1
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Jeffreys LN, Ardrey A, Hafiz TA, Dyer LA, Warman AJ, Mosallam N, Nixon GL, Fisher NE, Hong WD, Leung SC, Aljayyoussi G, Bibby J, Almeida DV, Converse PJ, Fotouhi N, Berry NG, Nuermberger EL, Upton AM, O'Neill PM, Ward SA, Biagini GA. Identification of 2-Aryl-Quinolone Inhibitors of Cytochrome bd and Chemical Validation of Combination Strategies for Respiratory Inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:221-238. [PMID: 36606559 PMCID: PMC9926492 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis cytochrome bd quinol oxidase (cyt bd), the alternative terminal oxidase of the respiratory chain, has been identified as playing a key role during chronic infection and presents a putative target for the development of novel antitubercular agents. Here, we report confirmation of successful heterologous expression of M. tuberculosis cytochrome bd. The heterologous M. tuberculosis cytochrome bd expression system was used to identify a chemical series of inhibitors based on the 2-aryl-quinolone pharmacophore. Cytochrome bd inhibitors displayed modest efficacy in M. tuberculosis growth suppression assays together with a bacteriostatic phenotype in time-kill curve assays. Significantly, however, inhibitor combinations containing our front-runner cyt bd inhibitor CK-2-63 with either cyt bcc-aa3 inhibitors (e.g., Q203) and/or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase inhibitors (e.g., bedaquiline) displayed enhanced efficacy with respect to the reduction of mycobacterium oxygen consumption, growth suppression, and in vitro sterilization kinetics. In vivo combinations of Q203 and CK-2-63 resulted in a modest lowering of lung burden compared to treatment with Q203 alone. The reduced efficacy in the in vivo experiments compared to in vitro experiments was shown to be a result of high plasma protein binding and a low unbound drug exposure at the target site. While further development is required to improve the tractability of cyt bd inhibitors for clinical evaluation, these data support the approach of using small-molecule inhibitors to target multiple components of the branched respiratory chain of M. tuberculosis as a combination strategy to improve therapeutic and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices related to efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura N Jeffreys
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Alison Ardrey
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Taghreed A Hafiz
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Lauri-Anne Dyer
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Ashley J Warman
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Nada Mosallam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Gemma L Nixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Nicholas E Fisher
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - W David Hong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Suet C Leung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Ghaith Aljayyoussi
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Jaclyn Bibby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Deepak V Almeida
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland21205, United States
| | - Paul J Converse
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland21205, United States
| | - Nader Fotouhi
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, New York10005, United States
| | - Neil G Berry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Eric L Nuermberger
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland21205, United States
| | - Anna M Upton
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, New York, New York10005, United States.,Evotec (US) Inc., 303B College Road East, Princeton, New Jersey08540, United States
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, LiverpoolL69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Stephen A Ward
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
| | - Giancarlo A Biagini
- Centre for Drugs and Diagnostics, Department of Tropical Infectious Diseases, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, LiverpoolL3 5QA, U.K
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2
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Grund TN, Kabashima Y, Kusumoto T, Wu D, Welsch S, Sakamoto J, Michel H, Safarian S. The cryoEM structure of cytochrome bd from C. glutamicum provides novel insights into structural properties of actinobacterial terminal oxidases. Front Chem 2023; 10:1085463. [PMID: 36688035 PMCID: PMC9846854 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1085463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes bd are essential for microaerobic respiration of many prokaryotes including a number of human pathogens. These enzymes catalyze the reduction of molecular oxygen to water using quinols as electron donors. Their importance for prokaryotic survival and the absence of eukaryotic homologs make these enzyme ideal targets for antimicrobial drugs. Here, we determined the cryoEM structure of the menaquinol-oxidizing cytochrome bd-type oxygen reductase of the facultative anaerobic Actinobacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum at a resolution of 2.7 Å. The obtained structure adopts the signature pseudosymmetrical heterodimeric architecture of canonical cytochrome bd oxidases formed by the core subunits CydA and CydB. No accessory subunits were identified for this cytochrome bd homolog. The two b-type hemes and the oxygen binding heme d are organized in a triangular geometry with a protein environment around these redox cofactors similar to that of the closely related cytochrome bd from M. tuberculosis. We identified oxygen and a proton conducting channels emerging from the membrane space and the cytoplasm, respectively. Compared to the prototypical enzyme homolog from the E. coli, the most apparent difference is found in the location and size of the proton channel entry site. In canonical cytochrome bd oxidases quinol oxidation occurs at the highly flexible periplasmic Q-loop located in the loop region between TMHs six and seven. An alternative quinol-binding site near heme b 595 was previously identified for cytochrome bd from M. tuberculosis. We discuss the relevance of the two quinol oxidation sites in actinobacterial bd-type oxidases and highlight important differences that may explain functional and electrochemical differences between C. glutamicum and M. tuberculosis. This study expands our current understanding of the structural diversity of actinobacterial and proteobacterial cytochrome bd oxygen reductases and provides deeper insights into the unique structural and functional properties of various cytochrome bd variants from different phylae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara N. Grund
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yoshiki Kabashima
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoichirou Kusumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sonja Welsch
- Central Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Junshi Sakamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hartmut Michel
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Schara Safarian
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany,*Correspondence: Schara Safarian,
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3
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Separation and analysis of Bacillus subtilis respiratory chain complexes. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2022; 54:251-271. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-022-09951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Borisov VB, Forte E. Bioenergetics and Reactive Nitrogen Species in Bacteria. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7321. [PMID: 35806323 PMCID: PMC9266656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of reactive nitrogen species (RNS) by the innate immune system is part of the host's defense against invading pathogenic bacteria. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the molecular basis of the effects of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on microbial respiration and energy conservation. We discuss possible molecular mechanisms underlying RNS resistance in bacteria mediated by unique respiratory oxygen reductases, the mycobacterial bcc-aa3 supercomplex, and bd-type cytochromes. A complete picture of the impact of RNS on microbial bioenergetics is not yet available. However, this research area is developing very rapidly, and the knowledge gained should help us develop new methods of treating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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5
