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Yenuganti VR, Yadala R, Azad R, Singh S, Chiluka V, Ahire J, Reddanna P. In vitro evaluation of anticancer effects of different probiotic strains on HCT-116 cell line. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 131:1958-1969. [PMID: 33694215 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Since the evolution of man, microbes are associated with humans, playing a vital role in the maintenance of good health. However, an imbalance in the gut microbial ecosystem is associated with several diseases including colorectal cancer (CRC). The supplementation with probiotics has been proven to be beneficial in improving CRC. In this study, we have evaluated the anticancer effects of 11 probiotic strains on human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116). METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, HCT-116 cells were treated with various concentrations (0·5, 5, 10, 20 and 200 million CFU per ml) of probiotic strains. The viability was analysed using a MTT assay and IC50 values were determined. Besides this, we evaluated the expression of multiple genes involved in the apoptosis and stress tolerance by real-time PCR. Lactobacillus reuteri (UBLRu-87), Saccharomyces boulardii (Unique-28), Bacillus clausii (UBBC-07), Bacillus coagulans (Unique-IS2), Streptococcus salivarius (UBSS-01), Lactobacillus fermentum (UBLF-31), Lactobacillus salivarius (UBLS-22), Bifidobacterium bifidum (UBBB-55) and Lactobacillus plantarum (UBLP-40) exhibited potent cytotoxicity on HCT 116 cells. Furthermore, UBLF-31 and Unique-28 induced the expression of CJUN, CFOS and CASP-9, and downregulated the expression of BCL6. UBLRu-87 and UBBB-55 induced the expression of CJUN, CFOS and CASP-9 but not BCL-6. UBLP-40, UBBC-07, UBLS-22, and Unique-IS2 induced the expression of CJUN and CASP-9 and downregulated the expression of BCL-6. CONCLUSION These studies indicate the anticancer effects of selected probiotic strains by inducing apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The probiotic strains with the anticancer effects identified in this study can be proposed as potential candidates in the treatment of CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Yenuganti
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - R Yadala
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - R Azad
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - S Singh
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - V Chiluka
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - J Ahire
- Centre for Research & Development, Unique Biotech Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - P Reddanna
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Athira A, Abhinand C, Saja K, Helen A, Reddanna P, Sudhakaran P. Anti-angiogenic effect of chebulagic acid involves inhibition of the VEGFR2- and GSK-3β-dependent signaling pathways. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:563-570. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of angiogenesis is a useful strategy to prevent cancer growth by targeting new vessels that grow to nourish actively proliferating tumor cells. Endothelial cells can use a number of different pathways to cause angiogenesis, and each step in these pathways can be targeted. The use of multi-targeted drugs is gaining much importance in this scenario. Our previous results have shown that chebulagic acid (a benzopyran tannin present in the fruits of Terminalia chebula) has anti-angiogenic properties. Thus, this study was designed to examine the molecular mechanism for the anti-angiogenic effects of chebulagic acid. Results from our investigations using molecular docking studies and human umbilical vein endothelial cells in culture suggested that chebulagic acid inhibits both GSK-3β-dependent β-catenin phosphorylation (an important mediator of VE-cadherin–β-catenin signaling) and VEGFR2 phosphorylation, which is an important step in VEGF signaling. Chebulagic acid inhibits angiogenesis by blocking both the VEGF–VEGFR2 complex and cell–cell contact dependent downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.P. Athira
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695581, India
| | - C.S. Abhinand
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695581, India
| | - K. Saja
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695581, India
| | - A. Helen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695581, India
| | - P. Reddanna
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad-500046, India
| | - P.R. Sudhakaran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695581, India
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala-695581, India
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Reddy M, Reddy C, Rathore R, Erion M, Aparoy P, Reddy R, Reddanna P. Free Energy Calculations to Estimate Ligand-Binding Affinities in Structure-Based Drug Design. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20:3323-37. [DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rathore RS, Sumakanth M, Reddy MS, Reddanna P, Rao AA, Erion MD, Reddy MR. Advances in binding free energies calculations: QM/MM-based free energy perturbation method for drug design. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 19:4674-86. [PMID: 23260025 DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319260002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple approaches have been devised and evaluated to computationally estimate binding free energies. Results using a recently developed Quantum Mechanics (QM)/Molecular Mechanics (MM) based Free Energy Perturbation (FEP) method suggest that this method has the potential to provide the most accurate estimation of binding affinities to date. The method treats ligands/inhibitors using QM while using MM for the rest of the system. The method has been applied and validated for a structurally diverse set of fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase (FBPase) inhibitors suggesting that the approach has the potential to be used as an integral part of drug discovery for both lead identification lead optimization, where there is a structure available. In addition, this QM/MM-based FEP method was shown to accurately replicate the anomalous hydration behavior exhibited by simple amines and amides suggesting that the method may also prove useful in predicting physical properties of molecules. While the method is about 5-fold more computationally demanding than conventional FEP, it has the potential to be less demanding on the end user since it avoids development of MM force field parameters for novel ligands and thereby eliminates this time-consuming step that often contributes significantly to the inaccuracy of binding affinity predictions using conventional FEP methods. The QM/MM-based FEP method has been extensively tested with respect to important considerations such as the length of the simulation required to obtain satisfactory convergence in the calculated relative solvation and binding free energies for both small and large structural changes between ligands. Future automation of the method and parallelization of the code is expected to enhance the speed and increase its use for drug design and lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Rathore
- Rational Labs Pvt Ltd, Plot # 177, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad-500 076, India.
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Bhujade AM, Talmale S, Kumar N, Gupta G, Reddanna P, Das SK, Patil MB. Evaluation of Cissus quadrangularis extracts as an inhibitor of COX, 5-LOX, and proinflammatory mediators. J Ethnopharmacol 2012; 141:989-996. [PMID: 22484053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cissus quadrangularis is an ancient medicinal plant. It is an active ingredient of one Ayurvedic formula called "Laksha Gogglu". Its stem is used in food preparation in India. Traditionally it is used to treat various diseases like asthma, indigestion, ear diseases, irregular menstruation, skin diseases, piles, fractured bones, etc. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to evaluate the ability of the plant extracts to inhibit cycloxygenase (COX-1), cycloxygenase (COX-2), and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzyme activity. Western blot analysis was also carried out in the quest to determine the effect of active acetone fraction of Cissus quadrangularis (AFCQ) on proinflammatory mediators as acetone extract is found to be the most effective in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The differential extract of the stem were tested for enzyme inhibition of COX and 5-LOX using spectroscopic and polarigraphic method. Effective acetone extract was partially purified by silica column, one of the active fraction showed dual inhibition against COX and 5-LOX. Western blotting shows downregulation of proinflammatory mediators as well as upregulation of phase-II enzymes. RESULTS AFCQ extract showed COX and 5-LOX inhibition with IC(50) values of 7 μg/ml, 0.4 μg/ml, and 20 μg/ml for COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX respectively. It also showed anti-inflammatory activity on RAW 264.7 cell line with IC(50) value 65 μg/ml. In addition to this it is showing inhibition of proinflammatory mediators like iNOS and TNFα, along with translocation of Nrf-2 and upregulation of HO-1. CONCLUSION AFCQ is a COX and 5-LOX inhibitor isolated from the stems of Cissus quadrangularis. It is also effectively downregulate the iNOS, TNFα, and upregulation of HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti M Bhujade
- University Department of Biochemistry, L.I.T. Premises, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur 440 033, Maharashtra, India.
