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Brosnahan MM. Eosinophils of the horse: Part I: Development, distribution, structure and biochemical mediators. EQUINE VET EDUC 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Brosnahan
- College of Veterinary Medicine Midwestern University Glendale Arizona USA
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Anderson SL, Singh B. Equine neutrophils and their role in ischemia reperfusion injury and lung inflammation. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 371:639-648. [PMID: 29335779 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Horses are susceptible to a multitude of inflammatory conditions that are characterized by a strong neutrophilic response. Here, we review basic equine neutrophil biology and explore the role of neutrophils in inflammatory conditions with emphasis on intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury and lung inflammation. In addition, unique aspects of equine neutrophil biology have been highlighted. Neutrophils comprise the highest proportion of circulating white blood cells in equine blood. The concentration of circulating equine neutrophils is a primary indicator of systemic inflammation. Additionally, equine neutrophils exposed to various stimulants develop "toxic" changes characterized as cytoplasmic basophilia, presence of Döhle bodies, cytoplasmic vacuolation and toxic granulation. In contrast to human neutrophils, equine neutrophils fail to undergo chemotaxis in response to the peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and are dependent on the addition of arachidonic acid due to reduced activity of phospholipase A2 to synthesize leukotrienes as part of the arachidonic acid pathway. Understanding the biologic function of neutrophils in horses is integral to developing methods to modulate inflammation associated with ischemia reperfusion injury and lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Anderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN, 37752, USA.
| | - Baljit Singh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6, Canada
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Fuchs B, Bondzio A, Wagner U, Schiller J. Phospholipid compositions of sera and synovial fluids from dog, human and horse: a comparison by31P-NMR and MALDI-TOF MS. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2009; 93:410-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2008.00822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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4
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Jha S, Hall JA, Cherian G, Henry LR, Schlipf JW. Optimization of assay conditions for leukotriene B4 synthesis by neutrophils or platelets isolated from peripheral blood of monogastric animals. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 72:423-30. [PMID: 15919611 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 12/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are involved in inflammation through leukotriene (LT) production. The predominant proinflammatory leukotriene released from neutrophils is LTB4, which serves as a biological marker of inflammation. The purpose of this study was to optimize the conditions ex vivo for LTB4 production by neutrophils from horses and dogs, and platelets from chickens. Optimal production of LTB4 was characterized by incubation time (2.5, 5, 10, 15 or 20 min), temperature (25 or 37 degrees C), and calcium ionophore A23187 concentration (0.1, 1, 10 or 20 microM). Incubation longer than 2.5 min did not increase production of LTB4 in chickens or horses; in dogs, incubation for 2.5 and 10 min resulted in the highest concentrations of LTB4 (P<or=0.05). In all species, incubation at 37 degrees C resulted in optimal LTB4 production (P<or=0.05). Production of LTB4 was highest when neutrophils or platelets were stimulated with 20 microM calcium ionophore in all species (P<or=0.05). These results indicate that neutrophils isolated from horses and dogs, and platelets isolated from chickens, are capable of producing LTB4. Optimum conditions for LTB4 production are similar in all three species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jha
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331-4802, USA
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Nakamura K, Ueno T, Yamamoto H, Iguro Y, Yamada K, Sakata R. Relationship between cerebral injury and inflammatory responses in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Cytokine 2005; 29:95-104. [PMID: 15613277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2004.