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Borisov VB, Forte E. Impact of Hydrogen Sulfide on Mitochondrial and Bacterial Bioenergetics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12688. [PMID: 34884491 PMCID: PMC8657789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on the unique bioenergetic molecular machines in mitochondria and bacteria-the protein complexes of electron transport chains and associated enzymes. H2S, along with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, belongs to the class of endogenous gaseous signaling molecules. This compound plays critical roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Enzymes implicated in H2S metabolism and physiological actions are promising targets for novel pharmaceutical agents. The biological effects of H2S are biphasic, changing from cytoprotection to cytotoxicity through increasing the compound concentration. In mammals, H2S enhances the activity of FoF1-ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthase and lactate dehydrogenase via their S-sulfhydration, thereby stimulating mitochondrial electron transport. H2S serves as an electron donor for the mitochondrial respiratory chain via sulfide quinone oxidoreductase and cytochrome c oxidase at low H2S levels. The latter enzyme is inhibited by high H2S concentrations, resulting in the reversible inhibition of electron transport and ATP production in mitochondria. In the branched respiratory chain of Escherichia coli, H2S inhibits the bo3 terminal oxidase but does not affect the alternative bd-type oxidases. Thus, in E. coli and presumably other bacteria, cytochrome bd permits respiration and cell growth in H2S-rich environments. A complete picture of the impact of H2S on bioenergetics is lacking, but this field is fast-moving, and active ongoing research on this topic will likely shed light on additional, yet unknown biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Siletsky SA, Borisov VB. Proton Pumping and Non-Pumping Terminal Respiratory Oxidases: Active Sites Intermediates of These Molecular Machines and Their Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10852. [PMID: 34639193 PMCID: PMC8509429 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminal respiratory oxidases are highly efficient molecular machines. These most important bioenergetic membrane enzymes transform the energy of chemical bonds released during the transfer of electrons along the respiratory chains of eukaryotes and prokaryotes from cytochromes or quinols to molecular oxygen into a transmembrane proton gradient. They participate in regulatory cascades and physiological anti-stress reactions in multicellular organisms. They also allow microorganisms to adapt to low-oxygen conditions, survive in chemically aggressive environments and acquire antibiotic resistance. To date, three-dimensional structures with atomic resolution of members of all major groups of terminal respiratory oxidases, heme-copper oxidases, and bd-type cytochromes, have been obtained. These groups of enzymes have different origins and a wide range of functional significance in cells. At the same time, all of them are united by a catalytic reaction of four-electron reduction in oxygen into water which proceeds without the formation and release of potentially dangerous ROS from active sites. The review analyzes recent structural and functional studies of oxygen reduction intermediates in the active sites of terminal respiratory oxidases, the features of catalytic cycles, and the properties of the active sites of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Siletsky
- Department of Bioenergetics, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Department of Molecular Energetics of Microorganisms, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia;
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7
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Borisov VB, Siletsky SA, Paiardini A, Hoogewijs D, Forte E, Giuffrè A, Poole RK. Bacterial Oxidases of the Cytochrome bd Family: Redox Enzymes of Unique Structure, Function, and Utility As Drug Targets. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1280-1318. [PMID: 32924537 PMCID: PMC8112716 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cytochrome bd is a ubiquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase of many prokaryotic respiratory chains with a unique structure and functional characteristics. Its primary role is to couple the reduction of molecular oxygen, even at submicromolar concentrations, to water with the generation of a proton motive force used for adenosine triphosphate production. Cytochrome bd is found in many bacterial pathogens and, surprisingly, in bacteria formally denoted as anaerobes. It endows bacteria with resistance to various stressors and is a potential drug target. Recent Advances: We summarize recent advances in the biochemistry, structure, and physiological functions of cytochrome bd in the light of exciting new three-dimensional structures of the oxidase. The newly discovered roles of cytochrome bd in contributing to bacterial protection against hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, and hydrogen sulfide are assessed. Critical Issues: Fundamental questions remain regarding the precise delineation of electron flow within this multihaem oxidase and how the extraordinarily high affinity for oxygen is accomplished, while endowing bacteria with resistance to other small ligands. Future Directions: It is clear that cytochrome bd is unique in its ability to confer resistance to toxic small molecules, a property that is significant for understanding the propensity of pathogens to possess this oxidase. Since cytochrome bd is a uniquely bacterial enzyme, future research should focus on harnessing fundamental knowledge of its structure and function to the development of novel and effective antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey A. Siletsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - David Hoogewijs
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Robert K. Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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8
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Borisov VB, Siletsky SA, Nastasi MR, Forte E. ROS Defense Systems and Terminal Oxidases in Bacteria. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060839. [PMID: 34073980 PMCID: PMC8225038 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise the superoxide anion (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (•OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2). ROS can damage a variety of macromolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, and compromise cell viability. To prevent or reduce ROS-induced oxidative stress, bacteria utilize different ROS defense mechanisms, of which ROS scavenging enzymes, such as superoxide dismutases, catalases, and peroxidases, are the best characterized. Recently, evidence has been accumulating that some of the terminal oxidases in bacterial respiratory chains may also play a protective role against ROS. The present review covers this role of terminal oxidases in light of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy B. Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: (V.B.B.); (E.F.)
| | - Sergey A. Siletsky
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Martina R. Nastasi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elena Forte
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.B.B.); (E.F.)
