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Edrich ESM, Duvenage L, Gourlay CW. Alternative Oxidase - Aid or obstacle to combat the rise of fungal pathogens? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149031. [PMID: 38195037 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens present a growing threat to both humans and global health security alike. Increasing evidence of antifungal resistance in fungal populations that infect both humans and plant species has increased reliance on combination therapies and shown the need for new antifungal therapeutic targets to be investigated. Here, we review the roles of mitochondria and fungal respiration in pathogenesis and discuss the role of the Alternative Oxidase enzyme (Aox) in both human fungal pathogens and phytopathogens. Increasing evidence exists for Aox within mechanisms that underpin fungal virulence. Aox also plays important roles in adaptability that may prove useful within dual targeted fungal-specific therapeutic approaches. As improved fungal specific mitochondrial and Aox inhibitors are under development we may see this as an emerging target for future approaches to tackling the growing challenge of fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucian Duvenage
- CMM AFRICA Medical Mycology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Campbell W Gourlay
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Kent CT2 9HY, UK.
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2
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Castañeda-Tamez P, Chiquete-Félix N, Uribe-Carvajal S, Cabrera-Orefice A. The mitochondrial respiratory chain from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, an extremophile yeast. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149035. [PMID: 38360260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Rhodotorula mucilaginosa survives extreme conditions through several mechanisms, among them its carotenoid production and its branched mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC). Here, the branched RC composition was analyzed by biochemical and complexome profiling approaches. Expression of the different RC components varied depending on the growth phase and the carbon source present in the medium. R. mucilaginosa RC is constituted by all four orthodox respiratory complexes (CI to CIV) plus several alternative oxidoreductases, in particular two type-II NADH dehydrogenases (NDH2) and one alternative oxidase (AOX). Unlike others, in this yeast the activities of the orthodox and alternative respiratory complexes decreased in the stationary phase. We propose that the branched RC adaptability is an important factor for survival in extreme environmental conditions; thus, contributing to the exceptional resilience of R. mucilaginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Castañeda-Tamez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Natalia Chiquete-Félix
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Salvador Uribe-Carvajal
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Alfredo Cabrera-Orefice
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine (RCMM), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Nevarez-Lopez CA, Muhlia-Almazan A, Gamero-Mora E, Sanchez-Paz A, Sastre-Velasquez CD, Lopez-Martinez J. The branched mitochondrial respiratory chain from the jellyfish Stomolophus sp2 as a probable adaptive response to environmental changes. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2024; 56:101-115. [PMID: 38231368 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-023-09999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
During their long evolutionary history, jellyfish have faced changes in multiple environmental factors, to which they may selectively fix adaptations, allowing some species to survive and inhabit diverse environments. Previous findings have confirmed the jellyfish's ability to synthesize large ATP amounts, mainly produced by mitochondria, in response to environmental challenges. This study characterized the respiratory chain from the mitochondria of the jellyfish Stomolophus sp2 (previously misidentified as Stomolophus meleagris). The in-gel activity from isolated jellyfish mitochondria confirmed that the mitochondrial respiratory chain contains the four canonical complexes I to IV and F0F1-ATP synthase. Specific additional activity bands, immunodetection, and mass spectrometry identification confirmed the occurrence of four alternative enzymes integrated into a branched mitochondrial respiratory chain of Stomolophus sp2: an alternative oxidase and three dehydrogenases (two NADH type II enzymes and a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). The analysis of each transcript sequence, their phylogenetic relationships, and each protein's predicted models confirmed the mitochondrial alternative enzymes' identity and specific characteristics. Although no statistical differences were found among the mean values of transcript abundance of each enzyme in the transcriptomes of jellyfish exposed to three different temperatures, it was confirmed that each gene was expressed at all tested conditions. These first-time reported enzymes in cnidarians suggest the adaptative ability of jellyfish's mitochondria to display rapid metabolic responses, as previously described, to maintain energetic homeostasis and face temperature variations due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Nevarez-Lopez
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - A Muhlia-Almazan
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico.
| | - E Gamero-Mora
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - A Sanchez-Paz
- Laboratorio de Virologia, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), Calle Hermosa 101, Col. Los Angeles, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83106, Mexico
| | - C D Sastre-Velasquez
- Centro de Investigacion en Alimentacion y Desarrollo, A.C. (CIAD), Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazaran Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - J Lopez-Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR), PO BOX 349, Guaymas, Sonora, 85465, Mexico
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4
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Scheckhuber CQ, Damián Ferrara R, Gómez-Montalvo J, Maciver SK, de Obeso Fernández Del Valle A. Oxidase enzyme genes are differentially expressed during Acanthamoeba castellanii encystment. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:116. [PMID: 38289423 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08138-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii, a ubiquitous protozoan, is responsible for significant diseases such as Acanthamoeba keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. A crucial survival strategy of A. castellanii involves the formation of highly resistant cysts during adverse conditions. This study delves into the cellular processes underpinning encystment, focusing on gene expression changes related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance, with a particular emphasis on mitochondrial processes. Our findings reveal a dynamic response within the mitochondria during encystment, with the downregulation of key enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (COX, AOX, and NADHalt) during the initial 48 h, followed by their overexpression at 72 h. This orchestrated response likely creates a pro-oxidative environment, facilitating encystment. Analysis of other ROS processing enzymes across the cell reveals differential expression patterns. Notably, antioxidant enzymes, such as catalases, glutaredoxins, glutathione S-transferases, peroxiredoxins, and thioredoxins, mirror the mitochondrial trend of downregulation followed by upregulation. Additionally, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are downregulated during the early stages in order to potentially balance the metabolic requirement of the cyst. Our study underscores the importance of ROS regulation in Acanthamoeba encystment. Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into infection control and identifies potential therapeutic targets. This work contributes to unraveling the complex biology of A. castellanii and may aid in combatting Acanthamoeba-related infections. Further research into ROS and oxidase enzymes is warranted, given the organism's remarkable respiratory versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Q Scheckhuber
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, N.L, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Damián Ferrara
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, N.L, Mexico
| | - Jesús Gómez-Montalvo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, 64849, Monterrey, N.L, Mexico
| | - Sutherland K Maciver
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, Scotland, UK
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Flipphi M, Márton A, Bíró V, Ág N, Sándor E, Fekete E, Karaffa L. Generation, Transfer, and Loss of Alternative Oxidase Paralogues in the Aspergillaceae Family. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1195. [PMID: 38132795 PMCID: PMC10744626 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (Aox) is a terminal oxidase operating in branched electron transport. The activity correlates positively with overflow metabolisms in certain Aspergilli, converting intracellular glucose by the shortest possible path into organic acids, like citrate or itaconate. Aox is nearly ubiquitous in fungi, but aox gene multiplicity is rare. Nevertheless, within the family of the Aspergillaceae and among its various species of industrial relevance-Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae, A. terreus, Penicillium rubens-paralogous aox genes coexist. Paralogous genes generally arise from duplication and are inherited vertically. Here, we provide evidence of four independent duplication events along the lineage that resulted in aox paralogues (aoxB) in contemporary Aspergillus and Penicillium taxa. In some species, three aox genes are co-expressed. The origin of the A. niger paralogue is different than that of the A. terreus paralogue, but all paralogous clades ultimately arise from ubiquitous aoxA parent genes. We found different patterns of uncorrelated gene losses reflected in the Aspergillus pedigree, albeit the original aoxA orthologues persist everywhere and are never replaced. The loss of acquired paralogues co-determines the contemporary aox gene content of individual species. In Aspergillus calidoustus, the two more ancient paralogues have, in effect, been replaced by two aoxB genes of distinct origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Flipphi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.F.); (A.M.); (V.B.); (N.Á.); (L.K.)
| | - Alexandra Márton
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.F.); (A.M.); (V.B.); (N.Á.); (L.K.)
- Juhász-Nagy Pál Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vivien Bíró
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.F.); (A.M.); (V.B.); (N.Á.); (L.K.)
- Juhász-Nagy Pál Doctoral School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Norbert Ág
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.F.); (A.M.); (V.B.); (N.Á.); (L.K.)
| | - Erzsébet Sándor
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Science and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Erzsébet Fekete
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.F.); (A.M.); (V.B.); (N.Á.); (L.K.)
| | - Levente Karaffa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.F.); (A.M.); (V.B.); (N.Á.); (L.K.)