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Revised: 10/04/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate whether cytokines, adhesion molecules, ghrelin and S-100B are useful markers in predicting the cerebral infarction after cardiac surgery with cardioplumomary bypass (CPB). The patients (n=20) were classified into two groups; group A (n=4) showed postoperative organized cerebral damage, while group B (n=16) consisted of patients without occurrence of postoperative strokes. Before CPB, serum levels of S-100B in both groups A and B were low (<0.5 ng/mL), while ghrelin concentrations in group A (all patients had history of strokes) were much higher than those in group B. After CPB, when serum levels of S-100B in group A at 24h were higher than those in group B, ghrelin in group A at same time point showed high levels in comparison to group B. At 12 and 24h after CPB, levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-10 and soluble TNF-receptor I in group A were significantly higher than those in group B. In conclusion, it is considered that ghrelin as well as S-100B can be a useful marker for the prediction of stoke after CPB. Increase of TNF-alpha, interleukin-10 and soluble TNF-receptor I after CPB may be involved in the pathogenesis of stroke after CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Hall JA, Saun RJ, Wander RC. Dietary (n-3) Fatty Acids from Menhaden Fish Oil Alter Plasma Fatty Acids and Leukotriene B Synthesis in Healthy Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Lindberg A, Robinson NE, Näsman-Glaser B, Jensen-Waern M, Lindgren JA. Assessment of leukotriene B4 production in leukocytes from horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res 2004; 65:289-95. [PMID: 15027674 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the ex vivo leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis in peripheral blood neutrophils (PBNs) and inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). ANIMALS 6 RAO-affected and 6 control horses. PROCEDURES Before and 6, 24, and 48 hours after stabling, disease severity was determined subjectively by clinical and mucus scores and measurement of the maximal change in pleural pressure (deltaPpl(max)); PBNs were isolated and BALF samples were examined cytologically. The PBN and BALF cells were activated with a calcium ionophore in the presence of arachidonic acid, and production of LTC4 and LTB4 was measured per 10(6) cells. RESULTS Clinical and mucus scores and deltaPpl(max) increased during stabling in RAO-affected horses, but not in control horses. In neutrophils and BALF cells from both groups, production of LTB4 exceeded that of LTC4. At all times, LTB4 production by PBNs was less in RAO-affected horses than it was in control horses. Before stabling, LTB4 production by cells in BALF was low in RAO-affected horses, but increased considerably after 6 hours of stabling. This increase coincided with the migration of neutrophils into the airways. In control horses, production of LTB4 did not change during stabling. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested increased production of LTB4 in airways of RAO-affected horses, compared with control horses, that may contribute to the infiltration of neutrophils into the lungs and the sustained inflammation associated with RAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Lindberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Dagleish MP, Brazil TJ, Scudamore CL. Potentiation of the extracellular release of equine neutrophil elastase and alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor by a combination of two bacterial cell wall components: fMLP and LPS. Equine Vet J 2003; 35:35-9. [PMID: 12553460 DOI: 10.2746/042516403775467496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-like peptides are Gram-negative bacterial cell wall components which, when released into the peripheral circulation in endotoxaemia, have the potential to activate leucocytes. In vitro, equine neutrophils require priming with LPS in order to generate reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in response to fMLP. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine whether the release of other neutrophil products is similarly dependent on prior priming with LPS. In particular, neutrophil elastase (NE), a potent proteolytic enzyme, and its major inhibitor, alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor, were investigated. METHODS Neutrophils were isolated from equine peripheral blood (n = 5) by discontinuous Percoll gradient preparative centrifugation and primed with LPS prior to stimulation with fMLP. ROI were measured by lucigenin dependent chemiluminescence (LDCL). Concentrations of NE and API were determined by ELISA on cell free supernatants taken at 0, 2, 10, 30, 60 and 90 mins post stimulus. Data was analysed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney Tests. RESULTS Sequential exposure of Percoll purified equine blood neutrophils in vitro to LPS followed by fMLP resulted in the greatest release of NE from equine neutrophils and was required for ROI generation. However, LPS or fMLP stimulation alone resulted in an increase in NE release compared to unstimulated control cells. In contrast, significant API release was only induced by LPS stimulation or fMLP stimulation only after LPS priming, not fMLP on its own. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that different stimuli (fMLP or LPS) are capable of invoking similar responses from equine neutrophils with respect to NE release yet different ones with respect to API release. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE In addition, demonstration of elastase release induced by LPS and/or fMLP suggests that monitoring serum elastase levels is a potential diagnostic tool for detecting the early onset of endotoxaemia in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Dagleish