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9
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Nikolaev A, Safarian S, Thesseling A, Wohlwend D, Friedrich T, Michel H, Kusumoto T, Sakamoto J, Melin F, Hellwig P. Electrocatalytic evidence of the diversity of the oxygen reaction in the bacterial bd oxidase from different organisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148436. [PMID: 33940039 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome bd oxidase is a bacterial terminal oxygen reductase that was suggested to enable adaptation to different environments and to confer resistance to stress conditions. An electrocatalytic study of the cyt bd oxidases from Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and Geobacillus thermodenitrificans gives evidence for a different reactivity towards oxygen. An inversion of the redox potential values of the three hemes is found when comparing the enzymes from different bacteria. This inversion can be correlated with different protonated glutamic acids as evidenced by reaction induced FTIR spectroscopy. The influence of the microenvironment of the hemes on the reactivity towards oxygen is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Nikolaev
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg - CNRS 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasborg, France
| | - Schara Safarian
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Wohlwend
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Friedrich
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Michel
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tomoichirou Kusumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junshi Sakamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Frederic Melin
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg - CNRS 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasborg, France.
| | - Petra Hellwig
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg - CNRS 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasborg, France; USIAS, University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Studies, Strasbourg, France.
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10
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Asseri AH, Godoy-Hernandez A, Goojani HG, Lill H, Sakamoto J, McMillan DGG, Bald D. Cardiolipin enhances the enzymatic activity of cytochrome bd and cytochrome bo 3 solubilized in dodecyl-maltoside. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8006. [PMID: 33850195 PMCID: PMC8044227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a lipid that is found in the membranes of bacteria and the inner membranes of mitochondria. CL can increase the activity of integral membrane proteins, in particular components of respiratory pathways. We here report that CL activated detergent-solubilized cytochrome bd, a terminal oxidase from Escherichia coli. CL enhanced the oxygen consumption activity ~ twofold and decreased the apparent KM value for ubiquinol-1 as substrate from 95 µM to 35 µM. Activation by CL was also observed for cytochrome bd from two Gram-positive species, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans and Corynebacterium glutamicum, and for cytochrome bo3 from E. coli. Taken together, CL can enhance the activity of detergent-solubilized cytochrome bd and cytochrome bo3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer H Asseri
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Albert Godoy-Hernandez
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hojjat Ghasemi Goojani
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Lill
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Junshi Sakamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken, 820-8502, Japan
| | - Duncan G G McMillan
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Dirk Bald
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Hederstedt L. Molecular Biology of Bacillus subtilis Cytochromes anno 2020. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2021; 86:8-21. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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Melin F, Hellwig P. Redox Properties of the Membrane Proteins from the Respiratory Chain. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10244-10297. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Melin
- Chimie de la Matière Complexe UMR 7140, Laboratoire de Bioelectrochimie et Spectroscopie, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Petra Hellwig
- Chimie de la Matière Complexe UMR 7140, Laboratoire de Bioelectrochimie et Spectroscopie, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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13
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Safarian S, Hahn A, Mills DJ, Radloff M, Eisinger ML, Nikolaev A, Meier-Credo J, Melin F, Miyoshi H, Gennis RB, Sakamoto J, Langer JD, Hellwig P, Kühlbrandt W, Michel H. Active site rearrangement and structural divergence in prokaryotic respiratory oxidases. Science 2019; 366:100-104. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay0967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome bd–type quinol oxidases catalyze the reduction of molecular oxygen to water in the respiratory chain of many human-pathogenic bacteria. They are structurally unrelated to mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidases and are therefore a prime target for the development of antimicrobial drugs. We determined the structure of theEscherichia colicytochrome bd-I oxidase by single-particle cryo–electron microscopy to a resolution of 2.7 angstroms. Our structure contains a previously unknown accessory subunit CydH, the L-subfamily–specific Q-loop domain, a structural ubiquinone-8 cofactor, an active-site density interpreted as dioxygen, distinct water-filled proton channels, and an oxygen-conducting pathway. Comparison with another cytochrome bd oxidase reveals structural divergence in the family, including rearrangement of high-spin hemes and conformational adaption of a transmembrane helix to generate a distinct oxygen-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Safarian
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - A. Hahn
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - D. J. Mills
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - M. Radloff
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - M. L. Eisinger
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - A. Nikolaev
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - J. Meier-Credo
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - F. Melin
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - H. Miyoshi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - R. B. Gennis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - J. Sakamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken 820-8502, Japan
| | - J. D. Langer
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - P. Hellwig
- Laboratoire de Bioélectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg-CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, Strasbourg, France
| | - W. Kühlbrandt
- Department of Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - H. Michel
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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14
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Abstract
Cytochrome bd is a unique prokaryotic respiratory terminal oxidase that does not belong to the extensively investigated family of haem-copper oxidases (HCOs). The enzyme catalyses the four-electron reduction of O2 to 2H2O, using quinols as physiological reducing substrates. The reaction is electrogenic and cytochrome bd therefore sustains bacterial energy metabolism by contributing to maintain the transmembrane proton motive force required for ATP synthesis. As compared to HCOs, cytochrome bd displays several distinctive features in terms of (i) metal composition (it lacks Cu and harbours a d-type haem in addition to two haems b), (ii) overall three-dimensional structure, that only recently has been solved, and arrangement of the redox cofactors, (iii) lesser energetic efficiency (it is not a proton pump), (iv) higher O2 affinity, (v) higher resistance to inhibitors such as cyanide, nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and (vi) ability to efficiently metabolize potentially toxic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Compelling evidence suggests that, beyond its bioenergetic role, cytochrome bd plays multiple functions in bacterial physiology and affords protection against oxidative and nitrosative stress. Relevant to human pathophysiology, thanks to its peculiar properties, the enzyme has been shown to promote virulence in several bacterial pathogens, being currently recognized as a target for the development of new antibiotics. This review aims to give an update on our current understanding of bd-type oxidases with a focus on their reactivity with gaseous ligands and its potential impact on bacterial physiology and human pathophysiology.
