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Jiang Y, Han X, Feng N, Jin W, Zhang T, Zhang M, Shi M, Zhang B, Liu S, Hu D. Androgen plays an important role in regulating the synthesis of pheromone in the scent gland of muskrat. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 217:106026. [PMID: 34808361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The scent (musk) gland is an organ unique to muskrats and other scent-secreting animals, and the pheromones (musk) synthesized and secreted by the scent gland play a role in chemical communication among scent-secreting animals. The musk gland is synchronized with testicular developmental changes; however, little is known regarding androgen secretion from the testis and how this regulates pheromone synthesis and the secretion of scent. To investigate the effect of androgens on the synthesis of pheromones in the musk gland, we established a muskrat castration model by surgical removal of the testis, and analyzed the histomorphology, hormone concentration, gene expression, and changes in the chemical composition of the musk gland in castration and control groups by histomorphological analysis, Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). Histomorphological analysis results showed that after castration, muskrat gland cells underwent significant atrophy (P < 0.05). Hormone measurement results showed that there was a significant decrease in serum testosterone and muskrat musk testosterone (P < 0.05) after muskrat castration. Transcriptome sequencing results showed that 510 differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) were mainly enriched in fatty acid metabolism, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, fatty acid degradation, PPAR signaling pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis. GCMS results showed that macrocyclic ketones, steroids, fatty acids, alcohols, and esters in musk were significantly changed (P < 0.05). In conclusion, androgens were found to play an important function in the chemical communication exchange between muskrats through regulating pheromone synthesis in musk cells. This study provides a basis for understanding the mechanism of animal communication influenced by androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanlin Jiang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Han
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Nuannuan Feng
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijiang Jin
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxiang Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Meishan Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Shi
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Baofeng Zhang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqiang Liu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Defu Hu
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Raju K, Berens L. Periodontology and pregnancy: An overview of biomedical and epidemiological evidence. Periodontol 2000 2021; 87:132-142. [PMID: 34463990 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Women are particularly susceptible to developing gingival problems during pregnancy. In addition, periodontal disease in pregnant women may lead to adverse outcomes for both mother and infant, which have serious clinical and public health implications. Both scenarios have been extensively researched, helping to bring attention to pregnant women as an important and vulnerable population as it concerns periodontal health. The increase in gingival inflammation caused by hormonal changes in pregnant women is undisputed and has been studied and documented since the 1960s, although the exact etiology is not fully understood. The relationship between periodontal disease during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes is less substantiated, because of conflicting evidence. This review of the biomedical and epidemiologic literature provides an overview of both sides of this relationship and examines the potential mechanisms for developing periodontal disease during pregnancy and the proposed mechanisms by which periodontal disease leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Raju
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lisa Berens
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Di Naro E, Loverro M, Converti I, Loverro MT, Ferrara E, Rapone B. The Effect of Menopause Hypoestrogenism on Osteogenic Differentiation of Periodontal Ligament Cells (PDLC) and Stem Cells (PDLCs): A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9050572. [PMID: 34066107 PMCID: PMC8151220 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9050572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Menopause is a physiological condition typified by drastic hormonal changes, and the effects of this transition have long-term significant clinical implications on the general health, including symptoms or physical changes. In menopausal women, the periodontium can be affected directly or through neural mechanism by oestrogen (E2) deficiency. The majority of the biological effects of E2 are modulated via both oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) and oestrogen receptor- β (ERβ). There is evidence that hypoestrogenism has a substantial impact on the aetiology, manifestation and severity of periodontitis, via the regulation of the expression of osteoprogesterin and RANKL in human periodontal ligament cells through ERβ. However, the mechanistic understanding of oestrogen in periodontal status has been partially clarified. The aim of this paper was to synopsize the recent scientific evidence concerning the link between the menopause and periodontitis, through the investigation of physio-pathological impact of the oestrogen deficiency on osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs and PDLSC, as well as the dynamic change of ERα and ERβ. (2) Methods: Search was conducted for significant studies by exploring electronic PubMed and EMBASE databases, and it was independently performed by two researchers. All studies on the impact of oestrogen level on alveolar bone resorption were searched from 2005 to July 2020. Data selection was in concordance with PRISMA guidelines. (3) Results: Eight studies met the criteria and were included in this systematic review. All studies reported that oestrogen deficiency impairs the osteogenic and osteoblastic differentiation of PDL cells and oestrogen affects the bone formation capacity of cells. Seven studies were conducted on animal samples, divided into two groups: the OVX animals and animals who received the sham operation. (4) Conclusions: There is a multitude of data available showing the influence of menopause on periodontal status. However, the evidence of this line to investigation needs more research and could help explain the physiological linkage between menopause state and periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Di Naro
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (E.D.N.); (M.L.); (M.T.L.)
| | - Matteo Loverro
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (E.D.N.); (M.L.); (M.T.L.)
| | - Ilaria Converti
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Loverro
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy; (E.D.N.); (M.L.); (M.T.L.)
| | - Elisabetta Ferrara
- Complex Operative Unit of Odontostomatology, Hospital S.S. Annunziata, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Biagio Rapone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, “Aldo Moro” University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-347-761-9817
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Quast A, Martian V, Bohnsack A, Batschkus S, Meyer-Marcotty P, Miosge N. Donor variation and sex hormone receptors in periodontal ligament cells. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 122:105026. [PMID: 33348207 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the gene expression and protein synthesis of sex hormone receptors in human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) in relation to donor- and tooth-specific factors with the aim to clarify the debate about sex hormone receptors in PDLCs. DESIGN The expression patterns of estrogen receptors (genes: ESR1 and ESR2; proteins: ERα and ERβ), androgen receptor (AR) and progesterone receptor (PR) were investigated in the context of immortalization status, previous orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), donor age, sex and hormonal stimulation in PDLCs from 14 healthy donors (male: n = 8, female: n = 6; adolescents: n = 8, adults: n = 6) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS For ERβ, the full-length isoform ERβ1 and truncated variants were detected. For ERα, the expected isoform ERα66 was not observed, but a novel isoform ERα36 was detected. Immortalization status, previous OTM and donor age had no impact on ESR1 and ESR2 expression. Estradiol stimulation for 24 h doubled the ratio of ESR2/ESR1 in PDLCs from female but not male donors, indicating sex-specific patterns of receptor expression. AR and PR demonstrated insufficient protein synthesis in PDLCs. CONCLUSIONS The data revealed a pivotal role for and complex interplay between ERα and ERβ in human PDLCs regardless of variable donor characteristics. Therefore, PDLC biology might be altered in patients of each age group and both sexes due to hormonal changes. This should be kept in mind during periodontic and orthodontic treatment of patients with special hormonal status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Quast
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Viktor Martian
- Tissue Regeneration Group, Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Annegret Bohnsack
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Batschkus
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Nicolai Miosge
- Tissue Regeneration Group, Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
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Sex Hormones and Inflammation Role in Oral Cancer Progression: A Molecular and Biological Point of View. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:9587971. [PMID: 32684934 PMCID: PMC7336237 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9587971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oral cancers have been proven to arise from precursors lesions and to be related to risk behaviour such as alcohol consumption and smoke. However, the present paper focuses on the role of chronic inflammation, related to chronical oral infections and/or altered immune responses occurring during dysimmune and autoimmune diseases, in the oral cancerogenesis. Particularly, oral candidiasis and periodontal diseases introduce a vicious circle of nonhealing and perpetuation of the inflammatory processes, thus leading toward cancer occurrence via local and systemic inflammatory modulators and via genetic and epigenetic factors.
