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Wang Y, Shi J, Xin M, Kahkoska AR, Wang J, Gu Z. Cell-drug conjugates. Nat Biomed Eng 2024:10.1038/s41551-024-01230-6. [PMID: 38951139 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-024-01230-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
By combining living cells with therapeutics, cell-drug conjugates can potentiate the functions of both components, particularly for applications in drug delivery and therapy. The conjugates can be designed to persist in the bloodstream, undergo chemotaxis, evade surveillance by the immune system, proliferate, or maintain or transform their cellular phenotypes. In this Review, we discuss strategies for the design of cell-drug conjugates with specific functions, the techniques for their preparation, and their applications in the treatment of cancers, autoimmune diseases and other pathologies. We also discuss the translational challenges and opportunities of this class of drug-delivery systems and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jiaqi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China
| | - Minhang Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anna R Kahkoska
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jinqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Pharmacy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, China.
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Hangzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Yang H, Yao L, Wang Y, Chen G, Chen H. Advancing cell surface modification in mammalian cells with synthetic molecules. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13325-13345. [PMID: 38033886 PMCID: PMC10685406 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04597h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological cells, being the fundamental entities of life, are widely acknowledged as intricate living machines. The manipulation of cell surfaces has emerged as a progressively significant domain of investigation and advancement in recent times. Particularly, the alteration of cell surfaces using meticulously crafted and thoroughly characterized synthesized molecules has proven to be an efficacious means of introducing innovative functionalities or manipulating cells. Within this realm, a diverse array of elegant and robust strategies have been recently devised, including the bioorthogonal strategy, which enables selective modification. This review offers a comprehensive survey of recent advancements in the modification of mammalian cell surfaces through the use of synthetic molecules. It explores a range of strategies, encompassing chemical covalent modifications, physical alterations, and bioorthogonal approaches. The review concludes by addressing the present challenges and potential future opportunities in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Lihua Yao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Yichen Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Gaojian Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research, Soochow University Suzhou 215006 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
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3
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Wang Y, Li Z, Mo F, Chen-Mayfield TJ, Saini A, LaMere AM, Hu Q. Chemically engineering cells for precision medicine. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1068-1102. [PMID: 36633324 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00142j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell-based therapy holds great potential to address unmet medical needs and revolutionize the healthcare industry, as demonstrated by several therapeutics such as CAR-T cell therapy and stem cell transplantation that have achieved great success clinically. Nevertheless, natural cells are often restricted by their unsatisfactory in vivo trafficking and lack of therapeutic payloads. Chemical engineering offers a cost-effective, easy-to-implement engineering tool that allows for strengthening the inherent favorable features of cells and confers them new functionalities. Moreover, in accordance with the trend of precision medicine, leveraging chemical engineering tools to tailor cells to accommodate patients individual needs has become important for the development of cell-based treatment modalities. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the currently available chemically engineered tools, introduces their application in advanced diagnosis and precision therapy, and discusses the current challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA. .,Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Zhaoting Li
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA. .,Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Fanyi Mo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Ting-Jing Chen-Mayfield
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Aryan Saini
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Afton Martin LaMere
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA. .,Carbone Cancer Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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4
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Kim S, Kim K. Lipid-mediated ex vivo cell surface engineering for augmented cellular functionalities. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 140:213059. [PMID: 35961186 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Once administrated, intercellular adhesion to recognize and/or arrest target cells is essential for specific treatments, especially for cancer or tumor. However, immune cells administrated into the tumor-microenvironment could lose their intrinsic functionalities such as target recognition ability, resulting in an ineffective cancer immunotherapy. Various manipulation techniques for decorating functional moieties onto cell surface and enhancing target recognition have been developed. A hydrophobic interaction-mediated ex-vivo cell surface engineering using lipid-based biomaterials could be a state-of-the-art engineering technique that could achieve high-efficiency cell surface modification by a single method without disturbance of intrinsic characteristics of cells. In this regard, this review provides design principles for the development of lipid-based biomaterials with a linear structure of lipid, polyethylene glycol, and functional group, strategies for the synthesis process, and their practical applications in biomedical engineering. Especially, we provide new insights into the development of a novel surface coating techniques for natural killer (NK) cells with engineering decoration of cancer targeting moieties on their cell surfaces. Among immune cells, NK cells are interesting cell population for substituting T cells because of their excellent safety and independent anticancer efficacy. Thus, optimal strategies to select cancer-type-specific targeting moieties and present them onto the surface of immune cells (especially, NK cells) using lipid-based biomaterials could provide additional tools to capture cancer cells for developing novel immune cell therapy products. Enhanced anticancer efficacies by surface-engineered NK cells have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, it could be speculated that recent progresses in cell surface modification technology via lipid-based biomaterials could strengthen immune surveillance and immune synapses for utilization in a next-generation cancer immunotherapy, beyond currently available genetic engineering tool such as chimeric antigen receptor-mediated immune cell modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Berest VP, Borikov OY, Kravchun PG, Leontieva FS, Dielievska VY. Determination of blood group antigens using electrophoresis of erythrocytes incubated with specific antibodies. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Frida Solomonivna Leontieva
- Department of Molecular and Medical Biophysics Sytenko Institute of Spine and Joint Pathology Kharkiv Ukraine
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6
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Kalaimagal G, Devarajan S, Soundararajan S. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(Lactic Acid) – Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Copolymer with Boc-Glycine End Groups in Medical Applications. Chem Nat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-022-03589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Glycocalyx crowding with mucin mimetics strengthens binding of soluble and virus-associated lectins to host cell glycan receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107896118. [PMID: 34583992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107896118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated mucins protect epithelial cell surfaces against pathogenic threats by serving as nonproductive decoys that capture infectious agents and clear them from the cell surface and by erecting a physical barrier that restricts their access to target receptors on host cells. However, the mechanisms through which mucins function are still poorly defined because of a limited repertoire of tools available for tailoring their structure and composition in living cells with molecular precision. Using synthetic glycopolymer mimetics of mucins, we modeled the mucosal glycocalyx on red blood cells (RBCs) and evaluated its influence on lectin (SNA) and virus (H1N1) adhesion to endogenous sialic acid receptors. The glycocalyx inhibited the rate of SNA and H1N1 adhesion in a size- and density-dependent manner, consistent with the current view of mucins as providing a protective shield against pathogens. Counterintuitively, increasing the density of the mucin mimetics enhanced the retention of bound lectins and viruses. Careful characterization of SNA behavior at the RBC surface using a range of biophysical and imaging techniques revealed lectin-induced crowding and reorganization of the glycocalyx with concomitant enhancement in lectin clustering, presumably through the formation of a more extensive glycan receptor patch at the cell membrane. Our findings indicate that glycan-targeting pathogens may exploit the biophysical and biomechanical properties of mucins to overcome the mucosal glycocalyx barrier.