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Safarian S, Rajendran C, Müller H, Preu J, Langer JD, Ovchinnikov S, Hirose T, Kusumoto T, Sakamoto J, Michel H. Structure of a bd oxidase indicates similar mechanisms for membrane-integrated oxygen reductases. Science 2016; 352:583-6. [PMID: 27126043 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytochrome bd oxidases are terminal oxidases that are present in bacteria and archaea. They reduce molecular oxygen (dioxygen) to water, avoiding the production of reactive oxygen species. In addition to their contribution to the proton motive force, they mediate viability under oxygen-related stress conditions and confer tolerance to nitric oxide, thus contributing to the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Here we present the atomic structure of the bd oxidase from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, revealing a pseudosymmetrical subunit fold. The arrangement and order of the heme cofactors support the conclusions from spectroscopic measurements that the cleavage of the dioxygen bond may be mechanistically similar to that in the heme-copper-containing oxidases, even though the structures are completely different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Schara Safarian
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Chitra Rajendran
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Present address: Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, D-93051 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Müller
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Julia Preu
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Julian D Langer
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany. Present address: Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Max-von-Laue-Straße 4, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | | | - Taichiro Hirose
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken 820-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoichirou Kusumoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken 820-8502, Japan
| | - Junshi Sakamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken 820-8502, Japan
| | - Hartmut Michel
- Department of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Straße 3, D-60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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16
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Degli Esposti M, Rosas-Pérez T, Servín-Garcidueñas LE, Bolaños LM, Rosenblueth M, Martínez-Romero E. Molecular evolution of cytochrome bd oxidases across proteobacterial genomes. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:801-20. [PMID: 25688108 PMCID: PMC5322542 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is aimed to resolve the complex molecular evolution of cytochrome bd ubiquinol oxidase, a nearly ubiquitous bacterial enzyme that is involved in redox balance and bioenergetics. Previous studies have created an unclear picture of bd oxidases phylogenesis without considering the existence of diverse types of bd oxidases. Integrated approaches of genomic and protein analysis focused on proteobacteria have generated a molecular classification of diverse types of bd oxidases, which produces a new scenario for interpreting their evolution. A duplication of the original gene cluster of bd oxidase might have occurred in the ancestors of extant α-proteobacteria of the Rhodospirillales order, such as Acidocella, from which the bd-I type of the oxidase might have diffused to other proteobacterial lineages. In contrast, the Cyanide-Insensitive Oxidase type may have differentiated into recognizable subtypes after another gene cluster duplication. These subtypes are widespread in the genomes of α-, β-, and γ-proteobacteria, with occasional instances of lateral gene transfer. In resolving the evolutionary pattern of proteobacterial bd oxidases, this work sheds new light on the basal taxa of α-proteobacteria from which the γ-proteobacterial lineage probably emerged.
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17
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Holyoake LV, Poole RK, Shepherd M. The CydDC Family of Transporters and Their Roles in Oxidase Assembly and Homeostasis. Adv Microb Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26210105 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The CydDC complex of Escherichia coli is a heterodimeric ATP-binding cassette type transporter (ABC transporter) that exports the thiol-containing redox-active molecules cysteine and glutathione. These reductants are thought to aid redox homeostasis of the periplasm, permitting correct disulphide folding of periplasmic and secreted proteins. Loss of CydDC results in the periplasm becoming more oxidising and abolishes the assembly of functional bd-type respiratory oxidases that couple the oxidation of ubiquinol to the reduction of oxygen to water. In addition, CydDC-mediated redox control is important for haem ligation during cytochrome c assembly. Given the diverse roles for CydDC in redox homeostasis, respiratory metabolism and the maturation of virulence factors, this ABC transporter is an intriguing system for researchers interested in both the physiology of redox perturbations and the role of low-molecular-weight thiols during infection.
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18
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Bioenergetics of the moderately halophilic bacterium Halobacillus halophilus: composition and regulation of the respiratory chain. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3839-46. [PMID: 23584768 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00855-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In their natural environments, moderately halophilic bacteria are confronted not only with high salinities but also with low oxygen tensions due to the high salinities. The growth of H. halophilus is strictly aerobic. To analyze the dependence of respiration on the NaCl concentration and oxygen availability of the medium, resting cell experiments were performed. The respiration rates were dependent on the NaCl concentration of the growth medium, as well as on the NaCl concentration of the assay buffer, indicating regulation on the transcriptional and the activity level. Respiration was accompanied by the generation of an electrochemical proton potential (Δμ(H+)) across the cytoplasmic membrane whose magnitude was dependent on the external pH. Genes encoding proteins involved in respiration and Δμ(H+) generation, such as a noncoupled NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2), complex II, and complex III, were identified in the genome. In addition, genes encoding five different terminal oxidases are present. Inhibitor profiling revealed the presence of NDH-2 and complex III, but the nature of the oxidases could not be resolved using this approach. Expression analysis demonstrated that all the different terminal oxidases were indeed expressed, but by far the most prominent was cta, encoding cytochrome caa3 oxidase. The expression of all of the different oxidase genes increased at high NaCl concentrations, and the transcript levels of cta and qox (encoding cytochrome aa3 oxidase) also increased at low oxygen concentrations. These data culminate in a model of the composition and variation of the respiratory chain of H. halophilus.
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19
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Miura H, Mogi T, Ano Y, Migita CT, Matsutani M, Yakushi T, Kita K, Matsushita K. Cyanide-insensitive quinol oxidase (CIO) from Gluconobacter oxydans is a unique terminal oxidase subfamily of cytochrome bd. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 153:535-45. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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20
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of profound importance in food production and infection medicine. LAB do not rely on heme (protoheme IX) for growth and are unable to synthesize this cofactor but are generally able to assemble a small repertoire of heme-containing proteins if heme is provided from an exogenous source. These features are in contrast to other bacteria, which synthesize their heme or depend on heme for growth. We here present the cellular function of heme proteins so far identified in LAB and discuss their biogenesis as well as applications of the extraordinary heme physiology of LAB.
