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Higham A, Singh D. Inhaled corticosteroid responses in COPD: do mast cells hold the answer? Thorax 2023; 78:323-324. [PMID: 36598041 DOI: 10.1136/thorax-2022-219534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Higham
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Dave Singh
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK .,Medicines Evaluation Unit, Manchester, UK
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2
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Korbecki J, Rębacz-Maron E, Kupnicka P, Chlubek D, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Synthesis and Significance of Arachidonic Acid, a Substrate for Cyclooxygenases, Lipoxygenases, and Cytochrome P450 Pathways in the Tumorigenesis of Glioblastoma Multiforme, Including a Pan-Cancer Comparative Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030946. [PMID: 36765904 PMCID: PMC9913267 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive gliomas. New and more effective therapeutic approaches are being sought based on studies of the various mechanisms of GBM tumorigenesis, including the synthesis and metabolism of arachidonic acid (ARA), an omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). PubMed, GEPIA, and the transcriptomics analysis carried out by Seifert et al. were used in writing this paper. In this paper, we discuss in detail the biosynthesis of this acid in GBM tumors, with a special focus on certain enzymes: fatty acid desaturase (FADS)1, FADS2, and elongation of long-chain fatty acids family member 5 (ELOVL5). We also discuss ARA metabolism, particularly its release from cell membrane phospholipids by phospholipase A2 (cPLA2, iPLA2, and sPLA2) and its processing by cyclooxygenases (COX-1 and COX-2), lipoxygenases (5-LOX, 12-LOX, 15-LOX-1, and 15-LOX-2), and cytochrome P450. Next, we discuss the significance of lipid mediators synthesized from ARA in GBM cancer processes, including prostaglandins (PGE2, PGD2, and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-PGJ2 (15d-PGJ2)), thromboxane A2 (TxA2), oxo-eicosatetraenoic acids, leukotrienes (LTB4, LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4), lipoxins, and many others. These lipid mediators can increase the proliferation of GBM cancer cells, cause angiogenesis, inhibit the anti-tumor response of the immune system, and be responsible for resistance to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Rębacz-Maron
- Department of Ecology and Anthropology, Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, Wąska 13, 71-415 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Kupnicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-914-661-515
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3
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Wei X, Wang M, Shi S, Jiang M, Wang Z, Zhang J, Yue Z, Wang H, Chen M, Wang Y. An integrated fecal microbiome and metabolome in rats reveal variations in gut microbiota and fecal metabolic phenotype of Semen Euphorbiae and Semen Euphorbiae Pulveratum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1211:123459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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4
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Atiakshin DA, Kostin AA, Trotsenko ID, Shishkina VV, Tiemann M, Buchwalow IB. Carboxypeptidase A3 in the structure of the protease phenotype of mast cells: cytophysiological aspects. RUDN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.22363/2313-0245-2022-26-1-9-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3) is a specific protease of mast cells (MC) with variable expression and appears to be one of the preformed components of the secretome. CPA3 is involved in regulation of the state of a specifi tissue microenvironment and components of the integrative-buffer metabolic environment in adaptive and pathological processes; it affects implementation of the innate immunity, mechanisms of angiogenesis, processes of the extracellular matrix remodeling, etc. CPA3 identification using protocols of multiplex immunohistochemistry allows specifying details of the organ-specific mast cell population features, including the protease phenotype, mechanisms of biogenesis with cytoand histotopographic criteria, and features of secretory pathways. Numerous biological effects of CPA3, including participation in the regulation of the pulmonary parenchyma and systemic blood flow, in biogenesis and remodeling of the fibrous component of the extracellular matrix, in epigenetic reprogramming, determine the importance of fundamental investigation of the physiological activity of protease and its involvement in the implementation of pathological processes. Further studies will contribute to the detection of the translational value of the mast cell CPA3 expression features as a prognostic factor and a promising molecular target for treatment of socially significant diseases.
