrug resistant leukaemia HL60 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 674:112-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Shariatinia Z, Sheykhpour A, Yousefi M. New Phosphoramidates: Spectroscopic Study and Ab Initio Computations. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2010.532840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Shariatinia
- a Department of Chemistry , Amirkabir University of Technology , Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Sheykhpour
- b Department of Chemistry , Islamic Azad University, Shahre-Rey Branch , Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Yousefi
- b Department of Chemistry , Islamic Azad University, Shahre-Rey Branch , Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lewis BC, Mackenzie PI, Miners JO. Application of homology modeling to generate CYP1A1 mutants with enhanced activation of the cancer chemotherapeutic prodrug dacarbazine. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:879-88. [PMID: 21816953 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.072124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic prodrug dacarbazine (DTIC) has limited efficacy in human malignancies and exhibits numerous adverse effects that arise from systemic exposure to the cytotoxic metabolite. DTIC is activated by CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 catalyzed N-demethylation. However, structural features of these enzymes that confer DTIC N-demethylation have not been characterized. A validated homology model of CYP1A1 was employed to elucidate structure-activity relationships and to engineer CYP1A1 enzymes with altered DTIC activation. In silico docking demonstrated that DTIC orientates proximally to Ser122, Phe123, Asp313, Ala317, Ile386, Tyr259, and Leu496 of human CYP1A1. The site of metabolism is positioned 5.6 Å from the heme iron at an angle of 105.3°. Binding in the active site is stabilized by H-bonding between Tyr259 and the N(2) position of the imidazole ring. Twenty-seven CYP1A1 mutants were generated and expressed in Escherichia coli in yields ranging from 9 to 225 pmol P450/mg. DTIC N-demethylation by the E161K, E256K, and I458V mutants exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with decreases in K(m) (183-249 μM) that doubled the catalytic efficiency (p < 0.05) relative to wild-type CYP1A1 (K(m), 408 ± 43 μM; V(max), 28 ± 4 pmol · min(-1) · pmol of P450(-1)). The generation of enzymes with catalytically enhanced DTIC activation highlights the potential use of mutant CYP1A1 proteins in P450-based gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Lewis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Niculescu-Duvaz D, Negoita-Giras G, Niculescu-Duvaz I, Hedley D, Springer CJ. Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapies. PRODRUGS AND TARGETED DELIVERY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527633166.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
|
13
|
Gholivand K, Dorosti N, Shariatinia Z, Ghaziany F, Sarikhani S, Mirshahi M. Cyclophosphamide analogues: synthesis, spectroscopic study, and antitumor activity of diazaphosphorinanes. Med Chem Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-010-9466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
14
|
Doloff JC, Su T, Waxman DJ. Adenoviral delivery of pan-caspase inhibitor p35 enhances bystander killing by P450 gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy using cyclophosphamide+. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:487. [PMID: 20836875 PMCID: PMC2946310 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450-based suicide gene therapy for cancer using prodrugs such as cyclophosphamide (CPA) increases anti-tumor activity, both directly and via a bystander killing mechanism. Bystander cell killing is essential for the clinical success of this treatment strategy, given the difficulty of achieving 100% efficient gene delivery in vivo using current technologies. Previous studies have shown that the pan-caspase inhibitor p35 significantly increases CPA-induced bystander killing by tumor cells that stably express P450 enzyme CYP2B6 (Schwartz et al, (2002) Cancer Res. 62: 6928-37). Methods To further develop this approach, we constructed and characterized a replication-defective adenovirus, Adeno-2B6/p35, which expresses p35 in combination with CYP2B6 and its electron transfer partner, P450 reductase. Results The expression of p35 in Adeno-2B6/p35-infected tumor cells inhibited caspase activation, delaying the death of the CYP2B6 "factory" cells that produce active CPA metabolites, and increased bystander tumor cell killing compared to that achieved in the absence of p35. Tumor cells infected with Adeno-2B6/p35 were readily killed by cisplatin and doxorubicin, indicating that p35 expression is not associated with acquisition of general drug resistance. Finally, p35 did not inhibit viral release when the replication-competent adenovirus ONYX-017 was used as a helper virus to facilitate co-replication and spread of Adeno-2B6/p35 and further increase CPA-induced bystander cell killing. Conclusions The introduction of p35 into gene therapeutic regimens constitutes an effective approach to increase bystander killing by cytochrome P450 gene therapy. This strategy may also be used to enhance other bystander cytotoxic therapies, including those involving the production of tumor cell toxic protein products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Doloff
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gholivand K, Mostaanzadeh H, Koval T, Dusek M, Erben MF, Stoeckli-Evans H, Della Védova CO. Syntheses, spectroscopic study and X-ray crystallography of some new phosphoramidates and lanthanide(III) complexes of N-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-N′,N′′-bis(morpholino)phosphoric triamide. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B: STRUCTURAL SCIENCE 2010; 66:441-50. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108768110018550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
New phosphoramidates with the formula RC(O)N(H)P(O)X
2, R = 2-NO2—C6H4, 3-NO2—C6H4 and 4-NO2—C6H4, X = N(CH2CH3) (1)–(3), NC4H8 (4)–(6), and NC4H8O (7)–(9) were synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR and IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The reaction of (9) with hydrated lanthanide(III) nitrate leads to ten- or nine-coordinated complexes, (10)–(13). The crystal structure has been determined for (3), (5), (9), (10) and (13). In contrast to all of the previously reported similar phosphoramidate compounds, the —C(O)—N(H)—P(O) skeleton in the free ligand (9) shows a cisoid conformation, with the C=O and P=O double bonds adopting a nearly syn conformation. Quantum chemical calculations were applied for clarifying this exceptional conformational behavior. The monodentate neutral ligand (9) is coordinated to the metal ions via the phosphoryl O atom, adopting the usual anti conformation between the C=O and P=O groups.