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21
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Arutyunyan AM, Sakamoto J, Inadome M, Kabashima Y, Borisov VB. Optical and magneto-optical activity of cytochrome bd from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:2087-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Borisov VB, Gennis RB, Hemp J, Verkhovsky MI. The cytochrome bd respiratory oxygen reductases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1807:1398-413. [PMID: 21756872 PMCID: PMC3171616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome bd is a respiratory quinol: O₂ oxidoreductase found in many prokaryotes, including a number of pathogens. The main bioenergetic function of the enzyme is the production of a proton motive force by the vectorial charge transfer of protons. The sequences of cytochromes bd are not homologous to those of the other respiratory oxygen reductases, i.e., the heme-copper oxygen reductases or alternative oxidases (AOX). Generally, cytochromes bd are noteworthy for their high affinity for O₂ and resistance to inhibition by cyanide. In E. coli, for example, cytochrome bd (specifically, cytochrome bd-I) is expressed under O₂-limited conditions. Among the members of the bd-family are the so-called cyanide-insensitive quinol oxidases (CIO) which often have a low content of the eponymous heme d but, instead, have heme b in place of heme d in at least a majority of the enzyme population. However, at this point, no sequence motif has been identified to distinguish cytochrome bd (with a stoichiometric complement of heme d) from an enzyme designated as CIO. Members of the bd-family can be subdivided into those which contain either a long or a short hydrophilic connection between transmembrane helices 6 and 7 in subunit I, designated as the Q-loop. However, it is not clear whether there is a functional consequence of this difference. This review summarizes current knowledge on the physiological functions, genetics, structural and catalytic properties of cytochromes bd. Included in this review are descriptions of the intermediates of the catalytic cycle, the proposed site for the reduction of O₂, evidence for a proton channel connecting this active site to the bacterial cytoplasm, and the molecular mechanism by which a membrane potential is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy B Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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23
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Kishikawa JI, Kabashima Y, Kurokawa T, Sakamoto J. The cytochrome bcc-aa3-type respiratory chain of Rhodococcus rhodochrous. J Biosci Bioeng 2010; 110:42-7. [PMID: 20541114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus rhodochrous is an active soil bacterium belonging to the Nocardia group of high GC gram-positive bacteria. It is rich in various enzymes and thus important in the industrial production of chemicals and bioremediation. In this work, the respiratory chain of this aerobic organism was investigated and characterized. Grown under highly aerobic conditions, the membrane fraction of R. rhodochrous cells only contained a-, b- and c-type cytochromes, suggesting that it is the cytochrome bcc-aa(3)-type pathway that mainly operates under these conditions. In contrast, the d-type cytochrome was also present under microaerobic conditions, indicating that the alternative pathway of the bd-type oxidase works in these circumstances. In addition, the results of H(+)/O ratio measurements indicate that these two pathways have different energy efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kishikawa
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka, 820-8502, Japan
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24
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Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 requires both heme and menaquinone to induce respiration-like behavior under aerobic conditions. The addition of these compounds enhanced both biomass production, without progressive acidification, and the oxygen consumption rate. When both heme and menaquinone were present, L. plantarum WCFS1 was also able to reduce nitrate. The ability to reduce nitrate was severely inhibited by the glucose levels that are typically found in L. plantarum growth media (1 to 2% [vol/vol] glucose). In contrast, comparable mannitol levels did not inhibit the reduction of nitrate. L. plantarum reduced nitrate with concomitant formation of nitrite and ammonia. Genes that encode a bd-type cytochrome (cydABCD) and a nitrate reductase (narGHJI) were identified in the genome of L. plantarum. The narGHJI operon is part of a cluster of genes that includes the molybdopterin cofactor biosynthesis genes and narK. Besides a menaquinone source, isogenic mutants revealed that cydA and ndh1 are required for the aerobic-respiration-like response and narG for nitrate reduction. The ndh1 mutant was still able to reduce nitrate. The existence of a nonredundant branched electron transport chain in L. plantarum WCFS1 that is capable of using oxygen or nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor is proposed.
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25
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Brooijmans RJW, Poolman B, Schuurman-Wolters GK, de Vos WM, Hugenholtz J. Generation of a membrane potential by Lactococcus lactis through aerobic electron transport. J Bacteriol 2007; 189:5203-9. [PMID: 17496098 PMCID: PMC1951855 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00361-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis, a facultative anaerobic lactic acid bacterium, is known to have an increased growth yield when grown aerobically in the presence of heme. We have now established the presence of a functional, proton motive force-generating electron transfer chain (ETC) in L. lactis under these conditions. Proton motive force generation in whole cells was measured using a fluorescent probe (3',3'-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine), which is sensitive to changes in membrane potential (Delta psi). Wild-type cells, grown aerobically in the presence of heme, generated a Delta psi even in the presence of the F(1)-F(o) ATPase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, while a cytochrome bd-negative mutant strain (CydA Delta) did not. We also observed high oxygen consumption rates by membrane vesicles prepared from heme-grown cells, compared to CydA Delta cells, upon the addition of NADH. This demonstrates that NADH is an electron donor for the L. lactis ETC and demonstrates the presence of a membrane-bound NADH-dehydrogenase. Furthermore, we show that the functional respiratory chain is present throughout the exponential and late phases of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J W Brooijmans
- Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentation, Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherland
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26