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Response of periodontal tissues to oral contraceptives. GINECOLOGIA.RO 2020. [DOI: 10.26416/gine.30.4.2020.3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Knight ET, Liu J, Seymour GJ, Faggion CM, Cullinan MP. Risk factors that may modify the innate and adaptive immune responses in periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000 2016; 71:22-51. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Rathore S, Khuller N, Dev YP, Singh P, Basavaraj P, Gera K. Effects of Scaling and Root Planing on Gingival Status during Menstrual Cycle- A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC35-9. [PMID: 26557613 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13307.6605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Variations in sex steroid hormones, noticeable through the menstrual cycle of women, may impact periodontal health. A relationship between female sex hormone levels and periodontal changes during puberty, pregnancy, and menopause has been reported. Little research on gingival status at different periods of menstrual cycle, but very less work has been done to observe the effect of scaling on gingival status during different periods of menstrual cycle. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty female subjects, aged 18-25 years were selected for a three month study. In Stage 1, clinical parameters {Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Modified Sulcular Bleeding Index (mSBI) and Probing depth (PD)} were recorded at three different time intervals {OV (Ovulation), PM (Premenstruation), M (Menstruation)} of their menstrual cycle, without scaling and polishing. In Stage 2, all clinical parameters were recorded at their subsequent menstrual cycle after scaling and polishing. RESULTS In interstage analysis, OV 1 > OV 2, PM 1 > PM 2 and M 1> M 2. In intrastage analysis, for PI, mean difference between all values was not statistically significant. For mSBI, PM 1 > OV 1 > M 1, also PM 2 > OV 2 > M 2. For GI, PM 1 > OV 1 > M 1, also PM 2 > OV 2 > M 2. For PD, mean difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION Ovarian hormones influence gingival status of females, with an increase observed primarily during PM and OV phases of menstrual cycle. Scaling leads to a subsequent decrease in gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Rathore
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Periodontics, Swami Devi Dayal Hospital and Dental College , Barwala, Panchkula, India
| | - Nitin Khuller
- Reader, Department of Periodontology, Swami Devi Dayal Hospital and Dental College , Barwala, India
| | - Yash Paul Dev
- Principal and Head, Department of Periodontology, Swami Devi Dayal Hospital and Dental College , Barwala, India
| | - Preetinder Singh
- Reader, Department of Periodontology, Swami Devi Dayal Hospital and Dental College , Barwala, India
| | - Patthi Basavaraj
- Professor and Head, Department of Public Health Dentistry, D.J. College of Dental Sciences & Research , Modinagar (U.P.), India
| | - Karan Gera
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, M.M. College of Dental Sciences and Research , Mullana, Ambala, India
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Relationship between gingival inflammation and pregnancy. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:623427. [PMID: 25873767 PMCID: PMC4385665 DOI: 10.1155/2015/623427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in the prevalence and severity of gingival inflammation during pregnancy has been reported since the 1960s. Though the etiology is not fully known, it is believed that increasing plasma sex steroid hormone levels during pregnancy have a dramatic effect on the periodontium. Current works of research have shown that estrogen and progesterone increasing during pregnancy are supposed to be responsible for gingivitis progression. This review is focused not only on epidemiological studies, but also on the effects of progesterone and estrogen on the change of subgingival microbiota and immunologic physiological mediators in periodontal tissue (gingiva and periodontal ligament), which provides current information about the effects of pregnancy on gingival inflammation.
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Mukudai S, Matsuda KI, Nishio T, Sugiyama Y, Bando H, Hirota R, Sakaguchi H, Hisa Y, Kawata M. Differential responses to steroid hormones in fibroblasts from the vocal fold, trachea, and esophagus. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1000-9. [PMID: 25514085 PMCID: PMC4330318 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence that fibroblasts are target cells for steroids such as sex hormones and corticoids. The characteristics of fibroblasts vary among tissues and organs. Our aim in this study is to examine differences in responses to steroid hormones among fibroblasts from different cervicothoracic regions. We compared the actions of steroid hormones on cultured fibroblasts from the vocal folds, which are considered to be the primary target of steroid hormones, and the trachea and esophagus in adult male rats. Expression of steroid hormone receptors (androgen receptor, estrogen receptor α, and glucocorticoid receptor) was identified by immunofluorescence histochemistry. Androgen receptor was much more frequently expressed in fibroblasts from the vocal fold than in those from the trachea and esophagus. Cell proliferation analysis showed that administration of testosterone, estradiol, or corticosterone suppressed growth of all 3 types of fibroblasts. However, mRNA expression for extracellular matrix-associated genes, including procollagen I and III and elastin, and hyaluronic acid synthase I was elevated only by addition of testosterone to fibroblasts from the vocal fold. These results indicate that each steroid hormone exerts region-specific effects on cervicothoracic fibroblasts with different properties through binding to specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Mukudai
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology (S.M., K.I.M., M.K.) and Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (S.M., T.N., Y.S., H.B., R.H., H.S., Y.H.), Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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11
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Tinti F, Soory M. Oxidative actions of hydrogen peroxide in human gingival and oral periosteal fibroblasts: responses to glutathione and nicotine, relevant to healing in a redox environment. Redox Biol 2013; 2:36-43. [PMID: 24371803 PMCID: PMC3871294 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to validate pro-oxidant actions of nicotine (N), using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the antioxidant glutathione (G) in an in vitro model of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and human oral periosteal fibroblasts (HPF); radiolabelled androgens are used as biomarkers of redox status. Oxidative stress is an important mediator of inflammatory repair. The androgen metabolite 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is an effective biomarker of oxidative stress and healing. Methods 6 Cell-lines of HGF and HPF established in confluent monolayer culture were incubated in Eagle's MEM using 14C-testosterone and 14C-4-androstendione as substrate; in conjunction with effective concentrations of N, G and H2O2 established at N250, G3 μg/ml and 3%H2O2 w/w, 0.5 μl/ml. Combinations of H2O2G and H2O2GN were used in order to compare the oxidative effects of N/H2O2 and their responses to glutathione. At 24 h, the medium was solvent extracted, evaporated to dryness and subjected to TLC in a benzene/acetone solvent system 4:1 v/v for the separation of metabolites. The separated metabolites were quantified using a radioisotope scanner. Results The mean trends of 6 cell-lines for both substrates and each cell type demonstrated that the yield of the main metabolite DHT was significantly reduced by N and H2O2 alone (2-fold, n=6; p<0.01). The inhibition caused by H2O2 was overcome by the antioxidant glutathione in the combination H2O2G, to values similar to those of controls (n=6; p<0.01). It is relevant that when N was added to this neutralized combination, the decrease in yields of DHT triggered by N were comparable to those induced by H2O2; and retaining the positive effect of G. Conclusion Oxidative stress mediated by H2O2 was overcome by glutathione and recurred when nicotine was added, suggestive of a pro- oxidant role for nicotine. Androgen biomarkers are a sensitive index of oxidative stress which affects wound healing. DHT is an effective redox marker in HGF and oral periosteal fibroblasts in vitro. Both nicotine and H2O2 reduced yields of DHT, indicative of induced oxidative stress. Nicotine has oxidative effects that are comparable to those of H2O2 mediated by AR. Effects of nicotine and H2O2 were reduced by glutathione in HGF and HPF cultures. Redox status is relevant to androgen receptor-mediated inflammatory wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Tinti
- King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Dental Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mena Soory
- King's College London Dental Institute, Guy's Dental Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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12
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Vasudevan S, Renuka JV, Sylvia DS, Challa R, Padmakanth M, Reddy A. Evaluation of gingival inflammation in patients using ovulation induction drugs before and after scaling. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013; 14:1165-8. [PMID: 24858769 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine and correlate the effect of clomiphene citrate, Letrozole in women undergoing infertility treatment on the gingival inflammatory status. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study is a randomized controlled clinical trial which consisted of 26 women using CC for three menstrual cycles, 26 women using CC for more than three cycles, 26 women using Letrozole. All subjects were clinically examined for plaque levels (Plaque Index), gingival inflammation, bleeding on probing (Gingival Index, Sulcus Bleeding Index). Scaling was done to all patients and all periodontal parameters were reassessed 1 month after scaling. The results were compared with a control group of 26 women matched for age, educational status and professional level, and oral habits and who had never used ovulation drugs. RESULTS Baseline scores of all the test groups showed higher amount of plaque levels and inflammation compared to control. (p < 0.05). After scaling a significant reduction in inflammation was observed in all the test groups along with the control group (p < 0.0001), but women using the drugs showed persistence of inflammation compared to control (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION It can be concluded from the present study that the presence of elevated levels of hormones due to the effect of ovulation induction drugs may be the reason for the gingival inflammation in test groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Vasudevan
