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Vutukuri R, Brunkhorst R, Kestner RI, Hansen L, Bouzas NF, Pfeilschifter J, Devraj K, Pfeilschifter W. Alteration of sphingolipid metabolism as a putative mechanism underlying LPS-induced BBB disruption. J Neurochem 2017; 144:172-185. [PMID: 29023711 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Septic encephalopathy with confusion and agitation occurs early during sepsis and contributes to the severity of the disease. A decrease in the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) blood levels has been shown in patients and in animal models of sepsis. The lipid mediator S1P is known to be involved in endothelial barrier function in a context-dependent manner. We utilized lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected mice as a model for septic encephalopathy and first performed tracer permeability assays to assess the blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown in vivo. At time points corresponding to the BBB breakdown post LPS injection, we aimed to characterize the regulation of the sphingolipid signaling pathway at the BBB during sepsis. We measured sphingolipid concentrations in blood, in mouse brain microvessels (MBMVs), and brain tissue. We also analyzed the expression of S1P receptors, transporters, and metabolizing enzymes in MBMVs and brain tissue. Primary mouse brain microvascular endothelial cells (MBMECs) were isolated to evaluate the effects of LPS on transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) as a measure of permeability in vitro. We observed a relevant decrease in S1P levels after LPS injection in all three compartments (blood, MBMVs, brain tissue) that was accompanied by an increased expression of the S1P receptor type 1 and of sphingosine kinase 1 on one hand and of the S1P degrading enzymes lipid phosphate phosphatase 1 (LPP1) and S1P phosphatase 1 on the other hand, as well as a down-regulation of sphingosine kinase 2. Application of LPS to a monolayer of primary MBMECs did not alter TEER, but serum from LPS-treated mice lead to a breakdown of the barrier compared to serum from vehicle-treated mice. We observed profound alterations of the sphingolipid metabolism at the BBB after LPS injection that point toward a therapeutic potential of drugs interfering with this pathway as novel approach for the detrimental overwhelming immune response in sepsis. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 115. Cover Image for this Issue: doi. 10.1111/jnc.14161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Vutukuri
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute for General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Brunkhorst
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Roxane-Isabelle Kestner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lena Hansen
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute for General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nerea Ferreiros Bouzas
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute for General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Institute for General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Edinger Institute of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Waltraud Pfeilschifter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt and Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Palmiotti CA, Prasad S, Naik P, Abul KMD, Sajja RK, Achyuta AH, Cucullo L. In vitro cerebrovascular modeling in the 21st century: current and prospective technologies. Pharm Res 2014; 31:3229-50. [PMID: 25098812 PMCID: PMC4225221 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintains the brain homeostasis and dynamically responds to events associated with systemic and/or rheological impairments (e.g., inflammation, ischemia) including the exposure to harmful xenobiotics. Thus, understanding the BBB physiology is crucial for the resolution of major central nervous system CNS) disorders challenging both health care providers and the pharmaceutical industry. These challenges include drug delivery to the brain, neurological disorders, toxicological studies, and biodefense. Studies aimed at advancing our understanding of CNS diseases and promoting the development of more effective therapeutics are primarily performed in laboratory animals. However, there are major hindering factors inherent to in vivo studies such as cost, limited throughput and translational significance to humans. These factors promoted the development of alternative in vitro strategies for studying the physiology and pathophysiology of the BBB in relation to brain disorders as well as screening tools to aid in the development of novel CNS drugs. Herein, we provide a detailed review including pros and cons of current and prospective technologies for modelling the BBB in vitro including ex situ, cell based and computational (in silico) models. A special section is dedicated to microfluidic systems including micro-BBB, BBB-on-a-chip, Neurovascular Unit-on-a-Chip and Synthetic Microvasculature Blood-brain Barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shikha Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Pooja Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Kaisar MD Abul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ravi K. Sajja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | | | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Center for Blood Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Naik P, Cucullo L. In vitro blood-brain barrier models: current and perspective technologies. J Pharm Sci 2011; 101:1337-54. [PMID: 22213383 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Even in the 21st century, studies aimed at characterizing the pathological paradigms associated with the development and progression of