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Hao W, Golding GB. Asymmetrical Evolution of Cytochrome bd Subunits. J Mol Evol 2006; 62:132-42. [PMID: 16474982 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-005-0005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Functionally linked genes generally evolve at similar rates and the knowledge of this particular feature of genomic evolution has been used as the basis for the phylogenetic profiling method. We illustrate here an exception to this rule in the evolution of the cytochrome bd complex. This is a two-component oxidase complex, with the subunits I and II known to be widely present in bacteria. The subunits within the cytochrome bd complex are under the same evolutionary pressure and most likely behave in the same evolutionary manner. However, the sequence similarity of genes encoding subunit II varies considerably across species. Genes encoding subunit II evolve 1.2 times faster on most of the branches of their phylogeny than subunit I genes. Furthermore, the genes encoding subunit II in Oceanobacillus iheyensis, Bacillus halodurans, and Staphylococcus species do not have detectable homologues within E. coli due to their large divergence. Together, the two subunits of cytochrome bd reveal an interesting example of an asymmetric pattern of evolutionary change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Hao
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
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27
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Matsumoto Y, Murai M, Fujita D, Sakamoto K, Miyoshi H, Yoshida M, Mogi T. Mass spectrometric analysis of the ubiquinol-binding site in cytochrome bd from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:1905-12. [PMID: 16299377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508206200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome bd is a heterodimeric terminal ubiquinol oxidase in the aerobic respiratory chain of Escherichia coli. For understanding the unique catalytic mechanism of the quinol oxidation, mass spectrometry was used to identify amino acid residue(s) that can be labeled with a reduced form of 2-azido-3-methoxy-5-methyl-6-geranyl-1,4-benzoquinone or 2-methoxy-3-azido-5-methyl-6-geranyl-1,4-benzoquinone. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry demonstrated that the photo inactivation of ubiquinol-1 oxidase activity was accompanied by the labeling of subunit I with both azidoquinols. The cross-linked domain was identified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography of subunit I peptides produced by in-gel double digestion with lysyl endopeptidase and endoproteinase Asp-N. Electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry determined the amino acid sequence of the peptide (m/z 1047.5) to be Glu(278)-Lys(283), where a photoproduct of azido-Q(2) was linked to the carboxylic side chain of I-Glu(280). This study demonstrated directly that the N-terminal region of periplasmic loop VI/VII (Q-loop) is a part of the quinol oxidation site and indicates that the 2- and 3-methoxy groups of the quinone ring are in the close vicinity of I-Glu(280).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Matsumoto
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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28
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Kurokawa T, Sakamoto J. Purification and characterization of succinate:menaquinone oxidoreductase from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Arch Microbiol 2005; 183:317-24. [PMID: 15883782 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-005-0775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Succinate:menaquinone oxidoreductase from Corynebacterium glutamicum, a high-G+C, Gram-positive bacterium, was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme contained two heme B molecules and three polypeptides with apparent molecular masses of 67, 29 and 23 kDa, which corresponded to SdhA (flavoprotein), SdhB (iron-sulfur protein), and SdhC (membrane anchor protein), respectively. In non-denaturating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the enzyme migrated as a single band with an apparent molecular mass of 410 kDa, suggesting that it existed as a trimer. The succinate dehydrogenase activity assayed using 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6-dichloroindophenol as the electron acceptor was inhibited by 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide (HQNO), and the Dixon plots were biphasic. In contrast, the succinate dehydrogenase activity assayed using phenazine methosulfate and 2,6-dichloroindophenol was inhibited by p-benzoquinone and not by HQNO. These findings suggested that the C. glutamicum succinate:menaquinone oxidoreductase had two quinone binding sites. In the phylogenetic tree of SdhA, Corynebacterium species do not belong to the high-G+C group, which includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptomyces coelicolor, but are rather close to the group of low-G+C, Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis. This situation may have arisen due to the horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Kurokawa
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken, 820-8502, Japan
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29
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Muntyan MS, Popova IV, Bloch DA, Skripnikova EV, Ustiyan VS. Energetics of alkalophilic representatives of the genus Bacillus. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:137-42. [PMID: 15807650 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome and lipid composition of membranes is considered as the attributes required for adaptation of the alkalophiles to alkaline conditions. Respiratory chains of alkalophilic representatives of the genus Bacillus are discussed. Special attention is paid to the features of the Na(+)-cycle of these bacteria and to the features determining halo- and alkalotolerant phenotype, which have been reported due to recent achievements in genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Muntyan
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
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30
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Kana BD, Weinstein EA, Avarbock D, Dawes SS, Rubin H, Mizrahi V. Characterization of the cydAB-encoded cytochrome bd oxidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol 2001; 183:7076-86. [PMID: 11717265 PMCID: PMC95555 DOI: 10.1128/jb.183.24.7076-7086.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cydAB genes from Mycobacterium smegmatis have been cloned and characterized. The cydA and cydB genes encode the two subunits of a cytochrome bd oxidase belonging to the widely distributed family of quinol oxidases found in prokaryotes. The cydD and cydC genes located immediately downstream of cydB encode a putative ATP-binding cassette-type transporter. At room temperature, reduced minus oxidized difference spectra of membranes purified from wild-type M. smegmatis displayed spectral features that are characteristic of the gamma-proteobacterial type cytochrome bd oxidase. Inactivation of cydA or cydB by insertion of a kanamycin resistance marker resulted in loss of d-heme absorbance at 631 nm. The d-heme could be restored by transformation of the M. smegmatis cyd mutants with a replicating plasmid carrying the highly homologous cydABDC gene cluster from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Inactivation of cydA had no effect on the ability of M. smegmatis to exit from stationary phase at 37 or 42 degrees C. The growth rate of the cydA mutant was tested under oxystatic conditions. Although no discernible growth defect was observed under moderately aerobic conditions (9.2 to 37.5 x 10(2) Pa of pO(2) or 5 to 21% air saturation), the mutant displayed a significant growth disadvantage when cocultured with the wild type under extreme microaerophilia (0.8 to 1.7 x 10(2) Pa of pO(2) or 0.5 to 1% air saturation). These observations were in accordance with the two- to threefold increase in cydAB gene expression observed upon reduction of the pO(2) of the growth medium from 21 to 0.5% air saturation and with the concomitant increase in d-heme absorbance in spectra of membranes isolated from wild-type M. smegmatis cultured at 1% air saturation. Finally, the cydA mutant displayed a competitive growth disadvantage in the presence of the terminal oxidase inhibitor, cyanide, when cocultured with wild type at 21% air saturation in an oxystat. In conjunction with these findings, our results suggest that cytochrome bd is an important terminal oxidase in M. smegmatis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Kana