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6
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Potapenko EY, Kashko ND, Knorre DA. Spontaneous Mutations in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mtDNA Increase Cell-to-Cell Variation in mtDNA Amount. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17413. [PMID: 38139242 PMCID: PMC10743915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In a eukaryotic cell, the ratio of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to nuclear DNA (nDNA) is usually maintained within a specific range. This suggests the presence of a negative feedback loop mechanism preventing extensive mtDNA replication and depletion. However, the experimental data on this hypothetical mechanism are limited. In this study, we suggested that deletions in mtDNA, known to increase mtDNA abundance, can disrupt this mechanism, and thus, increase cell-to-cell variance in the mtDNA copy numbers. To test this, we generated Saccharomyces cerevisiae rho- strains with large deletions in the mtDNA and rho0 strains depleted of mtDNA. Given that mtDNA contributes to the total DNA content of exponentially growing yeast cells, we showed that it can be quantified in individual cells by flow cytometry using the DNA-intercalating fluorescent dye SYTOX green. We found that the rho- mutations increased both the levels and cell-to-cell heterogeneity in the total DNA content of G1 and G2/M yeast cells, with no association with the cell size. Furthermore, the depletion of mtDNA in both the rho+ and rho- strains significantly decreased the SYTOX green signal variance. The high cell-to-cell heterogeneity of the mtDNA amount in the rho- strains suggests that mtDNA copy number regulation relies on full-length mtDNA, whereas the rho- mtDNAs partially escape this regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Yu. Potapenko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nataliia D. Kashko
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Knorre
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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7
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Kohler A, Barrientos A, Fontanesi F, Ott M. The functional significance of mitochondrial respiratory chain supercomplexes. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57092. [PMID: 37828827 PMCID: PMC10626428 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) is a key energy transducer in eukaryotic cells. Four respiratory chain complexes cooperate in the transfer of electrons derived from various metabolic pathways to molecular oxygen, thereby establishing an electrochemical gradient over the inner mitochondrial membrane that powers ATP synthesis. This electron transport relies on mobile electron carries that functionally connect the complexes. While the individual complexes can operate independently, they are in situ organized into large assemblies termed respiratory supercomplexes. Recent structural and functional studies have provided some answers to the question of whether the supercomplex organization confers an advantage for cellular energy conversion. However, the jury is still out, regarding the universality of these claims. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the functional significance of MRC supercomplexes, highlight experimental limitations, and suggest potential new strategies to overcome these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kohler
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Flavia Fontanesi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of MedicineUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - Martin Ott
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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8
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Njiru C, Saalwaechter C, Mavridis K, Vontas J, Geibel S, Wybouw N, Van Leeuwen T. The complex II resistance mutation H258Y in succinate dehydrogenase subunit B causes fitness penalties associated with mitochondrial respiratory deficiency. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4403-4413. [PMID: 37394630 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acaricides cyflumetofen, cyenopyrafen and pyflubumide inhibit the mitochondrial electron transport chain at complex II [succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex]. A target site mutation H258Y was recently discovered in a resistant strain of the spider mite pest Tetranychus urticae. H258Y causes strong cross-resistance between cyenopyrafen and pyflubumide, but not cyflumetofen. In fungal pests, fitness costs associated with substitutions at the corresponding H258 position that confer resistance to fungicidal SDH inhibitors have not been uncovered. Here, we used H258 and Y258 near-isogenic lines of T. urticae to quantify potential pleiotropic fitness effects on mite physiology. RESULTS The H258Y mutation was not associated with consistent significant changes of single generation life history traits and fertility life table parameters. In contrast, proportional Sanger sequencing and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction showed that the frequency of the resistant Y258 allele decreased when replicated 50:50 Y258:H258 experimentally evolving populations were maintained in an acaricide-free environment for approximately 12 generations. Using in vitro assays with mitochondrial extracts from resistant (Y258) and susceptible (H258) lines, we identified a significantly reduced SDH activity (48% lower activity) and a slightly enhanced combined complex I and III activity (18% higher activity) in the Y258 lines. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the H258Y mutation is associated with a high fitness cost in the spider mite T. urticae. Importantly, while it is the most common approach, it is clear that only comparing life history traits and life table fecundity does not allow to reliably estimate fitness costs of target site mutations in natural pest populations. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Njiru
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Konstantinos Mavridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sven Geibel
- Crop Science Division, Bayer AG, Monheim, Germany
| | - Nicky Wybouw
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Gonzalez-Jimenez I, Perlin DS, Shor E. Reactive oxidant species induced by antifungal drugs: identity, origins, functions, and connection to stress-induced cell death. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1276406. [PMID: 37900311 PMCID: PMC10602735 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1276406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxidant species (ROS) are unstable, highly reactive molecules that are produced by cells either as byproducts of metabolism or synthesized by specialized enzymes. ROS can be detrimental, e.g., by damaging cellular macromolecules, or beneficial, e.g., by participating in signaling. An increasing body of evidence shows that various fungal species, including both yeasts and molds, increase ROS production upon exposure to the antifungal drugs currently used in the clinic: azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins. However, the implications of these findings are still largely unclear due to gaps in knowledge regarding the chemical nature, molecular origins, and functional consequences of these ROS. Because the detection of ROS in fungal cells has largely relied on fluorescent probes that lack specificity, the chemical nature of the ROS is not known, and it may vary depending on the specific fungus-drug combination. In several instances, the origin of antifungal drug-induced ROS has been identified as the mitochondria, but further experiments are necessary to strengthen this conclusion and to investigate other potential cellular ROS sources, such as the ER, peroxisomes, and ROS-producing enzymes. With respect to the function of the ROS, several studies have shown that they contribute to the drugs' fungicidal activities and may be part of drug-induced programmed cell death (PCD). However, whether these "pro-death" ROS are a primary consequence of the antifungal mechanism of action or a secondary consequence of drug-induced PCD remains unclear. Finally, several recent studies have raised the possibility that ROS induction can serve an adaptive role, promoting antifungal drug tolerance and the evolution of drug resistance. Filling these gaps in knowledge will reveal a new aspect of fungal biology and may identify new ways to potentiate antifungal drug activity or prevent the evolution of antifungal drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Gonzalez-Jimenez
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | - David S. Perlin
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Erika Shor
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
- Medical Sciences, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ, United States
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10
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Reich HG, Camp EF, Roger LM, Putnam HM. The trace metal economy of the coral holobiont: supplies, demands and exchanges. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:623-642. [PMID: 36897260 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The juxtaposition of highly productive coral reef ecosystems in oligotrophic waters has spurred substantial interest and progress in our understanding of macronutrient uptake, exchange, and recycling among coral holobiont partners (host coral, dinoflagellate endosymbiont, endolithic algae, fungi, viruses, bacterial communities). By contrast, the contribution of trace metals to the physiological performance of the coral holobiont and, in turn, the functional ecology of reef-building corals remains unclear. The coral holobiont's trace metal economy is a network of supply, demand, and exchanges upheld by cross-kingdom symbiotic partnerships. Each partner has unique trace metal requirements that are central to their biochemical functions and the metabolic stability of the holobiont. Organismal homeostasis and the exchanges among partners determine the ability of the coral holobiont to adjust to fluctuating trace metal supplies in heterogeneous reef environments. This review details the requirements for trace metals in core biological processes and describes how metal exchanges among holobiont partners are key to sustaining complex nutritional symbioses in oligotrophic environments. Specifically, we discuss how trace metals contribute to partner compatibility, ability to cope with stress, and thereby to organismal fitness and distribution. Beyond holobiont trace metal cycling, we outline how the dynamic nature of the availability of environmental trace metal supplies can be influenced by a variability of abiotic factors (e.g. temperature, light, pH, etc.). Climate change will have profound consequences on the availability of trace metals and further intensify the myriad stressors that influence coral survival. Lastly, we suggest future research directions necessary for understanding the impacts of trace metals on the coral holobiont symbioses spanning subcellular to organismal levels, which will inform nutrient cycling in coral ecosystems more broadly. Collectively, this cross-scale elucidation of the role of trace metals for the coral holobiont will allow us to improve forecasts of future coral reef function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah G Reich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Emma F Camp
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Liza M Roger
- Chemical & Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 601 W. Main Street, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - Hollie M Putnam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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11
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Olea AF, Rubio J, Sedan C, Carvajal D, Nuñez M, Espinoza L, Llovera L, Nuñez G, Taborga L, Carrasco H. Antifungal Activity of 2-Allylphenol Derivatives on the Botrytis cinerea Strain: Assessment of Possible Action Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076530. [PMID: 37047503 PMCID: PMC10095406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes serious damage to the agricultural industry by infecting various important crops. 2-allylphenol has been used in China as a fungicide for more than a decade, and it has been shown that is a respiration inhibitor. A series of derivatives of 2-allylphenol were synthesized and their activity against B. cinerea was evaluated by measuring mycelial growth inhibition. Results indicate that small changes in the chemical structure or the addition of substituent groups in the aromatic ring induce important variations in activity. For example, changing the hydroxyl group by methoxy or acetyl groups produces dramatic increases in mycelial growth inhibition, i.e., the IC50 value of 2-allylphenol decreases from 68 to 2 and 1 μg mL−1. In addition, it was found that the most active derivatives induce the inhibition of Bcaox expression in the early stages of B. cinerea conidia germination. This gene is associated with the activation of the alternative oxidase enzyme (AOX), which allows fungus respiration to continue in the presence of respiratory inhibitors. Thus, it seems that 2-allylphenol derivatives can inhibit the normal and alternative respiratory pathway of B. cinerea. Therefore, we believe that these compounds are a very attractive platform for the development of antifungal agents against B. cinerea.