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Chandramohan Reddy T, Bharat Reddy D, Aparna A, Arunasree KM, Gupta G, Achari C, Reddy G, Lakshmipathi V, Subramanyam A, Reddanna P. Anti-leukemic effects of gallic acid on human leukemia K562 cells: Downregulation of COX-2, inhibition of BCR/ABL kinase and NF-κB inactivation. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:396-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Soumya SJ, Binu S, Helen A, Anil Kumar K, Reddanna P, Sudhakaran PR. Effect of 15-lipoxygenase metabolites on angiogenesis: 15(S)-HPETE is angiostatic and 15(S)-HETE is angiogenic. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:707-18. [PMID: 22450700 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0463-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Revised: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [15(S)-HETE] and 15(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid [15(S)-HPETE] are the products of arachidonic acid formed in the 15-lipoxygenase pathway. They have opposing effects on the inflammatory process. The present study was designed to examine the role of these metabolites on angiogenesis, which is critically associated with inflammatory conditions. METHODS Chick chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM), rat aortic rings and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in culture were used to study the effect of 15(S)-HETE and 15(S)-HPETE on angiogenesis. Biochemical markers of angiogenesis were analysed by ELISA. RESULTS 15(S)-HETE increased vessel density in chick CAM, induced sprouting in rat aortic rings and increased endothelial cell-cell contact and formation of tubular network-like structures in HUVECs. Furthermore, it up-regulated the expression of CD31, E-selectin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in HUVECs, indicating its pro-angiogenic effect. 15(S)-HPETE, on the other hand, decreased vessel density in chick CAM, down-regulated the expression of E-selectin (<35 %), VEGF (<90 %) and CD31 (<50 %) and did not produce sprouting in aortic rings, suggesting an anti-angiogenic property. 15(S)-HETE-mediated up-regulation of CD 31 and VEGF was reversed by treatment with 15(S)-HPETE. CONCLUSION These results indicate the divergent effects of hydroxy and hydroperoxy products of 15-LOX on angiogenesis, highlighting the role of these products in the co-dependence of inflammation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikumar J Soumya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581 Kerala, India
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Kumar KA, Reddy TC, Reddy GV, Reddy DBK, Mahipal SVK, Sinha S, Gaikwad AN, Reddanna P. High-throughput screening assays for cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase, the targets for inflammatory disorders. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2011; 48:256-261. [PMID: 22053694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) involves testing of compound libraries against validated drug targets using quantitative bioassays to identify 'hit' molecules that modulate the activity of target, which forms the starting point of a drug discovery effort. Eicosanoids formed via cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways are major players in various inflammatory disorders. As the conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that inhibit both the constitutive (COX-1) and the inducible (COX-2) isoforms have gastric and renal side effects and the recently developed COX-2 selective anti-inflammatory drugs (COXIBs) have cardiac side effects, efforts are being made to develop more potent and safer antiinflammatory drugs. Current assay methods for these enzymes, such as oxygraphic, radioisotopic, spectrophotometric etc. are not compatible for screening of large number of compounds as in drug discovery programs. In the present study, HTS-compatible assays for COX-1, COX-2 and 5-LOX were developed for screening of compound libraries with the view to identify potential anti-inflammatory drug candidates. A spectrophotometric assay involving co-oxidation of tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine (TMPD) during the reduction of prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) to PGH2 was adopted and standardized for screening of compounds against COX-1 and COX-2. Similarly, the HTS-compatible FOX (ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange) based spectrophotometric assay involving the formation of Fe3+/xylenol orange complex showing absorption in the visible range was developed for screening of compounds against 5-LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Anil Kumar
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Rathore RS, Aparoy P, Reddanna P, Kondapi AK, Reddy MR. Minimum MD simulation length required to achieve reliable results in free energy perturbation calculations: case study of relative binding free energies of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase inhibitors. J Comput Chem 2011; 32:2097-103. [PMID: 21503928 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to establish the criteria for the length of simulation to achieve the desired convergence of free energy calculations, two studies were carried out on chosen complexes of FBPase-AMP mimics. Calculations were performed for varied length of simulations and for different starting configurations using both conventional- and QM/MM-FEP methods. The results demonstrate that for small perturbations, 1248 ps simulation time could be regarded a reasonable yardstick to achieve convergence of the results. As the simulation time is extended, the errors associated with free energy calculations also gradually tapers off. Moreover, when starting the simulation from different initial configurations of the systems, the results are not changed significantly, when performed for 1248 ps. This study carried on FBPase-AMP mimics corroborates well with our previous successful demonstration of requirement of simulation time for solvation studies, both by conventional and ab initio FEP. The establishment of aforementioned criteria of simulation length serves a useful benchmark in drug design efforts using FEP methodologies, to draw a meaningful and unequivocal conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Rathore
- Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Horikawa Y, Tsuchiya N, Yuasa K, Narita S, Saito M, Takayama K, Nara T, Tsuruta H, Obara T, Numakura K, Satoh S, Habuchi T, Hu X, Guo J, Lin Z, Sun L, Xu Z, Cang C, Wang G, Kanda T, Sakamoto K, Matsuki A, Ohashi R, Hirota S, Fujimori Y, Matsuda Y, Yajima K, Kosugi S, Hatakeyama K, Kitahara K, Watanabe M, Nakazono S, Wada N, Kakizaki H, Li J, Gong FJ, Sun PN, Shen L, Li Q, Li N, Qiu M, Liu J, Yi C, Luo D, Li Z, Gou H, Yang Y, Cao D, Shen Y, Wang X, Xu F, Bi F, Li Q, Zhang X, Li N, Wei W, Luo HY, Wang ZQ, Wang FH, Qiu MZ, Teng KY, Ruan DY, He YJ, Li YH, Xu RH, Matsusaka S, Mizunuma N, Suenaga M, Shinozaki E, Mishima Y, Terui Y, Hatake K, Nara E, Kodaira M, Mishima Y, Yokoyama M, Saotome T, Terui Y, Takahashi S, Hatake K, Nishimura N, Nakano K, Kodaira M, Ueda K, Yamada S, Mishima Y, Yokoyama M, Saotome T, Takahashi S, Terui Y, Hatake K, Nozawa M, Mochida Y, Nishigaki K, Nagae S, Uemura H, Oh SY, Jeong CY, Hong SC, Lee WS, Kim HG, Lee GW, Hwang IG, Jang JS, Kwon HC, Kang JH, Ozaka M, Ogura M, Matsusaka S, Shinozaki E, Suenaga M, Chin K, Mizunuma N, Hatake K, Pua PF, Ganzon D, Chan V, Sailaja K, Vishnupriya S, Raghunadharao D, Markandeya G, Reddy PRK, Reddanna P, Praveen D, Sakamoto K, Kanda T, Matsuki A, Takano T, Hanyu T, Yajima K, Kosugi S, Hirota S, Hatakeyama K, Shigekawa T, Ijichi N, Takayama S, Tsuda H, Ikeda K, Horie K, Osaki A, Saeki T, Inoue S, Subhashini J, Rajesh B, Rajesh I, Ravindran P, Takagi K, Chin K, Oba M, Kuboki Y, Ichimura T, Oto M, Kawazoe Y, Watanabe T, Ozaka M, Ogura M, Suenaga M, Shinozaki E, Matsusaka S, Mizunuma N, Hatake K, Ueda K, Saotome T, Yamada S, Nishimura N, Nara E, Nakano K, Kodaira M, Katsube A, Mishima Y, Terui Y, Yokoyama M, Takahashi S, Hatake K, Yao X, Yang Q, Li C, Diao L, Chen X, Yu Z, Zuo W, Wang Y, He Y, Zhang X, Cai S, Wang Z, Xu J, Zhan W, Zhang YF, Misumi M, Takeuchi H, Nakamiya N, Shigekawa T, Matsuura K, Fujiuchi N, Osaki A, Saeki T. CLINICAL OUTCOMES. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyq254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Aparoy P, Suresh GK, Kumar Reddy K, Reddanna P. CoMFA and CoMSIA studies on 5-hydroxyindole-3-carboxylate derivatives as 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors: generation of homology model and docking studies. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:456-62. [PMID: 21084193 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were performed on a series of 2-substituted 5-hydroxyindole-3-carboxylate derivatives as potent 5-LOX inhibitors with IC(50) values ranging from 0.031 to 13.4 μM. Two datasets of same molecules were prepared with two different partial atomic charges; one with Gasteiger-Huckel and another with the ESPFIT charges obtained from the gaussian package. CoMFA and CoMSIA models were generated for both the datasets and the results were analysed. With regard to the non-cross validated r(2) values (r(ncv)(2)) and cross-validated q(2) values (q(cv)(2)) of the resulting QSAR models, the dataset with ESPFIT charges yielded higher values; hence it was further used in the study. The CoMFA and CoMSIA models have been further validated for their stability and robustness using group validation and bootstrapping techniques and for their predictive abilities using an external test set of ten compounds. The predictive power of the CoMSIA model was higher than the CoMFA model, the high predictive r(2) values of the test set reveals that the models prove to be useful tools for activity prediction of newly designed 5-LOX inhibitors. The ESPFIT-derived charges yielded better models than those based on charges calculated from Gasteiger-Huckel charges. We generated a homology model for human 5-LOX and identified the key residues at the binding site. The 3D-QSAR models were compared with the interactions at the active site to further elucidate the accuracy of the models. The data generated from 3D-QSAR study was used to design potential 5-LOX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aparoy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Aparoy P, Reddy R, Guruprasad L, Reddanna P. Computational Analysis of Interactions of Argadin with Chitotriosidase, Chitinase and Acidic Mammalian Chitinase: Hints for Specific Inhibitor Design. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2010. [DOI: 10.2174/157018010791163514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Aparoy P, Kumar Reddy K, Kalangi SK, Chandramohan Reddy T, Reddanna P. Pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening for designing potential 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:1013-8. [PMID: 20045317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway have a therapeutic potential in a variety of inflammatory disorders such as asthma. In this study, chemical feature based pharmacophore models of inhibitors of 5-LOX have been developed with the aid of HipHop and HypoGen modules within Catalyst program package. The best quantitative pharmacophore model, Hypo1, which has the highest correlation coefficient (0.97), consists of two hydrogen-bond acceptors, one hydrophobic feature and one ring aromatic feature. Hypo1 was further validated by test set and cross validation method. The application of the model shows great success in predicting the activities of 65 known 5-LOX inhibitors in our test set with a correlation coefficient of 0.85 with a cross validation of 95% confidence level, proving that the model is reliable in identifying structurally diverse compounds for inhibitory activity against 5-LOX. Furthermore, Hypo1 was used as a 3D query for screening Maybridge and NCI databases within catalyst and also drug like compounds obtained from Enamine Ltd, which follow Lipinski's rule of five. The hit compounds were subsequently subjected to filtering by docking and visualization, to identify the potential lead molecules. Finally 5 potential lead compounds, identified in the above process, were evaluated for their inhibitory activities. These studies resulted in the identification of two compounds with potent inhibition of 5-LOX activity with IC(50) of 14 microM and 35 microM, respectively. These studies thus validate the pharmacophore model generated and suggest the usefulness of the model in screening of various small molecule libraries and identification of potential lead compounds for 5-LOX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aparoy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Aparoy P, Leela T, Reddy RN, Reddanna P. Computational analysis of R and S isoforms of 12-lipoxygenases: homology modeling and docking studies. J Mol Graph Model 2008; 27:744-50. [PMID: 19147381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2008.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study is aimed at predicting human 12R-LOX structure by constructing a homology model. Based upon Blast results, rabbit reticulocyte 15-lipoxygenase 1LOX (protein data bank) was considered as a template for homology modeling. The 3D model was generated with Modeler in InsightII and further refined using AMBER. Further to understand the relationship of protein structure with stereo specificity, a comparative analysis of 12R-LOX model was done with that of 12S-LOX homology model to identify differences in the binding site topology and interacting residues. The large insertion of 31-aa seen in 12R-LOX is located beyond the N-terminal barrel and is accommodated on the outside of the protein without disruption of the overall tertiary structure. The 31-aa region includes SH3 domain binding PXXP motif, seven prolines and five arginines. The docking of the substrate, arachidonic acid was also performed. Our results show that the Gly441 and substrate orientation within the active site play an important role in stereo specificity of 12R-LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aparoy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Aparoy P, Reddy RN, Guruprasad L, Reddy MR, Reddanna P. Homology modeling of 5-lipoxygenase and hints for better inhibitor design. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2008; 22:611-9. [PMID: 18231862 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-008-9180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a group of enzymes involved in the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among these 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is the key enzyme leading to the formation of pharmacologically important leukotrienes and lipoxins, the mediators of inflammatory and allergic disorders. In view of close functional similarity to mammalian lipoxygenase, potato 5-LOX is used extensively. In this study, the homology modeling technique has been used to construct the structure of potato 5-LOX. The amino acid sequence identity between the target protein and sequence of template protein 1NO3 (soybean LOX-3) searched from NCBI protein BLAST was 63%. Based on the template structure, the protein model was constructed by using the Homology program in InsightII. The protein model was briefly refined by energy minimization steps and validated using Profile-3D, ERRAT and PROCHECK. The results showed that 99.3% of the amino acids were in allowed regions of Ramachandran plot, suggesting that the model is accurate and its stereochemical quality good. Like all LOXs, 5-LOX also has a two-domain structure, the small N-terminal beta-barrel domain and a larger catalytic domain containing a single atom of non-heme iron coordinating with His525, His530, His716 and Ile864. Asn720 is present in the fifth coordination position of iron. The sixth coordination position faces the open cavity occupied here by the ligands which are docked. Our model of the enzyme is further validated by examining the interactions of earlier reported inhibitors and by energy minimization studies which were carried out using molecular mechanics calculations. Four ligands, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) having IC(50) of 1.5 microM and analogs of benzyl propargyl ethers having IC(50) values of 760 microM, 45 microM, and no inhibition respectively were selected for our docking and energy minimization studies. Our results correlated well with the experimental data reported earlier, which proved the quality of the model. This model generated can be further used for the design and development of more potent 5-LOX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aparoy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
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Reddy R, Mutyala R, Aparoy P, Reddanna P, Reddy M. Computer Aided Drug Design Approaches to Develop Cyclooxygenase Based Novel Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer Drugs. Curr Pharm Des 2007; 13:3505-17. [DOI: 10.2174/138161207782794275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Padma AS, Agarwal S, Reddy DB, Prasad TS, Reddanna P. Metabolism of arachidonic acid in sheep uterus: in vitro studies. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2007; 44:216-222. [PMID: 17970279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in the non-pregnant sheep uterus was studied in vitro using conventional chromatographic and HPLC techniques. High expression of both lipoxygenase (LOX) as well as cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and their activities was found in the uterine tissues. On incubation of uterine enymes with AA, the LOX products formed were identified as 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (12- and 15-HETEs), based on their separation on TLC and HPLC. By employing differential salt precipitation techniques, the LOXs generating products 5-HPETE (5-LOX), 12-HETE and 15-HETE (12- and 15-dual LOX) were isolated. Based on their analysis on TLC, the COX products formed were identified as prostaglandins - PGF2alpha and prostacyclin derivative 6-keto PGF1alpha. The study forms the first report on the comprehensive analysis on the metabolism of AA in sheep uterus in vitro via the LOX and COX pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sai Padma
- Department of Biochemistry, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan's Vivekananda College, Sainikpuri, Secunderabad 500 094, India.
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Mutyala R, Reddy RN, Sumakanth M, Reddanna P, Reddy MR. Calculation of relative binding affinities of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase mutants with adenosine monophosphate using free energy perturbation method. J Comput Chem 2007; 28:932-7. [PMID: 17253638 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.20617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The free energy perturbation (FEP) methodology is the most accurate means of estimating relative binding affinities between inhibitors and protein variants. In this article, the importance of hydrophobic and hydrophilic residues to the binding of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) to the fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), a target enzyme for type-II diabetes, was examined by FEP method. Five mutations were made to the FBPase enzyme with AMP inhibitor bound: 113Tyr --> 113Phe, 31Thr --> 31Ala, 31Thr --> 31Ser, 177Met --> 177Ala, and 30Leu --> 30Phe. These mutations test the strength of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions between the ligand and enzyme. The calculated relative free energies indicated that: 113Tyr and 31Thr play an important role, each via two hydrogen bonds affecting the binding affinity of inhibitor AMP to FBPase, and any changes in these hydrogen bonds due to mutations on the protein will have significant effect on the binding affinity of AMP to FBPase, consistent to experimental results. Also, the free energy calculations clearly show that the hydrophilic interactions are more important than the hydrophobic interactions of the binding pocket of FBPase.