Collapse
|
16
|
Storme T, Deroussent A, Mercier L, Prost E, Re M, Munier F, Martens T, Bourget P, Vassal G, Royer J, Paci A. New ifosfamide analogs designed for lower associated neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity with modified alkylating kinetics leading to enhanced in vitro anticancer activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 328:598-609. [PMID: 19017849 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.144170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ifosfamide is a well known prodrug for cancer treatment with cytochrome P450 metabolism. It is associated with both antitumor activity and toxicities. Isophosphoramide mustard is the bisalkylating active metabolite, and acrolein is a urotoxic side product. Because acrolein toxicity is limited by coadministration of sodium mercaptoethanesulfonate, the incidence of urotoxicity has been lowered. Current evidence suggests that chloroacetaldehyde, a side-chain oxidation metabolite, is responsible for neurotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The aim of our research is to prevent chloroacetaldehyde formation using new enantioselectively synthesized ifosfamide analogs, i.e., C7,C9-dimethyl-ifosfamide. We hypothesize that reduced toxicogenic catabolism may induce less toxicity without changing anticancer activity. Metabolite determinations of the dimethyl-ifosfamide analogs were performed using liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry after in vitro biotransformation by drug-induced rat liver microsomes and human microsomes expressing the main CYP3A4 and minor CYP2B6 enzymes. Both human and rat microsomes incubations produced the same N-deschloroalkylated and 4-hydroxylated metabolites. A coculture assay of 9L rat glioblastoma cells and rat microsomes was performed to evaluate their cytotoxicity. Finally, a mechanistic study using (31)P NMR kinetics allowed estimating the alkylating activity of the modified mustards. The results showed that C7,C9-dimethyl-ifosfamide exhibited increased activities, although they were still metabolized through the same N-deschloroalkylation pathway. Analogs were 4 to 6 times more cytotoxic than ifosfamide on 9L cells, and the generated dimethylated mustards were 28 times faster alkylating agents than ifosfamide mustards. Among these new ifosfamide analogs, the 7S,9R-enantiomer will be assessed for further in vivo investigations for its anticancer activity and its toxicological profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Storme
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 8638 Centre National de Recherche Scientifique Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory-Faculty of Pharmacy, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lu H, Chen CS, Waxman DJ. Potentiation of methoxymorpholinyl doxorubicin antitumor activity by P450 3A4 gene transfer. Cancer Gene Ther 2008; 16:393-404. [PMID: 19011599 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2008.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies of CYP gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy have been focused on anticancer prodrugs activated by CYP2B enzymes, which have low endogenous expression in human liver; however, the gene therapeutic potential of CYP3A enzymes, which are highly expressed in human liver, remains unknown. This study investigated methoxymorpholinyl doxorubicin (MMDX; nemorubicin), a novel CYP3A-activated anticancer prodrug. Retroviral transfer of CYP3A4 increased 9L gliosarcoma cell chemosensitivity to MMDX 120-fold (IC(50)=0.2 nM in 9L/3A4 cells). In CHO cells, overexpression of P450 reductase in combination with CYP3A4 enhanced chemosensitivity to MMDX, and to ifosfamide, another CYP3A4 prodrug, 11- to 23-fold compared with CYP3A4 expression alone. CYP3A4 expression and MMDX chemosensitivity were increased in human lung (A549) and brain (U251) tumor cells infected with replication-defective adenovirus encoding CYP3A4. Coinfection with Onyx-017, a replication-conditional adenovirus that coamplifies and coreplicates the Adeno-3A4 virus, led to large increases in CYP3A4 RNA but only modest increases in CYP3A4 protein and activity. MMDX induced remarkable growth delay of 9L/3A4 tumors, but not the P450-deficient parental 9L tumors, in immunodeficient mice administered low-dose MMDX either intravenous or by direct intratumoral (i.t.) injection (60 microg kg(-1), every 7 days x 3). Notably, the i.t. route was substantially less toxic to the mouse host. No antitumor activity was observed with intraperitoneal MMDX treatment, suggesting a substantial hepatic first pass effect, with activated MMDX metabolites formed in the liver having poor access to the tumor site. These studies demonstrate that human CYP3A4 has strong potential for MMDX prodrug-activation therapy and suggest that endogenous tumor cell expression of CYP3A4, and not hepatic CYP3A4 activity, is a key determinant of responsiveness to MMDX therapy in cancer patients in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Lu