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12
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Zhu H, Li T, Li C, Liu Y, Miao Y, Liu D, Shen Q. Intracellular kynurenine promotes acetaldehyde accumulation, further inducing the apoptosis in soil beneficial fungi Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU4742 under acid stress. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:331-351. [PMID: 36367399 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the growth of fungi Trichoderma guizhouense NJAU4742 was significantly inhibited under acid stress, and the genes related to acid stress were identified based on transcriptome analysis. Four genes including tna1, adh2/4, and bna3 were significantly up-regulated. Meanwhile, intracellular hydrogen ions accumulated under acid stress, and ATP synthesis was induced to transport hydrogen ions to maintain hydrogen ion balance. The enhancement of glycolysis pathway was also detected, and a large amount of pyruvic acid from glycolysis was accumulated due to the activity limitation of PDH enzymes. Finally, acetaldehyde accumulated, resulting in the induction of adh2/4. In order to cope with stress caused by acetaldehyde, cells enhanced the synthesis of NAD+ by increasing the expression of tna1 and bna3 genes. NAD+ effectively improved the antioxidant capacity of cells, but the NAD+ supplement pathway mediated by bna3 could also cause the accumulation of kynurenine (KYN), which was an inducer of apoptosis. In addition, KYN had a specific promoting effect on acetaldehyde synthesis by improving the expression of eno2 gene, which led to the extremely high intracellular acetaldehyde in the cell under acidic stress. Our findings provided a route to better understand the response of filamentous fungi under acid stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuo Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Youzhi Miao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyang Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, Educational Ministry Engineering Center of Resource-saving fertilizers, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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13
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Corey RA, Harrison N, Stansfeld PJ, Sansom MSP, Duncan AL. Cardiolipin, and not monolysocardiolipin, preferentially binds to the interface of complexes III and IV. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13489-13498. [PMID: 36507170 PMCID: PMC9682889 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04072g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial electron transport chain comprises a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that generate a proton motive force via oxidative phosphorylation, ultimately generating ATP. These protein complexes can oligomerize to form larger structures called supercomplexes. Cardiolipin (CL), a conical lipid, unique within eukaryotes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, has proven essential in maintaining the stability and function of supercomplexes. Monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) is a CL variant that accumulates in people with Barth syndrome (BTHS). BTHS is caused by defects in CL biosynthesis and characterised by abnormal mitochondrial bioenergetics and destabilised supercomplexes. However, the mechanisms by which MLCL causes pathogenesis remain unclear. Here, multiscale molecular dynamics characterise the interactions of CL and MLCL with yeast and mammalian mitochondrial supercomplexes containing complex III (CIII) and complex IV (CIV). Coarse-grained simulations reveal that both CL and MLCL bind to sites at the interface between CIII and CIV of the supercomplex. Free energy perturbation calculations show that MLCL interaction is weaker than that of CL and suggest that interaction with CIV drives this difference. Atomistic contact analyses show that, although interaction with CIII is similar for CL and MLCL, CIV makes more contacts with CL than MLCL, demonstrating that CL is a more successful "glue" between the two complexes. Simulations of the human CIII2CIV supercomplex show that this interface site is maintained between species. Our study suggests that MLCL accumulation in people with BTHS disrupts supercomplex stability by formation of relatively weak interactions at the interface lipid binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A Corey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Noah Harrison
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Philllp J Stansfeld
- School of Life Sciences & Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Mark S P Sansom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Anna L Duncan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
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14
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Dong G, Zhang Y, Liang X, Wang M, Ye Q, Xian X, Yang Y. Resistance characterization of the natural population and resistance mechanism to pyraclostrobin in Lasiodiplodia theobromae. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:105232. [PMID: 36464332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lasiodiplodia theobromae is the main pathogen of mango stem-end rot disease, causing mango fruit decay and major economic loss. QoI resistance has been found in field populations of L. theobromae. The characterization and resistance mechanism of pyraclostrobin-resistant L. theobromae was investigated by using a combination of bioassays and biochemical and molecular methods. The pyraclostrobin resistance among the L. theobromae population samples from Hainan was 93.41%. The resistant isolates were stable after successive subculturing for 10 times on PDA. Cross-resistance was observed only between the Qols pyraclostrobin and azoxystrobin. The alternative oxidase (AOX) inhibitor SHAM notably decreased the EC50 values of pyraclostrobin for all tested L. theobromae isolates. Induction of AOX by pyraclostrobin was observed in mycelia cells of L. theobromae. After treatment with pyraclostrobin, the final ATP and AOX contents of all sensitive isolates were significantly lower than those of resistant isolates. The relevant mutation and high expression of the cytochrome b gene were not detected in resistant isolates. However, there were 4 mutations in the AOX gene, which were only observed in highly resistant isolates. Pretreatment with pyraclostrobin resulted in a significant upregulation of AOX gene expression, and the average expression level of the highly resistant isolates was 33-fold that of the control group. These results suggested that the AOX pathway is responsible for resistance to pyraclostrobin, and that the AOX-related resistance mechanism is common in field populations of L. theobromae in Hainan mango orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoran Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xioyu Liang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests (Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Qianqian Ye
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinwei Xian
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ye Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China.
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15
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Sordaria macrospora Sterile Mutant pro34 Is Impaired in Respiratory Complex I Assembly. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101015. [PMID: 36294581 PMCID: PMC9605262 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of fruiting bodies is a highly regulated process that requires the coordinated formation of different cell types. By analyzing developmental mutants, many developmental factors have already been identified. Yet, a complete understanding of fruiting body formation is still lacking. In this study, we analyzed developmental mutant pro34 of the filamentous ascomycete Sordaria macrospora. Genome sequencing revealed a deletion in the pro34 gene encoding a putative mitochondrial complex I assembly factor homologous to Neurospora crassa CIA84. We show that PRO34 is required for fast vegetative growth, fruiting body and ascospore formation. The pro34 transcript undergoes adenosine to inosine editing, a process correlated with sexual development in fruiting body-forming ascomycetes. Fluorescence microscopy and western blot analysis showed that PRO34 is a mitochondrial protein, and blue-native PAGE revealed that the pro34 mutant lacks mitochondrial complex I. Inhibitor experiments revealed that pro34 respires via complexes III and IV, but also shows induction of alternative oxidase, a shunt pathway to bypass complexes III and IV. We discuss the hypothesis that alternative oxidase is induced to prevent retrograde electron transport to complex I intermediates, thereby protecting from oxidative stress.
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16
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Hamann A, Osiewacz HD. To die or not to die - How mitochondrial processes affect lifespan of Podospora anserina. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148568. [PMID: 35533726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous ascomycete Podospora anserina is a well-established model system to study organismic aging. Its senescence syndrome has been investigated for more than fifty years and turned out to have a strong mitochondrial etiology. Several different mitochondrial pathways were demonstrated to affect aging and lifespan. Here, we present an update of the literature focusing on the cooperative interplay between different processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hamann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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17
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Targeting the alternative oxidase (AOX) for human health and food security, a pharmaceutical and agrochemical target or a rescue mechanism? Biochem J 2022; 479:1337-1359. [PMID: 35748702 PMCID: PMC9246349 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most threatening human diseases are due to a blockage of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). In a variety of plants, fungi, and prokaryotes, there is a naturally evolved mechanism for such threats to viability, namely a bypassing of the blocked portion of the ETC by alternative enzymes of the respiratory chain. One such enzyme is the alternative oxidase (AOX). When AOX is expressed, it enables its host to survive life-threatening conditions or, as in parasites, to evade host defenses. In vertebrates, this mechanism has been lost during evolution. However, we and others have shown that transfer of AOX into the genome of the fruit fly and mouse results in a catalytically engaged AOX. This implies that not only is the AOX a promising target for combating human or agricultural pathogens but also a novel approach to elucidate disease mechanisms or, in several cases, potentially a therapeutic cure for human diseases. In this review, we highlight the varying functions of AOX in their natural hosts and upon xenotopic expression, and discuss the resulting need to develop species-specific AOX inhibitors.
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18
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Ženíšková K, Grechnikova M, Sutak R. Copper Metabolism in Naegleria gruberi and Its Deadly Relative Naegleria fowleri. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:853463. [PMID: 35478954 PMCID: PMC9035749 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.853463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although copper is an essential nutrient crucial for many biological processes, an excessive concentration can be toxic and lead to cell death. The metabolism of this two-faced metal must be strictly regulated at the cell level. In this study, we investigated copper homeostasis in two related unicellular organisms: nonpathogenic Naegleria gruberi and the “brain-eating amoeba” Naegleria fowleri. We identified and confirmed the function of their specific copper transporters securing the main pathway of copper acquisition. Adjusting to different environments with varying copper levels during the life cycle of these organisms requires various metabolic adaptations. Using comparative proteomic analyses, measuring oxygen consumption, and enzymatic determination of NADH dehydrogenase, we showed that both amoebas respond to copper deprivation by upregulating the components of the branched electron transport chain: the alternative oxidase and alternative NADH dehydrogenase. Interestingly, analysis of iron acquisition indicated that this system is copper-dependent in N. gruberi but not in its pathogenic relative. Importantly, we identified a potential key protein of copper metabolism of N. gruberi, the homolog of human DJ-1 protein, which is known to be linked to Parkinson’s disease. Altogether, our study reveals the mechanisms underlying copper metabolism in the model amoeba N. gruberi and the fatal pathogen N. fowleri and highlights the differences between the two amoebas.
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19
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Mendez-Romero O, Ricardez-García C, Castañeda-Tamez P, Chiquete-Félix N, Uribe-Carvajal S. Thriving in Oxygen While Preventing ROS Overproduction: No Two Systems Are Created Equal. Front Physiol 2022; 13:874321. [PMID: 35444563 PMCID: PMC9013945 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.874321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2.5 to 2.0 billion years ago, atmospheric oxygen concentration [O2] rose thousands of times, leading to the first mass extinction. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) produced by the non-catalyzed partial reduction of O2 were highly toxic eliminating many species. Survivors developed different strategies to cope with ROS toxicity. At the same time, using O2 as the final acceptor in respiratory chains increased ATP production manifold. Thus, both O2 and ROS were strong drivers of evolution, as species optimized aerobic metabolism while developing ROS-neutralizing mechanisms. The first line of defense is preventing ROS overproduction and two mechanisms were developed in parallel: 1) Physiological uncoupling systems (PUS), which increase the rate of electron fluxes in respiratory systems. 2) Avoidance of excess [O2]. However, it seems that as avoidance efficiency improved, PUSs became less efficient. PUS includes branched respiratory chains and proton sinks, which may be proton specific, the mitochondrial uncoupling proteins (UCPs) or unspecific, the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP). High [O2] avoidance also involved different strategies: 1) Cell association, as in biofilms or in multi-cellularity allowed gas-permeable organisms (oxyconformers) from bacterial to arthropods to exclude O2. 2) Motility, to migrate from hypoxic niches. 3) Oxyregulator organisms: as early as in fish, and O2-impermeable epithelium excluded all gases and only exact amounts entered through specialized respiratory systems. Here we follow the parallel evolution of PUS and O2-avoidance, PUS became less critical and lost efficiency. In regard, to proton sinks, there is fewer evidence on their evolution, although UCPs have indeed drifted in function while in some species it is not clear whether PTPs exist.