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8
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Hong YT, Teo JY, Jeon H, Kong H. Shear-Resistant, Biological Tethering of Nanostimulators for Enhanced Therapeutic Cell Paracrine Factor Secretion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17276-17288. [PMID: 33830733 PMCID: PMC10440850 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) secreting multiple growth factors and immunomodulatory cytokines are promising for regenerative medicine. To further enhance their secretory activity, efforts have emerged to tether nanosized carriers of secretory stimuli, named nanostimulators, to the MSC surface by forming nonchemical bonds. Despite some successes, there is a great need to improve the retention of nanostimulators during transport through a syringe needle, where high shear stress exerted on the cell surface separates them. To this end, we hypothesize that poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-block-hyaluronic acid (PLGA-HA) conjugated with integrin-binding RGD peptides, denoted PLGA-HA-RGD, can form nanostimulators that remain on the cell surface stably during the injection. The resulting HA-CD44 and RGD-integrin bonds would synergistically increase the adhesion strength of nanostimulators. Interestingly, nanostimulators prepared with PLGA-HA-RGD show 3- to 6-fold higher retention than those made with PLGA-HA. Therefore, the PLGA-HA-RGD nanostimulators induced MSCs to secrete 1.5-fold higher vascular endothelial growth factors and a 1.2-fold higher tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 as compared to PLGA-HA nanostimulators. Consequently, MSCs tethered with PLGA-HA-RGD nanostimulators served to stimulate endothelial cell activities to form a blood vessel-like endothelial lumen with increased length and number of junctions. The nanostimulator design strategy would also be broadly applicable to regulate, protect, and home a broad array of therapeutic or immune cells by tethering carriers with bioactive molecules of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tong Hong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jye Yng Teo
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Hojeong Jeon
- Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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9
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Jeon SI, Jeong JH, Kim JE, Haque MR, Kim J, Byun Y, Ahn CH. Synthesis of PEG-dendron for surface modification of pancreatic islets and suppression of the immune response. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:2631-2640. [PMID: 33683280 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Islet cell transplantation has been an effective method for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. The transplanted islets release insulin in response to changes in blood glucose levels. The clinical application of islet transplantation, however, has been hindered because of some critical problems including immune responses to grafted islets and side effects caused by overdosed immunosuppressive drugs. Herein, surface modification technology using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-dendron was proposed to safeguard islets from the host immune system. PEG-dendron was synthesized by a divergent polymerization method and utilized to cover the islet antigen surface. Successful conjugation of PEG-dendron on the islet surface was achieved without affecting islet morphology, viability, and functionality at a concentration of 1.00%. Surface modification using PEG-dendron effectively prevented protein absorption and immune activation. Foremost, it improved the survival rate of islet grafts in vivo when combined with a low dose of immunosuppressive drugs. In conclusion, PEG-dendron is a potential candidate for the surface modification of pancreatic islets to mitigate immune responses after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ik Jeon
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Arno MC. Engineering the Mammalian Cell Surface with Synthetic Polymers: Strategies and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000302. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Arno
- School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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11
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Tomás RMF, Gibson MI. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Re-Engineering Cellular Interfaces with Synthetic Macromolecules Using Metabolic Glycan Labeling. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:991-1003. [PMID: 32714634 PMCID: PMC7377358 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-surface functionality is largely programmed by genetically encoded information through modulation of protein expression levels, including glycosylation enzymes. Genetic tools enable control over protein-based functionality, but are not easily adapted to recruit non-native functionality such as synthetic polymers and nanomaterials to tune biological responses and attach therapeutic or imaging payloads. Similar to how polymer-protein conjugation evolved from nonspecific PEGylation to site-selective bioconjugates, the same evolution is now occurring for polymer-cell conjugation. This Viewpoint discusses the potential of using metabolic glycan labeling to install bio-orthogonal reactive cell-surface anchors for the recruitment of synthetic polymers and nanomaterials to cell surfaces, exploring the expanding therapeutic and diagnostic potential. Comparisons to conventional approaches that target endogenous membrane components, such as hydrophobic, protein coupling and electrostatic conjugation, as well as enzymatic and genetic tools, have been made to highlight the huge potential of this approach in the emerging cellular engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben M. F. Tomás
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department of Chemistry and Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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12
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Honigfort DJ, Zhang MH, Verespy S, Godula K. Engineering of spectator glycocalyx structures to evaluate molecular interactions at crowded cellular boundaries. Faraday Discuss 2020; 219:138-153. [PMID: 31313786 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00024k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the mucosal epithelium, the cellular glycocalyx can project tens to hundreds of nanometers into the extracellular space, erecting a physical barrier that provides protective functions, mediates the exchange of nutrients and regulates cellular interactions. Little is understood about how the physical properties of the mucosal glycocalyx influence molecular recognition at the cellular boundary. Here, we report the synthesis of PEG-based glycopolymers with tunable glycan composition, which approximate the extended architecture of mucin glycoproteins, and tether them to the plasma membranes of red blood cells (RBC) to construct an artificial mucin brush-like glycocalyx. We evaluated the association of two lectins, ConA and SNA, with their endogenous glycan ligands on the surface of the remodelled cells. The extended glycocalyx provided protection against agglutination of RBCs by both lectins; however, the rate and magnitude of ConA binding were attenuated to a greater degree in the presence of the glycopolymer spectators compared to those measured for SNA. The different sensitivity of ConA and SNA to glycocalyx crowding likely arises from the distinct presentation of their mannoside and sialoside receptors, respectively, within the native RBC glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Honigfort
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
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13
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Pathak S, Pham TT, Jeong JH, Byun Y. Immunoisolation of pancreatic islets via thin-layer surface modification. J Control Release 2019; 305:176-193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Tomás RF, Martyn B, Bailey TL, Gibson MI. Engineering Cell Surfaces by Covalent Grafting of Synthetic Polymers to Metabolically-Labeled Glycans. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1289-1294. [PMID: 30533278 PMCID: PMC6281312 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Re-engineering mammalian cell surfaces enables modulation of their phenotype, function, and interactions with external markers and may find application in cell-based therapies. Here we use metabolic glycan labeling to install azido groups onto the cell surface, which can act as anchor points to enable rapid, simple, and robust "click" functionalization by the addition of a polymer bearing orthogonally reactive functionality. Using this strategy, new cell surface functionality was introduced by using telechelic polymers with fluorescence or biotin termini, demonstrating that recruitment of biomacromolecules is possible. This approach may enable the attachment of payloads and modulation of cell function and fate, as well as providing a tool to interface synthetic polymers with biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben
M. F. Tomás
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- MAS
CDT, Senate House, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Martyn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Trisha L. Bailey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew I. Gibson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Warwick
Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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15