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Atiakshin DA, Kostin AA, Trotsenko ID, Shishkina VV, Tiemann M, Buchwalow IB. Carboxypeptidase A3 in the structure of the protease phenotype of mast cells: cytophysiological aspects. RUDN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.22363/2313-0245-2022-26-1-9-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3) is a specific protease of mast cells (MC) with variable expression and appears to be one of the preformed components of the secretome. CPA3 is involved in regulation of the state of a specifi tissue microenvironment and components of the integrative-buffer metabolic environment in adaptive and pathological processes; it affects implementation of the innate immunity, mechanisms of angiogenesis, processes of the extracellular matrix remodeling, etc. CPA3 identification using protocols of multiplex immunohistochemistry allows specifying details of the organ-specific mast cell population features, including the protease phenotype, mechanisms of biogenesis with cyto- and histotopographic criteria, and features of secretory pathways. Numerous biological effects of CPA3, including participation in the regulation of the pulmonary parenchyma and systemic blood flow, in biogenesis and remodeling of the fibrous component of the extracellular matrix, in epigenetic reprogramming, determine the importance of fundamental investigation of the biological activity and regulation of pathological processes of CPA3. Further studies will contribute to the detection of the true value of the mast cell CPA3 expression features as a prognostic factor and a promising molecular target for treatment of socially significant diseases.
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Atiakshin D, Kostin A, Trotsenko I, Samoilova V, Buchwalow I, Tiemann M. Carboxypeptidase A3—A Key Component of the Protease Phenotype of Mast Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030570. [PMID: 35159379 PMCID: PMC8834431 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3) is a specific mast cell (MC) protease with variable expression. This protease is one of the preformed components of the secretome. During maturation of granules, CPA3 becomes an active enzyme with a characteristic localization determining the features of the cytological and ultrastructural phenotype of MC. CPA3 takes part in the regulation of a specific tissue microenvironment, affecting the implementation of innate immunity, the mechanisms of angiogenesis, the processes of remodeling of the extracellular matrix, etc. Characterization of CPA3 expression in MC can be used to refine the MC classification, help in a prognosis, and increase the effectiveness of targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Atiakshin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.); (A.K.); (I.T.)
- Research Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine, Burdenko Voronezh State Medical University, Studencheskaya Str. 10, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Andrey Kostin
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.); (A.K.); (I.T.)
| | - Ivan Trotsenko
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.); (A.K.); (I.T.)
| | - Vera Samoilova
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany; (V.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Igor Buchwalow
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya Str. 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.); (A.K.); (I.T.)
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany; (V.S.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(040)-7070-85317; Fax: +49-(040)-7070-85110
| | - Markus Tiemann
- Institute for Hematopathology, Fangdieckstr. 75a, 22547 Hamburg, Germany; (V.S.); (M.T.)
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Melo CFOR, Bachur LF, Delafiori J, Dabaja MZ, de Oliveira DN, Guerreiro TM, Tararam CA, Busso-Lopes AF, Moretti ML, Catharino RR. Does leukotriene F4 play a major role in the infection mechanism of Candida sp.? Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104394. [PMID: 32707317 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection affecting hospitalized patients, especially immunocompromised and critical patients. Limitations regarding the assertive diagnosis of both Candidemia and Candidiasis not only impairs the introduction of effective treatments but also lays a heavy financial burden over the health system. Furthermore, it is still challenging to ascertain whether diagnostic methods are accurate and whether treatment is effective for patients with Candidemia. These constraints come from the uncertainty of the pathophysiological mechanism by which the pathogen establishes the opportunistic infection. Additionally, it is the reason why some patients present positive blood culture results, and others do not, and why it is very difficult during clinical routines to prove Candidemia or invasive candidiasis. Taking into account the current situation, this contribution proposes two markers that may help to understand the mechanisms of infection by the pathogen: Leukotriene F4 and 5,6-dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic. These two lipids putatively modulate the host's immune response, and the initial data presented in this contribution suggest that these lipids allow the opportunistic infection to be installed. The study was carried out using an omics-based platform using direct-infusion high-resolution mass spectrometry and allied with bioinformatics tools to provide accurate and reliable results for biomarker candidates screening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Felipe Bachur
- Division of Hospital Epidemiology, Hospital & Clinics, University of Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Jeany Delafiori
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Mohamed Ziad Dabaja
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Diogo Noin de Oliveira
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Melina Guerreiro
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-877, Brazil
| | - Cibele Aparecida Tararam
- Molecular Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-888, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luiza Moretti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-888, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramos Catharino
- Innovare Biomarkers Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-877, Brazil.