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20
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Alternative oxidase is involved in oxidative stress resistance and melanin synthesis in Annulohypoxylon stygium, a companion fungus of Tremella fuciformis. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2022; 115:365-374. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Flores-Cotera LB, Chávez-Cabrera C, Martínez-Cárdenas A, Sánchez S, García-Flores OU. Deciphering the mechanism by which the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma responds adaptively to environmental, nutritional, and genetic cues. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 48:kuab048. [PMID: 34302341 PMCID: PMC8788774 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phaffia rhodozyma is a basidiomycetous yeast that synthesizes astaxanthin (ASX), which is a powerful and highly valuable antioxidant carotenoid pigment. P. rhodozyma cells accrue ASX and gain an intense red-pink coloration when faced with stressful conditions such as nutrient limitations (e.g., nitrogen or copper), the presence of toxic substances (e.g., antimycin A), or are affected by mutations in the genes that are involved in nitrogen metabolism or respiration. Since cellular accrual of ASX occurs under a wide variety of conditions, this yeast represents a valuable model for studying the growth conditions that entail oxidative stress for yeast cells. Recently, we proposed that ASX synthesis can be largely induced by conditions that lead to reduction-oxidation (redox) imbalances, particularly the state of the NADH/NAD+ couple together with an oxidative environment. In this work, we review the multiple known conditions that elicit ASX synthesis expanding on the data that we formerly examined. When considered alongside the Mitchell's chemiosmotic hypothesis, the study served to rationalize the induction of ASX synthesis and other adaptive cellular processes under a much broader set of conditions. Our aim was to propose an underlying mechanism that explains how a broad range of divergent conditions converge to induce ASX synthesis in P. rhodozyma. The mechanism that links the induction of ASX synthesis with the occurrence of NADH/NAD+ imbalances may help in understanding how other organisms detect any of a broad array of stimuli or gene mutations, and then adaptively respond to activate numerous compensatory cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis B Flores-Cotera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
| | - Cipriano Chávez-Cabrera
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
| | - Anahi Martínez-Cárdenas
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México city 04510, México
| | - Oscar Ulises García-Flores
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Cinvestav-IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México city 07360, México
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22
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The SPFH Protein Superfamily in Fungi: Impact on Mitochondrial Function and Implications in Virulence. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112287. [PMID: 34835412 PMCID: PMC8624314 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integral membrane proteins from the ancient SPFH (stomatin, prohibitin, flotillin, HflK/HflC) protein superfamily are found in nearly all living organisms. Mammalian SPFH proteins are primarily associated with mitochondrial functions but also coordinate key processes such as ion transport, signaling, and mechanosensation. In addition, SPFH proteins are required for virulence in parasites. While mitochondrial functions of SPFH proteins are conserved in fungi, recent evidence has uncovered additional roles for SPFH proteins in filamentation and stress signaling. Inhibitors that target SPFH proteins have been successfully used in cancer and inflammation treatment. Thus, SPFH proteins may serve as a potential target for novel antifungal drug development. This review article surveys SPFH function in various fungal species with a special focus on the most common human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans.
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23
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Yang X, Gu CY, Sun JZ, Bai Y, Zang HY, Chen Y. Biological Activity of Pyraclostrobin Against Coniella granati Causing Pomegranate Crown Rot. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3538-3544. [PMID: 34096770 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-21-0144-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pomegranate crown rot caused by Coniella granati is one of the most severe diseases of pomegranate. No fungicides have been registered for controlling this disease in China. Pyraclostrobin, belonging to strobilurin fungicides, has a broad spectrum of activity against many phytopathogens. In this study, based on the mycelial growth and conidial germination inhibition methods, we investigated the biological activity of pyraclostrobin against C. granati in the presence of 50 μg/ml of salicylhydroxamic acid using 80 isolates collected from different orchards in China from 2012 to 2018. The EC50 (50% effective concentration) values ranged from 0.040 to 0.613 μg/ml for mycelial growth and 0.013 to 0.110 μg/ml for conidium germination. Treated with pyraclostrobin, the hyphae morphology changed and conidial production of C. granati decreased significantly. The result of transmission electron microscope showed that treatment of pyraclostrobin could make the cell wall thinner and lead to ruptured cell membrane and formation of intracellular organelle autophagosomes. The pyraclostrobin showed good protective and curative activities against C. granati on detached pomegranate fruits. In field trials, pyraclostrobin showed excellent control efficacy against this disease, in which the treatment of 25% pyraclostrobin EC 1,000× provided 92.25 and 92.58% control efficacy in 2019 and 2020, respectively, significantly higher than that of other treatments. Therefore, pyraclostrobin could be a candidate fungicide for the control of pomegranate crown rot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Chun-Yan Gu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jia-Zhi Sun
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yang Bai
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hao-Yu Zang
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Products Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- Anhui Province Engineering Laboratory for Green Pesticide Development and Application, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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24
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Mitochondrial iron-sulfur clusters: Structure, function, and an emerging role in vascular biology. Redox Biol 2021; 47:102164. [PMID: 34656823 PMCID: PMC8577454 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential cofactors most commonly known for their role mediating electron transfer within the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The Fe-S cluster pathways that function within the respiratory complexes are highly conserved between bacteria and the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Within the electron transport chain, Fe-S clusters play a critical role in transporting electrons through Complexes I, II and III to cytochrome c, before subsequent transfer to molecular oxygen. Fe-S clusters are also among the binding sites of classical mitochondrial inhibitors, such as rotenone, and play an important role in the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial Fe-S clusters also play a critical role in the pathogenesis of disease. High levels of ROS produced at these sites can cause cell injury or death, however, when produced at low levels can serve as signaling molecules. For example, Ndufs2, a Complex I subunit containing an Fe-S center, N2, has recently been identified as a redox-sensitive oxygen sensor, mediating homeostatic oxygen-sensing in the pulmonary vasculature and carotid body. Fe-S clusters are emerging as transcriptionally-regulated mediators in disease and play a crucial role in normal physiology, offering potential new therapeutic targets for diseases including malaria, diabetes, and cancer.
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25
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Mazheika IS, Semenova MA, Voronko OV, Psurtseva NV, Kolomiets OL, Kamzolkina OV. Evaluation of the carbonylation of filamentous fungi proteins by dry immune dot blotting. Fungal Biol 2021; 125:923-933. [PMID: 34649679 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The development of mycological gerontology requires effective methods for assessing the biological age of fungal cells. This assessment is based on the analysis of a complex of aging and oxidative stress markers. One of the most powerful such markers is the protein carbonylation. In this study, the already known method of dry immune dot blotting is adapted for mycological studies of the content of protein carbonyl groups. After testing the method on a number of filamentous fungi species, some features of the accumulation of carbonylated proteins in mycelium were established. Among these features: (i) a weak effect of exogenous oxidative stress on the accumulation of carbonyls in a number of fungi, (ii) reversibility of the carbonyl accumulation, (iii) possibility of arbitrary regulation of carbonyl content by fungus itself and (iv) the influence of hormesis. In addition, two polar strategies for the accumulation of carbonyl modification were revealed, named Id-strategy (Indifferent) and Cn-strategy (Concern). Thus, even the analysis of one marker allows making some preliminary general assumptions and conclusions. For example, the idea that fungi can freely regulate their biological age is confirmed. This feature makes fungi very flexible in terms of responding to environmental influences and promising objects for gerontology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Mazheika
- Department of Mycology and Algology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117971, Russia.