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Park J, Andrade B, Seo Y, Kim MJ, Zimmerman SC, Kong H. Engineering the Surface of Therapeutic "Living" Cells. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1664-1690. [PMID: 29336552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biological cells are complex living machines that have garnered significant attention for their potential to serve as a new generation of therapeutic and delivery agents. Because of their secretion, differentiation, and homing activities, therapeutic cells have tremendous potential to treat or even cure various diseases and injuries that have defied conventional therapeutic strategies. Therapeutic cells can be systemically or locally transplanted. In addition, with their ability to express receptors that bind specific tissue markers, cells are being studied as nano- or microsized drug carriers capable of targeted transport. Depending on the therapeutic targets, these cells may be clustered to promote intercellular adhesion. Despite some impressive results with preclinical studies, there remain several obstacles to their broader development, such as a limited ability to control their transport, engraftment, secretion and to track them in vivo. Additionally, creating a particular spatial organization of therapeutic cells remains difficult. Efforts have recently emerged to resolve these challenges by engineering cell surfaces with a myriad of bioactive molecules, nanoparticles, and microparticles that, in turn, improve the therapeutic efficacy of cells. This review article assesses the various technologies developed to engineer the cell surfaces. The review ends with future considerations that should be taken into account to further advance the quality of cell surface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Myung-Joo Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University , Seoul 110-749, Korea
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16
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Pang L, Zhang C, Qin J, Han L, Li R, Hong C, He H, Wang J. A novel strategy to achieve effective drug delivery: exploit cells as carrier combined with nanoparticles. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:83-91. [PMID: 28155538 PMCID: PMC8241159 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1230903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-mediated drug delivery systems employ specific cells as drug vehicles to deliver drugs to targeted sites. Therapeutics or imaging agents are loaded into these cells and then released in diseased sites. These specific cells mainly include red blood cells, leukocytes, stem cells and so on. The cell acts as a Trojan horse to transfer the drug from circulating blood to the diseased tissue. In such a system, these cells keep their original properties, which allow them to mimic the migration behavior of specific cells to carry drug to the targeted site after in vivo administration. This strategy elegantly combines the advantages of both carriers, i.e. the adjustability of nanoparticles (NPs) and the natural functions of active cells, which therefore provides a new perspective to challenge current obstacles in drug delivery. This review will describe a fundamental understanding of these cell-based drug delivery systems, and discuss the great potential of combinational application of cell carrier and NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Pang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Chun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Jing Qin
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Limei Han
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Ruixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Chao Hong
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
| | - Huining He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and
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Abbina S, Siren EMJ, Moon H, Kizhakkedathu JN. Surface Engineering for Cell-Based Therapies: Techniques for Manipulating Mammalian Cell Surfaces. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:3658-3677. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Kang N, Toyofuku WM, Yang X, Scott MD. Inhibition of allogeneic cytotoxic T cell (CD8 +) proliferation via polymer-induced Treg (CD4 +) cells. Acta Biomater 2017; 57:146-155. [PMID: 28442414 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
T cell-mediated immune rejection remains a barrier to successful transplantation. Polymer-based bioengineering of cells may provide an effective means of preventing allorecognition and the proliferation of cytotoxic (CD8+) T lymphocytes (CTL). Using MHC-disparate murine splenocytes modified with succinimidyl valerate activated methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) [SVA-mPEG] polymers, the effects of leukocyte immunocamouflage on CD8+ and CD4+ alloproliferation and T regulatory (Treg) cell induction were assessed in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) model. Polymer-grafting effectively camouflaged multiple leukocyte markers (MHC class I and II, TCR and CD3) essential for effective allorecognition. Consequent to the polymer-induced immunocamouflage of the cell membrane, both CD8+ and CD4+ T cell alloproliferation were significantly inhibited in a polymer dose-dependent manner. The loss of alloproliferation correlated with the induction of Treg cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+). The Tregs, surprisingly, arose primarily via differentiation of naive, non-proliferating, CD4+ cells. Of biologic importance, the polymer-induced Treg were functional and exhibited potent immunosuppressive activity on allogeneic CTL proliferation. These results suggest that immunocamouflage-mediated attenuation of alloantigen-TCR recognition can prevent the tissue destructive allogeneic CD8+ T cell response, both directly and indirectly, through the generation/differentiation of functional Tregs. Immunocamouflage induced tolerance could be clinically valuable in attenuating T cell-mediated transplant rejection and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE While our previous studies have demonstrated that polymer-grafting to MHC disparate leukocytes inhibits CD4+ cell proliferation, the effects of PEGylation on the alloproliferation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (CTL) was not examined. As shown here, PEGylation of allogeneic leukocytes prevents the generation of the CTL response responsible for acute rejection. The loss of CTL proliferation is consequent to the polymer-based attenuation of allorecognition and the induction of T regulatory cells (Tregs). Interestingly, the Tregs are primarily generated via the differentiation of non-proliferating naive T cells. Importantly, the Tregs are functional and effectively induce a tolerogenic environment when transferred to an alloresponsive environment. The use of polymer-modified leukocytes provides a unique approach to effectively maximize the biologic production of functional Tregs both in vitro and in vivo. By using this approach it may be possible to attenuate unwanted alloresponses (e.g., graft rejection) or to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Kang
- Canadian Blood Services, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; University of British Columbia Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Wendy M Toyofuku
- Canadian Blood Services, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; University of British Columbia Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Xining Yang
- University of British Columbia Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Mark D Scott
- Canadian Blood Services, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; University of British Columbia Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Science Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Abbina S, Vappala S, Kumar P, Siren EMJ, La CC, Abbasi U, Brooks DE, Kizhakkedathu JN. Hyperbranched polyglycerols: recent advances in synthesis, biocompatibility and biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:9249-9277. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02515g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polyglycerol is one of the most widely studied biocompatible dendritic polymer and showed promising applications. Here, we summarized the recent advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Abbina
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Center for Blood Research
| | - Sreeparna Vappala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Center for Blood Research
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Center for Blood Research
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Erika M. J. Siren
- Center for Blood Research
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Chanel C. La
- Center for Blood Research
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Usama Abbasi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Center for Blood Research
| | - Donald E. Brooks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Center for Blood Research
| | - Jayachandran N. Kizhakkedathu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
- Center for Blood Research
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20
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Le Y, Toyofuku WM, Scott MD. Immunogenicity of murine mPEG-red blood cells and the risk of anti-PEG antibodies in human blood donors. Exp Hematol 2016; 47:36-47.e2. [PMID: 27864153 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The immunocamouflage of non-ABO blood group antigens by membrane-grafted methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) may attenuate the risk of red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization. However, concerns have been raised over the immunogenic risk of PEG and PEG-RBCs. To assess this risk, murine and human studies were performed. Mice were exposed to soluble PEG prior to, or between, multiple transfusions (∼60-day intervals) of control or mPEG-RBCs, and cell survival was determined by flow cytometry. In some studies, the control and mPEG-RBC groups were reversed after one or more transfusions. Furthermore, human blood donors and commercial intravenous immunoglobulin products were examined to detect anti-PEG antibodies and to assess the risk for false positives. Naïve mice receiving chronic mPEG-RBC transfusions had normal RBC survival curves with no evidence of anti-PEG antibodies. Similarly, challenge with soluble PEG did not elicit anti-PEG antibodies in mice. Studies in humans revealed no evidence of a high prevalence of anti-PEG antibodies in either blood donors or commercial intravenous immunoglobulin. However, by use of the methods employed by studies identifying high levels of anti-PEG antibodies, a significant level (∼15%) of "false positives" were detected in commercial antibodies of known (non-PEG) specificities. These findings suggest that methodologic problems yielded a high rate of false positives in these earlier studies. These data continue to support the clinical utility of cellular PEGylation and the low immunogenic risk of grafted mPEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Le