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Sathyasaikumar KV, Swapna I, Reddy PVB, Murthy CRK, Dutta Gupta A, Senthilkumaran B, Reddanna P. Fulminant Hepatic Failure in Rats Induces Oxidative Stress Differentially in Cerebral Cortex, Cerebellum and Pons Medulla. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:517-24. [PMID: 17268843 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) is one of the most common complications of acute liver diseases and is known to have profound influence on the brain. Most of the studies, available from the literature are pertaining to whole brain homogenates or mitochondria. Since brain is highly heterogeneous with functions localized in specific areas, the present study was aimed to assess the oxidative stress in different regions of brain-cerebral cortex, cerebellum and pons medulla during acute HE. Acute liver failure was induced in 3-month old adult male Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (300 mg/kg body weight for two days), a well known hepatotoxin. Oxidative stress conditions were assessed by free radical production, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide levels, GSH/GSSG ratio and antioxidant enzyme machinery in three distinct structures of rat braincerebral cortex, cerebellum and pons medulla. Results of the present study indicate a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), total nitric oxide levels [(NO) estimated by measuring (nitrites + nitrates)] and a decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio in all the regions of brain. There was also a marked decrease in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes-glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase while the super oxide dismutase activity (SOD) increased. However, the present study also revealed that pons medulla and cerebral cortex were more susceptible to oxidative stress than cerebellum. The increased vulnerability to oxidative stress in pons medulla could be due to the increased NO levels and increased activity of SOD and decreased glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities. In summary, the present study revealed that oxidative stress prevails in different cerebral regions analyzed during thioacetamide-induced acute liver failure with more pronounced effects on pons medulla and cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Sathyasaikumar
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Sathyasaikumar KV, Swapna I, Reddy PVB, Murthy CRK, Roy KR, Dutta Gupta A, Senthilkumaran B, Reddanna P. Co-administration of C-Phycocyanin ameliorates thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in Wistar rats. J Neurol Sci 2006; 252:67-75. [PMID: 17169376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a condition with a sudden onset of necrosis followed by degeneration of hepatocytes, without any previously established liver disease, generally occurring within hours or days. FHF is associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric alterations ranging from stupor to coma, culminating in death. In the present study FHF was induced in rats by the administration of thioacetamide (TAA). Oxidative stress is thought to play a prominent role in the pathophysiology of cerebral changes during FHF leading to the assumption that antioxidants might offer protection. Hence, in the present study the protective effect of C-Phycocyanin (C-PC), a natural antioxidant, was evaluated on TAA-induced tissue damage. C-Phycocyanin was administered intraperitoneally twice at 24 h interval (50 mg/kg body weight) along with the hepatotoxin TAA (300 mg/kg body weight). The animals were sacrificed 18 h after the second injection of TAA treatment and various biochemical parameters were analysed in liver, serum and brain tissues. These studies revealed significant prevention of TAA-induced liver damage by C-PC, as evidenced by a) increase in survival rate; b) the prevention of leakage of liver enzymes (AAT and AST) and ammonia into serum; c) increase in prothrombin time and d) liver histopathology. Ultrastructural studies of astrocytes of different regions of brain clearly showed a decrease in edema after C-PC treatment. TAA-induced histopathological lesions in different regions of the brain namely cerebral cortex, cerebellum and pons medulla were significantly reduced by the co-administration of C-PC with TAA. Further C-PC treatment resulted in a) decrease in the levels of tryptophan and markers of lipid peroxidation and b) elevation in the activity levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase in different regions of brain. These studies reveal the potential of C-PC in ameliorating TAA-induced hepatic encephalopathy by improving antioxidant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Sathyasaikumar
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India
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21
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Prabhakar KR, Veerapur VP, Bansal P, Vipan KP, Reddy KM, Barik A, Reddy BKD, Reddanna P, Priyadarsini KI, Unnikrishnan MK. Identification and evaluation of antioxidant, analgesic/anti-inflammatory activity of the most active ninhydrin–phenol adducts synthesized. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7113-20. [PMID: 16889968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of phenols with ninhydrin in acidic medium afforded 2-hydroxy-2-(ortho-hydroxy-phenyl/naphthyl)-1,3-dioxoindanes, which being unstable were isolated in their hemiketal forms. These synthesized compounds were subjected to TLC screening for radical scavenging and in vitro lipoxgenase and cycloxygenase enzyme inhibition assays. The best compound was identified and studied in detail for steady-state and time-resolved free radical kinetics, viz., DPPH, ABTS(-), *OH and rate constants for these reactions were evaluated. The best compound was also subjected to in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in which the compound showed good promise for further structural optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Prabhakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal 576 104, India
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Swapna I, Kumar KVSS, Reddy PVB, Murthy CRK, Reddanna P, Senthilkumaran B. Phospholipid and cholesterol alterations accompany structural disarray in myelin membrane of rats with hepatic encephalopathy induced by thioacetamide. Neurochem Int 2006; 49:238-44. [PMID: 16519962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure is often associated with a wide range of neurological symptoms which are collectively referred to as hepatic encephalopathy. Fulminant hepatic failure with associated hepatic encephalopathy has a poor prognosis with the currently available sure treatment being only liver transplantation. This is largely owing to the lack of understanding of critical factors involved in the etiology of the condition. Lipid changes have been implicated in cerebral derangements characteristic of hepatic encephalopathy. About 79% of the brain lipid is concentrated in the myelin fraction where they play an important role in ion balance and conduction of nerve impulses. Hence, in the present study we aimed to investigate changes in myelin lipid composition and structure. Myelin was isolated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation from cerebral cortex of male Wistar rats (250-300 g body weight) treated with 300 mg/kg body weight thioacetamide administered twice at 24h interval to induce hepatic encephalopathy. Significant decrease was observed in the cholesterol and phospholipids content of myelin from treated rats. Sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine content also decreased significantly following 18 h of thioacetamide administration. However, phosphatidylcholine levels remained unaltered. Transmission electron microscopic observation of myelin membrane from cerebral cortex sections showed considerable disorganization in myelin structure. Increase in malondialdehyde levels precede lipid changes leading to the speculation that oxidative damage may be the critical factor leading to decrease in the anionic phospholipids. Changes in myelin were evident only in later stages of hepatic encephalopathy indicating that myelin alteration may not play a role in early stages of hepatic encephalopathy. Nevertheless, myelin alteration may have a crucial role to play in various psycho-motor alterations during later stages of hepatic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Swapna
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Abstract
Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica), whose only natural habitat in the world is the Gir forest sanctuary of Gujarat State in India, are highly endangered and are considered to be highly inbred with narrow genetic diversity. An objective assessment of genetic diversity in their immune loci will help in assessing their survivability and may provide vital clues in designing strategies for their scientific management and conservation. We analyzed the comparative sequence polymorphism at exon 2 and exon 3 of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I in three groups of lions, i.e. wild Asiatic (from Gir forest), captive-bred Asiatic (from zoological parks in India), and Afro-Asiatic hybrid groups (from zoological parks in India) through polymorphism chain reaction-assisted sequence-based typing. The two exons were amplified, cloned, sequenced, and analyzed for polymorphism at nucleotide and putative translated product level. The analysis revealed extensive sequence polymorphism not only between clones derived from different lions but also the clones derived from a single lion. Furthermore, the wild Asiatic lions of Gir forest exhibited abundant sequence polymorphism at MHC class I comparable with that of Afro-Asiatic hybrid lions and significantly higher than that of captive-bred Asiatic lions. We hypothesize that Asiatic lions of Gir forest are not highly inbred as thought earlier and they possess abundant sequence polymorphism at MHC class I loci. During this study, 52 new sequences of the multigene MHC class I family were also identified among Asiatic lions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sachdev