| | - Marina A Semenova
- Department of Mycology and Algology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Oxana V Voronko
- Department of Mycology and Algology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Psurtseva
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia
| | - Oxana L Kolomiets
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117971, Russia
| | - Olga V Kamzolkina
- Department of Mycology and Algology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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26
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Wang ST, Ning HQ, Feng LH, Wang YY, Li YQ, Mo HZ. Oxidative phosphorylation system as the target of glycinin basic peptide against Aspergillus niger. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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27
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Abu Bakar N, Lau Yii Chung B, Smykla J, Karsani SA, Alias SA. Protein homeostasis, regulation of energy production and activation of DNA damage-repair pathways are involved in the heat stress response of Pseudogymnoascus spp. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1849-1864. [PMID: 34528369 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteome changes can be used as an instrument to measure the effects of climate change, predict the possible future state of an ecosystem and the direction in which is headed. In this study, proteomic and GO functional enrichment analysis of six Pseudogymnoascus spp. isolated from various global biogeographical regions were carried out to determine their response to heat stress. In total, 2,122 proteins were identified with high confidence. Comparative quantitative analysis showed that changes in proteome profiles varied greatly between isolates from different biogeographical regions. Although the identities of the proteins that changed varied between the different regions, the functions they governed were similar. Gene Ontology analysis showed enrichment of proteins involved in multiple protective mechanisms, including the modulation of protein homeostasis, regulation of energy production, and activation of DNA damage and repair pathways. Our proteomic analysis did not show any clear relationship between protein changes and the strains' biogeographical origins. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurlizah Abu Bakar
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, C308, Institute of Advanced Studies Building, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,National Antarctic Research Centre, B303, Institute of Advanced Studies Building, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Benjamin Lau Yii Chung
- Advanced Biotechnology and Breeding Centre, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jerzy Smykla
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Nature Conservation Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Saiful Anuar Karsani
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aisyah Alias
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences, C308, Institute of Advanced Studies Building, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,National Antarctic Research Centre, B303, Institute of Advanced Studies Building, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Brzezinski P, Moe A, Ädelroth P. Structure and Mechanism of Respiratory III-IV Supercomplexes in Bioenergetic Membranes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9644-9673. [PMID: 34184881 PMCID: PMC8361435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the final steps of energy conservation in aerobic organisms, free energy from electron transfer through the respiratory chain is transduced into a proton electrochemical gradient across a membrane. In mitochondria and many bacteria, reduction of the dioxygen electron acceptor is catalyzed by cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV), which receives electrons from cytochrome bc1 (complex III), via membrane-bound or water-soluble cytochrome c. These complexes function independently, but in many organisms they associate to form supercomplexes. Here, we review the structural features and the functional significance of the nonobligate III2IV1/2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial supercomplex as well as the obligate III2IV2 supercomplex from actinobacteria. The analysis is centered around the Q-cycle of complex III, proton uptake by CytcO, as well as mechanistic and structural solutions to the electronic link between complexes III and IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Brzezinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agnes Moe
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pia Ädelroth
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics,
The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Hou L, Zhao M, Huang C, He Q, Zhang L, Zhang J. Alternative oxidase gene induced by nitric oxide is involved in the regulation of ROS and enhances the resistance of Pleurotus ostreatus to heat stress. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:137. [PMID: 34281563 PMCID: PMC8287771 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In China, during the cultivation process of Pleurotus ostreatus, the yield and quality of fruiting bodies are easily affected by high temperatures in summer. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important regulatory role in the response to abiotic stress, and previous studies have found that NO can induce alternative oxidase (aox) experssion in response to heat stress (HS) by regulating aconitase. However, the regulatory pathway of NO is complex, and the function and regulation of the aox gene in the response to HS remain unclear. Results In this study, we found that NO affected nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2−) contents, and slowed O2− production. Further RNA-Seq results showed that NO regulated the oxidation-reduction process and oxidoreductase activity, affected the cellular respiration pathway and activated aox gene expression. The function of aox was determined by constructing overexpression (OE) and RNA interference (RNAi) strains. The results showed that the OE-aox strains exhibited obviously improved growth recovery after exposure to HS. During exposure to HS, the OE-aox strains exhibited reduced levels of NADH, the product of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and decreased synthesis of ATP, which reduced the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas the RNAi-aox strains exhibited the opposite result. In addition, aox mediated the expression of antioxidant enzyme genes in the mycelia of P. ostreatus under HS through the retrograde signaling pathway. Conclusions This study shows that the expression of the aox gene in P. ostreatus mycelia can be induced by NO under HS, that it regulates the TCA cycle and cell respiration to reduce the production of ROS, and that it can mediate the retrograde signaling pathway involved in the mycelial response to HS. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01626-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludan Hou
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 10081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 10081, Beijing, China
| | - Mengran Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 10081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 10081, Beijing, China
| | - Chenyang Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 10081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 10081, Beijing, China
| | - Qi He
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 10081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 10081, Beijing, China.,Jilin Agricultural University, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Lijiao Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 10081, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 10081, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 10081, Beijing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 10081, Beijing, China.
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Liao Y, Cui R, Xu X, Cheng Q, Li X. Jasmonic Acid- and Ethylene-Induced Mitochondrial Alternative Oxidase Stimulates Marssonina brunnea Defense in Poplar. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 61:2031-2042. [PMID: 32946565 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial processes are implicated in plant response to biotic stress caused by viruses, actinomyces, bacteria and pests, but their function in defense against fungal invasion remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role and regulation of mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) in response to black spot disease caused by the hemibiotrophic fungus Marssonina brunnea in poplar. M. brunnea inoculation induced the transcription of the AOX1a gene in the mitochondrial electron transport chain and of jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) biosynthetic genes, with the accumulation of these phytohormones in poplar leaf, while inhibiting the transcript amount of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene (COX6b) and genes related to salicylic acid (SA). Enhanced AOX reduced poplar susceptibility to M. brunnea with a higher ATP/ADP ratio while the repressed AOX caused the reverse effect. Exogenous JA and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC, a biosynthetic precursor of ET) inhibited the transcript amount of COX6b and consequently increased the ratio of AOX pathway to total respiration. Furthermore, the transcription of CYS C1 and CYS D1 genes catalyzing cyanide metabolism was induced, while the cysteine (CYS) substrate levels reduced upon M. brunnea inoculation; exogenous JA and ACC mimicked the effect of M. brunnea infection on cysteine. Exogenous SA enhanced, while JA and ACC reduced, poplar susceptibility to M. brunnea. Moreover, inhibiting AOX completely prohibited JA- and ET-increased tolerance to M. brunnea in poplar. These observations indicate that the JA- and ET-induced mitochondrial AOX pathway triggers defense against M. brunnea in poplar. This effect probably involves cyanide. These findings deepen our understanding of plant-pathogenic fungi interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangwenke Liao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Rongrong Cui
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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31
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Tian F, Lee SY, Woo SY, Choi HY, Heo S, Nah G, Chun HS. Transcriptomic responses of Aspergillus flavus to temperature and oxidative stresses during aflatoxin production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2803. [PMID: 33531617 PMCID: PMC7854668 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin is a group of polyketide-derived carcinogenic and mutagenic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus that negatively impact global food security and threaten the health of both humans and livestock. Aflatoxin biosynthesis is strongly affected by the fungal developmental stage, cultivation conditions, and environmental stress. In this study, a novel float culture method was used to examine the direct responses of the A. flavus transcriptome to temperature stress, oxidative stress, and their dual effects during the aflatoxin production stage. The transcriptomic response of A. flavus illustrated that the co-regulation of different secondary metabolic pathways likely contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis and promoting cell survival under stress conditions. In particular, aflatoxin biosynthetic gene expression was downregulated, while genes encoding secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties, such as kojic acid and imizoquins, were upregulated under stress conditions. Multiple mitochondrial function-related genes, including those encoding NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase, and alternative oxidase, were differentially expressed. These data can provide insights into the important mechanisms through which secondary metabolism in A. flavus is co-regulated and facilitate the deployment of various approaches for the effective control and prevention of aflatoxin contamination in food crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- grid.254224.70000 0001 0789 9563Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Sang Yoo Lee
- grid.254224.70000 0001 0789 9563Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - So Young Woo
- grid.254224.70000 0001 0789 9563Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Hwa Young Choi
- grid.254224.70000 0001 0789 9563Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Seongeun Heo
- grid.254224.70000 0001 0789 9563Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Gyoungju Nah
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Genome Analysis Center at National Instrumentation Center for Environmental Management, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- grid.254224.70000 0001 0789 9563Food Toxicology Laboratory, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
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32
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Granados-Arvizu JA, Canizal-García M, Madrigal-Pérez LA, González-Hernández JC, Regalado-González C. Inhibition of alternative respiration system of Scheffersomyces stipitis and effect on glucose or xylose fermentation. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6119908. [PMID: 33493281 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scheffersomyces stipitis is a Crabtree-negative pentose fermenting yeast, which shows a complex respiratory system involving a cytochrome and an alternative salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM)-sensitive respiration mechanism that is poorly understood. This work aimed to investigate the role of the antimycin A (AA) sensitive respiration and SHAM-sensitive respiration in the metabolism of xylose and glucose by S. stipitis, upon different agitation conditions. Inhibition of the SHAM-sensitive respiration caused a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in glycolytic flux and oxygen consumption when using glucose and xylose under agitation conditions, but without agitation, only a mild reduction was observed. The combination of SHAM and AA abolished respiration, depleting the glycolytic flux using both carbon sources tested, leading to increased ethanol production of 21.05 g/L at 250 rpm for 0.5 M glucose, and 8.3 g/L ethanol using xylose. In contrast, inhibition of only the AA-sensitive respiration, caused increased ethanol production to 30 g/L using 0.5 M glucose at 250 rpm, and 11.3 g/L from 0.5 M xylose without agitation. Results showed that ethanol production can be induced by respiration inhibition, but the active role of SHAM-sensitive respiration should be considered to investigate better conditions to increase and optimize yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Granados-Arvizu