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Scarpati M, Qi Y, Govind S, Singh S. A combined computational strategy of sequence and structural analysis predicts the existence of a functional eicosanoid pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211897. [PMID: 30753230 PMCID: PMC6372189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports on a putative eicosanoid biosynthesis pathway in Drosophila melanogaster and challenges the currently held view that mechanistic routes to synthesize eicosanoid or eicosanoid-like biolipids do not exist in insects, since to date, putative fly homologs of most mammalian enzymes have not been identified. Here we use systematic and comprehensive bioinformatics approaches to identify most of the mammalian eicosanoid synthesis enzymes. Sensitive sequence analysis techniques identified candidate Drosophila enzymes that share low global sequence identities with their human counterparts. Twenty Drosophila candidates were selected based upon (a) sequence identity with human enzymes of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase branches, (b) similar domain architecture and structural conservation of the catalytic domain, and (c) presence of potentially equivalent functional residues. Evaluation of full-length structural models for these 20 top-scoring Drosophila candidates revealed a surprising degree of conservation in their overall folds and potential analogs for functional residues in all 20 enzymes. Although we were unable to identify any suitable candidate for lipoxygenase enzymes, we report structural homology models of three fly cyclooxygenases. Our findings predict that the D. melanogaster genome likely codes for one or more pathways for eicosanoid or eicosanoid-like biolipid synthesis. Our study suggests that classical and/or novel eicosanoids mediators must regulate biological functions in insects–predictions that can be tested with the power of Drosophila genetics. Such experimental analysis of eicosanoid biology in a simple model organism will have high relevance to human development and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Scarpati
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- PhD program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yan Qi
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- PhD program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shubha Govind
- PhD program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- The City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shaneen Singh
- Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- PhD program in Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Ng CH, Rullah K, Abas F, Lam KW, Ismail IS, Jamaludin F, Shaari K. Hits-to-Lead Optimization of the Natural Compound 2,4,6-Trihydroxy-3-geranyl-acetophenone (tHGA) as a Potent LOX Inhibitor: Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Study, and Computational Assignment. Molecules 2018; 23:E2509. [PMID: 30274341 PMCID: PMC6222424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of 2,4,6-trihydroxy-3-geranyl-acetophenone (tHGA) analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory activity. Prenylated analogues 4a⁻g (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging from 35 μ M to 95 μ M) did not exhibit better inhibitory activity than tHGA (3a) (IC50 value: 23.6 μ M) due to the reduction in hydrophobic interaction when the alkyl chain length was reduced. One geranylated analogue, 3d, with an IC50 value of 15.3 μ M, exhibited better LOX inhibitory activity when compared to tHGA (3a), which was in agreement with our previous findings. Kinetics study showed that the most active analogue (3e) and tHGA (3a) acted as competitive inhibitors. The combination of in silico approaches of molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation revealed that the lipophilic nature of these analogues further enhanced the LOX inhibitory activity. Based on absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) and toxicity prediction by komputer assisted technology (TOPKAT) analyses, all geranylated analogues (3a⁻g) showed no hepatotoxicity effect and were biodegradable, which indicated that they could be potentially safe drugs for treating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chean Hui Ng
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- School of Pharmacy, Management and Science University (MSU), University Drive, Off Persiaran Olahraga, Seksyen 13, Shah Alam 40100, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kamal Rullah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute of Postgraduates Studies, University of Malaya (UM), Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Faridah Abas
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Selangor Darul Ehsan, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kok Wai Lam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.