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy M Toyofuku
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark D Scott
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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21
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Kyluik-Price DL, Scott MD. Effects of methoxypoly (Ethylene glycol) mediated immunocamouflage on leukocyte surface marker detection, cell conjugation, activation and alloproliferation. Biomaterials 2016; 74:167-77. [PMID: 26457834 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue rejection occurs subsequent to the recognition of foreign antigens via receptor-ligand contacts between APC (antigen presenting cells) and T cells, resulting in initialization of signaling cascades and T cell proliferation. Bioengineering of donor cells by the covalent attachment of methoxypolyethylene glycol (mPEG) to membrane proteins (PEGylation) provides a novel means to attenuate these interactions consequent to mPEG-induced charge and steric camouflage. While previous studies demonstrated that polymer-mediated immunocamouflage decreased immune recognition both in vitro and in vivo, these studies monitored late events in immune recognition and activation such as T cell proliferation. Consequently little information has been provided concerning the early cellular events governing this response. Therefore, the effect of PEGylation was assessed by examining initial cell-cell interactions, changes to activation pathways, and apoptosis to understand the role that each may play in the decreased proliferative response observed in modified cells during the course of a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). The mPEG-modified T cells resulted in significant immunocamouflage of lymphocyte surface proteins and decreased interactions with APC. Furthermore, mPEG-MLR exhibited decreased NFκB pathway activation, while exhibiting no significant differences in degree of cell death compared to the control MLR. These results suggest that PEGylation may prevent the direct recognition of foreign alloantigens by decreasing the stability and duration of initial cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Kyluik-Price
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Mark D Scott
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Centre for Blood Research, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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22
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The mechanism and modulation of complement activation on polymer grafted cells. Acta Biomater 2016; 31:252-263. [PMID: 26593783 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface engineering using polymers is a promising approach to address unmet needs and adverse immune reactions in the fields of transfusion, transplantation, and cell-based therapies. Furthermore, cell surface modification may minimize or prevent adverse immune reactions to homologous incompatible cells as the interface between the host immune system and the cell surface is modified. In this report, we investigate the immune system reaction, precisely the complement binding and activation on cell surfaces modified with a functional polymer, hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG). We used red blood cells (RBCs) as a model system to investigate the mechanism of complement activation on cell surfaces modified with various forms of HPG. Using a battery of in vitro assays including: traditional diagnostic hemolytic assays involving sheep and rabbit erythrocytes, ELISAs and flow cytometry, we show that HPG modified RBCs at certain concentrations and molecular weights activate complement via the alternative pathway. We show that by varying the grafting concentration, molecular weight and the number of cell surface reactive groups of HPG, the complement activity on the cell surface can be modulated. HPGs with molecular weights greater than 28kDa and grafting concentrations greater than 1.0mM, as well as a high degree of HPG functionalization with cell surface reactive groups result in the activation of the complement system via the alternative pathway. No complement activation observed when these threshold levels are not exceeded. These insights may have an impact on devising key strategies in developing novel next generation cell-surface engineered therapeutic products for applications in the fields of cell therapy, transfusion and drug delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Cell-surface engineering using functional polymers is a fast emerging area of research. Importantly modified cells are used in many experimental therapeutics, transplantation and in transfusion. The success of such therapies depend on the ability of modified products to avoid immune detection and subsequent rejection or removal. Polymer grafting has been shown to modulate immune response, however, there is limited knowledge available. Thus in this manuscript, we investigated the interaction of human complement, part of our innate immune system, by polymer modified cells. Our results provide important evidences on the mechanism of complement activation by the modified cells and also found ways to modulate the innate immune response. These results will have implications in development of next generation cell-based therapies.
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23
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Shegokar R, Sawant S, Al Shaal L. Applications of Cell-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Use of Single Cell Assay. SERIES IN BIOENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-49118-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li L, Noumsi GT, Kwok YYE, Moulds JM, Scott MD. Inhibition of phagocytic recognition of anti-D opsonized Rh D+ RBC by polymer-mediated immunocamouflage. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:1165-70. [PMID: 26440218 PMCID: PMC4738408 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Rh D antigen posed both a significant clinical risk and inventory supply issue in transfusion medicine. The successful development of the immunocamouflaged RBC has the potential to address both the risk of acute anti‐D transfusion reactions and to improve D− blood inventory in geographic locations where D− blood is rare (e.g., China). The immunocamouflage of RBC was mediated by the covalent grafting of methoxy(polyethylene glycol) to the cell membrane thereby obscuring the D protein from the immune system. To determine the potential efficacy of mPEG‐D+ RBC in D− recipients, anti‐D alloantibodies from previously alloimmunized individuals were utilized. The effects of polymer chain size (2–30 kDa) and grafting concentration (0–4 mM) on antibody binding and erythrophagocytosis were determined using the clinically validated monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) and flow cytometry. The immunocamouflage of D was polymer size and grafting concentration dependent as determined using human anti‐D alloantibodies (both pooled [RhoGAM] and single donors). Importantly, the 20 kDa polymer provided excellent immunocamouflage of D and reached a clinically significant level of protection, as measured by the MMA, at grafting concentrations of ≥1.5 mM. These findings further support the potential use of immunocamouflaged RBC to reduce the risk of acute transfusion reactions following administration of D+ blood to D− recipients in situations where D− units are unavailable or supply is geographically constrained. Am. J. Hematol. 90:1165–1170, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Canadian Blood Services; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Centre for Blood Research; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Ghislain T. Noumsi
- LifeShare Blood Centers; Shreveport Louisiana
- Grifols ImmunoHematology Center; San Marcos Texas
| | - Yin Yu Eunice Kwok
- Centre for Blood Research; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Joann M. Moulds
- LifeShare Blood Centers; Shreveport Louisiana
- Grifols ImmunoHematology Center; San Marcos Texas
| | - Mark D. Scott
- Canadian Blood Services; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Centre for Blood Research; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
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25
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Villa CH, Pan DC, Zaitsev S, Cines DB, Siegel DL, Muzykantov VR. Delivery of drugs bound to erythrocytes: new avenues for an old intravascular carrier. Ther Deliv 2015; 6:795-826. [PMID: 26228773 PMCID: PMC4712023 DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For several decades, researchers have used erythrocytes for drug delivery of a wide variety of therapeutics in order to improve their pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, controlled release and pharmacodynamics. Approaches include encapsulation of drugs within erythrocytes, as well as coupling of drugs onto the red cell surface. This review focuses on the latter approach, and examines the delivery of red blood cell (RBC)-surface-bound anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and anti-microbial agents, as well as RBC carriage of nanoparticles. Herein, we discuss the progress that has been made in surface loading approaches, and address in depth the issues relevant to surface loading of RBC, including intrinsic features of erythrocyte membranes, immune considerations, potential surface targets and techniques for the production of affinity ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Villa