- DIPA, PROPAC. Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, C.U. Cerro de las Campanas s/n. Col. Las Campanas, C.P. 76010 Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - M Canizal-García
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Tecnológico Nacional de México/ Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Ciudad Hidalgo, Av. Ing Carlos Rojas Gutiérrez #2120, 61100 Ciudad Hidalgo, Michoacán, México
| | - L A Madrigal-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Microbiana, Tecnológico Nacional de México/ Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Ciudad Hidalgo, Av. Ing Carlos Rojas Gutiérrez #2120, 61100 Ciudad Hidalgo, Michoacán, México
| | - J C González-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México/ Instituto Tecnológico de Morelia, Av. Tecnológico de Morelia #1500, 58120 Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - C Regalado-González
- DIPA, PROPAC. Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, C.U. Cerro de las Campanas s/n. Col. Las Campanas, C.P. 76010 Querétaro, Qro., México
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da Veiga Moreira J, Jolicoeur M, Schwartz L, Peres S. Fine-tuning mitochondrial activity in Yarrowia lipolytica for citrate overproduction. Sci Rep 2021; 11:878. [PMID: 33441687 PMCID: PMC7807019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica is a non-conventional yeast with promising industrial potentials for lipids and citrate production. It is also widely used for studying mitochondrial respiration due to a respiratory chain like those of mammalian cells. In this study we used a genome-scale model (GEM) of Y. lipolytica metabolism and performed a dynamic Flux Balance Analysis (dFBA) algorithm to analyze and identify metabolic levers associated with citrate optimization. Analysis of fluxes at stationary growth phase showed that carbon flux derived from glucose is rewired to citric acid production and lipid accumulation, whereas the oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) shifted to the alternative respiration mode through alternative oxidase (AOX) protein. Simulations of optimized citrate secretion flux resulted in a pronounced lipid oxidation along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and AOX flux inhibition. Then, we experimentally challenged AOX inhibition by adding n-Propyl Gallate (nPG), a specific AOX inhibitor, on Y. lipolytica batch cultures at stationary phase. Our results showed a twofold overproduction of citrate (20.5 g/L) when nPG is added compared to 10.9 g/L under control condition (no nPG addition). These results suggest that ROS management, especially through AOX activity, has a pivotal role on citrate/lipid flux balance in Y. lipolytica. All taken together, we thus provide for the first time, a key for the understanding of a predominant metabolic mechanism favoring citrate overproduction in Y. lipolytica at the expense of lipids accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorgelindo da Veiga Moreira
- grid.183158.60000 0004 0435 3292Research Laboratory in Applied Metabolic Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Centre-Ville Station, P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Mario Jolicoeur
- grid.183158.60000 0004 0435 3292Research Laboratory in Applied Metabolic Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Centre-Ville Station, P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Laurent Schwartz
- grid.50550.350000 0001 2175 4109Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, 149 avenue Victoria, 75004 Paris, France
| | - Sabine Peres
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282LRI, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France ,grid.503376.4MaIAGE, INRAE, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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34
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Malo ME, Schultzhaus Z, Frank C, Romsdahl J, Wang Z, Dadachova E. Transcriptomic and genomic changes associated with radioadaptation in Exophiala dermatitidis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 19:196-205. [PMID: 33425251 PMCID: PMC7772362 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanized fungi have been isolated from some of the harshest radioactive environments, and their ability to thrive in these locations is in part due to the pigment melanin. Melanin imparts a selective advantage to fungi by providing a physical shield, a chemical shield, and possibly a signaling mechanism. In previous work we demonstrated that protracted exposure of the melanized yeast Exophiala dermatitidis to mixed alpha-, beta-, and gamma-emitting radiation resulted in an adapted strain able to mount a unique response to ionizing radiation in the environment in a melanin-dependent fashion. By exploring the genome and transcriptome of this adapted melanized strain relative to a non-irradiated control we determined the altered response was transcriptomic in nature, as whole genome sequencing revealed limited variation. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that of the adapted isolates analyzed, two lineages existed: one like the naïve, non-adapted strain, and one with a unique transcriptomic signature that exhibited downregulation of metabolic processes, and upregulation of translation-associated genes. Analysis of differential gene expression in the adapted strain showed an overlap in response between the control conditions and reactive oxygen species conditions, whereas exposure to an alpha particle source resulted in a robust downregulation of metabolic processes and upregulation of DNA replication and repair genes, and RNA metabolic processes. This suggest previous exposure to radiation primes the fungus to respond to subsequent exposures in a unique way. By exploring this unique response, we have expanded our knowledge of how melanized fungi interact with and respond to ionizing radiation in their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E. Malo
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Zachary Schultzhaus
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Connor Frank
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Jillian Romsdahl
- National Research Council Postdoctoral Research Associate, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- University of Saskatchewan, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Saskatoon, Canada
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35
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Steinberg G, Gurr SJ. Fungi, fungicide discovery and global food security. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103476. [PMID: 33053432 PMCID: PMC7755035 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Securing sufficient food for a growing world population is of paramount importance for social stability and the well-being of mankind. Recently, it has become evident that fungal pathogens pose the greatest biotic challenge to our calorie crops. Moreover, the loss of commodity crops to fungal disease destabilises the economies of developing nations, thereby increasing the dimension of the threat. Our best weapon to control these pathogens is fungicides, but increasing resistance puts us in an arms race against them. New anti-fungal compounds need to be discovered, such as mono-alky lipophilic cations (MALCs) described herein. Collaborations between academia and industry are imperative to establish new and efficient ways to develop these new fungicides and to bring them to the market-place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero Steinberg
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands.
| | - Sarah J Gurr
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK; University of Utrecht, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, the Netherlands.
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36
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Yalage Don SM, Schmidtke LM, Gambetta JM, Steel CC. Volatile organic compounds produced by Aureobasidium pullulans induce electrolyte loss and oxidative stress in Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata. Res Microbiol 2020; 172:103788. [PMID: 33049328 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans is a yeast-like fungus that produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antifungal properties. VOCs have the potential to trigger the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and electrolyte loss in microorganisms. The relationship among A. pullulans VOCs, induced ROS accumulation and electrolyte leakage was investigated in Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternata in vitro. Exposure to a mixture of A. pullulans VOCs: ethanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-phenylethanol, resulted in electrolyte leakage in both B. cinerea and A. alternata. Fluorescence microscopy using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate indicated triggered ROS accumulation in exposed fungal mycelia and the presence of the superoxide radical was evident by intense red fluorescence with dihydroethidium. Partial inhibition of enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I of B. cinerea and A. alternata by pre-treatment with rotenone reduced ROS accumulation in hypha exposed to A. pullulans VOCs and reversed the VOCs inhibition of fungal growth. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that B. cinerea and A. alternata hypha exposed to A. pullulans VOCs had altered cell wall structures. Our findings give insights into the potential mechanisms involved in the antifungal properties of A. pullulans in the suppression of B. cinerea and A. alternata growth in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashika M Yalage Don
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Leigh M Schmidtke
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Joanna M Gambetta
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
| | - Christopher C Steel
- School of Agricultural and Wine Sciences, National Wine and Grape Industry Centre, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia.
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37
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Shelyakin M, Zakhozhiy I, Golovko T. The effect of temperature on Antarctic lichen cytochrome and alternative respiratory pathway rates. Polar Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-020-02758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Petito G, de Curcio JS, Pereira M, Bailão AM, Paccez JD, Tristão GB, de Morais COB, de Souza MV, de Castro Moreira Santos A, Fontes W, Ricart CAO, de Almeida Soares CM. Metabolic Adaptation of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in Response to in vitro Copper Deprivation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1834. [PMID: 32849434 PMCID: PMC7430155 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential micronutrient for the performance of important biochemical processes such as respiration detoxification, and uptake of metals like iron. Studies have shown that copper deprivation is a strategy used by the host against pathogenic fungi such as Cryptoccocus neoformans and Candida albicans during growth and development of infections in the lungs and kidneys. Although there are some studies, little is known about the impact of copper deprivation in members of the Paracoccidioides genus. Therefore, using isobaric tag labeling (iTRAQ)-Based proteomic approach and LC-MS/MS, we analyzed the impact of in vitro copper deprivation in the metabolism of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. One hundred and sixty-four (164) differentially abundant proteins were identified when yeast cells were deprived of copper, which affected cellular respiration and detoxification processes. Changes in cellular metabolism such as increased beta oxidation and cell wall remodeling were described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Petito
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Juliana Santana de Curcio
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Melo Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Juliano Domiraci Paccez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Brum Tristão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Valle de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Fontes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Characterization of Single Gene Deletion Mutants Affecting Alternative Oxidase Production in Neurospora crassa: Role of the yvh1 Gene. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081186. [PMID: 32759834 PMCID: PMC7463738 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Neurospora crassa AOD1 protein is a mitochondrial alternative oxidase that passes electrons directly from ubiquinol to oxygen. The enzyme is encoded by the nuclear aod-1 gene and is produced when the standard electron transport chain is inhibited. We previously identified eleven strains in the N. crassa single gene deletion library that were severely deficient in their ability to produce AOD1 when grown in the presence of chloramphenicol, an inhibitor of mitochondrial translation that is known to induce the enzyme. Three mutants affected previously characterized genes. In this report we examined the remaining mutants and found that the deficiency of AOD1 was due to secondary mutations in all but two of the strains. One of the authentic mutants contained a deletion of the yvh1 gene and was found to have a deficiency of aod-1 transcripts. The YVH1 protein localized to the nucleus and a post mitochondrial pellet from the cytoplasm. A zinc binding domain in the protein was required for rescue of the AOD1 deficiency. In other organisms YVH1 is required for ribosome assembly and mutants have multiple phenotypes. Lack of YVH1 in N. crassa likely also affects ribosome assembly leading to phenotypes that include altered regulation of AOD1 production.