- Professor and Head, Department of Periodontics, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - J Valli Renuka
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Army College of Dental Sciences, Jai Jawahar Nagar (CRPF Road), Chennapur, Secunderabad 500087, Andhra Pradesh, India, Phone: +91-9949997247, e-mail:
| | - D Sharon Sylvia
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Radhika Challa
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M Padmakanth
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Periodontics, Adithya College of Dental Sciences, Beed, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ajay Reddy
- Reader, Department of Periodontics, Army College of Dental Sciences Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Suchak A, Soory M. Anabolic potential of bone mineral in human periosteal fibroblasts using steroid markers of healing. Steroids 2013; 78:462-7. [PMID: 23438414 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A deproteinized natural cancellous bone mineral (B) was studied in a cell culture model for its anabolic potential using two radiolabelled steroid substrates, 14C-testosterone (14C-T) and 14C-4-androstenedione (14C-4-A) independently; in the presence or absence of the anti-androgen finasteride (F) and minocycline (M). Culture medium was assayed for the biologically active metabolite 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) a marker of regenerative potential and wound healing. Confluent monolayer cultures of human periosteal fibroblasts were incubated in Eagle's minimum essential medium with each of the substrates 14C-T and 14C-4-A. Incubations were performed with previously established optimal concentrations of B5 (milligrams/ml), M25 (μg/ml) and F5 (μg/ml) alone and in combination (n=6) for 24h. The eluent was solvent extracted with ethyl acetate (2 ml x 2) and subjected to TLC in a benzene/acetone solvent system (4:1 v/v) for separation of metabolites; they were quantified using a radioisotope scanner. The yield of DHT was increased over controls in response to B and M with both substrates 14C-T and 14C-4-A by 1.7, 1.8-fold and 1.7, 1.6-fold respectively (n=6; p<0.001; one way ANOVA). Combined incubations of B and M resulted in similar yields. F inhibited DHT yields with both radiolabelled substrates by 2-3-fold (n=6; p<0.001) which was overcome by a combined incubation of F+B to values similar to those of controls (p<0.01). Documented pro-anabolic effects of minocycline were applicable as a standard for confirmation of responses to B. Significant increases in yields of DHT in response to B and M with both substrates indicate their anabolic potential in periosteal fibroblasts with implications for wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suchak
- Formerly at King's College London Dental Institute, Periodontology, King's College Dental Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RW, UK
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Mechanisms for redox actions of nicotine and glutathione in cell culture, relevant to periodontitis. Sci Rep 2012; 2:566. [PMID: 22876341 PMCID: PMC3413880 DOI: 10.1038/srep00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxidative effect of nicotine was investigated using androgen biomarkers of redox status and wound healing in fibroblasts; using the antioxidant glutathione for confirmation of responses. Cultures of human gingival (HGF) and periosteal fibroblasts (HPF) were incubated with substrates 14C-testosterone/14C-4-androstenedione in the presence or absence of serial concentrations of nicotine (N100-500), glutathione (G1–5) and their combinations, in medium. At 24 h the medium was solvent extracted for metabolites, separated by TLC and quantified using radioisotope scanning. Nicotine caused significant inhibition in yields of the physiologically active metabolite 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in HGF and HPF, overcome to varying degrees by the anti-oxidant glutathione (n = 6; p<0.01, one way ANOVA); this is suggestive of moderation of an oxidative mechanism induced by nicotine. Down-regulation of 5α-reductase activity by nicotine resulting in reduced yields of DHT was overcome by glutathione. Overcoming oxidative stress in a redox environment is applicable to treatment outcome.
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Muthukuru M. Bone morphogenic protein-2 induces apoptosis and cytotoxicity in periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontol 2012; 84:829-38. [PMID: 22839695 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontal ligament (PDL) expresses endogenous growth factors, such as bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs), which facilitate maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Inflammatory conditions, such as chronic periodontitis, could disrupt this homeostasis, and physiologic levels of growth factors may be insufficient to maintain tissue homeostasis. BMPs facilitate periodontal bone regeneration but also are implicated in causing tooth ankylosis and root resorption. The underlying mechanism of tooth ankylosis is unclear. However, there is evidence that BMPs induce apoptosis in progenitor cells. Little is known about BMP-induced cytotoxicity in PDL cells, which contain a population of progenitor cells. The aim of this study is to determine BMP2-induced osteogenic mediators and cytotoxic effects in PDL cells and compare these cells to osteoblasts. METHODS Human PDL cells and primary osteoblasts were stimulated with doses of 1 to 200 ng/mL BMP2. Expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), in vitro mineralization along with osteonectin expression, induction of apoptosis, and cytotoxicity assays were performed. RESULTS PDL cells and osteoblasts upregulated ALP and in vitro mineralization in a dose-dependent manner with BMP2 stimulation. However, at BMP2 concentrations >10 ng/mL, ALP, in vitro mineralization, and osteonectin were downregulated in PDL cells. Relative to osteoblasts, PDL cells were susceptible to apoptosis and cytotoxicity with 10 times lower concentration of BMP2. CONCLUSIONS Relative to osteoblasts, PDL cells are susceptible to BMP2-induced cytotoxicity. BMP-induced tooth ankylosis is controversial and is poorly understood. Disruption of PDL homeostasis by BMP-induced apoptosis could play a role in tooth ankylosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Muthukuru
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7444, USA.
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Muthukuru M, Sun J. Doxycycline counteracts bone morphogenic protein 2-induced osteogenic mediators. J Periodontol 2012; 84:656-65. [PMID: 22799755 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial colonization during wound healing may exaggerate the inflammatory response and could adversely affect the outcome of periodontal regeneration. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) directly augment bone regeneration. Interestingly, inhibitors of tissue collagenases, such as sub-antimicrobial-dose doxycycline, also indirectly promote hard-tissue regeneration. In this study, it is hypothesized that BMP2-mediated bone regeneration would be positively affected by simultaneous treatment of sub-antimicrobial-dose doxycycline. METHODS Human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells were stimulated with: 1) 10 ng/mL BMP2; 2) 1 μg/mL doxycycline; or 3) a combination of the two. The expressions of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteonectin, and osteopontin were analyzed along with in vitro mineralized nodule formation and calcium accumulation. RESULTS BMP2 was a potent inducer of osteocalcin/osteopontin (statistically significant at P <0.01) and osteonectin in PDL cells relative to stimulation with doxycycline. However, doxycycline relative to BMP2 (statistically significant at P <0.001) upregulated the expression of alkaline phosphatase and in vitro mineralized nodule formation. Contrary to expected results, combined BMP2 and doxycycline induced a statistically significant (P <0.001) downregulation of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, osteonectin/osteopontin, and in vitro mineralized nodule formation compared to stimulation with either BMP2 or doxycycline alone. CONCLUSIONS Combined treatment of BMP2 and doxycycline in PDL cells counteracts the osteogenic mediators. Molecular interaction of growth factors should be explored before using a combination of these biologic molecules. It is important and clinically relevant to determine whether tetracycline and its other derivatives also counteract BMP functions. Animal models should be used to confirm these in vitro results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Muthukuru
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Anabolic Actions of the Regenerative Agent Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) in Oral Periosteal Fibroblasts and MG 63 Osteoblasts, Modulation by Nicotine and Glutathione in a Redox Environment. J Funct Biomater 2012; 3:143-62. [PMID: 24956521 PMCID: PMC4031020 DOI: 10.3390/jfb3010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study seeks to explore anabolic effects of a periodontal regenerative agent enamel matrix derivative (EMD). Its modulation by nicotine and the anti-oxidant glutathione (GSH) are investigated in human periosteal fibroblasts (HPF) and MG63 osteoblasts. Androgen biomarkers of oxidative stress and healing, resulting from radiolabeled androgen substrates are assayed. This in vitro model simulates a redox environment relevant to the periodontal lesion. It aims to confirm the hypothesis that EMD is an effective regenerative agent in a typically redox environment of the periodontal lesion. Monolayer cultures of MG63 osteoblasts and HPF established in culture medium are incubated with androgen substrates, and optimal concentrations of EMD, nicotine and GSH, alone and in combination. EMD significantly enhances yields of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) an effective bioactive metabolite, alone and in combination with GSH, to overcome oxidative effects of nicotine across cultures. The ‘in vitro’ findings of this study could be extrapolated to “in vivo” applications of EMD as an adjunctive regenerative therapeutic agent in an environment of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress. Increased yields of DHT implicated in matrix synthesis and direct antioxidant capacity, confirm the potential applications for enamel matrix derivative in periodontal regenerative procedures.