| | - Intan Safinar Ismail
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | | | - Khozirah Shaari
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Transcriptomic analysis of Pseudostellariae Radix from different fields using RNA-seq. Gene 2016; 588:7-18. [PMID: 27125225 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudostellariae Radix is an important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which is consumed commonly for its positive health effects. However, a lack of transcriptomic and genomic information hinders research on Pseudostellariae Radix. Here, high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was employed for the de novo assembly to analyze the transcriptome in Pseudostellariae Radix, finding significantly differentially expressed genes in this TCM from different fields based on RNA-seq and bioinformatic analysis. A total of 146,408,539 paired-end reads were generated and assembled into 89,857 unigenes with an average length of 862bp. All of the assembly unigenes were annotated by running BLASTx and BLASTn similarity searches on the Non-redundant nucleotide database (NT), the Non-redundant protein database (NR), Swiss-Prot, Cluster of Orthologous Groups (COG), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology (GO), and Interpro. On the basis of bioinformatic analysis and the expression profiles for Pseudostellariae Radix, 29 significantly differentially expressed genes were identified, which provides the basic information for exploring the molecular mechanisms that determine the quality of Pseudostellariae Radix from different fields. The expression levels of 29 genes were validated by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). This is the first study to sample Pseudostellariae Radix, which provides an invaluable resource for understanding the genome of this herb.
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Aparoy P, Reddy KK, Reddanna P. Structure and ligand based drug design strategies in the development of novel 5- LOX inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:3763-78. [PMID: 22680930 PMCID: PMC3480706 DOI: 10.2174/092986712801661112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are non-heme iron containing dioxygenases involved in the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (AA). Depending on the position of insertion of oxygen, LOXs are classified into 5-, 8-, 9-, 12- and 15-LOX. Among these, 5-LOX is the most predominant isoform associated with the formation of 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE), the precursor of non-peptido (LTB4) and peptido (LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4) leukotrienes. LTs are involved in inflammatory and allergic diseases like asthma, ulcerative colitis, rhinitis and also in cancer. Consequently 5-LOX has become target for the development of therapeutic molecules for treatment of various inflammatory disorders. Zileuton is one such inhibitor of 5-LOX approved for the treatment of asthma. In the recent times, computer aided drug design (CADD) strategies have been applied successfully in drug development processes. A comprehensive review on structure based drug design strategies in the development of novel 5-LOX inhibitors is presented in this article. Since the crystal structure of 5-LOX has been recently solved, efforts to develop 5-LOX inhibitors have mostly relied on ligand based rational approaches. The present review provides a comprehensive survey on these strategies in the development of 5-LOX inhibitors.
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12
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Agarwal S, Reddy GV, Reddanna P. Eicosanoids in inflammation and cancer: the role of COX-2. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:145-65. [PMID: 20477063 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.5.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Eicosanoids, a family of oxygenated metabolites of eicosapolyenoic fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, formed via the lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase (COX) and epoxygenase pathways, play an important role in the regulation of various pathophysiological processes, including inflammation and cancer. COX-2, the inducible isoform of COX, has emerged as the key enzyme regulating inflammation, and promises to play a considerable role in cancer. Although NSAIDs have been in use for centuries, the COX-2 selective inhibitors - coxibs - have emerged as potent anti-inflammatory drugs with fewer gastric side effects. As COX-2 plays a major role in neoplastic transformation and cancer growth, by downregulating apoptosis and promoting angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, coxibs have a potential role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Recent studies indicate their possible application in overcoming drug resistance by downregulating the expression of MDR-1. However, the cardiac side effects of some of the coxibs have limited their application in treating various inflammatory disorders and warrant the development of COX-2 inhibitors without side effects. This review will focus on the role of COX-2 in inflammation and cancer, with an emphasis on novel approaches to the development of COX-2 inhibitors without side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Agarwal