- MRC/SAIMR/WITS Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa
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31
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Abstract
Bacterial and archaeal complete genome sequences have been obtained from a wide range of evolutionary lines, which allows some general conclusions about the phylogenetic distribution and evolution of bioenergetic pathways to be drawn. In particular, I searched in the complete genomes for key enzymes involved in aerobic and anaerobic respiratory pathways and in photosynthesis, and mapped them into an rRNA tree of sequenced species. The phylogenetic distribution of these enzymes is very irregular, and clearly shows the diverse strategies of energy conservation used by prokaryotes. In addition, a thorough phylogenetic analysis of other bioenergetic protein families of wide distribution reveals a complex evolutionary history for the respective genes. A parsimonious explanation for these complex phylogenetic patterns and for the irregular distribution of metabolic pathways is that the last common ancestor of Bacteria and Archaea contained several members of every gene family as a consequence of previous gene or genome duplications, while different patterns of gene loss occurred during the evolution of every gene family. This would imply that the last universal ancestor was a bioenergetically sophisticated organism. Finally, important steps that occurred during the evolution of energetic machineries, such as the early evolution of aerobic respiration and the acquisition of eukaryotic mitochondria from a proteobacterium ancestor, are supported by the analysis of the complete genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castresana
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biocomputing Unit, Meyerhofstrasse 1, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Sakamoto J, Shibata T, Mine T, Miyahara R, Torigoe T, Noguchi S, Matsushita K, Sone N. Cytochrome c oxidase contains an extra charged amino acid cluster in a new type of respiratory chain in the amino-acid-producing Gram-positive bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:2865-2871. [PMID: 11577165 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-10-2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The membranes from Corynebacterium glutamicum cells contain a hydrophobic di-haem C protein as the cytochrome c subunit of the new type of cytochrome bc complex (complex III in the respiratory chain) encoded by the qcrCAB operon [Sone, N., Nagata, K., Kojima, H., Tajima, J., Kodera, Y., Kanamaru, T., Noguchi, S. & Sakamoto, J. (2001). Biochim Biophys Acta 1503, 279-290]. To characterize complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase and its structural genes were isolated. The oxidase is of the cytochrome aa(3) type, but mass spectrometry indicated that the haem is haem As, which contains a geranylgeranyl side-chain instead of a farnesyl group. The enzyme is a SoxM-type haem-copper oxidase composed of three subunits. Edman degradation and mass spectrometry suggested that the N-terminal signal sequence of subunit II is cleaved and that the new N-terminal cysteine residue is diacylglycerated, while neither subunit I nor subunit III is significantly modified. The genes for subunits II (ctaC) and III (ctaE) are located upstream of the qcrCAB operon, while that for subunit I (ctaD) is located separately. The oxidase showed low enzyme activity with extrinsic substrates such as cytochromes c from horse heart or yeast, and has the Cu(A)-binding motif in its subunit II. A prominent structural feature is the insertion of an extra charged amino acid cluster between the beta2 and beta4 strands in the substrate-binding domain of subunit II. The beta2-beta4 loop of this oxidase is about 30 residues longer than that of major cytochrome c oxidases from mitochondria and proteobacteria, and is rich in both acidic and basic residues. These findings suggest that the extra charged cluster may play a role in the interaction of the oxidase with the cytochrome c subunit of the new type of bc complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junshi Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken 820-8502, Japan1
| | - Takatsugu Shibata
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken 820-8502, Japan1
| | - Tadashi Mine
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken 820-8502, Japan1
| | - Ryoko Miyahara
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken 820-8502, Japan1
| | - Tomokimi Torigoe
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken 820-8502, Japan1
| | - Shunsuke Noguchi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken 820-8502, Japan1
| | - Kazunobu Matsushita
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-0841, Japan2
| | - Nobuhito Sone
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kawazu 680-4, Iizuka, Fukuoka-ken 820-8502, Japan1
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Borisov VB, Sedelnikova SE, Poole RK, Konstantinov AA. Interaction of cytochrome bd with carbon monoxide at low and room temperatures: evidence that only a small fraction of heme b595 reacts with CO. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:22095-9. [PMID: 11283005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011542200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Azotobacter vinelandii is an obligately aerobic bacterium in which aerotolerant dinitrogen fixation requires cytochrome bd. This oxidase comprises two polypeptide subunits and three hemes, but no copper, and has been studied extensively. However, there remain apparently conflicting reports on the reactivity of the high spin heme b(595) with ligands. Using purified cytochrome bd, we show that absorption changes induced by CO photodissociation from the fully reduced cytochrome bd at low temperatures demonstrate binding of the ligand with heme b(595). However, the magnitude of these changes corresponds to the reaction with CO of only about 5% of the heme. CO binding with a minor fraction of heme b(595) is also revealed at room temperature by time-resolved studies of CO recombination. The data resolve the apparent discrepancies between conclusions drawn from room and low temperature spectroscopic studies of the CO reaction with cytochrome bd. The results are consistent with the proposal that hemes b(595) and d form a diheme oxygen-reducing center with a binding capacity for a single exogenous ligand molecule that partitions between the hemes d and b(595) in accordance with their intrinsic affinities for the ligand. In this model, the affinity of heme b(595) for CO is about 20-fold lower than that of heme d.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Borisov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119899, Russia