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Steffens JP, Coimbra LS, Ramalho-Lucas PD, Rossa C, Spolidorio LC. The effect of supra- and subphysiologic testosterone levels on ligature-induced bone loss in rats--a radiographic and histologic pilot study. J Periodontol 2012; 83:1432-9. [PMID: 22309177 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.110658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone is the primary male sexual hormone, and varying concentrations of the hormone mediated by physiologic, pathologic, or pharmacologic mechanisms may induce large variations in the body. Data regarding the general role of testosterone in mediating inflammation are still inconclusive. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the consequences of supra- and subphysiologic levels of testosterone on ligature-induced bone loss in rats. METHODS Three male adult Holtzman rats were used to observe the course of serum testosterone concentration following orchiectomy (Ocx) and testosterone injections. Another 60 rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: (1) sham-operation controls (n = 10); (2) sham-operation and ligature-induced bone loss (n = 10); (3) orchiectomy without ligature (Ocx; n = 10); (4) Ocx and ligature (n = 10); (5) Ocx plus 250 mg/kg body weight intramuscular testosterone esters injection without ligature (Ocx+T; n = 10); and (6) Ocx, T, and ligature (n = 10). The ligatures were placed 30 days postorchiectomy (or sham-operation) and maintained for 15 days. Thereafter, the rats were sacrificed, and their hemimandibles were used for radiographic evaluation of bone loss along with histologic and histometric analyses of gingival tissue. RESULTS The results indicated a significant increase in bone loss in the Ocx and Ocx+T groups in the presence and absence of inflammation, respectively. In addition, the Ocx and Ocx+T groups presented increased gingival area accompanying ligature-induced bone loss. CONCLUSIONS Both sub- and supraphysiologic testosterone levels may influence bone metabolism, but only subphysiologic levels significantly increase ligature-induced bone loss. Moreover, testosterone has a regulatory effect on the gingival area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao P Steffens
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Nebel D, Bratthall G, Ekblad E, Norderyd O, Nilsson BO. Estrogen regulates DNA synthesis in human gingival epithelial cells displaying strong estrogen receptor β immunoreactivity. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:622-8. [PMID: 21615412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01382.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Estrogen acts via estrogen receptor (ER) α and β. The expression pattern of ERs and their importance in gingival tissues are not fully understood. In this study, we investigate gingival ER expression and effects of estrogen on gingival epithelial cell proliferation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival biopsies were obtained from both healthy and diseased sites in three male and three female subjects. Expression of ERα and β was determined by immunohistochemistry. Effects of 17β-estradiol (E(2) ) on cell proliferation, monitored by measuring DNA synthesis, were studied in cultured human gingival epithelial HGEPp.05 cells. RESULTS Estrogen receptor β, but not ERα, immunoreactivity was demonstrated in nuclei of epithelial cells in all layers of the gingival epithelium, but also in cells of the lamina propria. No differences were observed between male and female subjects. The same pattern, i.e. high ERβ expression but no ERα expression, was observed in both healthy and diseased sites within each individual. No differences in the intensity of the ERβ immunoreactive signal and the number of ERβ-positive nuclei were observed between healthy and diseased gingiva. Treatment with a physiological concentration of E(2) (10 nm) had no effect on DNA synthesis in ERβ- and ERα-expressing HGEPp.05 cells. In contrast, E(2) at high concentrations (500 nm and 10 μm) reduced DNA synthesis by 60-70%. CONCLUSION Human gingival epithelial cells display strong ERβ but low ERα immunoreactivity both in vivo and in culture. Estrogen attenuates gingival epithelial cell DNA synthesis at high but not low concentrations, suggesting a concentration-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nebel
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Mamalis A, Markopoulou C, Lagou A, Vrotsos I. Oestrogen regulates proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, collagen synthesis and periostin gene expression in human periodontal ligament cells through oestrogen receptor beta. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 56:446-55. [PMID: 21130420 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to examine how oestrogen regulates proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation, collagen synthesis and periostin gene expression in primary human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells. DESIGN The short interfering RNA (siRNA) technique was used to inhibit oestrogen receptor beta (ERβ) expression hPDL cells. hPDL cell were isolated and fully characterized. A colorimetric assay was applied for the determination of alkaline phosphatase (ALP). An ELISA kit was used to detect osteocalcin (OCN) levels. Collagen synthesis was determined by measuring the incorporation of L-[3H] praline. RT-PCR was performed to detection of periostin mRNA relative gene expression. RESULTS ERβ mRNA was expressed in hPDL cells and significant inhibition of mRNA expression and ERβ mature protein of the ERβ was evident in the siRNA group. At 72h, there was a significant increase in non-transfected hPDL cell proliferation after estradiol stimulation. Addition of 17β-estradiol significantly enhanced ALP activity and production of OCN in non-transfected cells but had no effect on collagen synthesis. A clear increase in periostin mRNA expression levels was observed after incubating hPDL cells with estradiol. In hPDL-siERβ cells, the application of estradiol did not produce any evident differences in periostin mRNA expression CONCLUSIONS ERβ may play important roles in oestrogen-induced effects on hPDL cell proliferation, osteoblastic differentiation and expression of key molecules for the functional and structural integrity of the periodontium (i.e. periostin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Mamalis
- Department of Periodontics, Dental School, University of Texas, Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA.
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Mirzaii-Dizgah I, Agha-Hosseini F. Stimulated and unstimulated saliva progesterone in menopausal women with oral dryness feeling. Clin Oral Investig 2010; 15:859-62. [PMID: 20652338 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-010-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the stimulated and unstimulated salivary progesterone in menopausal women with oral dryness (OD) feeling. A case-control study was carried out on 70 selected menopausal women aged 42-78 years with or without OD feeling (35 as cases with xerostomia and 35 as control without xerostomia), conducted at the Clinic of Oral Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS). Unstimulated and paraffin-stimulated saliva samples were obtained by expectoration. The salivary concentration of progesterone was determined with an enzyme immunoassay kit. Statistical analysis of the Student's t test was used. The mean stimulated and unstimulated whole saliva progesterone concentrations and unstimulated saliva flow, but not stimulated saliva flow rate, was significantly lower in the case than in the control. The results showed that subjects with dry mouth had decreased unstimulated saliva flow and salivary progesterone compared with those without dry mouth. Thus, salivary progesterone level appears associated with OD feeling in menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Mirzaii-Dizgah
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Becerik S, Özçaka Ö, Nalbantsoy A, Atilla G, Celec P, Behuliak M, Emingil G. Effects of Menstrual Cycle on Periodontal Health and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Markers. J Periodontol 2010; 81:673-81. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.090590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ha H, Lee HY, Lee JH, Jung D, Choi J, Song KY, Jung HJ, Choi JS, Chang SI, Kim C. Formononetin prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:625-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Adriaens LM, Alessandri R, Spörri S, Lang NP, Persson GR. Does Pregnancy Have an Impact on the Subgingival Microbiota? J Periodontol 2009; 80:72-81. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Liang L, Yu JF, Wang Y, Ding Y. Estrogen Regulates Expression of Osteoprotegerin and RANKL in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Through Estrogen Receptor Beta. J Periodontol 2008; 79:1745-51. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Tang X, Meng H, Han J, Zhang L, Hou J, Zhang F. Up-regulation of estrogen receptor-β expression during osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells. J Periodontal Res 2008; 43:311-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2007.01031.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Effect of estrogen receptor beta on the osteoblastic differentiation function of human periodontal ligament cells. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:553-7. [PMID: 18261710 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) on osteoblastic differentiation function of human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells by measuring the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the production of osteocalcin (OCN) in vitro. DESIGN We employed a short interfering RNA (siRNA) technique to inhibit ERbeta expression in hPDL cells; the cells were cultured with a saturating concentration of 17beta-estradiol (10(-7)M). ALP activity was analysed by colorimetric assay using ALP kit and the amount of OCN was assessed by osteocalcin ELISA kit. RESULTS It was shown that estradiol significantly enhanced the ALP activity and the production of OCN in hPDL cells. However, the ALP activity and the production of OCN in hPDL-siERbeta cells were not significantly changed after estradiol treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that ERbeta may play important roles in estrogen-induced effects on osteoblastic differentiation function of PDL cells and estrogen influences the bone formation capacity of PDL cells mainly via ERbeta.