- Department of Biology, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Quintieri L, Fantin M, Palatini P, De Martin S, Rosato A, Caruso M, Geroni C, Floreani M. In vitro hepatic conversion of the anticancer agent nemorubicin to its active metabolite PNU-159682 in mice, rats and dogs: A comparison with human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:784-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Iriarte AG, Erben MF, Gholivand K, Jios JL, Ulic SE, Della Védova CO. [Chloro(difluoro)acetyl]phosphoramidic acid dichloride ClF2CC(O)NHP(O)Cl2, synthesis, vibrational and NMR spectra and theoretical calculations. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
20
|
Synthesis, spectroscopic study, X-ray crystallography and ab initio calculations of the two new phosphoramidates: C6H5OP(O)(NHC6H11)2 and [N(CH3)(C6H11)]P(O)(2-C5H4N-NH)2. J Mol Struct 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2007.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
21
|
Casley WL, Ogrodowczyk C, Larocque L, Jaentschke B, LeBlanc-Westwood C, Menzies JA, Whitehouse L, Hefford MA, Aubin RA, Thorn CF, Whitehead AS, Li X. Cytotoxic doses of ketoconazole affect expression of a subset of hepatic genes. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2007; 70:1946-1955. [PMID: 17966066 DOI: 10.1080/15287390701551407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ketoconazole is a widely prescribed antifungal drug, which has also been investigated as an anticancer therapy in both clinical and pre-clinical settings. However, severe hepatic injuries were reported to be associated with the use of ketoconazole, even in patients routinely monitored for their liver functions. Several questions concerning ketoconazole-induced hepatic injury remain unanswered, including (1) does ketoconazole alter cytochrome P450 expression at the transcriptional level?, (2) what types of gene products responsible for cytotoxicity are induced by ketoconazole?, and (3) what role do the major metabolites of ketoconazole play in this pathophysiologic process? A mouse model was employed to investigate hepatic gene expression following hepatotoxic doses of ketoconazole. Hepatic gene expression was analyzed using a toxicogenomic microarray platform, which is comprised of cDNA probes generated from livers exposed to various hepatoxicants. These hepatoxicants fall into five well-studied toxicological categories: peroxisome proliferators, aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists, noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyls, inflammatory agents, and hypoxia-inducing agents. Nine genes encoding enzymes involved in Phase I metabolism and one Phase II enzyme (glutathione S-transferase) were found to be upregulated. Serum amyloid A (SAA1/2) and hepcidin were the only genes that were downregulated among the 2364 genes assessed. In vitro cytotoxicity and transcription analyses revealed that SAA and hepcidin are associated with the general toxicity of ketoconazole, and might be usefully explored as generalized surrogate markers of xenobiotic-induced hepatic injury. Finally, it was shown that the primary metabolite of ketoconazole (de-N-acetyl ketoconazole) is largely responsible for the hepatoxicity and the downregulation of SAA and hepcidin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L Casley
- Center for Biologics Research, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gholivand K, Della Védova CO, Erben MF, Mojahed F, Alizadehgan AM. Conformation of N,N′-bis (2,6-dimethylmorpholino), N″-dichloroacetyl phosphoric triamide: CHCl2C(O)NHP(O)[2,6(CH3)2(NC4H6O)]2. NMR and ab initio studies. J Mol Struct 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2006.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
23
|
Appenroth D, Werner T, Lupp A, Patzer L, Misselwitz J, Fleck C. Efforts to establish an animal model of Fanconi syndrome after ifosfamide administration to rats. J Appl Toxicol 2007; 27:327-36. [PMID: 17265418 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