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Sreenath AS, Kumar KR, Reddy GV, Sreedevi B, Praveen D, Monika S, Sudha S, Reddy MG, Reddanna P. Evidence for the association of synaptotagmin with glutathione S-transferases: implications for a novel function in human breast cancer. Clin Biochem 2005; 38:436-43. [PMID: 15820774 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the pattern of changes in GSTs in cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous tissues obtained from breast cancer patients undergoing surgery. DESIGN AND METHODS Cytosolic GST purification, assay of GST, protein expression levels, and GST-synaptotagmin association were analyzed using standard biochemical techniques like GSH-affinity purification, spectrophotometry, SDS-PAGE, Western blots, and matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF). RESULTS GST activity in cancerous tissues (0.26 U/mg protein) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) as compared to those from adjacent non-cancerous tissues (0.14 U/mg protein) of breast cancer patients. Further analysis of GST subunits on SDS-PAGE and Western blots using class-specific GST antibodies revealed significant elevation in GST-pi levels in cancer tissues with no appreciable changes in GST-alpha and GST-mu. Along with the elevation of GST-pi levels, high molecular weight proteins (approximately 70 kDa) cross reacting with GST antibodies were detected only in surgically resected tumor biopsies but not in the non-cancerous tissues adjacent to the tumor. Based on MALDI-TOF analysis, the high molecular weight band was identified as synaptotagmin V bound to GST-M1 with 47% sequence coverage after processing on an MS-FIT search engine. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a novel putative functional role for the GST-synaptotagmin complex in human breast cancers. As this association of GST M1-synaptotagmin was not seen in adjacent non-cancerous tissues, this can be used as a marker for breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Sreenath
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Subhashini J, Mahipal SVK, Reddanna P. Anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of celecoxib on human chronic myeloid leukemia in vitro. Cancer Lett 2005; 224:31-43. [PMID: 15911099 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 10/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/02/2004] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, is the only non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug so far which has been approved by the FDA for adjuvant treatment of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. The molecular mechanism responsible for the anti-cancer effects of celecoxib is not fully understood. There is little data on the potential role of COX-2 in lymphoma pathogenesis. In view of the reported induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, the present study is undertaken to test the effect of celecoxib on human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line, K562 and other hematopoietic cancer cell lines like Jurkat (human T lymphocytes), HL60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) and U937 (human macrophage). Treatment of these cells with celecoxib (10-100 microM) dose-dependently, reduced cell growth with arrest of the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and induction of apoptosis. Further mechanism of apoptosis induction was elucidated in detail in K562 cell line. Apoptosis was mediated by release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). This was followed by DNA fragmentation. The level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was decreased without any change in the pro-apoptotic Bax. Celecoxib also inhibited NF-kB activation. Celecoxib thus potentiates apoptosis as shown by MTT assay, cytochrome c leakage, PARP cleavage, DNA fragmentation, Bcl-2 downregulation and possibly by inhibiting NF-kB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Subhashini
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Neeraja S, Ramakrishna B, Sreenath AS, Reddy GV, Reddy PRK, Reddanna P. Novel functional association of rat testicular membrane-associated cytosolic glutathione S transferases and cyclooxygenase in vitro. Asian J Androl 2005; 7:171-8. [PMID: 15897974 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2005.00030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze the role of cytosolic glutathione S-transferases cGSTs and membrane-associated cytosolic GSTs macGSTs in prostaglandin biosynthesis and to evaluate the possible interaction between glutathione S-transferases GSTs and cyclooxygenase (COX) in vitro. METHODS SDS-PAGE analysis was undertaken for characterization of GSTs, thin layer chromatography (TLC) to monitor the effect of GSTs on prostaglandin biosynthesis from arachidonic acid (AA) and spectrophotometric assays were done for measuring activity levels of COX and GSTs. RESULTS SDS-PAGE analysis indicates that macGSTs have molecular weights in the range of 25-28 kDa. In a coupled assay involving GSTs, arachidonic acid and cyclooxygenase-1, rat testicular macGSTs produced prostaglandin E2 and F2alfa, while the cGSTs caused the generation of prostaglandin D2, E2 and F2alfa. In vitro interaction studies on GSTs and COX at the protein level have shown dose-dependent inhibition of COX activity by macGSTs and vice versa. This effect, however, is not seen with cGSTs. The inhibitory effect of COX on macGST activity was relieved with increasing concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) but not with 1-chloro 2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The inhibition of COX by macGSTs, on the other hand, was potentiated by glutathione. CONCLUSION We isolated and purified macGSTs and cGSTs from rat testis and analyzed their involvement in prostaglandin biosynthesis. These studies reveal a reversible functional interaction between macGSTs and COX in vitro, with possible interactions between them at the GSH binding site of macGSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Neeraja
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Reddy PVB, Murthy CRK, Reddanna P. Fulminant hepatic failure induced oxidative stress in nonsynaptic mitochondria of cerebral cortex in rats. Neurosci Lett 2004; 368:15-20. [PMID: 15342125 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 06/12/2004] [Accepted: 06/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a condition with sudden onset of necrosis of hepatocytes and degeneration of liver tissue without any established liver disease. FHF is associated with increased ammonia levels in blood and brain, which is supposed to be neurotoxic, ultimately leading to neuronal death. Evidences from previous studies suggest for mitochondrial dysfunctions under hyperammonemic conditions. In the present investigation, on thioacetamide-induced FHF rat models, studies were undertaken on cerebral nonsynaptic mitochondrial oxidative stress. The results of the present study reveal elevated lipid peroxidation along with reduced total thiol levels in the cerebral cortex mitochondria of experimental animals compared to saline treated control rats. In addition, the enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were decreased, with an elevation in Mn-SOD activity. Overall, thioacetamide-induced FHF in rats enhanced the levels of lipid peroxidation coupled with impaired antioxidant defenses in the cerebral nonsynaptic mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vijaya Bhaskar Reddy
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
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Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) are multifunctional and multigene products. They are versatile enzymes and participate in the nucleophilic attack of the sulphur atom of glutathione on the electrophilic centers of various endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Out of the five, alpha, micro, pi, sigma and theta, major classes of GSTs, GST-pi has significance in the diagnosis of cancers as it is expressed abundantly in tumor cells. This protein is a single gene product, coded by seven exons, that is having 24 kDa mass and pI value of 7.0. Four upstream elements such as two enhancers, and one of each of AP-1 site and GC box regulate pi gene. During chemical carcinogenesis because of jun/fos oncogenes (AP-1) regulatory elements, specifically GST-pi is expressed in liver. Therefore this gene product could be used as marker protein for the detection of chemical toxicity and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aliya
- Department of Biochemistry, S. V. University, Tirupathi, India
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Tripathi YB, Reddy MM, Pandey RS, Subhashini J, Tiwari OP, Singh BK, Reddanna P. Anti-inflammatory properties of BHUx, a polyherbal formulation to prevent atherosclerosis. Inflammopharmacology 2004; 12:131-52. [PMID: 15265316 DOI: 10.1163/1568560041352301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BHUx is a polyherbal formulation consisting of water-soluble fractions of five medicinal plants (Commiphora mukul, Terminalia arjuna, Boswellia serrata, Semecarpus anacardium and Strychnos nux vomica). The present study was undertaken to evaluate its antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. BHUx, standardized by HPLC fingerprinting and filtered through 0.2 microm filter paper, was employed for different studies under in vivo and in vitro conditions. Under in vivo conditions, BHUx significantly reduced inflammation in the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model of inflammation, suggesting its anti-inflammatory properties. In order to test the mechanism of action of BHUx, further in vitro studies were undertaken on cumene-hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation (CHP) in liver homogenate, LPS-induced NO production in peritoneal macrophages and on key enzymes of arachidonic acid cascade, involved in the mediation of inflammation. Under the conditions, BHUx showed concentration-dependent inhibition of CHP-induced lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate, suggesting its antioxidant properties. Similarly the potent anti-inflammatory effects of BHUx are evident by (a) preferential inhibition of COX-2 (IC50 for COX-2 = 80 microg/ml and IC50 for COX-1 = 169 microg/ml), (b) low ratios in the IC50 values of COX-2/COX-1 (0.47), (c) decreased production of NO in LPS-induced peritoneal macrophages and (d) inhibition of 5-LOX (IC50 = 795 microg/ml). BHUx also showed a preference for inhibiting 15-lipoxygenase (IC50 = 44 microg/ml), a key enzyme implicated in LDL oxidation. These studies suggest that BHUx is acting mainly at three levels, i.e., as a potent natural antioxidant, by reduction of key inflammatory mediators of arachidonic acid cascade and by preventing 15-LOX-mediated LDL oxidations, to prevent atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini B Tripathi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India.