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Jönsson D, Nilsson J, Odenlund M, Bratthall G, Broman J, Ekblad E, Lydrup ML, Nilsson BO. Demonstration of mitochondrial oestrogen receptor beta and oestrogen-induced attenuation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I expression in human periodontal ligament cells. Arch Oral Biol 2007; 52:669-76. [PMID: 17223066 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells express oestrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) protein, but cellular functions regulated by ERbeta in these cells have not been identified. In this study we determine if ERbeta is localised to mitochondria and if oestrogen regulates mitochondrial function in human PDL cells obtained from teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons. DESIGN Subcellular distribution of ERbeta was determined by confocal microscopy of cells co-stained with ERbeta antibody and the mitochondrion-selective probe MitoTracker and by immunogold electron microscopy. Expression of the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, involved in oxidative phosphorylation, was determined by Western blotting in cells treated with or without physiological concentrations of the endogenous oestrogen 17beta-oestradiol. RESULTS ERbeta immunoreactivity was observed both in the nuclei and the cytoplasm. MitoTracker-labelling was observed in the cytoplasm, especially in the perinuclear region, but not in the nuclei. Co-localisation of ERbeta and MitoTracker was observed in cells derived from both male and female subjects. Mitochondrial localisation of ERbeta was confirmed by immunogold electron microscopy. Cells treated with or without 17beta-oestradiol (100 nM) displayed an identical pattern of staining for mitochondria. Treatment with 100 nM 17beta-oestradiol attenuated cytochrome c oxidase subunit I expression by about 30%, while combined treatment with 17beta-oestradiol and the ER blocker ICI 182780 (10 microM) had no effect. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates mitochondrial localisation of ERbeta and oestrogen-induced decrease in the expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I in human PDL cells, suggesting that oestrogen probably via ERbeta influences mitochondrial function and PDL cell energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Jönsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC F12, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Figuero E, Soory M, Cerero R, Bascones A. Oxidant/antioxidant interactions of nicotine, Coenzyme Q10, Pycnogenol and phytoestrogens in oral periosteal fibroblasts and MG63 osteoblasts. Steroids 2006; 71:1062-72. [PMID: 17045317 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a growing awareness that oxidative stress may play a role in periodontal disease. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate potential oxidant/antioxidant interactions of nicotine with antioxidants (Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ), Pycnogenol and phytoestrogens in a cell culture model. METHODS Duplicate incubations of human periosteal fibroblasts and osteoblasts were performed with 14C-testosterone as substrate, in the presence or absence of CoQ (20 microg/ml), Pycnogenol (150 microg/ml), and phytoestrogens (10 and 40 microg/ml), alone and in combination with nicotine (250 microg/ml). At the end of a 24-h incubation period, the medium was solvent extracted and testosterone metabolites were separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantified using a radioisotope scanner. RESULTS The incubations of osteoblasts and periosteal fibroblasts with CoQ, Pycnogenol or phytoestrogens stimulated the synthesis of the physiologically active androgen DHT, while the yields of DHT were significantly reduced in response to nicotine compared to control values (p<0.001 for phytoestrogens). The combination of nicotine with CoQ, Pycnogenol or phytoestrogens increased the yields of DHT compared with incubation with nicotine alone in both cell types. CONCLUSION This investigation suggests that the catabolic effects of nicotine could be reversed by the addition of antioxidants such as CoQ or Pycnogenol and phytoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Figuero
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University Complutense of Madrid, Spain.
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Ozcelik O, Haytac MC, Seydaoglu G. The Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Abuse on Gingival Tissues. J Periodontol 2006; 77:1104-9. [PMID: 16805671 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2006.050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) is the familiar name for synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone, testosterone. A large number of young adults abuse AAS to enhance performance and physical appearance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of AAS abuse on the gingival tissues in a group of bodybuilders and weight lifters. METHODS The test group was composed of 24 athletes aged between 17 and 29 years who had been using AAS for >1 year. All subjects were clinically examined for plaque levels (plaque index), gingival inflammation (gingival index), and gingival enlargement. The results were compared to a control group of 20 bodybuilders who had never used AAS drugs and who matched for age, educational level, and oral habits according to the data obtained from the test group. RESULTS Although there were no statistical differences between the plaque index (P>0.05) and gingival index (P>0.05) scores of the study group and the control group, the AAS abusers had statistically higher scores of gingival thickness, extent of gingival encroachment, and total gingival enlargement scores (P<0.001 each) compared to non-users. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study have revealed that the prolonged use of AAS is closely associated with significant levels of gingival enlargement. Because recreational abuse and abuse in non-competitive sports seem to increase despite legislation, dentists and periodontists should be familiar with the adverse effects of these synthetic derivatives of testosterone on the gingival tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Ozcelik
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.
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Parkar MH, Tonetti M. Gene expression profiles of periodontal ligament cells treated with enamel matrix proteins in vitro: analysis using cDNA arrays. J Periodontol 2005; 75:1539-46. [PMID: 15633332 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.11.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of procedures have been used to achieve periodontal regeneration. Recently, enamel matrix derivative (EMD) has been the subject of significant basic and clinical investigations. The precise molecular events involved in EMD modulation of periodontal wound healing are not completely understood; however, cDNA microarray technology may enable rapid and accurate examination of EMD-mediated changes in gene expression in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in vitro. The present study was undertaken to explore the selective effects of EMD on the activities of 268 cytokine, growth factor, and receptor genes in PDL. METHODS PDL cells were cultured in the absence and presence of EMD at a concentration of 100 microg/ml for 4 days. RNA was extracted and used to generate labeled cDNA probes. These were hybridized to cDNA arrays comprising 268 genes and exposed to x-ray films. Autoradiographs were digitized and analyzed. RESULTS Forty-six percent (125 of 268) of the tested genes were found to be expressed by the PDL cells. Of these 125 genes, 38 were differentially expressed by PDL cells which had been cultured in the presence of EMD. Among the 38, 12 were found to be downregulated, notably mostly inflammatory genes, whereas 26 genes demonstrated upregulation, many of these coding for growth factors and growth factor receptors. CONCLUSIONS The present study has shown that EMD down-regulates the expression of genes involved in the early inflammatory phases of wound healing while simultaneously upregulating genes encoding growth and repair-promoting molecules. This may partly explain the apparent efficacy of EMD application in periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Parkar
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Care Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
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Haytaç MC, Cetin T, Seydaoglu G. The effects of ovulation induction during infertility treatment on gingival inflammation. J Periodontol 2004; 75:805-10. [PMID: 15295945 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2004.75.6.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovulation induction is the most common method of infertility treatment in which the ovaries are stimulated to produce multiple follicles. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of three drug protocols of ovulation induction: clomiphene citrate (CC) alone, CC combined with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and CC combined with human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) on the gingival tissues of women who were undergoing infertility treatment. METHODS Study population was composed of 18 women using CC for three menstrual cycles or less and 16 women using CC for more than three cycles; 21 women using CC-FSH; and 24 women using CC-HMG who had at least four cycles of CC alone the previous year. All subjects were clinically examined for plaque levels (plaque index), gingival inflammation (gingival index), bleeding on probing, and gingival crevicular fluid volume. The results were compared with a control group of 20 women matched for age, educational and professional level, and oral habits and who had never used ovulation drugs. RESULTS Despite similar plaque levels (P>0.05), women using CC for more than three cycles and combined protocols of CC-FSH and CC-HMG had higher levels of gingival inflammation (P<0.01, P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively), bleeding (P<0.001), and GCF volume (P<0.001) when compared to the control group and to the users of CC for three cycles or less. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study have shown that ovulation induction, which is the most common method in the management of infertility, exacerbates gingival inflammation, bleeding, and GCF volume and that the duration of the usage of these drugs is strongly associated with the severity of gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cenk Haytaç
- Cukurova University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Balcali/Adana, Turkey.
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Soory M, Tilakaratne A. Androgen metabolic response to indomethacin and the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole in fibroblasts. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 30:1069-74. [PMID: 15002893 DOI: 10.1046/j.0303-6979.2003.00428.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this investigation is to study the effects of indomethacin (I) and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) inhibitor levamisole (L) on androgen 5alpha-reductase expression in gingival and periosteal fibroblasts, in the context of repair in the periodontium. Chronically inflamed human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) were used to demonstrate the comparative effects of L on HGF and human oral periosteal fibroblasts (HPF). MATERIAL AND METHODS Monolayer cultures of six cell lines of HPF of the fifth to ninth passage were incubated in duplicate with 14C-testosterone/14C-4-androstenedione as substrates in Eagle's MEM; I was added at concentrations of 1 and 3 microg/ml in the presence or absence of the established inhibitory concentration of 30 microg/ml L and incubated for 24 h. The medium was solvent extracted for radioactive metabolites, separated by thin layer chromatography and quantified. RESULTS L caused 50% inhibition of 5alpha-reductase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in HGF. In HPF, 5alpha-reductase expression was enhanced by I with both substrates, by 65-76% (n = 6; p<0.01), inhibited by 30-50% (n = 6; p<0.01) with L and restored to control values in combination. CONCLUSION Yields of androgen metabolites may be linked to ALP activity, with implications on healing, during adjunctive treatment of inflammatory periodontal disease with I.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soory
- Division of Periodontology, Guy's King's and St Thomas' Dental Institute, King's College Dental Hospital, Caldecot Road, London, UK.