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Research in Comparative Respiratory Medicine and Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Lindberg A, Näsman-Glaser B, Lindgren JA, Robinson NE. Evaluation of leukotriene biosynthetic capacity in lung tissues from horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:794-8. [PMID: 12061522 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate leukotriene (LT) biosynthetic capacity in lung tissue from healthy horses and horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). SAMPLE POPULATION Lung parenchyma and airway specimens from 8 RAO-affected and 5 healthy horses. PROCEDURE Horses were stabled for > or = 72 hours. Blood was drawn before euthanasia, after which lung specimens were collected. Tissue strips from small airways and parenchyma were incubated in organ baths with the precursor LTA4 or stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 or the tripeptide N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), with or without exogenous arachidonic acid, in the presence of isolated blood neutrophils. RESULTS Stabling induced typical clinical signs of airway obstruction in RAO-affected horses but not control horses. When lung parenchyma or airway specimens from both groups of horses were incubated with calcium ionophore, with or without arachidonic acid, they did not form LT. In contrast, addition of LTA4 to both tissues resulted in conversion to LTB4, although concentrations of LTC4 were negligible in airways and parenchymal strips from healthy and RAO-affected horses. Incubation of airway and parenchymal strips with suspensions of autologous neutrophils did not influence formation of LT stimulated by calcium ionophore or fMLP, with or without exogenous arachidonic acid. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that lung parenchyma and airway tissues themselves are not of substantial importance for LT formation in the lungs, although these tissues possessed some LTA4 hydrolase activity, enabling LTB4 formation. It may be speculated that LTB4 originates primarily from neutrophils and may play a role in the inflammatory events of RAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Lindberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Lavoie JP, Léguillette R, Pasloske K, Charette L, Sawyer N, Guay D, Murphy T, Hickey GJ. Comparison of effects of dexamethasone and the leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist L-708,738 on lung function and airway cytologic findings in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res 2002; 63:579-85. [PMID: 11939323 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether the leukotriene (LT) D4 receptor antagonist L-708,738 is therapeutically beneficial in treating horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). ANIMALS 12 adult horses with heaves and healthy lung lobes from 20 slaughtered horses. PROCEDURE Lung lobes were used for smooth muscle tension and radioligand binding studies. Horses with heaves were given a placebo for 14 days and administered L-708,738 (n = 6; 2.5 mg/kg PO, q 12 h) or dexamethasone (6; 0.04 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h) from days 14 to 28. Pulmonary function was measured weekly for 36 days, and bronchoalveolar cells were collected on days 0,14, and 29 for cytologic examination. RESULTS Nanomolar concentrations of L-708,738 were effective at antagonizing LTD4-induced bronchoconstriction and LTD4-receptor binding in lung lobes. Mean peak and trough L708,738 plasma concentrations during the treatment period were 1.54 and 0.28 microM, respectively. On days 21 and 29, lung mechanics were significantly improved in the dexamethasone-treated horses but not in the L-708,738-treated horses. Neither dexamethasone nor L-708,738 had a significant effect on cytologic findings. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE L-708,738 was bioavailable after oral administration and sustained concentrations in plasma during the dosing period that exceeded in vitro efficacy values. However, airway function did not improve, suggesting that either drug concentrations in the lungs were subtherapeutic or that cysteinyl LT may not be important mediators of airway inflammation in heaves. Results provide the first evidence of cysteinyl LT1 receptors in airways of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Lavoie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Steiner DR, Gonzalez NC, Wood JG. Leukotriene B(4) promotes reactive oxidant generation and leukocyte adherence during acute hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2001; 91:1160-7. [PMID: 11509511 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.3.