About 10% of children develop Fanconi syndrome (FS) a few months after ifosfamide (IFO) treatment. To establish an animal model, IFO was injected as 4 or 5 treatment courses (TCs, once daily for 3 consecutive days), to adult female rats (AF, 8 mg 100 g(-1) body wt, 4 TCs), to young female rats (YF, 8 mg 100 g(-1) body wt, 5 TCs) and to male rats (M, 6 mg 100 g(-1) body wt, 4 TCs). In the adult female rats, polyuria with electrolyte and albumin wasting occurred acutely, 2 days after the first treatment course. After the third treatment course, 30% of the rats died, but survivors showed a reduced excretion of electrolytes and glucose. The body weight increase was significantly diminished in adult female and male rats by about 25% or 70%, respectively. Up to 5 months after 5 TCs in young female rats, 15% of the animals died but the survivors did not show any sign of renal failure. In males, 28% of the rats died and in surviving animals the excretion of electrolytes, proteins and glucose as well as GFR were reduced 7 weeks after the last treatment course. There were no pathomorphological changes in kidney and liver. Determination of renal and hepatic cytochrome P450 activities indicated that results of adult female and male rats could be caused by starving, known as a common side effect of IFO, and not by its nephrotoxicity. Altogether, it was not possible to establish a model of a Fanconi syndrome persisting after cessation of IFO treatment in our rat strain, whereas acute, FS-like IFO effects on the kidney could be shown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Appenroth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kumpulainen H, Mähönen N, Laitinen ML, Jaurakkajärvi M, Raunio H, Juvonen RO, Vepsäläinen J, Järvinen T, Rautio J. Evaluation of hydroxyimine as cytochrome P450-selective prodrug structure. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1207-11. [PMID: 16451086 DOI: 10.1021/jm0510124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyimine derivatives of ketoprofen (1) and nabumetone (2) were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo as cytochrome P450-selective intermediate prodrug structures of ketones. 2 released nabumetone in vitro in the presence of isolated rat and human liver microsomes and in different recombinant human CYP isoforms. Bioconversion of 2 to both nabumetone and its active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6-MNA), was further confirmed in rats in vivo. Results indicate that hydroxyimine is a useful intermediate prodrug structure for ketone drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Kumpulainen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gholivand K, Shariatinia Z, Pourayoubi M. Syntheses, spectroscopic characterization and crystal structures of some new phosphoramidates and an organotin(IV) complex of N-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-N′,N″-bis(piperidinyl)phosphoric triamide. Polyhedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2005.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
26
|
Kieran MW, Turner CD, Rubin JB, Chi SN, Zimmerman MA, Chordas C, Klement G, Laforme A, Gordon A, Thomas A, Neuberg D, Browder T, Folkman J. A feasibility trial of antiangiogenic (metronomic) chemotherapy in pediatric patients with recurrent or progressive cancer. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2005; 27:573-81. [PMID: 16282886 DOI: 10.1097/01.mph.0000183863.10792.d4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Standard chemotherapeutic drugs, when modified by the frequency and dose of administration, can target angiogenesis. This approach is referred to as antiangiogenic chemotherapy, low-dose chemotherapy, or metronomic chemotherapy. This study evaluated the feasibility of 6 months of metronomic chemotherapy, its toxicity and tolerability, surrogate markers of activity, and preliminary evidence of activity in children with recurrent or progressive cancer. Twenty consecutive children were enrolled and received continuous oral thalidomide and celecoxib with alternating oral etoposide and cyclophosphamide every 21 days for a planned duration of 6 months using antiangiogenic doses of all four drugs. Surrogate markers including bFGF, VEGF, endostatin, and thrombospondin were also evaluated. Therapy was well tolerated in this heavily pretreated population. Toxicities (predominantly reversible bone marrow suppression) responded to dose modifications. Sixty percent of the patients received less than the prescribed 6 months of therapy due to toxicity (one case of deep vein thrombosis), personal choice (1 patient), or disease progression (10 patients). Forty percent of the patients completed the 6 months of therapy, resulting in prolonged or persistent disease-free status. One quarter of all patients continue to be progression free more than 123 weeks from starting therapy. Sixteen percent of patients showed a radiographic partial response. Only elevated thrombospondin-1 levels appeared to correlate with prolonged response. This oral antiangiogenic chemotherapy regimen was well tolerated in this heavily pretreated pediatric population, which showed prolonged or persistent disease-free status, supporting the continued study of antiangiogenic/metronomic chemotherapy in human clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Kieran