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Juergens H, Hakkaart XDV, Bras JE, Vente A, Wu L, Benjamin KR, Pronk JT, Daran-Lapujade P, Mans R. Contribution of Complex I NADH Dehydrogenase to Respiratory Energy Coupling in Glucose-Grown Cultures of Ogataea parapolymorpha. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00678-20. [PMID: 32471916 PMCID: PMC7376551 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00678-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermotolerant yeast Ogataea parapolymorpha (formerly Hansenula polymorpha) is an industrially relevant production host that exhibits a fully respiratory sugar metabolism in aerobic batch cultures. NADH-derived electrons can enter its mitochondrial respiratory chain either via a proton-translocating complex I NADH-dehydrogenase or via three putative alternative NADH dehydrogenases. This respiratory entry point affects the amount of ATP produced per NADH/O2 consumed and therefore impacts the maximum yield of biomass and/or cellular products from a given amount of substrate. To investigate the physiological importance of complex I, a wild-type O. parapolymorpha strain and a congenic complex I-deficient mutant were grown on glucose in aerobic batch, chemostat, and retentostat cultures in bioreactors. In batch cultures, the two strains exhibited a fully respiratory metabolism and showed the same growth rates and biomass yields, indicating that, under these conditions, the contribution of NADH oxidation via complex I was negligible. Both strains also exhibited a respiratory metabolism in glucose-limited chemostat cultures, but the complex I-deficient mutant showed considerably reduced biomass yields on substrate and oxygen, consistent with a lower efficiency of respiratory energy coupling. In glucose-limited retentostat cultures at specific growth rates down to ∼0.001 h-1, both O. parapolymorpha strains showed high viability. Maintenance energy requirements at these extremely low growth rates were approximately 3-fold lower than estimated from faster-growing chemostat cultures, indicating a stringent-response-like behavior. Quantitative transcriptome and proteome analyses indicated condition-dependent expression patterns of complex I subunits and of alternative NADH dehydrogenases that were consistent with physiological observations.IMPORTANCE Since popular microbial cell factories have typically not been selected for efficient respiratory energy coupling, their ATP yields from sugar catabolism are often suboptimal. In aerobic industrial processes, suboptimal energy coupling results in reduced product yields on sugar, increased process costs for oxygen transfer, and volumetric productivity limitations due to limitations in gas transfer and cooling. This study provides insights into the contribution of mechanisms of respiratory energy coupling in the yeast cell factory Ogataea parapolymorpha under different growth conditions and provides a basis for rational improvement of energy coupling in yeast cell factories. Analysis of energy metabolism of O. parapolymorpha at extremely low specific growth rates indicated that this yeast reduces its energy requirements for cellular maintenance under extreme energy limitation. Exploration of the mechanisms for this increased energetic efficiency may contribute to an optimization of the performance of industrial processes with slow-growing eukaryotic cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Juergens
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier D V Hakkaart
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jildau E Bras
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - André Vente
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Liang Wu
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Robert Mans
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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Odoni DI, Vazquez-Vilar M, van Gaal MP, Schonewille T, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Tamayo-Ramos JA, Suarez-Diez M, Schaap PJ. Aspergillus niger citrate exporter revealed by comparison of two alternative citrate producing conditions. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5437674. [PMID: 31062025 PMCID: PMC6502548 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is no consensus regarding the mechanism underlying Aspergillus niger citrate biosynthesis and secretion. We hypothesise that depending on the experimental setup, extracellular citrate accumulation can have fundamentally different underlying transcriptomic landscapes. We show that varying the amount and type of supplement of an arginine auxotrophic A. niger strain results in transcriptional down-regulation of citrate metabolising enzymes in the condition in which more citrate is accumulated extracellularly. This contrasts with the transcriptional adaptations when increased citrate production is triggered by iron limitation. By combining gene expression data obtained from these two very distinct experimental setups with hidden Markov models and transporter homology approaches, we were able to compile a shortlist of the most likely citrate transporter candidates. Two candidates (An17g01710 and An09g06720m.01) were heterologously expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and one of the resultant mutants showed the ability to secrete citrate. Our findings provide steps in untangling the complex interplay of different mechanisms underlying A. niger citrate accumulation, and we demonstrate how a comparative transcriptomics approach complemented with further bioinformatics analyses can be used to pinpoint a fungal citrate exporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorett I Odoni
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Vazquez-Vilar
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Merlijn P van Gaal
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Schonewille
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Antonio Tamayo-Ramos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.,International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, Advanced Materials, Nuclear Technology and Applied Bio/Nanotechnology, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Silva LN, Oliveira SSC, Magalhães LB, Andrade Neto VV, Torres-Santos EC, Carvalho MDC, Pereira MD, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Unmasking the Amphotericin B Resistance Mechanisms in Candida haemulonii Species Complex. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1273-1282. [PMID: 32239912 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The polyene amphotericin B (AMB) exerts a powerful and broad antifungal activity. AMB acts by (i) binding to ergosterol, leading to pore formation at the fungal plasma membrane with subsequent ion leakage, and (ii) inducing the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, we have deciphered the AMB resistance mechanisms in clinical isolates of Candida haemulonii complex (C. haemulonii, C. duobushaemulonii, C. haemulonii var. vulnera) in comparison to other clinically relevant non-albicans Candida species. Membrane gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the vast majority of sterols were composed of ergosterol pathway intermediates, evidencing the absence of AMB target. Supporting this data, C. haemulonii species complex demonstrated poor membrane permeability after AMB treatment. Regarding the oxidative burst, AMB induced the formation of ROS in all species tested; however, this phenomenon was slightly seen in C. haemulonii complex isolates. Our results indicated that these isolates displayed altered respiratory status, as revealed by their poor growth in nonfermented carbon sources, low consumption of oxygen, and derisive mitochondrial membrane potential. The use of specific inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain (complex I-IV) revealed no effects on the yeast growth, highlighting the metabolic shift to fermentative pathway in C. haemulonii strains. Also, C. haemulonii complex proved to be highly resistant to oxidative burst agents, which can be correlated with a high activity of antioxidant enzymes. Our data demonstrated primary evidence suggesting that ergosterol content, mitochondrial function, and fungal redox homeostasis are involved in AMB fungicidal effects and might explain the resistance presented in this multidrug-resistant, emergent, and opportunistic fungal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N. Silva
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco E - Subsolo sala 05, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Simone S. C. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco E - Subsolo sala 05, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Lucas B. Magalhães
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco E - Subsolo sala 05, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Valter V. Andrade Neto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C. Torres-Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4365 - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Mariana D. C. Carvalho
- Laboratório de Citotoxicidade e Genotoxicidade, Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - Bloco A, 5° Andar, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Marcos D. Pereira
- Laboratório de Citotoxicidade e Genotoxicidade, Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - Bloco A, 5° Andar, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Marta H. Branquinha
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco E - Subsolo sala 05, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - André L. S. Santos
- Laboratório de Estudos Avançados de Microrganismos Emergentes e Resistentes, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco E - Subsolo sala 05, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - Bloco A, 5° Andar, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
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A lipophilic cation protects crops against fungal pathogens by multiple modes of action. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1608. [PMID: 32231209 PMCID: PMC7105494 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14949-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging resistance of crop pathogens to fungicides poses a challenge to food security and compels discovery of new antifungal compounds. Here, we show that mono-alkyl lipophilic cations (MALCs) inhibit oxidative phosphorylation by affecting NADH oxidation in the plant pathogens Zymoseptoria tritici, Ustilago maydis and Magnaporthe oryzae. One of these MALCs, consisting of a dimethylsulfonium moiety and a long alkyl chain (C18-SMe2+), also induces production of reactive oxygen species at the level of respiratory complex I, thus triggering fungal apoptosis. In addition, C18-SMe2+ activates innate plant defense. This multiple activity effectively protects cereals against Septoria tritici blotch and rice blast disease. C18-SMe2+ has low toxicity in Daphnia magna, and is not mutagenic or phytotoxic. Thus, MALCs hold potential as effective and non-toxic crop fungicides. New fungicides are needed due to emerging resistance shown by crop pathogens. Here, the authors show that a mono-alkyl lipophilic cation protects plants from fungal pathogens by inhibiting fungal mitochondrial respiration, inducing production of reactive oxygen species, triggering fungal apoptosis, and activating innate plant defense.