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Lemos RS, Gomes CM, Santana M, LeGall J, Xavier AV, Teixeira M. The 'strict' anaerobe Desulfovibrio gigas contains a membrane-bound oxygen-reducing respiratory chain. FEBS Lett 2001; 496:40-3. [PMID: 11343703 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02399-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate-reducing bacteria are considered as strict anaerobic microorganisms, in spite of the fact that some strains have been shown to tolerate the transient presence of dioxygen. This report shows that membranes from Desulfovibrio gigas grown in fumarate/sulfate contain a respiratory chain fully competent to reduce dioxygen to water. In particular, a membrane-bound terminal oxygen reductase, of the cytochrome bd family, was isolated, characterized, and shown to completely reduce oxygen to water. This oxidase has two subunits with apparent molecular masses of 40 and 29 kDa. Using NADH or succinate as electron donors, the oxygen respiratory rates of D. gigas membranes are comparable to those of aerobic organisms (3.2 and 29 nmol O(2) min(-1) mg protein(-1), respectively). This 'strict anaerobic' bacterium contains all the necessary enzymatic complexes to live aerobically, showing that the relationships between oxygen and anaerobes are much more complex than originally thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Lemos
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
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35
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Poole RK, Cook GM. Redundancy of aerobic respiratory chains in bacteria? Routes, reasons and regulation. Adv Microb Physiol 2001; 43:165-224. [PMID: 10907557 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(00)43005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria are the most remarkable organisms in the biosphere, surviving and growing in environments that support no other life forms. Underlying this ability is a flexible metabolism controlled by a multitude of environmental sensors and regulators of gene expression. It is not surprising, therefore, that bacterial respiration is complex and highly adaptable: virtually all bacteria have multiple, branched pathways for electron transfer from numerous low-potential reductants to several terminal electron acceptors. Such pathways, particularly those involved in anaerobic respiration, may involve periplasmic components, but the respiratory apparatus is largely membrane-bound and organized such that electron flow is coupled to proton (or sodium ion) transport, generating a protonmotive force. It has long been supposed that the multiplicity of pathways serves to provide flexibility in the face of environmental stresses, but the existence of apparently redundant pathways for electrons to a single acceptor, say dioxygen, is harder to explain. Clues have come from studying the expression of oxidases in response to growth conditions, the phenotypes of mutants lacking one or more oxidases, and biochemical characterization of individual oxidases. Terminal oxidases that share the essential properties of substrate (cytochrome c or quinol) oxidation, dioxygen reduction and, in some cases, proton translocation, differ in subunit architecture and complement of redox centres. Perhaps more significantly, they differ in their affinities for oxidant and reductant, mode of regulation, and inhibitor sensitivity; these differences to some extent rationalize the presence of multiple oxidases. However, intriguing requirements for particular functions in certain physiological functions remain unexplained. For example, a large body of evidence demonstrates that cytochrome bd is essential for growth and survival under certain conditions. In this review, the physiological basis of the many phenotypes of Cyd-mutants is explored, particularly the requirement for this oxidase in diazotrophy, growth at low protonmotive force, survival in the stationary phase, and resistance to oxidative stress and Fe(III) chelators.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Poole
- Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, University of Sheffield, UK
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Winstedt L, von Wachenfeldt C. Terminal oxidases of Bacillus subtilis strain 168: one quinol oxidase, cytochrome aa(3) or cytochrome bd, is required for aerobic growth. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:6557-64. [PMID: 11073895 PMCID: PMC111393 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.23.6557-6564.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gram-positive endospore-forming bacterium Bacillus subtilis has, under aerobic conditions, a branched respiratory system comprising one quinol oxidase branch and one cytochrome oxidase branch. The system terminates in one of four alternative terminal oxidases. Cytochrome caa(3) is a cytochrome c oxidase, whereas cytochrome bd and cytochrome aa(3) are quinol oxidases. A fourth terminal oxidase, YthAB, is a putative quinol oxidase predicted from DNA sequence analysis. None of the terminal oxidases are, by themselves, essential for growth. However, one quinol oxidase (cytochrome aa(3) or cytochrome bd) is required for aerobic growth of B. subtilis strain 168. Data indicating that cytochrome aa(3) is the major oxidase used by exponentially growing cells in minimal and rich medium are presented. We show that one of the two heme-copper oxidases, cytochrome caa(3) or cytochrome aa(3), is required for efficient sporulation of B. subtilis strain 168 and that deletion of YthAB in a strain lacking cytochrome aa(3) makes the strain sporulation deficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Winstedt
- Department of Microbiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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37
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Winstedt L, Frankenberg L, Hederstedt L, von Wachenfeldt C. Enterococcus faecalis V583 contains a cytochrome bd-type respiratory oxidase. J Bacteriol 2000; 182:3863-6. [PMID: 10851008 PMCID: PMC94564 DOI: 10.1128/jb.182.13.3863-3866.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have cloned an Enterococcus faecalis gene cluster, cydABCD, which when expressed in Bacillus subtilis results in a functional cytochrome bd terminal oxidase. Our results indicate that E. faecalis V583 cells have the capacity of aerobic respiration when grown in the presence of heme.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Winstedt
- Department of Microbiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Nikaido K, Sakamoto J, Noguchi S, Sone N. Over-expression of cbaAB genes of Bacillus stearothermophilus produces a two-subunit SoxB-type cytochrome c oxidase with proton pumping activity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1456:35-44. [PMID: 10611454 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(99)00102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We constructed expression plasmids containing cbaAB, the structural genes for the two-subunit cytochrome bo(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase (SoxB type) recently isolated from a Gram-positive thermophile Bacillus stearothermophilus. B. stearothermophilus cells transformed with the plasmids over-expressed an enzymatically active bo(3)-type cytochrome c oxidase protein composed of the two subunits, while the transformed Escherichia coli cells produced an inactive protein composed of subunit I without subunit II. The oxidase over-expressed in B. stearothermophilus was solubilized and purified. The oxidase contained protoheme IX and heme O, as the main low-spin heme and the high-spin heme, respectively. Analysis of the substrate specificity indicated that the high-affinity site is very specific for cytochrome c-551, a cytochrome c that is a membrane-bound lipoprotein of thermophilic Bacillus. The purified enzyme reconstituted into liposomal vesicles with cytochrome c-551 showed H(+) pumping activity, although the efficiency was lower than those of cytochrome aa(3)-type oxidases belonging to the SoxM-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nikaido
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Science, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan
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