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
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13
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Novel insights into the biological function of mast cell carboxypeptidase A. Trends Immunol 2009; 30:401-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Aparoy P, Reddy RN, Guruprasad L, Reddy MR, Reddanna P. Homology modeling of 5-lipoxygenase and hints for better inhibitor design. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2008; 22:611-9. [PMID: 18231862 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-008-9180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a group of enzymes involved in the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among these 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is the key enzyme leading to the formation of pharmacologically important leukotrienes and lipoxins, the mediators of inflammatory and allergic disorders. In view of close functional similarity to mammalian lipoxygenase, potato 5-LOX is used extensively. In this study, the homology modeling technique has been used to construct the structure of potato 5-LOX. The amino acid sequence identity between the target protein and sequence of template protein 1NO3 (soybean LOX-3) searched from NCBI protein BLAST was 63%. Based on the template structure, the protein model was constructed by using the Homology program in InsightII. The protein model was briefly refined by energy minimization steps and validated using Profile-3D, ERRAT and PROCHECK. The results showed that 99.3% of the amino acids were in allowed regions of Ramachandran plot, suggesting that the model is accurate and its stereochemical quality good. Like all LOXs, 5-LOX also has a two-domain structure, the small N-terminal beta-barrel domain and a larger catalytic domain containing a single atom of non-heme iron coordinating with His525, His530, His716 and Ile864. Asn720 is present in the fifth coordination position of iron. The sixth coordination position faces the open cavity occupied here by the ligands which are docked. Our model of the enzyme is further validated by examining the interactions of earlier reported inhibitors and by energy minimization studies which were carried out using molecular mechanics calculations. Four ligands, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) having IC(50) of 1.5 microM and analogs of benzyl propargyl ethers having IC(50) values of 760 microM, 45 microM, and no inhibition respectively were selected for our docking and energy minimization studies. Our results correlated well with the experimental data reported earlier, which proved the quality of the model. This model generated can be further used for the design and development of more potent 5-LOX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aparoy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
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15
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Hair JR, Lyons PA, Smith KGC, Efstathiou S. Control of Rta expression critically determines transcription of viral and cellular genes following gammaherpesvirus infection. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1689-1697. [PMID: 17485528 PMCID: PMC2884955 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82548-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication and transcriptional activator (Rta), encoded by ORF50 of gammaherpesviruses, initiates the lytic cycle of gene expression; therefore understanding the impact of Rta on viral and cellular gene expression is key to elucidating the transcriptional events governing productive infection and reactivation from latency. To this end, the impact of altering Rta transcription on viral and cellular gene expression was studied in the context of a whole virus infection. Recombinant murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV)-68 engineered to overexpress Rta greatly accelerated expression of specific lytic cycle ORFs, but repressed transcription of the major latency gene, ORF73. Increased expression of Rta accelerated the dysregulation in transcription of specific cellular genes when compared with cells infected with wild-type and revertant viruses. A subset of cellular genes was dysregulated only in cells infected with Rta-overexpressing virus, and never in those infected with non-overexpressing viruses. These data highlight the critical role of Rta abundance in governing viral and cellular gene transcription, and demonstrate the importance of understanding how the relative expression of ORF50 during the virus life cycle impacts on these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hair
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Juvenile Diabetes Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
| | - Stacey Efstathiou