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Reddy MC, Subhashini J, Mahipal SVK, Bhat VB, Srinivas Reddy P, Kiranmai G, Madyastha KM, Reddanna P. C-Phycocyanin, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, induces apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 304:385-92. [PMID: 12711327 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
C-Phycocyanin (C-PC) is one of the major biliproteins of Spirulina platensis, a blue green algae, with antioxidant and radical scavenging properties. It is also known to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. However, the mechanism of action of C-PC is not clearly understood. Previously, we have shown that C-PC selectively inhibits cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible isoform that is upregulated during inflammation and cancer. In view of the reported induction of apoptosis in cancer cells by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, the present study is undertaken to test the effect of C-PC on LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line. These studies have shown a dose dependent reduction in the growth and multiplication of macrophage cell line by C-PC. This decrease in cell number appears to be mediated by C-PC induced apoptosis as evidenced by flow cytometric and confocal microscopic studies. Cells treated with 20 micro M C-PC showed typical nuclear condensation and 16.6% of cells in sub-G(o)/G(1) phase. These cells also showed DNA fragmentation in a dose dependent manner. The studies on poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage showed typical fragmentation pattern in C-PC treated cells. This C-PC induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells appears to be mediated by the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria and independent of Bcl-2 expression. These effects of C-PC on RAW 264.7 cells may be due to reduced PGE(2) levels as a result of COX-2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhava C Reddy
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Komaraiah P, Reddy GV, Reddy PS, Raghavendra AS, Ramakrishna SV, Reddanna P. Enhanced production of antimicrobial sesquiterpenes and lipoxygenase metabolites in elicitor-treated hairy root cultures of Solanum tuberosum. Biotechnol Lett 2003; 25:593-7. [PMID: 12882150 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023038804556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) hairy root cultures, established by infecting potato tuber discs with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, were used as a model system for the production of antimicrobial sesquiterpenes and lipoxygenase (LOX) metabolites. Of the four sesquiterpene phytoalexins (rishitin, lubimin, phytuberin and phytuberol) detected in elicitor-treated hairy root cultures, rishitin (213 micrograms g-1 dry wt) was the most predominant followed by lubimin (171 micrograms g-1 dry wt). The elicitors also induced LOX activity (25-fold increase) and LOX metabolites, mainly 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 9-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acid, in potato hairy root cultures. The combination of fungal elicitor plus cyclodextrin was the most effective elicitor treatment, followed by methyl jasmonate plus cyclodextrin in inducing sesquiterpenes and LOX metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Komaraiah
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the production of prostaglandins, exists in two isoforms, the constitutive cyclooxygenase 1 (Cox-1) and the inducible cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2). Cox-1 is involved in homeostatic functions while Cox-2 is implicated in various pathological processes such as inflammation and cancer. The present study describes the constitutive expression of Cox-2 in immature and mature rat testis, primarily localized in the spermatogonial cells. An interesting observation is the presence of Cox-2 on the chromatin and also in cytosol, apart from nuclear and endoplasmic reticular membranes. The significance of this observation is not yet clear, though its presence in the nucleus raises the possibility of Cox-2 having a more direct role in gene regulation than was thought earlier. In addition, the Cox-2 mRNA in testis is the smaller (2.8 kb) of the two isoform transcripts reported for Cox-2. Further hormone treatment regimes (testosterone/follicle stimulating hormone) increased the levels of Cox-2 protein within 6 h after treatment, suggesting that the sustained levels of Cox-2 protein in testis can be further influenced by gonadotrophins and androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Neeraja
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Komaraiah P, Ramakrishna SV, Reddanna P, Kavi Kishor PB. Enhanced production of plumbagin in immobilized cells of Plumbago rosea by elicitation and in situ adsorption. J Biotechnol 2003; 101:181-7. [PMID: 12568747 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(02)00338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell cultures of Plumbago rosea were immobilized in calcium alginate and cultured in Murashige and Skoog's basal medium containing 10 mM CaCl(2) for the production of plumbagin, an important medicinal compound. Studies were carried to find out the impact of immobilization on the increased accumulation of this secondary metabolite. Immobilization in calcium alginate enhanced the production of plumbagin by three, two and one folds compared to that of control, un-crosslinked alginate and CaCl(2) treated cells respectively. Cell loading at a level of 20% to the polymer volume (Na-alginate) was optimal and maximum plumbagin was obtained. At higher cell loading (40-50%), lower plumbagin accumulation was noticed. Addition of 200 mg l(-1) chitosan as an elicitor to the immobilized cells resulted in eight and two folds higher accumulation of plumbagin over control and immobilized cells. Also, more than 70% of the plumbagin was released into the medium, which is highly desirable for easy recovery of the product. Sucrose utilization rate of the cells was higher when cells were subjected to in situ product removal using Amberlite XAD-7. This may indicate that the toxicity of plumbagin was reduced on cells when it was removed from the medium. Cells subjected to combined treatments of chitosan, immobilization and in situ extraction showed a synergistic effect and yielded 92.13 mg g(-1) DCW of plumbagin which is 21, 5.7, 2.5 times higher than control, immobilized, immobilized and elicited cells respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Komaraiah
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the role of the environmental estrogens polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and phthalate esters (PEs) as potential environmental hazards in the deterioration of semen parameters in infertile men without an obvious etiology. DESIGN Randomized controlled study. SETTING Tertiary care referral infertility clinic and academic research center. PATIENT(S) Twenty-one infertile men with sperm counts <20 million/mL and/or rapid progressive motility <25% and/or <30% normal forms without evidence of an obvious etiology and 32 control men with normal semen analyses and evidence of conception. Semen and blood samples were obtained as part of the treatment protocol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Evaluation of semen parameters such as ejaculate volume, sperm count, motility, morphology, vitality, osmoregulatory capacity, sperm chromatin stability, and sperm nuclear DNA integrity. RESULT(S) PCBs were detected in the seminal plasma of infertile men but not in controls, and the concentration of PEs was significantly higher in infertile men compared with controls. Ejaculate volume, sperm count, progressive motility, normal morphology, and fertilizing capacity were significantly lower in infertile men compared with controls. The highest average PCB and PE concentrations were found in urban fish eaters, followed by rural fish eaters, urban vegetarians, and rural vegetarians. The total motile sperm counts in infertile men were inversely proportional to their xenoestrogen concentrations and were significantly lower than those in the respective controls. CONCLUSION(S) PCBs and PEs may be instrumental in the deterioration of semen quality in infertile men without an obvious etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Rozati
- Assisted Conception Services Unit, Mahavir Hospital and Research Center, Hyderabad, India.
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Barhate NB, Reddy MC, Reddy PS, Wakharkar RD, Reddanna P. Synthesis and biochemical evaluation of benzyl propargyl ethers as inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2002; 39:264-273. [PMID: 22908417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A series of benzyl propargyl ethers were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase, the key enzyme involved in leukotriene biosynthesis. Among these, optimum activity was displayed by 1-(2-heptynyloxymethyl) benzene 12 (IC50 1.2 microM). Addition of carboxyl group at the end of the alkyl side chain attached to the acetylenic group abolished the inhibition. Selective reduction of the acetylenic group to cis or trans double bond reduced the inhibitory potential, the cis isomer 24 showing more than 20-fold higher inhibition than the trans isomer 25. Introduction of sulphur in place of oxygen in the alkyl side chain attached to the (carboxyalkyl) benzyl group also reduced the inhibition. The IC50 value of 12, towards rabbit reticulocyte 15-LOX is > 50 fold higher than that of 5-LOX. These results indicate that compound 12 is a specific inhibitor of 5-LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Barhate
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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Rozati R, Reddy PP, Reddanna P, Mujtaba R. Xenoesterogens and male infertility: myth or reality? Asian J Androl 2000; 2:263-9. [PMID: 11202414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the role of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as a potential environmental hazard in the deterioration of male fertility. METHODS Fifty-three males were studied. After a thorough case history evaluation and relevant clinical and laboratory investigations, PCBs were estimated in the seminal plasma of 21 infertile men with "Unexplained Male Factor" and 32 fertile controls. Peak retention times of the eluants were compared with those of the commercially available standard PCB Mix, and the results confirmed spectrophotometrically. Seminal PCB concentrations were compared between i) fertile and infertile men and ii) men from different areas and diets. The relationship between PCB concentrations and measures of sperm quality such as the total motile sperm count, was assessed. RESULTS PCBs were detected in seminal plasma of infertile men but absent from controls. Sperm quantity and quality were significantly lower in infertile men compared to controls. The highest average PCB concentrations were found in fish-eating urban dwellers, and followed in succession by fish-eating rural dwellers, non fish-eating urban dwellers and non fish-eating rural dwellers. The total motile sperm counts were inversely proportional to the PCB concentrations and were significantly lower than those of the respective controls. CONCLUSION PCBs may be instrumental in the deterioration of sperm quantity and quality, a contaminated fish diet being the main source of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rozati
- Assisted Conception Services Unit, Mahavir Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad (A.P.) 500 028, India.