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute systemic hypoxia produces rapid leukocyte adherence in the rat mesenteric microcirculation, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. Hypoxia is known to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which could result in formation of the lipid inflammatory mediator leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)). The goal of this study was to examine the role of LTB(4) in hypoxia-induced microvascular alterations. Using intravital microscopy, we determined the effect of the LTB(4) antagonist, LTB(4)-dimethyl amide (LTB(4)-DMA), on ROS generation and leukocyte adherence in mesenteric venules during hypoxia. Exogenous LTB(4) increased ROS generation to 144 +/- 8% compared with control values and also promoted leukocyte adherence. These responses to LTB(4) were blocked by pretreating the mesentery with LTB(4)-DMA. Leukopenia did not significantly attenuate the LTB(4)-induced increase in ROS generation (142 +/- 12.1%). LTB(4)-DMA substantially, though not completely, reduced hypoxia-induced ROS generation from 66 +/- 18% to 11 +/- 4% above control values. Hypoxia-induced leukocyte adherence was significantly attenuated by LTB(4)-DMA. Our results support a role for LTB(4) in the mechanism of hypoxia-induced ROS generation and leukocyte adherence in the rat mesenteric microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Steiner
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Forsell PKAL, Lindberg Å, Karlsson S, Lindgren JÅ, Claesson HE. Purification, characterization, and cDNA sequencing of cytosolic phospholipase A2 from equine neutrophils. J Lipid Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33429-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Jensen-Waern M, Lindberg A, Johannisson A, Gröndahl G, Lindgren JA, Essén-Gustavsson B. The effects of an endurance ride on metabolism and neutrophil function. Equine Vet J 1999:605-9. [PMID: 10659327 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1999.tb05293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of an endurance ride on neutrophil functions in endurance-trained horses were evaluated and related to metabolic changes and changes in cortisol concentrations. Blood samples were taken from 7 horses (aged 9-15 years) one day before, and then 30-60 min, 1 day and 8 days after the ride. The race resulted in elevated serum cortisol levels (< 465 nmol/l) and an increased neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio. Immediately post race, the neutrophil ability to engulf yeast was increased. One day after the race, a decrease in leukotriene B4 production (approximately 40%) and in the respiratory burst (approximately 75%) was observed. Blood glucose concentration remained unchanged, as did serum lactate, which was low. After the race, the muscle glycogen stores were about 33% of the values noted after 8 days of recovery. Histochemical staining showed that 22 +/- 2% of the muscle fibres were totally depleted of glycogen. CK activity increased significantly from 40 +/- 10 mmol/min pre-race to 228 +/- 38 mmol/min post race. It was concluded that both hormonal and metabolic changes occurred during an endurance ride, which not only triggered neutrophil activation, but also induced alterations in their functional capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jensen-Waern
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Stenke L, Sjölinder M, Miale TD, Lindgren JA. Novel enzymatic abnormalities in AML and CML in blast crisis: elevated leucocyte leukotriene C4 synthase activity paralleled by deficient leukotriene biosynthesis from endogenous substrate. Br J Haematol 1998; 101:728-36. [PMID: 9674747 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LT) are inflammatory mediators which can also exert regulatory effects on human myelopoiesis. We have studied the LT-producing capacity of freshly isolated leucocyte suspensions (containing blast cells in variable proportions) from 41 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) or chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in blast crisis (CMLbc) at diagnosis or relapse/resistant disease. Leucocyte suspensions from 19/29 AML patients (66%), and 2/12 CMLbc patients (17%; P = 0.012) demonstrated deficient capacity to synthesize LT from endogenous substrate after ionophore A23187 stimulation. Thus, these cells produced < 8 pmol LTB4+LTC4/10(6) cells (< 20% of mean LT formation in leucocyte suspensions from 18 healthy subjects). Addition of exogenous arachidonic acid did not normalize the LT synthesis in poor-producing cell suspensions. Purified, morphologically mature granulocytes from two AML patients also failed to produce normal amounts of LT. In leucocyte suspensions from the remaining 20 AML/CMLbc patients A23187 provoked LT biosynthesis, with markedly increased production of LTC4, but decreased LTB4 formation. Furthermore, elevated conversion of exogenous LTA4 to LTC4 was noted in the patient samples, independent of their capacity to produce LT after A23187 stimulation. The percentage of blast cells in patient white blood cell differential counts correlated inversely with ionophore-induced LT synthesis, but positively with the conversion of exogenous LTA4 to LTC4. The results suggest elevated LTC4 synthase activity and suppressed 5-lipoxygenase activity as novel enzymatic features of myeloid leukaemia patients with immature phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stenke
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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