central nervous system diseases are primarily performed in laboratory animals. However, limited translational significance, high cost, and labor to develop the appropriate model (e.g., transgenic or inbred strains) have favored parallel in vitro approaches. In vitro models are of particular interest for cerebrovascular studies of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which plays a critical role in maintaining the brain homeostasis and neuronal functions. Because the BBB dynamically responds to many events associated with rheological and systemic impairments (e.g., hypoperfusion), including the exposure of potentially harmful xenobiotics, the development of more sophisticated artificial systems capable of replicating the vascular properties of the brain microcapillaries are becoming a major focus in basic, translational, and pharmaceutical research. In vitro BBB models are valuable and easy to use supporting tools that can precede and complement animal and human studies. In this article, we provide a detailed review and analysis of currently available in vitro BBB models ranging from static culture systems to the most advanced flow-based and three-dimensional coculture apparatus. We also discuss recent and perspective developments in this ever expanding research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Naik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas 79106, USA
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Spijkers LJA, Alewijnse AE, Peters SLM. Sphingolipids and the orchestration of endothelium-derived vasoactive factors: when endothelial function demands greasing. Mol Cells 2010; 29:105-11. [PMID: 20127284 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-010-0042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vasomotor tone is regulated by a complex interplay of a variety of extrinsic neurohumoral and intrinsic factors. It is the endothelium that has a major influence on smooth muscle cell tone via the release of intrinsic vasoactive factors and is therefore an important regulator of vasomotor tone. Sphingolipids are an emerging class of lipid mediators with important physiological properties. In the last two decades it has not only become increasingly clear that sphingolipid signaling plays a pivotal role in immune function, but also its role in the vascular system is now becoming more recognized. In this mini-review we will highlight the possible cross-talk between sphingolipids and intrinsic vasoactive factors released by the endothelium. Via this cross-talk sphingolipids can orchestrate vasomotor tone and may therefore also be involved in the pathophysiology of disease states associated with endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon J A Spijkers
- Department Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Didion SP, Faraci FM. Ceramide-Induced Impairment of Endothelial Function Is Prevented by CuZn Superoxide Dismutase Overexpression. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:90-5. [PMID: 15528474 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000149868.74075.5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Ceramide is an important intracellular second messenger that may also increase superoxide. The goal of this study was to determine whether overexpression of CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD) protects against ceramide-induced increases in vascular superoxide and endothelial dysfunction.
Methods and Results—
Carotid arteries from CuZnSOD-transgenic (CuZnSOD-Tg) and nontransgenic littermates were examined in vitro. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that CuZnSOD protein was greater in carotid artery from CuZnSOD-Tg compared with nontransgenic mice. Ceramide (
N
-acetyl-
d
-sphingosine; 1 and 10 μmol/L) produced concentration-dependent impairment (
P
<0.05) of vasorelaxation in response to the endothelium-dependent agonist acetylcholine (ACh) in nontransgenic mice. For example, 100 μmol/L ACh relaxed arteries from nontransgenic mice by 96±4% and 52±5% in the presence of vehicle and 10 μmol/L ceramide, respectively. In contrast, ceramide (1 or 10 μmol/L) had no effect (
P
>0.05) on responses of carotid artery to ACh in CuZnSOD-Tg mice. Ceramide had no effect on nitroprusside- or papaverine-induced relaxation in CuZnSOD-Tg or nontransgenic mice. Ceramide increased superoxide in arteries from nontransgenic vessels, and this effect was prevented by polyethyleneglycol-SOD (50 U/mL) or overexpression of CuZnSOD.
Conclusions—
These results suggest that ceramide-induced increases in superoxide impair endothelium-dependent relaxation, and that select overexpression of the CuZn isoform of SOD prevents ceramide-induced oxidative stress in vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Didion
- Department of Internal Medicine, 2000 Medical Laboratories, Cardiovascular Center, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Collado MP, Latorre E, Fernández I, Aragonés MD, Catalán RE. Endothelin-1 decreases ethanolamine plasmalogen levels and evokes PAF production in brain microvessels. Microvasc Res 2003; 66:197-203. [PMID: 14609525 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of brain microvessels with Endothelin-1 evoked a decrease in ethanolamine plasmalogen levels by calcium-independent phospholipase A(2). In contrast, the diacyl molecular forms of ethanolamine phospholipids were unaffected. Evidence also shows that Endothelin type A receptors are involved. Concomitantly, PAF production mediated by CoA-independent transacylase was observed. This is the first evidence of involvement of these pathways on the Endothelin-1 mechanism of action on the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pilar Collado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
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