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Anuradha D, Reddy KV, Kumar TC, Neeraja S, Reddy PR, Reddanna P. Purification and characterization of rat testicular glutathione S-transferases: role in the synthesis of eicosanoids. Asian J Androl 2000; 2:277-82. [PMID: 11202416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Purification of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) from rat testis; separation and identification of various subunits and their role in eicosanoid biosynthesis. METHODS Purification of rat testicular GSTs by affinity chromatography, employing S-hexylglutathione-linked epoxy-activated Sepharose 6B column and separation of individual subunits by reverse phase-high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Characterization of affinity purified GSTs by Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis. The role of testicular GSTs in eicosanoid biosynthesis was determine by incubating GSTs with 5, 6-Leukotriene A4Me (LTA4Me) and prostaglandin H2(PGH2) and analyzing the products formed on HPLC/TLC. RESULTS The present study reveals that majority of rat testicular GSTs are of Yb size (60%) with molecular weight of 27 kDa. The most predominant subunits, however, are GST Yn2(27%), followed by GST Yc(24%) and GST Yn1(20%). These testicular GSTs showed very high Leukotriene C4 (LTC4) synthase activity with 5, 6-Leukotriene A4Me (LTA4Me) as the substrate and prostaglandin D (PGD) synthase activity with prostaglandin H2(PGH2) as the substrate. CONCLUSION Majority of rat testicular GSTs are Yb sized and are involved in the synthesis of eicosanoids like LTC4 and PGD2.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Anuradha
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500 046, India
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38
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Reddy CM, Bhat VB, Kiranmai G, Reddy MN, Reddanna P, Madyastha KM. Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 277:599-603. [PMID: 11062000 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We report data from two related assay systems (isolated enzyme assays and whole blood assays) that C-phycocyanin a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis is a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with a very low IC(50) COX-2/IC(50) COX-1 ratio (0.04). The extent of inhibition depends on the period of preincubation of phycocyanin with COX-2, but without any effect on the period of preincubation with COX-1. The IC(50) value obtained for the inhibition of COX-2 by phycocyanin is much lower (180 nM) as compared to those of celecoxib (255 nM) and rofecoxib (401 nM), the well-known selective COX-2 inhibitors. In the human whole blood assay, phycocyanin very efficiently inhibited COX-2 with an IC(50) value of 80 nM. Reduced phycocyanin and phycocyanobilin, the chromophore of phycocyanin are poor inhibitors of COX-2 without COX-2 selectivity. This suggests that apoprotein in phycocyanin plays a key role in the selective inhibition of COX-2. The present study points out that the hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic properties of phycocyanin reported in the literature may be due, in part, to its selective COX-2 inhibitory property, although its ability to efficiently scavenge free radicals and effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation may also be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Reddy
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560 012, India
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39
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Reddy PS, Kumar TC, Reddy MN, Sarada C, Reddanna P. Differential formation of octadecadienoic acid and octadecatrienoic acid products in control and injured/infected potato tubers. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1483:294-300. [PMID: 10634945 DOI: 10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases in plants have been implicated in the activation of defense responses against injury/infection. Pathogen-derived polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and their metabolites have been shown to elicit defense responses against pathogen infection in plants. However, not much is known about the role of host-derived fatty acids and their metabolites in plant defense responses. In this study, isolation and characterisation of endogenous lipoxygenase metabolites formed in potato tubers in response to injury/infection was undertaken. While 9-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid (9-HPODE), derived from octadecdienoic acid (linoleic acid) is the major lipoxygenase product formed in control potato tubers, 9-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid (9-HPOTrE), derived from octadecatrienoic acid (alpha-linolenic acid) is the major lipoxygenase product formed in potato tubers in response to injury or infection with Rhizoctonia bataticola. As a result, the relative ratio of 9-HPODE to 9-HPOTrE showed a shift from 4:1 in control to 1:2 and 1:4.5 in injured and infected potato tubers respectively. From this study, it is proposed that lipoxygenase metabolites of octadecadienoic acid may be involved in physiological responses under control conditions, while octadecatrienoic acid metabolites are mediating the defense responses. This forms the first report on the differential formation of endogenous lipoxygenase products in potato tubers under control and stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Reddy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Reddy KV, Kumar TC, Prasad M, Reddanna P. Pulmonary lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defenses during exhaustive physical exercise: the role of vitamin E and selenium. Nutrition 1998; 14:448-51. [PMID: 9614310 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(98)00016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to induce oxidative stress leading to the generation of free radicals. This increased generation of free radicals might lead to lipid peroxidation and tissue damage, more so under deficient/impaired antioxidant states. In the present study, we report the role of vitamin E and selenium (Se) during exercise-induced oxidative stress in the pulmonary tissue. Vitamin E and/or Se deficiency in female albino rats resulted in generation of free radicals as revealed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra in the lung tissue, indicating the onset of oxidative stress. When these animals were subjected to a single bout of exhaustive exercise, there was an additional increase in the generation of oxy-free radicals, which might lead to tissue damage. However, no such signals were recorded in the lung tissue of vitamin E- and Se-supplemented animals, when subjected to a similar exercise program, suggesting that protection is offered by vitamin E and Se in combating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Reddy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
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Chen X, Reddanna P, Reddy GR, Kidd R, Hildenbrandt G, Reddy CC. Expression, purification, and characterization of a recombinant 5-lipoxygenase from potato tuber. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 243:438-43. [PMID: 9480827 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated a full length 5-LOX cDNA clone from potato cDNA library using degenerate primers designed from conserved sequences of LOXs. Sequence analysis and comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed high homology to other plant LOXs. We have expressed the cDNA in Escherichia coli and purified the recombinant protein to electrophoretic homogeneity by anion exchange liquid chromatography followed by HPLC on a Mono-Q column. Substrate specificity of the purified recombinant protein revealed LOX activity towards linoleic, linolenic acid, arachidonic acids as substrates with linoleic acid being the best substrate. The relative LOX activity as well as the product profiles for the recombinant L1 5-LOX are comparable to values determined for the purified potato tuber 5-LOX. When the recombinant L1 5-LOX and the native peak-2 5-LOX (the most abundant isozyme) were compared on SDS-PAGE, single bands of apparently identical mass 97,000 Da, was observed, which agrees well with the L1 molecular mass calculated from amino acid sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Veterinary Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Bulliyya G, Reddy RC, Reddanna P. Traditional fish intake and fatty acid composition in fish consuming and non-fish consuming populations. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 1997; 6:230-234. [PMID: 24394780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the validity of habitual marine fish intake, the relation between fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids and dietary patterns were investigated. Dietary intake and serum fatty acid concentrations were measured in healthy subjects of coastal fish consuming and non-fish consuming populations. Amongst fish consumers, the intake of total energy (p<0.01) and carbohydrate (p<0.05) is significantly lower and protein intake higher than in non-fish consumers. The mean percentages of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids do not show significant variation. However, in the ω-6 fatty acid series, the percent of linoleic acid, 22:4 ω-6 and 22:5 ω-6 is significantly lower in fish consumers, whereas dihomo-gamma linolenic acid is higher than in the non-fish consumers. The percentage of w-3 fatty acids in fish consumers, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are significantly greater (p<0.01) than those in non-fish consumers probably attributable to differences in fish intake. These differences in fatty acid profiles, particularly in the long-chain ω-3 series, are highlighted with the consumption of fish being a possible explanation between fish consuming and non-fish populations. The findings of this study suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of fish consumption is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bulliyya
- Department of Physical Anthropology, School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India