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Jönsson D, Andersson G, Ekblad E, Liang M, Bratthall G, Nilsson BO. Immunocytochemical demonstration of estrogen receptor β in human periodontal ligament cells. Arch Oral Biol 2004; 49:85-8. [PMID: 14693201 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(03)00198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two transcription associated estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes have been identified and named ERalpha and ERbeta. In the present study we investigate the expression of these ER subtypes in cultured human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells by immunocytochemistry. ERbeta immunoreactivity was observed in the nuclei of about 40% of the PDL cells, while no ERalpha immunoreactivity was detected. In human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, serving as positive controls, both ERalpha and ERbeta immunoreactivities were demonstrated. No immunoreactivity was observed after omission of the primary antibodies. This study suggests that estrogen acts on gene transcription preferentially via ERbeta in human PDL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jönsson
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Section for Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Lund University, BMC F12, S-221 84, Lund, Sweden
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Kawahara K, Shimazu A. Expression and intracellular localization of progesterone receptors in cultured human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2003; 38:242-6. [PMID: 12753360 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this immunocytochemical study was to characterize the expression and distribution of the progesterone receptor (PR) and estrogen receptor (ER) in gingival fibroblasts using culture cells derived from people at various ages. BACKGROUND The reaction of female hormones is tissue or cell specific, and receptor availability in the cell is one of the major causes for the different reactions. Gingiva is a target tissue for female hormones; however, the characteristics of PR and ER in both the fibroblasts and the other component cells remain largely unknown. MATERIALS Gingival tissue was obtained from six people at various ages and culture fibroblasts were established. At least three passages of each cell line were strained for PR and ER with monoclonal antibodies (Clone 1A6, Clone 1D5, respectively). RESULTS PR positive cells were detected in all six cell lines through early passages to late ones, but ER were only observed in two of six samples with faint reactions. The staining intensity for PR was greater than for ER, but less than that shown in the MCF-7 breast cancer cells, positive control. In every positive control test, ER reactivity was equal to or higher than that of PR. During the interphase, significantly fewer positive fibroblasts occurred compared with negative fibroblasts, and positive nuclei were even fewer. Meanwhile, most of the mitotic cells were PR positive, showing intense localization around chromosomes and on microtubules. These findings suggest that gingival fibroblasts are fundamentally capable of expressing PR and transmit the signal to target genes. CONCLUSIONS The present study may conclude that in either gender or at any age, gingival fibroblasts express PR rather low in level and do not necessarily localize PR in a nuclear dominant fashion, which is an essential feature for reproductive organ cells. The poor ER reactivity shown in the gingival fibroblasts was discussed in view of the receptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Kawahara
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Division of Medical Intelligence and Informatics, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Soory M, Tilakaratne A. Modulation of androgen metabolism by phenytoin, oestradiol and tamoxifen in human gingival fibroblasts. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30:556-61. [PMID: 12795795 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2003.00302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this investigation is to study androgen metabolism in gingival fibroblasts in response to phenytoin, oestradiol and the antioestrogen tamoxifen, in order to establish the possible role of hormones in the aetiopathogenesis of phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six cell lines of human gingival fibroblasts were established in monolayer culture in Eagle's minimum essential medium. Duplicate incubations were performed independently with radiolabelled testosterone and 4-androstenedione, respectively (14C-T/14C-4-A), with optimal concentrations of phenytoin, oestradiol and tamoxifen alone and in combination. At the end of a 24-h incubation period, the medium was solvent extracted for steroid metabolites, which were separated by thin layer chromatography and quantified using a radioisotope scanner. RESULTS The substrates were metabolised mainly to the diols, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 4-androstenedione or testosterone, with the two substrates used. The trends were that phenytoin and oestradiol significantly elevated the yields of the androgens DHT, diols and 4-A/testosterone from both substrates while tamoxifen inhibited the stimulatory effects of oestradiol and phenytoin alone and in combination (n=6; p<0.01, one-way anova). CONCLUSION Specific hormone-mediated activity in response to phenytoin could contribute to the pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth, which can be decreased by the anti oestrogen tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soory
- Department of Periodontology, GKT, King's Dental Hospital, London, UK.
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Jukić S, Prpić-Mehicić G, Talan-Hranilovć J, Miletić I, Segović S, Anić I. Estrogen receptors in human pulp tissue. ORAL SURGERY, ORAL MEDICINE, ORAL PATHOLOGY, ORAL RADIOLOGY, AND ENDODONTICS 2003; 95:340-4. [PMID: 12627107 DOI: 10.1067/moe.2003.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha in human pulp tissue. STUDY DESIGN Tissue samples were collected from 51 teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons or from endodontically treated teeth. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with mouse antihuman ER-alpha 1D5 by using the alkaline phosphatase antialkaline phosphatase technique. Immunohistochemical reactivity was semiquantitatively assessed and graded on an intensity scale of 0 to 3. RESULTS ERs were found in odontoblasts, endothelial cells, and Schwann cells. By means of statistical analysis, ERs were found to be common in odontoblasts (1.3-1.6) and in endothelial cells (1.0-1.4), whereas in Schwann cells they were somewhat rare (0.7-1.1). Difference in expression of ERs was not found among patients in different age groups. With respect to sex, a difference in reactivity was observed in Schwann cells, which showed higher reactivity in female pulps. CONCLUSION The results of this study confirm the expression of ER-alpha in the human dental pulp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Jukić
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gundulićeva, Croatia.
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Effects of alkaline phosphatase and its inhibitor levamisole on the modulation of androgen metabolism by nicotine and minocycline in human gingival and oral periosteal fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2003; 48:69-76. [PMID: 12615144 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(02)00157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this investigation was to establish the implications of nicotine, minocycline, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and its inhibitor levamisole (L) on tissue turnover in human gingival and periosteal fibroblasts (HGF, HPF) using [14C]-testosterone as substrate. Monolayer cultures of HGF and HPF established from four patients were incubated in duplicate with serial and optimal concentrations of nicotine and minocycline, alone and in combination, for 24h in Eagle's MEM, with the substrate [14C]-testosterone. Further experiments were carried out on HPF only, to investigate the effects of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and its inhibitor levamisole (L) on the metabolism of [14C]-testosterone, followed by the effects of L on the modulatory actions of nicotine. The cell-conditioned medium was then solvent-extracted, analysed and quantified for steroid metabolites using a radioisotope scanner. At low concentrations, nicotine stimulated the synthesis of the physiologically active androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from [14C]-testosterone, with inhibition at higher concentrations (n=4; P<0.01). Minocycline stimulated the synthesis of DHT, with decreased yields in the presence of nicotine (n=4; P<0.01), but greater than with nicotine alone. Alkaline phosphatase significantly enhanced the synthesis of androgen metabolites by HPF (n=4; P<0.01), with inhibition in response to L alone and in combination with AP, to less than control values (n=4; P<0.01). L also caused further inhibition in the yields of androgen metabolites when incubated with nicotine, implying that some of the inhibitory effects of nicotine could be due to inhibition of AP activity. CONCLUSION This investigation has shown that nicotine can inhibit the formation of matrix-stimulatory steroid metabolites in fibroblasts, partly due to inhibition of AP activity. Minocycline is a useful adjunct, in reducing the inhibition of androgen metabolism caused by nicotine.
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Brett PM, Parkar M, Olsen I, Tonetti M. Expression profiling of periodontal ligament cells stimulated with enamel matrix proteins in vitro: a model for tissue regeneration. J Dent Res 2002; 81:776-83. [PMID: 12407094 DOI: 10.1177/0810776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have examined the role of enamel matrix proteins in root formation and periodontal regeneration, although most of these have focused on a few specific genes which had previously been implicated. However, recent advances in expressional profiling have made it possible to examine the range of genetic responses involved in these processes. In the present experiments, we have therefore utilized this technique to determine the effects of enamel matrix proteins on the gene activities of periodontal ligament cells in vitro. Such cells were found to have an elevated level of RNA synthesis compared with control cells. Moreover, hybridization of the cDNA prepared from this RNA to gene array filters showed that there was differential expression of 121 genes, most of which had not previously been associated with periodontal regeneration. Some of these selective changes in gene activity might thus reflect the fundamental events that underlie periodontal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Brett
- Department of Periodontology, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, UK
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Abstract
Clinical studies have shown that oral tissues can be affected by pregnancy. Pregnancy-related changes are most frequent and most marked in gingival tissue. Pregnancy does not cause gingivitis, but may aggravate pre-existing disease. The most marked changes are seen in gingival vasculature. Characteristic of pregnancy gingivitis is that the gingiva is dark red, swollen, smooth and bleeds easily. Women with pregnancy gingivitis may sometimes develop localized gingival enlargements. The gingival changes usually resolve within a few months of delivery if local irritants are eliminated. The inflammatory changes are usually restricted to the gingiva and probably do not cause permanent changes in periodontal tissues more often than those in the non-pregnant state. Although it is widely believed that pregnancy is harmful to the teeth, the effect of pregnancy on the initiation or progression of caries is not clear. Previous studies, however, indicate that the teeth do not soften, i.e. no significant withdrawal of calcium or other minerals occurs in the teeth. It is mainly the environment of the tooth that is affected. The number of certain salivary cariogenic microorganisms may increase in pregnancy, concurrently with a decrease in salivary pH and buffer effect. Changes in salivary composition in late pregnancy and during lactation may temporarily predispose to dental caries and erosion. Although their underlying mechanisms of action are not fully understood, pregnancy-related changes in the oral environment may have some untoward temporary or permanent effects on oral health. Most of these effects could be avoided by practising good oral hygiene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Anneli Laine
- Department of Cariology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland.