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Timofeev S, Tokarev Y, Dolgikh V. Energy metabolism and its evolution in Microsporidia and allied taxa. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1433-1441. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Tian F, Lee SY, Woo SY, Chun HS. Alternative Oxidase: A Potential Target for Controlling Aflatoxin Contamination and Propagation of Aspergillus flavus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:419. [PMID: 32256475 PMCID: PMC7092633 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are among the most hazardous natural cereal contaminants. These mycotoxins are produced by Aspergillus spp. as polyketide secondary metabolites. Aflatoxigenic fungi including A. flavus express the alternative oxidase (AOX), which introduces a branch in the cytochrome-based electron transfer chain by coupling ubiquinol oxidation directly with the reduction of O2 to H2O. AOX is closely associated with fungal pathogenesis, morphogenesis, stress signaling, and drug resistance and, as recently reported, affects the production of mycotoxins such as sterigmatocystin, the penultimate intermediate in aflatoxin B1 biosynthesis. Thus, AOX might be considered a target for controlling the propagation of and aflatoxin contamination by A. flavus. Hence, this review summarizes the current understanding of fungal AOX and the alternative respiration pathway and the development and potential applications of AOX inhibitors. This review indicates that AOX inhibitors, either alone or in combination with current antifungal agents, are potentially applicable for developing novel, effective antifungal strategies. However, considering the conservation of AOX in fungal and plant cells, a deeper understanding of fungal alternative respiration and fungal AOX structure is needed, along with effective fungal-specific AOX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tian
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BK21 Plus, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Sang Yoo Lee
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BK21 Plus, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - So Young Woo
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BK21 Plus, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Chun
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BK21 Plus, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, South Korea
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Ten Veldhuis MC, Ananyev G, Dismukes GC. Symbiosis extended: exchange of photosynthetic O 2 and fungal-respired CO 2 mutually power metabolism of lichen symbionts. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 143:287-299. [PMID: 31893333 PMCID: PMC7052035 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are a symbiosis between a fungus and one or more photosynthetic microorganisms that enables the symbionts to thrive in places and conditions they could not compete independently. Exchanges of water and sugars between the symbionts are the established mechanisms that support lichen symbiosis. Herein, we present a new linkage between algal photosynthesis and fungal respiration in lichen Flavoparmelia caperata that extends the physiological nature of symbiotic co-dependent metabolisms, mutually boosting energy conversion rates in both symbionts. Measurements of electron transport by oximetry show that photosynthetic O2 is consumed internally by fungal respiration. At low light intensity, very low levels of O2 are released, while photosynthetic electron transport from water oxidation is normal as shown by intrinsic chlorophyll variable fluorescence yield (period-4 oscillations in flash-induced Fv/Fm). The rate of algal O2 production increases following consecutive series of illumination periods, at low and with limited saturation at high light intensities, in contrast to light saturation in free-living algae. We attribute this effect to arise from the availability of more CO2 produced by fungal respiration of photosynthetically generated sugars. We conclude that the lichen symbionts are metabolically coupled by energy conversion through exchange of terminal electron donors and acceptors used in both photosynthesis and fungal respiration. Algal sugars and O2 are consumed by the fungal symbiont, while fungal delivered CO2 is consumed by the alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Ten Veldhuis
- Water Resources Section, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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Fungal Seed Pathogens of Wild Chili Peppers Possess Multiple Mechanisms To Tolerate Capsaicinoids. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01697-19. [PMID: 31732572 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01697-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The wild chili pepper Capsicum chacoense produces the spicy defense compounds known as capsaicinoids, including capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, which are antagonistic to the growth of fungal pathogens. Compared to other microbes, fungi isolated from infected seeds of C. chacoense possess much higher levels of tolerance of these spicy compounds, having their growth slowed but not entirely inhibited. Previous research has shown capsaicinoids inhibit microbes by disrupting ATP production by binding NADH dehydrogenase in the electron transport chain (ETC) and, thus, throttling oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Capsaicinoids may also disrupt cell membranes. Here, we investigate capsaicinoid tolerance in fungal seed pathogens isolated from C. chacoense We selected 16 fungal isolates from four ascomycete genera (Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Phomopsis). Using relative growth rate as a readout for tolerance, fungi were challenged with ETC inhibitors to infer whether fungi possess alternative respiratory enzymes and whether effects on the ETC fully explained inhibition by capsaicinoids. In all isolates, we found evidence for at least one alternative NADH dehydrogenase. In many isolates, we also found evidence for an alternative oxidase. These data suggest that wild-plant pathogens may be a rich source of alternative respiratory enzymes. We further demonstrate that these fungal isolates are capable of the breakdown of capsaicinoids. Finally, we determine that the OXPHOS theory may describe a weak primary mechanism by which dihydrocapsaicin, but not capsaicin, slows fungal growth. Our findings suggest that capsaicinoids likely disrupt membranes, in addition to energy poisoning, with implications for microbiology and human health.IMPORTANCE Plants make chemical compounds to protect themselves. For example, chili peppers produce the spicy compound capsaicin to inhibit pathogen damage and animal feeding. In humans, capsaicin binds to a membrane channel protein, creating the sensation of heat, while in microbes, capsaicin limits energy production by binding respiratory enzymes. However, some data suggest that capsaicin also disrupts membranes. Here, we studied fungal pathogens (Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Fusarium, and Phomopsis) isolated from a wild chili pepper, Capsicum chacoense By measuring growth rates in the presence of antibiotics with known respiratory targets, we inferred that wild-plant pathogens might be rich in alternative respiratory enzymes. A zone of clearance around the colonies, as well as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry data, further indicated that these fungi can break down capsaicin. Finally, the total inhibitory effect of capsaicin was not fully explained by its effect on respiratory enzymes. Our findings lend credence to studies proposing that capsaicin may disrupt cell membranes, with implications for microbiology, as well as human health.
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Bosnjak N, Smith KM, Asaria I, Lahola-Chomiak A, Kishore N, Todd AT, Freitag M, Nargang FE. Involvement of a G Protein Regulatory Circuit in Alternative Oxidase Production in Neurospora crassa. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:3453-3465. [PMID: 31444295 PMCID: PMC6778808 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Neurospora crassa nuclear aod-1 gene encodes an alternative oxidase that functions in mitochondria. The enzyme provides a branch from the standard electron transport chain by transferring electrons directly from ubiquinol to oxygen. In standard laboratory strains, aod-1 is transcribed at very low levels under normal growth conditions. However, if the standard electron transport chain is disrupted, aod-1 mRNA expression is induced and the AOD1 protein is produced. We previously identified a strain of N. crassa, that produces high levels of aod-1 transcript under non-inducing conditions. Here we have crossed this strain to a standard lab strain and determined the genomic sequences of the parents and several progeny. Analysis of the sequence data and the levels of aod-1 mRNA in uninduced cultures revealed that a frameshift mutation in the flbA gene results in the high uninduced expression of aod-1 The flbA gene encodes a regulator of G protein signaling that decreases the activity of the Gα subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. Our data suggest that strains with a functional flbA gene prevent uninduced expression of aod-1 by inactivating a G protein signaling pathway, and that this pathway is activated in cells grown under conditions that induce aod-1 Induced cells with a deletion of the gene encoding the Gα protein still have a partial increase in aod-1 mRNA levels, suggesting a second pathway for inducing transcription of the gene in N. crassa We also present evidence that a translational control mechanism prevents production of AOD1 protein in uninduced cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Bosnjak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 and
| | - Kristina M Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003
| | - Iman Asaria
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 and
| | - Adrian Lahola-Chomiak
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 and
| | - Nishka Kishore
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 and
| | - Andrea T Todd
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 and
| | - Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4003
| | - Frank E Nargang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9 and
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Increased reactive oxygen species production and maintenance of membrane potential in VDAC-less Neurospora crassa mitochondria. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2019; 51:341-354. [PMID: 31392584 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-019-09807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The highly abundant voltage-dependent anion-selective channel (VDAC) allows transit of metabolites across the mitochondrial outer membrane. Previous studies in Neurospora crassa showed that the LoPo strain, expressing 50% of normal VDAC levels, is indistinguishable from wild-type (WT). In contrast, the absence of VDAC (ΔPor-1), or the expression of an N-terminally truncated variant VDAC (ΔN2-12porin), is associated with deficiencies in cytochromes b and aa3 of complexes III and IV and concomitantly increased alternative oxidase (AOX) activity. These observations led us to investigate complex I and complex II activities in these strains, and to explore their mitochondrial bioenergetics. The current study reveals that the total NADH dehydrogenase activity is similar in mitochondria from WT, LoPo, ΔPor-1 and ΔN2-12porin strains; however, in ΔPor-1 most of this activity is the product of rotenone-insensitive alternative NADH dehydrogenases. Unexpectedly, LoPo mitochondria have increased complex II activity. In all mitochondrial types analyzed, oxygen consumption is higher in the presence of the complex II substrate succinate, than with the NADH-linked (complex I) substrates glutamate and malate. When driven by a combination of complex I and II substrates, membrane potentials (Δψ) and oxygen consumption rates (OCR) under non-phosphorylating conditions are similar in all mitochondria. However, as expected, the induction of state 3 (phosphorylating) conditions in ΔPor-1 mitochondria is associated with smaller but significant increases in OCR and smaller decreases in Δψ than those seen in wild-type mitochondria. High ROS production, particularly in the presence of rotenone, was observed under non-phosphorylating conditions in the ΔPor-1 mitochondria. Thus, the absence of VDAC is associated with increased ROS production, in spite of AOX activity and wild-type OCR in ΔPor-1 mitochondria.
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Castell-Miller CV, Samac DA. Sensitivity of Bipolaris oryzae Isolates Pathogenic on Cultivated Wild Rice to the Quinone Outside Inhibitor Azoxystrobin. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1910-1917. [PMID: 31140926 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-12-18-2267-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of fungal brown spot, caused by Bipolaris oryzae, has increased in cultivated wild rice (Zizania palustris) paddies in spite of the use of azoxystrobin-based fungicides. The active ingredient blocks electron transfer at the quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) site in the mitochondrial cytochrome b within the bc1 complex, thus obstructing respiration. The in vitro averaged EC50 of baseline isolates collected in 2007 before widespread fungicide use was estimated to be 0.394 µg/ml with PROBIT and 0.427 µg/ml with linear regression analyses. Isolates collected during 2008, 2015, and 2016 had a range of sensitivity as measured by relative spore germination (RG) at a discriminatory dose of 0.4 µg/ml azoxystrobin. Isolates with a higher (≥80%) and lower RG (≤40%) had the wild type nucleotides at amino acid positions F129, G137, and G143 of cytochrome b, sites known to be associated with QoI fungicide resistance. Two Group I introns were found in the QoI target area. The splicing site for the second intron was found immediately after the codon for G143. A mutation for fungicide resistance at this location would hinder splicing and severely reduce fitness. B. oryzae expresses an alternative oxidase in vitro, which allows the fungus to survive inhibition of respiration by azoxystrobin. This research indicates that B. oryzae has not developed resistance to QoI fungicides, although monitoring for changes in sensitivity should be continued. Judicious use of QoI fungicides within an integrated disease management system will promote an effective and environmentally sound control of the pathogen in wild rice paddies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah A Samac
- 2United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
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