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel C Pan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sergei Zaitsev
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Douglas B Cines
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donald L Siegel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vladimir R Muzykantov
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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26
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Su Y, Xie Z, Kim GB, Dong C, Yang J. Design strategies and applications of circulating cell-mediated drug delivery systems. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:201-217. [PMID: 25984572 PMCID: PMC4428174 DOI: 10.1021/ab500179h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems, particularly nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems, possess a tremendous amount of potential to improve diagnostic and therapeutic effects of drugs. Controlled drug delivery targeted to a specific disease is designed to significantly improve the pharmaceutical effects of drugs and reduce their side effects. Unfortunately, only a few targeted drug delivery systems can achieve high targeting efficiency after intravenous injection, even with the development of numerous surface markers and targeting modalities. Thus, alternative drug and nanomedicine targeting approaches are desired. Circulating cells, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and stem cells, present innate disease sensing and homing properties. Hence, using living cells as drug delivery carriers has gained increasing interest in recent years. This review highlights the recent advances in the design of cell-mediated drug delivery systems and targeting mechanisms. The approaches of drug encapsulation/conjugation to cell-carriers, cell-mediated targeting mechanisms, and the methods of controlled drug release are elaborated here. Cell-based "live" targeting and delivery could be used to facilitate a more specific, robust, and smart payload distribution for the next-generation drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institutes, the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, W340 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Zhiwei Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institutes, the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, W340 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Gloria B. Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institutes, the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, W340 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institutes, the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, W340 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institutes, the Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, W340 Millennium Science Complex, University Park, PA 16802
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27
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Wang S, Li L, Liu Y, Li C, Zhang M, Wang B, Huang Z, Gao X, Wang Z. Treatment with mPEG-SPA improves the survival of corneal grafts in rats by immune camouflage. Biomaterials 2015; 43:13-22. [PMID: 25591957 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the immune camouflage effects of methoxy polyethylene glycol succinimidyl propionate (mPEG-SPA) on corneal antigens and explored a novel approach for reducing corneal antigenicity, thereby decreasing corneal graft rejection. Importantly, this approach did not alter normal local immunity. Corneal grafts were treated with mPEG-SPA 5KD or 20KD (3% W/V), which could shield major histocompatibility antigen class I molecules (RT1-A) of corneal grafts. Skin grafts of Wistar rats were transplanted to SD rats. Then the splenic lymphocytes were isolated from SD rats. Subsequently, the lymphocytes were co-cultured with autologous corneal grafts or untreated corneal grafts and PEGylated grafts treated with mPEG-SPA 5KD or 20KD obtained from the counterpart skin donors, which were used as autologous control, allogeneic control, mPEG-SPA 5KD group and mPEG-SPA 20KD group, respectively. Lymphocyte proliferation was lower in mPEG-SPA 5KD group and mPEG-SPA 20KD group than in the allogeneic control. SD rats with corneal neovascularisation were used as recipients for high-risk corneal transplantation and were randomly divided into four groups: autologous control, allogeneic control, mPEG-SPA 5KD group and mPEG-SPA 20KD group. The recipients received corneal grafts from Wistar rats. Corneal graft survival was prolonged and graft rejection was reduced in the mPEG-SPA 5KD group and the mPEG-SPA 20KD group compared to the allogeneic control. Thus, we think that mPEG-SPA could immunologically camouflage corneal antigens to prolong corneal grafts survival in high-risk transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liangliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheqian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinbo Gao
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhichong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Wang J, Xu W, Ding J, Lu S, Wang X, Wang C, Chen X. Cholesterol-Enhanced Polylactide-Based Stereocomplex Micelle for Effective Delivery of Doxorubicin. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 8:216-230. [PMID: 28787934 PMCID: PMC5455236 DOI: 10.3390/ma8010216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale micelles as an effective drug delivery system have attracted increasing interest in malignancy therapy. The present study reported the construction of the cholesterol-enhanced doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded poly(D-lactide)-based micelle (CDM/DOX), poly(L-lactide)-based micelle (CLM/DOX), and stereocomplex micelle (CSCM/DOX) from the equimolar enantiomeric 4-armed poly(ethylene glycol)-polylactide copolymers in aqueous condition. Compared with CDM/DOX and CLM/DOX, CSCM/DOX showed the smallest hydrodynamic size of 96 ± 4.8 nm and the slowest DOX release. The DOX-loaded micelles exhibited a weaker DOX fluorescence inside mouse renal carcinoma cells (i.e., RenCa cells) compared to free DOX·HCl, probably because of a slower DOX release. More importantly, all the DOX-loaded micelles, especially CSCM/DOX, exhibited the excellent antiproliferative efficacy that was equal to or even better than free DOX·HCl toward RenCa cells attributed to their successful internalization. Furthermore, all of the DOX-loaded micelles exhibited the satisfactory hemocompatibility compared to free DOX·HCl, indicating the great potential for systemic chemotherapy through intravenous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixue Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Shengfan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Chunxi Wang
- Department of Urology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
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29
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Giraud S, Codas R, Hauet T, Eugene M, Badet L. Polyethylene glycols and organ protection against I/R injury. Prog Urol 2014; 24 Suppl 1:S37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/s1166-7087(14)70062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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30
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Simultaneous Camouflage of Major and Minor Antigens on Red Blood Cell Surface With Activated mPEGs. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.5812/ijb.17776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Shi G, Mukthavaram R, Kesari S, Simberg D. Distearoyl anchor-painted erythrocytes with prolonged ligand retention and circulation properties in vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:142-8. [PMID: 23798381 PMCID: PMC3956753 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201300084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) attract significant interest as carriers of biomolecules, drugs, and nanoparticles. In this regard, versatile technologies to attach molecules and ligands to the RBC surface are of great importance. Reported here is a fast and efficient surface painting strategy to attach ligands to the surface of RBCs, and the factors that control the stability and circulation properties of the modified RBCs in vivo. Distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine anchor-conjugated immunoglobulin (IgG) efficiently incorporates in the RBC membrane following 15-30 min incubation. The optimized RBCs show prolonged circulation in vivo (70% of the injected dose after 48 h) and efficient retention of IgG in the membrane with terminal half-life of 73 h. The IgG construct is gradually lost from the RBCs mainly due to the transfer to plasma components, liver endothelial cells, and Kupffer cells. The ligand retention efficiency is partially dictated by ligand type, anchor type, and ligand concentration in the membrane, while RBC half-life is determined by initial concentration of the ligand in the membrane and presence of PEG linker between the ligand and the anchor. This work provides important guidance for non-covalent surface painting of RBCs as well as other types of blood borne cells for in vivo therapeutic and targeting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Shi
- Solid Tumor Therapeutics Program, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr. La Jolla CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rajesh Mukthavaram
- Neuro-Oncology Program, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr. La Jolla CA, 92093, USA
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Neuro-Oncology Program, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr. La Jolla CA, 92093, USA
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- Solid Tumor Therapeutics Program, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, 3855 Health Sciences Dr. La Jolla CA, 92093, USA