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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Henningsson F, Yamamoto K, Saftig P, Reinheckel T, Peters C, Knight SD, Pejler G. A role for cathepsin E in the processing of mast-cell carboxypeptidase A. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:2035-42. [PMID: 15860733 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast-cell carboxypeptidase A is stored in the secretory granule and is released, together with a range of other inflammatory mediators, upon mast-cell degranulation. Carboxypeptidase A, like all mast-cell proteases, is stored in the granule as an active enzyme (i.e. with its propeptide removed). Although the processing mechanisms for the other classes of mast-cell proteases (in particular the chymases) have been clarified to some extent, the processing of procarboxypeptidase A is poorly characterized. Here, we show that mast cells from mice lacking the aspartic protease cathepsin E display an accumulation of procarboxypeptidase A, indicating a defect in carboxypeptidase-A processing. By contrast, mast cells lacking cathepsins B, L or D have normal carboxypeptidase-A processing. Furthermore, recombinant cathepsin E was found to process recombinant procarboxypeptidase A in vitro, under conditions resembling those found in mast-cell granules. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed staining for cathepsin E in mast cells from normal mice but not in mast cells from mice lacking heparin, indicating that cathepsin E is bound to heparin proteoglycan within mast-cell granules. In accordance with this notion, affinity chromatography showed that recombinant cathepsin E bound strongly to heparin under acidic conditions (the conditions prevailing in mast-cell granules) but not at neutral pH. Moreover, mast-cell degranulation resulted in the release of cathepsin E. Taken together, our results indicate that cathepsin E is located in mast-cell secretory granules in complex with heparin proteoglycans, and that it has a role in the processing of procarboxypeptidase A into active protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Henningsson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Biomedical Centre, Box 575, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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Feyerabend TB, Hausser H, Tietz A, Blum C, Hellman L, Straus AH, Takahashi HK, Morgan ES, Dvorak AM, Fehling HJ, Rodewald HR. Loss of histochemical identity in mast cells lacking carboxypeptidase A. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6199-210. [PMID: 15988029 PMCID: PMC1168831 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.14.6199-6210.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell carboxypeptidase A (Mc-cpa) is a highly conserved secretory granule protease. The onset of expression in mast cell progenitors and lineage specificity suggest an important role for Mc-cpa in mast cells. To address the function of Mc-cpa, we generated Mc-cpa-null mice. Mc-cpa-/- mast cells lacked carboxypeptidase activity, revealing that Mc-cpa is a nonredundant enzyme. While Mc-cpa-/- peritoneal mast cells were ultrastructurally normal and synthesized normal amounts of heparin, they displayed striking histochemical and biochemical hallmarks of immature mast cells. Wild-type peritoneal mast cells had a mature phenotype characterized by differential histochemical staining with proteoglycan-reactive dyes (cells do not stain with alcian blue but stain with safranin and with berberine) and a high side scatter to forward scatter ratio by flow cytometry and were detergent resistant. In contrast, Mc-cpa-/- peritoneal mast cells, like immature bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells, stained with alcian blue normally or weakly and either did not stain with safranin and berberine or stained weakly, had a low side scatter to forward scatter ratio, and were detergent sensitive. This phenotype was partially ameliorated with age. Thus, histochemistry and flow cytometry, commonly used to measure mast cell maturation, deviated from morphology in Mc-cpa-/- mice. The Mc-cpa-/- mast cell phenotype was not associated with defects in degranulation in vitro or passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in vivo. Collectively, Mc-cpa plays a crucial role for the generation of phenotypically mature mast cells.
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Aagaard A, Listwan P, Cowieson N, Huber T, Ravasi T, Wells CA, Flanagan JU, Kellie S, Hume DA, Kobe B, Martin JL. An Inflammatory Role for the Mammalian Carboxypeptidase Inhibitor Latexin: Relationship to Cystatins and the Tumor Suppressor TIG1. Structure 2005; 13:309-17. [PMID: 15698574 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Latexin, the only known mammalian carboxypeptidase inhibitor, has no detectable sequence similarity with plant and parasite inhibitors, but it is related to a human putative tumor suppressor protein, TIG1. Latexin is expressed in the developing brain, and we find that it plays a role in inflammation, as it is expressed at high levels and is inducible in macrophages in concert with other protease inhibitors and potential protease targets. The crystal structure of mouse latexin, solved at 1.83 A resolution, shows no structural relationship with other carboxypeptidase inhibitors. Furthermore, despite a lack of detectable sequence duplication, the structure incorporates two topologically analogous domains related by pseudo two-fold symmetry. Surprisingly, these domains share a cystatin fold architecture found in proteins that inhibit cysteine proteases, suggesting an evolutionary and possibly functional relationship. The structure of the tumor suppressor protein TIG1 was modeled, revealing its putative membrane binding surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Aagaard
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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