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Soory M, Suchak A. Phenytoin-mediated androgen metabolism in gingival fibroblasts. Effects of the antiandrogen finasteride and the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole. J Clin Periodontol 2002; 29:955-60. [PMID: 12445228 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-051x.2002.291011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This investigation attempts to identify the role of the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole (L) and the antiandrogen finasteride (F) on 5alpha-reductase activity in gingival fibroblasts, to elucidate mechanisms for phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human gingival fibroblasts were incubated with Eagle's MEM and 14C-testosterone/14C-4-androstenedione as substrates; effective concentrations of phenytoin (Ph), levamisole (L) and finasteride (F), alone and in combinations of (Ph + F) (Ph + L) were added to the incubate. After 24 h, the medium was analysed for steroid metabolites and quantified using a radioisotope scanner. RESULTS The metabolites isolated were 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 4-androstenedione (4-A) or testosterone (T) from each substrate. With 14C-T as substrate, Ph stimulated DHT synthesis by 1.7-fold, while F and L inhibited this activity by 1.8-fold and 34%, respectively (n = 6; P < 0.001). The combination of Ph + F reduced yields by 2.7-fold compared with Ph alone and Ph + L reduced DHT synthesis by 2.4-fold compared with Ph alone (n = 6; P < 0.001). When 14C-4-androstenedione was used as substrate, similar trends were identified. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the alkaline phosphatase inhibitor levamisole and the 5alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride can substantially decrease the yields of DHT in fibroblasts, stimulated by phenytoin. This could be a potential target for reducing the gingival overgrowth caused by phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soory
- Division of Periodontology, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' Dental Institute, King's Dental Hospital, London, UK.
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Coletta RD, Reynolds MA, Martelli-Junior H, Graner E, Almeida OP, Sauk JJ. Testosterone stimulates proliferation and inhibits interleukin-6 production of normal and hereditary gingival fibromatosis fibroblasts. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 17:186-92. [PMID: 12030972 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2002.170309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) is a rare oral condition characterized by a slow and progressive enlargement of the gingiva, involving both the maxilla and mandible. In vitro, HGF fibroblasts demonstrate a proliferative index significantly higher than fibroblasts from normal gingiva (NG). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dihydrotestosterone on the proliferation of gingival fibroblasts derived from patients with HGF (n = 4) and from four healthy individuals. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of dihydrotestosterone on interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and determined the expression levels of androgen receptors in NG and HGF fibroblasts. Gingival fibroblasts from NG and HGF were incubated with increasing concentrations of dihydrotestosterone with or without androgen blockers, and cultured for 24 h, and the proliferation index was determined by automated cell counter. IL-6 production, in this system, was quantified using a "capture" enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to measure the mRNA expression of androgen receptors. The results indicated that dihydrotestosterone simultaneously downregulates the production of IL-6 and upregulates the cell proliferation. Finasteride and cyprosterone acetate, two anti-androgens, partially reversed these effects. Androgen receptor mRNA expression was identified in both NG and HGF fibroblasts; however, the levels in NG were higher than those observed in HGF. These results show that testosterone coordinates the proliferation and production of IL-6 of normal and HGF fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Pathology, University of Campinas Dental School, Caixa Postal 52, 13414-018 Piracicaba-SP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Tilakaratne A, Soory M. The modulation of androgen metabolism by estradiol, minocycline, and indomethacin in a cell culture model. J Periodontol 2002; 73:585-90. [PMID: 12083529 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2002.73.6.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This investigation attempts to clarify the proanabolic effects of minocycline and indomethacin by studying their effects on androgen metabolism and mediation by estradiol. A cell culture model was used with androgen substrates because of the proanabolic effects of androgen metabolites. METHODS Monolayer cultures of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) derived from 6 patients were incubated in duplicate with 14C- testosterone or 14C-4-androstenedione as substrates and optimal concentrations of estradiol (E1,3 microgram/ml) and minocycline (M25 microgram/ml) or indomethacin (I, 1 microgram/ml) alone and in combination (E1,3+11 or E1,3+M25 microgram/ml); similar experiments were carried out with human oral periosteal fibroblasts (HPF), M, I, E, and the combinations. At the end of a 24-hour incubation period in Eagle's MEM, the medium was solvent extracted with ethyl acetate and the metabolites were separated by TLC in a benzene:acetone solvent system (4:1 v/v). The separated metabolites were quantified using a radioisotope scanner. RESULTS Both androgens were metabolized to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 4-androstenedione (4-A) or testosterone (T) at baseline and in response to the agents tested, by HGF and HPF. With HGF, there were significant increases in the yields of DHT and 4-A or T in response to M, E, and M+E, resulting in 50% to 2.4-fold increases in these metabolites over control incubations (n = 6; P<0.01). The responses to I and combinations of I+E were similar. HPF also demonstrated significant increases of 29% to 4-fold in the yields of androgen metabolites in response to M, E, and M+E (n = 6; P<0.01). I and E similarly increased the yields of androgen metabolites, alone and in combination. CONCLUSIONS Adjunctive periodontal treatment with minocycline or indomethacin can contribute to hormone-modulated anabolic responses in males and females in gingival and periosteal fibroblasts derived from a chronically inflamed source.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tilakaratne
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Tilakaratne A, Soory M. Dexamethasone-mediated androgen metabolism in human gingival and oral periosteal fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2002; 47:59-65. [PMID: 11743933 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(01)00087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone modulates the effects of other hormones and mediates cell function; the periodontium is a target tissue for androgens. It was therefore relevant to investigate the modulation of androgen metabolism by dexamethasone in cultured human gingival (HGF) and oral periosteal fibroblasts (HPF). Each cell line was incubated in Eagle minimum essential medium with [(14)C]testosterone/[(14)C]4-androstenedione as substrates and serial concentrations of dexamethasone (0.5-50 microg/ml), for 24h; the medium was solvent-extracted, analyzed and quantified for steroid metabolites. In response to dexamethasone, both HGF (n=6) and HPF (n=4) showed up to two-fold increases in the formation of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 4-androstenedione (P<0.01, one-way ANOVA), and 3.6- to 5-fold increases in the formation of testosterone (P<0.001), from [(14)C]4-androstenedione, with some inhibition at higher concentrations. Dexamethasone stimulated the formation of physiologically active androgen metabolites in a dose-dependent manner. These metabolites might therefore contribute to dichotomous effects in connective tissues of the periodontium, dependent on effective concentrations of dexamethasone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tilakaratne
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Tilakaratne A, Soory M. Modulatory effects of indomethacin on androgen metabolism in human gingival and oral periosteal fibroblasts. Steroids 2001; 66:857-63. [PMID: 11711113 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(01)00127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent indomethacin (I) suppresses gingival inflammation and alveolar bone resorption. Androgens particularly 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) have anabolic effects on connective tissue and bone matrices. Human oral periosteal fibroblasts (HPF) and gingival fibroblasts (HGF) instigate healing in inflammatory periodontal lesions. The aim of this investigation was to compare the modulatory effects of I on the metabolism of two androgen substrates in human oral periosteal and gingival fibroblasts in culture. Monolayer cultures of both cell types (5(th)-9(th) passage) were established in Eagle's MEM and incubated with 14C-testosterone/14C-4-androstenedione and serial concentrations of I (0.5-50 microg/ml) for 24 h. The steroid metabolites were solvent extracted from the medium, separated by TLC and quantified using a radioisotope scanner. Both androgen substrates were metabolized mainly to DHT and 4-androstenedione/testosterone respectively, expressing 5 alpha-reductase and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17 beta-HSD) activity in both HPF and HGF. There were 51% and 73% increases in the levels of DHT over controls, with HGF and HPF respectively (n = 6; n = 4, P < 0.01) in response to I at 1-5 microg/ml, often reaching control values at 50 microg/ml. The expression of 17 beta-HSD activity showed less stimulation than the levels of DHT. Both androgen substrates were effective in this metabolic conversion, which is applicable to healing responses in both males and females in vivo. There were 57% increases (n = 4; P < 0.01) over controls, in the formation of androstanediol from 14C-4-androstenedione at 10 microg of I, in HPF. This transformation may regulate androgen action in androgen-dependent tissue. In addition to its anti-inflammatory properties, indomethacin can contribute to anabolic reparatory responses, by increasing the expression of steroid metabolizing enzymes in gingival and periosteal fibroblasts, in the inflammatory periodontal lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tilakaratne