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Kyluik-Price DL, Li L, Scott MD. Comparative efficacy of blood cell immunocamouflage by membrane grafting of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) and polyethyloxazoline. Biomaterials 2013; 35:412-22. [PMID: 24074839 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The grafting of low-immunogenic polymers to cells dramatically reduces antigenic recognition and immunogenicity of allogeneic donor cells consequent to steric and charge camouflage (i.e., immunocamouflage). While methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) [mPEG] has historically been utilized for the immunocamouflage of cells, other low-immunogenic polymers such as polyethyloxazoline propionic acid (PEOZ) may also be capable of conferring immunoprotection. Moreover, PEOZ may have attributes that could have enhanced pharmacological and biological utility relative to mPEG. To evaluate the immunocamouflage efficacy of PEOZ relative to mPEG, human red blood cells (RBC) and leukocytes were modified with mPEG or PEOZ. The differential effects of mPEG and PEOZ was assessed via grafting efficacy, cell morphology and viability, immunocamouflage of surface antigens, and the prevention of in vitro immune recognition (RhD and HLA). Although membrane grafting of mPEG and PEOZ were similar, mPEG demonstrated superior immunocamouflage efficacy as measured by antibody binding and phagocytosis of opsonized RBC while PEOZ showed improved RBC morphology. While mPEG appears to be superior to PEOZ in the immunocamouflage of cells, PEOZ may still be a valuable addition to our repertoire of immunomodulatory polymers. Moreover, our results demonstrate the importance of indirect immunocamouflage of antigens found in membrane protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Kyluik-Price
- Canadian Blood Services, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; The Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Chapanian R, Constantinescu I, Medvedev N, Scott MD, Brooks DE, Kizhakkedathu JN. Therapeutic Cells via Functional Modification: Influence of Molecular Properties of Polymer Grafts on In Vivo Circulation, Clearance, Immunogenicity, and Antigen Protection. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2052-62. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4003943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Chapanian R, Constantinescu I, Brooks DE, Scott MD, Kizhakkedathu J. Antigens protected functional red blood cells by the membrane grafting of compact hyperbranched polyglycerols. J Vis Exp 2013:50075. [PMID: 23328980 DOI: 10.3791/50075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is vital for the treatment of a number of acute and chronic medical problems such as thalassemia major and sickle cell anemia. Due to the presence of multitude of antigens on the RBC surface (~308 known antigens), patients in the chronic blood transfusion therapy develop alloantibodies due to the miss match of minor antigens on transfused RBCs. Grafting of hydrophilic polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) forms an exclusion layer on RBC membrane that prevents the interaction of antibodies with surface antigens without affecting the passage of small molecules such as oxygen, glucose, and ions. At present no method is available for the generation of universal red blood donor cells in part because of the daunting challenge presented by the presence of large number of antigens (protein and carbohydrate based) on the RBC surface and the development of such methods will significantly improve transfusion safety, and dramatically improve the availability and use of RBCs. In this report, the experiments that are used to develop antigen protected functional RBCs by the membrane grafting of HPG and their characterization are presented. HPGs are highly biocompatible compact polymers, and are expected to be located within the cell glycocalyx that surrounds the lipid membrane and mask RBC surface antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Chapanian
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia
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35
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Janvier F, Zhu JXX, Armstrong J, Meiselman HJ, Cloutier G. Effects of amphiphilic star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol) polymers with a cholic acid core on human red blood cell aggregation. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012; 18:100-7. [PMID: 23262308 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Elevated red blood cell (RBC) aggregation increases low-shear blood viscosity and is closely related to several pathophysiological diseases such as atherosclerosis, thrombosis, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and hereditary chronic hemolytic conditions. Non-ionic linear polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and Pluronic F68 have shown inhibitory effects against RBC aggregation. However, hypersensitivity reactions in some individuals, attributed to a diblock component of Pluronic F68, have been reported. Therefore, we investigated the use of an amphiphilic star-shaped PEG polymer based on a cholic acid core as a substitute for Pluronics to reduce RBC aggregation. Cholic acid is a natural bile acid produced in the human liver and therefore should assure biocompatibility. Cholic acid based PEG polymers, termed CA(PEG)(4), were synthesized by anionic polymerization. Size exclusion chromatography indicated narrow mass distributions and hydrodynamic radii less than 2 nm were calculated. The effects of CA(PEG)(4) on human RBC aggregation and blood viscosity were investigated and compared to linear PEGs by light transmission aggregometry. Results showed optimal reduction of RBC aggregation for molar masses between 10 and 16 kDa of star-shaped CA(PEG)(4) polymers. Cholic acid based PEG polymers affect the rheology of erythrocytes and may find applications as alternatives to linear PEG or Pluronics to improve blood fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Janvier
- Laboratory of Biorheology and Medical Ultrasonics, University of Montreal Hospital Research Center (CRCHUM), Montréal, Québec, Canada H2L 2W5
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Wang R, Xiao R, Zeng Z, Xu L, Wang J. Application of poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) block copolymers and their derivatives as nanomaterials in drug delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:4185-98. [PMID: 22904628 PMCID: PMC3418104 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s34489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol)–distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DSPE) block copolymers are biocompatible and amphiphilic polymers that can be widely utilized in the preparation of liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, polymer hybrid nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles, and microemulsions. Particularly, the terminal groups of PEG can be activated and linked to various targeting ligands, which can prolong the circulation time, improve the drug bioavailability, reduce undesirable side effects, and especially target specific cells, tissues, and even the intracellular localization in organelles. This review herein aims to describe recent developments in drug carriers exploiting PEG-DSPE block copolymers and their derivatives, and the incorporation of different ligands to the end groups of PEG-DSPE to target delivery, focusing on their modification approaches, advantages, applications, and the probable associated drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- Campus Hospital of Zhejiang University, and Research Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, 1378 Wen Yi Xi Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. /
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Chapanian R, Constantinescu I, Rossi NAA, Medvedev N, Brooks DE, Scott MD, Kizhakkedathu JN. Influence of polymer architecture on antigens camouflage, CD47 protection and complement mediated lysis of surface grafted red blood cells. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7871-83. [PMID: 22840223 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers with similar hydrodynamic sizes in solution were grafted to red blood cells (RBCs) to investigate the impact of polymer architecture on the cell structure and function. The hydrodynamic sizes of polymers were calculated from the diffusion coefficients measured by pulsed field gradient NMR. The hydration of the HPG and PEG was determined by differential scanning calorimetry analyses. RBCs grafted with linear PEG had different properties compared to the compact HPG grafted RBCs. HPG grafted RBCs showed much higher electrophoretic mobility values than PEG grafted RBCs at similar grafting concentrations and hydrodynamic sizes indicating differences in the structure of the polymer exclusion layer on the cell surface. PEG grafting impacted the deformation properties of the membrane to a greater degree than HPG. The complement mediated lysis of the grafted RBCs was dependent on the type of polymer, grafting concentration and molecular size of grafted chains. At higher molecular weights and graft concentrations both HPG and PEG triggered complement activation. The magnitude of activation was higher with HPG possibly due to the presence of many hydroxyl groups per molecule. HPG grafted RBCs showed significantly higher levels of CD47 self-protein accessibility than PEG grafted RBCs at all grafting concentrations and molecular sizes. PEG grafted polymers provided, in general, a better shielding and protection to ABO and minor antigens from antibody recognition than HPG polymers, however, the compact HPGs provided greater protection of certain antigens on the RBC surface. Our data showed that HPG 20 kDa and HPG 60 kDa grafted RBCs exhibited properties that are more comparable to the native RBC than PEG 5 kDa and PEG 10 kDa grafted RBCs of comparable hydrodynamic sizes. The study shows that small compact polymers such as HPG 20 kDa have a greater potential in the generation of functional RBC for therapeutic delivery applications. The intermediate sized polymers (PEG or HPG) which showed greater antigen camouflage at lower grafting concentrations have significant potential in transfusion as universal red blood donor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafi Chapanian