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Kumar TC, Reddy KV, Anuradha D, Reddanna P. Enhanced production of LTB4 and free radicals in rat lung by exhaustive physical exercise. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1997; 41:641-6. [PMID: 9090473 DOI: 10.1080/15216549700201681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leukotrienes formed by the action of 5-lipoxygenase on arachidonic acid are a group of endogenous compounds active in hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation. In this report the formation of LTB4 from LTA4 was measured by incubating lung microsomes from normal and exercised rats to determine whether LTB4 may have a role in the mediation of exercise-induced oxidant stress. Exhaustive exercise in the form of swimming results in the enhanced production of LTB4 in lung microsomes. Further, free radicals measured by ESR spectroscopy were also significantly increased in lung tissue from exercised rats. These results suggest a role for LTB4 in the mediation of lung tissue damage during exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
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Reddy KV, Anuradha D, Kumar TC, Reddanna P. Induction of Ya1 subunit of rat hepatic glutathione S-transferases by exercise-induced oxidative stress. Arch Biochem Biophys 1995; 323:6-10. [PMID: 7487074 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1995.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adult female rats subjected to exercise training in the form of swimming daily (for 20 min initially with gradual increase up to 90 min within a week) for 130 days showed a significant elevation of liver glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity when compared to controls. Electrophoresis and Western blot analysis of cytosolic as well as affinity-purified hepatic glutathione S-transferases revealed the induction of Ya-sized subunit in exercise-trained animals. Reverse-phase HPLC analysis of affinity-purified GSTs further revealed that Ya-sized subunits in control animals consisted of predominantly Ya2, whereas the trained animals displayed a dramatic 4.3-fold increase in Ya1. The GSTs of exercise-trained animals showed increased peroxidase activity when compared to corresponding controls, which is consistent with the changes in sub-unit composition. This could be a response to the physiological oxidative stress induced by physical exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Reddy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
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Jayadeep A, Reddanna P, Sailesh S, Das UN, Ramesh G, Kumar KV, Menon VP. Prostaglandin metabolism during growth and differentiation of the regenerating vertebrate appendage. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995; 52:235-9. [PMID: 7784470 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(95)90042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
House lizards are able to regenerate their tails. This is an ideal model to study the growth and differentiation of an organ. Prostaglandins (PGs) are local hormones having diverse and potent biological activities. In an effort to understand PG metabolism during the growth and differentiation of the regenerating lizard tail, we analysed the fatty acid (FA) composition of phospholipids are free FAs by GC, the activity of two rate-limiting enzymes (phospholipases A and C), the activity of the enzyme responsible for the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids to PGs (cyclooxygenase) and characterized the endogenous PGs by HPLC. It was observed that on the 20th day, i.e. the tissue differentiation period, there was an increase in phospholipase A activity, together with a sudden fall in the free arachidonic acid (AA) level, an increase in cyclooxygenase activity and the appearance of endogenous PGE2. PGE2 can stimulate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production and it may stimulate a cascade of events associated with tissue differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jayadeep
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, India
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Abstract
Lipoxygenase was purified to homogeneity from sheep uterus cytosol using a combination of ion exchangers, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and gel filtration. The purified enzyme was found to be a homodimeric protein with monomer molecular weight of 66 kDa. When incubated with arachidonic acid, the enzyme showed two lipoxygenase activities producing both 12- and 15-HPETEs at the optimum pH of 5.5. The relative concentration of 12- and 15-HETEs, however, changed with the pH of the reaction, 12-HETE being higher in the alkaline range and 15-HETE being higher in the acidic range. Furthermore the enzyme showed the expected dual lipoxygenase based 14,15-LTA4 synthase activity as evidenced by the formation of 8,15-diHETEs, the hydrolysis products of 14,15-LTA4. Isolation of 14,15-LTC4 from the homogenates of sheep uterus gave further evidence on the formation of leukotrienes. This is the first report of the formation of 14,15-series leukotrienes in mammalian reproductive tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sailesh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
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47
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Bulliyya G, Reddy PC, Reddy KN, Reddanna P. Fatty acid profile and the atherogenic risk in fish consuming and non fish consuming people. Indian J Med Sci 1994; 48:256-60. [PMID: 7868162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease in populations with a high habitual intake of marine fish and fish oils, and this apparent protection may be due to the presence of n-3 fatty acids in the dietary fish. Two populations, a rish consuming one from coastal area and an inland one with non fish consuming from Nellore district or South India were selected for the present study. A total of one thousand healthy subjects were randomly chosen (500 in each population) from both sexes, aged from 20 to 70 years. The concentration of serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in fish consumers, whereas HDL-cholesterol was higher in fish consumers than in non fish consumers. The difference between the percent quantities of the three n-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic, docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) was highly significant (p < 0.001) with a greater value in fish consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bulliyya
- Dept. of Physical Anthropology, Sri Venkateswara University Tirupati
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48
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Abstract
Serum lipid peroxides, lipids, blood pressure, body mass index, and dietary intake in 190 urban men were compared with 190 age-matched rural men. Significantly higher levels of lipid peroxides, serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were seen in urban men, compared with rural men. In rural men, serum lipid peroxides were related negatively to age; the same was observed in the 70 + y age group in the urban population. All the lipid constituents were related positively to age in both populations. There were statistically significant correlations between lipid peroxides and serum cholesterol and triglycerides in the urban men. The marked elevation of lipid peroxides and lipids in urban men may be the result of urbanization, including exposure to environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Reddy
- Department of Physical Anthropology, S.V. University, Tirupati, India
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Reddy GP, Prasad M, Sailesh S, Kumar YV, Reddanna P. Arachidonic acid metabolites as intratesticular factors controlling androgen production. Int J Androl 1993; 16:227-33. [PMID: 8359939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1993.tb01184.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effect of inhibitors and products of arachidonic acid metabolism on rat testicular steroidogenesis has been investigated. In the presence of indomethacin (inhibitor of cyclooxygenase) and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) (inhibitor of lipoxygenase), the activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) were both inhibited. The LH-stimulated increase in secretion of testosterone and progesterone was also inhibited by indomethacin and NDGA. On the other hand, vitamin E (antioxidant and inhibitor of lipoxygenase), stimulated the activity of both 3 beta-HSD and 17 beta-HSD and enhanced LH-stimulated androgen production. The metabolites of lipoxygenase (15-HPETE, 15-HETE, 5-HPETE and 5-HETE) and cyclooxygenase (PGF2 alpha) pathways stimulated 3 beta-HSD and 17 beta-HSD activity and enhanced the secretion of progesterone and testosterone. It is concluded that arachidonic acid metabolites are intratesticular factors which can regulate LH-stimulated testicular steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Reddy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, India
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Kiran Kumar YV, Raghunathan A, Sailesh S, Prasad M, Vemuri MC, Reddanna P. Differential effects of 15-HPETE and 15-HETE on BHK-21 cell proliferation and macromolecular composition. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1167:102-8. [PMID: 8384883 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(93)90223-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonate and/or linoleate metabolites have been implicated in modulating cell growth, replication and cell transformations. In studies with BHK-21 cells, we found lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase inhibitors (NDGA and indomethacin, respectively) to be antiproliferative. Studies on the metabolism of arachidonic acid in BHK-21 cells have demonstrated that prostaglandin D2 is the major cyclooxygenase product, and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) is the major lipoxygenase product. Addition of D2 showed a significant decrease in the BHK-21 cell number showing antiproliferative action. Addition of lipoxygenase products, on the other hand, showed differential effects in that 15-HPETE decreased the cell number while 15-HETE increased. NDGA and 15-HPETE decreased DNA, RNA and protein contents, while 15-HETE significantly increased them. 5-HPETE and 5-HETE also showed similar results but were less potent than 15-H(P)ETEs. The differential effects of 15-HPETE and 15-HETE could be due to the generation of free radicals by the hydroperoxide and mitogenic response by hydroxide.
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