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Soory M, Suchak A. The effects of human mast-cell products and of phenytoin on androgen 5alpha-reductase expression in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2001; 46:847-55. [PMID: 11420057 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(01)00037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to elucidate mechanisms for phenytoin-induced gingival overgrowth, using effects of type 1 human mast cell (HMC-1) supernatant and histamine on the expression of 5alpha-reductase in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), and the effects of phenytoin on this activity. Duplicate incubations of HGF in Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) were performed with [14C] testosterone and serial concentrations of mast-cell histamine (1-100 microgram/ml)/HMC-1 culture supernatant at serial dilutions of 1-100 microl/ml for 24 h. Other experiments employed optimal concentrations of HMC-1 supernatant (10 microl/ml) or histamine (8 microgram/ml) and phenytoin (1 and 5 microgram/ml), alone and in combination, using two androgen substrates, [14C] testosterone and [14C] 4-androstenedione. At the end of a 24-h incubation the medium was solvent-extracted for steroid metabolites, analysed and quantified in a radioisotope scanner. HMC-1, histamine (n=3) and phenytoin (n=6) significantly increased the synthesis of dihydrotestosterone and 4-androstenedione by up to 80% (P<0.01); the combination of HMC-1 and phenytoin caused two-fold increases (n=6; P<0.01). The incubations with histamine alone and in combination with phenytoin showed significant stimulation of dihydroxytestosterone and the diols alone and in combination, which was less pronounced in combination. This investigation demonstrates significant stimulation of 5alpha-reductase activity in human gingival fibroblasts by mast-cell supernatant and a specific product histamine, alone and in combination with phenytoin. Androgen 5alpha-reductase-mediated anabolic actions in connective tissue are well documented. The findings suggest a novel hypothesis that mast-cell mediated androgen action in the gingiva in response to phenytoin could contribute to gingival overgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soory
- Division of Periodontology, Guy's King's and St. Thomas' Dental Institute, King's Campus, Caldecot Road, SE5 9RW, London, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Lamb
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Parkar MH, Kuru L, Giouzeli M, Olsen I. Expression of growth-factor receptors in normal and regenerating human periodontal cells. Arch Oral Biol 2001; 46:275-84. [PMID: 11165574 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(00)00099-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors are biologically active mediators that bind to specific receptors on target cells and regulate genes involved in cell growth, wound healing and regeneration. The expression of these receptors is thus of fundamental importance for the response of the cells to the factors. The aim here was to examine, using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, the expression of growth factor receptors in normal gingiva, periodontal ligament and in cells derived from these tissues, and also in regenerated tissues following guided tissue regeneration (GTR). By immunocytochemistry platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGF-Ralpha) was not detected in any of the tissues, whereas the PDGF-Rbeta and transforming growth factor-beta receptor types I and II (TGF-beta RI, RII) appeared to be upregulated in regenerated tissues compared with gingival and periodontal ligament tissues. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) was also notably elevated in the regenerated tissue and was strongly expressed in the gingival epithelium but not in the periodontal ligament. Neither were fibroblast growth factor receptor-I (FGF-RI) or insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-R) detected in the periodontal ligament, nor in the gingiva, but they sometimes stained weakly in the regenerated tissues. Flow cytometry (FCM) showed that all the cells derived from the normal gingiva and the periodontal ligament expressed the PDGF-Rbeta, whereas the TGF-beta RI and RII, FGF-RI and IGF-R were detected in only a proportion of the total cells. In contrast, none of the cells expressed the PDGF-Ralpha or the EGF-R. These observations show that the growth factor receptors are differentially expressed by the periodontal tissues and cells and suggest that the corresponding factors may also be differentially involved in periodontal wound healing and regeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Epithelium/metabolism
- ErbB Receptors/analysis
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gingiva/cytology
- Gingiva/metabolism
- Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Periodontal Ligament/cytology
- Periodontal Ligament/metabolism
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/analysis
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/analysis
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/analysis
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Somatomedin/analysis
- Receptors, Somatomedin/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/analysis
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Regeneration/genetics
- Statistics as Topic
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Wound Healing/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Parkar
- Department of Periodontology, Room RL 16 Levy Wing, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, WC1X 8LD, London, UK
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Tilakaratne A, Soory M. Effects of the anti-androgen finasteride on the modulatory actions of oestradiol on androgen metabolism by human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2001; 46:109-15. [PMID: 11163318 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(00)00110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
5 alpha-Reduction of androgen substrates results in the formation of the biologically active androgen 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), while 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase metabolises androgen substrates to 4-androstenedione or testosterone. The aim here was to study the effect of the anti-androgen finasteride on 5 alpha-reduction of androgens by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) and its modulation by oestradiol-17 beta. Duplicate cultures of HGF were incubated with [14C]testosterone/[14C]4-androstenedione in Eagle minimum essential medium (n=6) in the presence or absence of oestradiol-17 beta (O) or finasteride (F; 0.1-3 microg/ml) for 24 h. The steroid metabolites were analysed and quantified using a radioisotope scanner. With [14C]testosterone as substrate, oestradiol stimulated the formation of DHT by 63% (n=6; P<0.01). In contrast, finasteride inhibited this activity by 61% (n=6; P<0.01). The combination of O+F produced 43% less inhibition than finasteride alone (n=6; P<0.01). There were 200-300% increases in the formation of 4-androstenedione in response to O and F, being less pronounced in combination. Oestradiol stimulated the formation of DHT from [14C]4-androstenedione by 300-600% and finasteride reduced the yield of DHT by 40-64%; there was less inhibition in combination with O. There were 300-700% increases in the formation of testosterone in response to F and O alone and in combination (n=6; P<0.01). Oestradiol-induced stimulation of 5 alpha-reductase activity on androgen substrates by HGF is suggestive of hormone modulatory mechanisms in the healing periodontium of both sexes. Its inhibition by finasteride is suggestive of type 2 isoenzyme activity, confirming target-tissue functions in the gingiva.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tilakaratne
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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50
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Yih WY, Richardson L, Kratochvil FJ, Avera SP, Zieper MB. Expression of estrogen receptors in desquamative gingivitis. J Periodontol 2000; 71:482-7. [PMID: 10776938 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2000.71.3.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cases of chronic desquamative gingivitis (CDG) are shown by direct immunofluorescence (DIF) to be immune mediated diseases. Some patients present with similar clinical and microscopic findings as CDG but DIF staining is negative. It has been suggested that those cases of CDG may be hormone (estrogen) mediated and may be treated with estrogens with favorable results. METHODS Gingival tissue from 24 cases of CDG and one case of ordinary gingivitis were studied for estrogen receptor (ER) expression using immunohistochemical techniques. Twenty-four of the 25 cases were female. Using standard DIF analysis, 11 of the CDG cases were diagnosed as benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, 10 as lichen planus or lichenoid mucositis (LP), and one as pemphigus. The remaining 3 cases were not diagnostic for a specific disorder (idiopathic). Five of the females had a history of estrogen substitute therapy. RESULTS Twenty-two of 23 female CDG cases were positive for ER, although the degree of staining varied. A 32-year-old female with ordinary gingivitis, whose gingivitis varied with her menstrual cycle, did not stain for ER. A 50-year-old male and a 76-year-old female, both with gingival LP, also had negative staining for ER. CONCLUSIONS There appears to be no correlation between diagnosed diseases (immunological versus idiopathic) and expression of ER in CDG gingiva. ER expression in the gingiva is probably not related to the presence or absence of estrogen supplementation. The results of this study do not support the use of estrogen in the treatment of idiopathic CDG.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Yih
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201-3097, USA
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