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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38
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Mohamed EA, Zhao Y, Meshali MM, Remsberg CM, Borg TM, Foda AMM, Takemoto JK, Sayre CL, Martinez SE, Davies NM, Forrest ML. Vorinostat with sustained exposure and high solubility in poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(DL-lactic acid) micelle nanocarriers: characterization and effects on pharmacokinetics in rat serum and urine. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3787-98. [PMID: 22806441 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, known as vorinostat, is a promising anticancer drug with a unique mode of action; however, it is plagued by low water solubility, low permeability, and suboptimal pharmacokinetics. In this study, poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(DL-lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA) micelles of vorinostat were developed. Vorinostat's pharmacokinetics in rats was investigated after intravenous (i.v.) (10 mg/kg) and oral (p.o.) (50 mg/kg) micellar administrations and compared with a conventional polyethylene glycol 400 solution and methylcellulose suspension. The micelles increased the aqueous solubility of vorinostat from 0.2 to 8.15 ± 0.60 and 10.24 ± 0.92 mg/mL at drug to nanocarrier ratios of 1:10 and 1:15, respectively. Micelles had nanoscopic mean diameters of 75.67 ± 7.57 and 87.33 ± 8.62 nm for 1:10 and 1:15 micelles, respectively, with drug loading capacities of 9.93 ± 0.21% and 6.91 ± 1.19%, and encapsulation efficiencies of 42.74 ± 1.67% and 73.29 ± 4.78%, respectively. The micelles provided sustained exposure and improved pharmacokinetics characterized by a significant increase in serum half-life, area under curve, and mean residence time. The micelles reduced vorinostat clearance particularly after i.v. dosing. Thus, PEG-b-PLA micelles significantly improved the p.o. and i.v. pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of vorinostat, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham A Mohamed
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6534, USA
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39
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Le Y, Li L, Wang D, Scott MD. Immunocamouflage of latex surfaces by grafted methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG): proteomic analysis of plasma protein adsorption. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2012; 55:191-201. [PMID: 22527515 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-012-4290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Grafting of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) to cells and biomaterials is a promising non-pharmacological immunomodulation technology. However, due to the labile nature of cells, surface-plasma interactions are poorly understood; hence, a latex bead model was studied. PEGylation of beads resulted in a density and molecular weight dependent decrease in total adsorbed protein with a net reduction from (159.9±6.4) ng cm(-2) on bare latex to (18.4±0.8) and (52.3±5.3) ng cm(-2) on PEGylated beads (1 mmol L(-1) of 2 or 20 kD SCmPEG, respectively). SDS-PAGE and iTRAQ-MS analysis revealed differential compositions of the adsorbed protein layer on the PEGylated latex with a significant reduction in the compositional abundance of proteins involved in immune system activation. Thus, the biological efficacy of immunocamouflaged cells and materials is mediated by both biophysical obfuscation of antigens and reduced surface-macromolecule interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Le
- Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, Canada
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40
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Giraud S, Bon D, Neuzillet Y, Thuillier R, Eugene M, Hauet T, Barrou B. Concentration and chain length of polyethylene glycol in islet isolation solution: evaluation in a pancreatic islet transplantation model. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:2079-88. [PMID: 22507302 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x638928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve graft preservation and consequently reduce conservation injuries, the composition of preservation solution is of outmost importance. It was demonstrated that the colloid polyethylene glycol (PEG), used in SCOT solution, has protective effects on cell membranes and immunocamouflage properties. The aim of this study was to optimize the concentration and chain length of PEG to improve pancreatic islet preservation and outcome. In a model of murine islet allotransplantation, islets were isolated with SCOT containing various concentrations of PEG 20 kDa or 35 kDa. Better islet yield (IEQ) was obtained with SCO +PEG at 15-30 g/L versus other PEG concentrations and control CMRL-1066 + 1% BSA solution (p < 0.05). Allograft survival was better prolonged (up to 20 days) in the groups SCOT + PEG 20 kDa 10-30 g/L compared to PEG 35 kDa (less than 17.8 days) and to control solutions (less than 17.5 days). In terms of graft function recovery, the use of PEG 20 kDa 15-30 g/L induced no primary nonfunction and delayed graft function contrary to CMRL-1066 and other PEG solutions. The use of the extracellular-type solution SCOT containing PEG 20 kDa 15 g/L as colloid could be a new way to optimize graft integrity preservation and allograft outcome.
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Cerda-Cristerna BI, Cottin S, Flebus L, Pozos-Guillén A, Flores H, Heinen E, Jolois O, Gérard C, Maggipinto G, Sevrin C, Grandfils C. Poly(2-dimethylamino ethylmethacrylate)-Based Polymers To Camouflage Red Blood Cell Antigens. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:1172-80. [DOI: 10.1021/bm300127f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardino Isaac Cerda-Cristerna
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C,
Sart-Tillman (Liège), Liège 4000, Belgium
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, University of San Luis Potosí, Faculty of Dentistry,
Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 2, San Luis Potosí, 78290, San Luis
Potosí, México
| | - Sophie Cottin
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C,
Sart-Tillman (Liège), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Luca Flebus
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C,
Sart-Tillman (Liège), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Amaury Pozos-Guillén
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, University of San Luis Potosí, Faculty of Dentistry,
Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 2, San Luis Potosí, 78290, San Luis
Potosí, México
| | - Héctor Flores
- Laboratory of Basic Sciences, University of San Luis Potosí, Faculty of Dentistry,
Av. Dr. Manuel Nava No. 2, San Luis Potosí, 78290, San Luis
Potosí, México
| | - Ernst Heinen
- Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences Department, Human Histology Laboratory, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital
1, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Olivier Jolois
- Biomedical and Preclinical Sciences Department, Human Histology Laboratory, University of Liège, Avenue de l’Hôpital
1, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Christiane Gérard
- Hematology and Immuno-Hematology Department, Central Hospital of the University of Liège, Avenue de
l’Hôpital 1, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Gianni Maggipinto
- Hematology and Immuno-Hematology Department, Central Hospital of the University of Liège, Avenue de
l’Hôpital 1, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Chantal Sevrin
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C,
Sart-Tillman (Liège), Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Christian Grandfils
- Interfacultary Research Center of Biomaterials, University of Liège, Institute of Chemistry, Building B6C,
Sart-Tillman (Liège), Liège 4000, Belgium
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Wang D, Toyofuku WM, Scott MD. The potential utility of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-mediated prevention of rhesus blood group antigen RhD recognition in transfusion medicine. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3002-12. [PMID: 22264524 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cell (RBC) transfusions are an important clinical intervention. However, RBC express hundreds of non-ABO antigens making alloimmunization a significant risk. RhD expression is the most immunologically important non-ABO antigen. Availability of RhD(-) blood, often problematic in North America and Europe, is a significant issue in Asia and Africa where RhD(-) blood is uncommon (<0.5% of supply). The immunocamouflage of RhD is readily accomplished by the covalent grafting of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) [mPEG] to the RBC membrane. To determine if RhD immunocamouflage would inhibit its immunologic recognition, an in vitro RhD-sensitized antigen presentation assay using PBMC and dendritic cells (DC) from RhD-sensitized women was used. The immunological effects of polymer grafting to an immunodominant RhD peptide, purified RhD protein and intact RhD(+) RBC were examined via T cell proliferation and cytokine release assays. At Day 11, PEGylation significantly attenuated T cell proliferation arising from RhD peptide (~80 → 5%), protein (36 → 0.2%) and intact RBC (33 → 1.4%). Cytokine secretion was similarly blunted following PEGylation of the purified protein or intact RBC. These data support the immunomodulatory effects of PEGylation and the potential utility of this technology in transfusion medicine - especially in situations where RhD(-) blood is rare or in short supply.