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Quintieri L, Geroni C, Fantin M, Battaglia R, Rosato A, Speed W, Zanovello P, Floreani M. Formation and antitumor activity of PNU-159682, a major metabolite of nemorubicin in human liver microsomes. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:1608-17. [PMID: 15746066 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nemorubicin (3'-deamino-3'-[2''(S)-methoxy-4''-morpholinyl]doxorubicin; MMDX) is an investigational drug currently in phase II/III clinical testing in hepatocellular carcinoma. A bioactivation product of MMDX, 3'-deamino-3'',4'-anhydro-[2''(S)-methoxy-3''(R)-oxy-4''-morpholinyl]doxorubicin (PNU-159682), has been recently identified in an incubate of the drug with NADPH-supplemented rat liver microsomes. The aims of this study were to obtain information about MMDX biotransformation to PNU-159682 in humans, and to explore the antitumor activity of PNU-159682. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Human liver microsomes (HLM) and microsomes from genetically engineered cell lines expressing individual human cytochrome P450s (CYP) were used to study MMDX biotransformation. We also examined the cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of PNU-159682 using a panel of in vitro-cultured human tumor cell lines and tumor-bearing mice, respectively. RESULTS HLMs converted MMDX to a major metabolite, whose retention time in liquid chromatography and ion fragmentation in tandem mass spectrometry were identical to those of synthetic PNU-159682. In a bank of HLMs from 10 donors, rates of PNU-159682 formation correlated significantly with three distinct CYP3A-mediated activities. Troleandomycin and ketoconazole, both inhibitors of CYP3A, markedly reduced PNU-159682 formation by HLMs; the reaction was also concentration-dependently inhibited by a monoclonal antibody to CYP3A4/5. Of the 10 cDNA-expressed CYPs examined, only CYP3A4 formed PNU-159682. In addition, PNU-159682 was remarkably more cytotoxic than MMDX and doxorubicin in vitro, and was effective in the two in vivo tumor models tested, i.e., disseminated murine L1210 leukemia and MX-1 human mammary carcinoma xenografts. CONCLUSIONS CYP3A4, the major CYP in human liver, converts MMDX to a more cytotoxic metabolite, PNU-159682, which retains antitumor activity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Quintieri
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padua, Largo Meneghetti 2, I-35131 Padua, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lu H, Waxman DJ. Antitumor Activity of Methoxymorpholinyl Doxorubicin: Potentiation by Cytochrome P450 3A Metabolism. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 67:212-9. [PMID: 15465924 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.005371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methoxymorpholinyl doxorubicin (MMDX) is a novel liver cytochrome P450 (P450)-activated anticancer prodrug whose toxicity toward cultured tumor cells can be potentiated up to 100-fold by incubation with liver microsomes and NADPH. In the present study, a panel of human liver microsomes activated MMDX with potentiation ratios directly correlated to the CYP3A-dependent testosterone 6beta-hydroxylase activity of each liver sample. Microsome-activated MMDX exhibited nanomolar IC(50) values in growth-inhibition assays of human tumor cell lines representing multiple tissues of origin: lung (A549 cells), brain (U251 cells), colon (LS180 cells), and breast (MCF-7 cells). Analysis of individual cDNA-expressed CYP3A enzymes revealed that rat CYP3A1 and human CYP3A4 activated MMDX more efficiently than rat CYP3A2 and that human P450s 3A5 and 3A7 displayed little or no activity. MMDX cytotoxicity was substantially increased in Chinese hamster ovary cells after stable expression of CYP3A4 in combination with P450 reductase. CYP3A activation of MMDX abolished the parent drug's residual cross-resistance in a doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 cell line that overexpresses P-glycoprotein. CYP3A-activated MMDX displayed a comparatively high intrinsic stability, with a t(1/2) of approximately 5.5 h at 37 degrees C. MMDX was rapidly activated by CYP3A at low ( approximately 1-5 nM) prodrug concentrations, with 100% tumor cell kill obtained after as short as a 2-h exposure to the activated metabolite. These findings demonstrate that MMDX can be activated by CYP3A metabolism to a potent, long-lived, and cell-permeable cytotoxic metabolite and suggest that this anthracycline prodrug may be used in combination with CYP3A4 in a P450 prodrug activation-based gene therapy for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|