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43
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In vivo circulation, clearance, and biodistribution of polyglycerol grafted functional red blood cells. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3047-57. [PMID: 22261097 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The in vivo circulation of hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) grafted red blood cells (RBCs) was investigated in mice. The number of HPG molecules grafted per RBC was measured using tritium labeled HPGs ((3)H-HPG) of different molecular weights; the values ranged from 1 × 10(5) to 2 × 10(6) molecules per RBC. HPG-grafted RBCs were characterized in vitro by measuring the electrophoretic mobility, complement mediated lysis, and osmotic fragility. Our results show that RBCs grafted with 1.5 × 10(5) HPG molecules per RBC having molecular weights 20 and 60 kDa have similar characteristics as that of control RBCs. The in vivo circulation of HPG-grafted RBCs was measured by a tail vain injection of (3)H-HPG60K-RBC in mice. The radioactivity of isolated RBCs, whole blood, plasma, different organs, urine and feces was evaluated at different time intervals. The portion of (3)H-HPG60K-RBC that survived the first day in mice (52%) remained in circulation for 50 days. Minimal accumulation radioactivity in organs other than liver and spleen was observed suggesting the normal clearance mechanism of modified RBCs. Animals gained normal weights and no abnormalities observed in necropsy analysis. The stability of the ester-amide linker between the RBC and HPG was evaluated by comparing the clearance rate of (3)H-HPG60K-RBC and PKH-26 lipid fluorescent membrane marker labeled HPG60K-RBCs. HPG modified RBCs combine the many advantages of a dendritic polymer and RBCs, and hold great promise in systemic drug delivery and other applications of functional RBC.
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Wang D, Toyofuku WM, Chen AM, Scott MD. Induction of immunotolerance via mPEG grafting to allogeneic leukocytes. Biomaterials 2011; 32:9494-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Gold nanoparticle-incorporated human red blood cells (RBCs) for X-ray dynamic imaging. Biomaterials 2011; 32:7191-9. [PMID: 21777977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved dynamic imaging of bio-fluids can provide valuable information for clinical diagnosis and treatment of circulatory disorders. Quantitative information on non-transparent blood flows can be directly obtained by particle-tracing dynamic X-ray imaging, which needs better spatial resolution and enhanced image contrast compared to static imaging. For that use, tracer particles tagging along the flow streams are critically required. In this study, taking the advantage of high X-ray absorption, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are incorporated into human red blood cells (RBC) to produce contrast-enhanced tracers designed for dynamic X-ray imaging of blood flows. RBCs are advantageous tracers for blood flow measurements since they are natural and primary components of blood. The loading efficiency of AuNPs into RBCs is investigated in terms of the surface properties of the AuNPs. The AuNP-incorporated RBC provides a potential in the dynamic X-ray imaging of blood flows which can be used for clinical applications.
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46
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Polymer-mediated immunocamouflage of red blood cells: Effects of polymer size on antigenic and immunogenic recognition of allogeneic donor blood cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2011; 54:589-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-011-4190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Improving Long-Term Outcome in Allograft Transplantation: Role of Ionic Composition and Polyethylene Glycol. Transplantation 2011; 91:605-14. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182090fa3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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48
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Bagnis C, Chiaroni J, Bailly P. Elimination of blood group antigens: hope and reality. Br J Haematol 2011; 152:392-400. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08561.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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49
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Xiao RZ, Zeng ZW, Zhou GL, Wang JJ, Li FZ, Wang AM. Recent advances in PEG-PLA block copolymer nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2010; 5:1057-65. [PMID: 21170353 PMCID: PMC3000205 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their small particle size and large and modifiable surface, nanoparticles have unique advantages compared with other drug carriers. As a research focus in recent years, polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid (PEG-PLA) block copolymer and its end-group derivative nanoparticles can enhance the drug loading of hydrophobic drugs, reduce the burst effect, avoid being engulfed by phagocytes, increase the circulation time of drugs in blood, and improve bioavailability. Additionally, due to their smaller particle size and modified surface, these nanoparticles can accumulate in inflammation or target locations to enhance drug efficacy and reduce toxicity. Recent advances in PEG-PLA block copolymer nanoparticles, including the synthesis of PEG-PLA and the preparation of PEG-PLA nanoparticles, were introduced in this study, in particular the drug release and modifiable characteristics of PEG-PLA nanoparticles and their application in pharmaceutical preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Zhong Xiao
- Research Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao Wu Zeng
- Research Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Lin Zhou
- Research Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Jie Wang
- Research Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Zhu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - An Ming Wang
- Research Center for Biomedicine and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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50
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Le Y, Scott MD. Immunocamouflage: the biophysical basis of immunoprotection by grafted methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG). Acta Biomater 2010; 6:2631-41. [PMID: 20109585 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Development of novel approaches for the immunomodulation of donor cells would have significant utility in transfusion and transplantation medicine. Immunocamouflage of cell surfaces by covalently grafted methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) (PEGylation) has emerged as a promising approach. While previous studies demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of immunocamouflaged allogeneic blood cells, the biophysical mechanisms of immunoprotection have not been well-defined due to the fragility of intact cells. To overcome this limitation, polystyrene beads (1.2 and 8.0 microm) were used to elucidate the biophysical effects of polymer size, density and linker chemistry on charge camouflage and protein adsorption. These findings were correlated with biological studies using red blood cells and lymphocytes. Charge camouflage of both beads and cells was best achieved with long polymers. However, protein adsorption studies demonstrated an unexpected effect of target size. For 1.2 microm beads, decreased protein adsorption was best achieved with short (2 kDa) polymers whereas long chain (20 kDa) polymers were optimal for 8.0 microm particles. The biophysical findings correlated well with biological immunocamouflage as measured by particle electrophoresis and the inhibition of antibody-antigen (CD3, CD4 and CD28) recognition. Moreover, it was observed that antigen topography (CD28 vs. CD4) was of significance in selecting the appropriate polymer size. The biophysical interactions of PEGylated surfaces and macromolecules involve complex mechanisms dependent on the molecular weight, grafting concentration, target size and surface complexity. Cellular PEGylation strategies must be customized to account for target cell size, membrane complexity and antigen density and height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya Le
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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